34143 results about "Refractive index" patented technology

In a lithographic projection apparatus, a space between an optical element of a projection system is filled with a first fluid and a second fluid separated by a translucent plate. The first and second fluids have first and second indices of refraction, respectively, that are different from one another. The first fluid is provided in a space between a substrate and the translucent plate and preferably has an index of refraction similar to the index of refraction of the substrate. The second fluid is provided in a space between the translucent plate and the optical element and preferably has an index of refraction similar to the index of refraction of the optical element. The translucent plate has a third index of refraction between the first and second indices of refraction. The third index of refraction may be equal to the first index of refraction or the second index of refraction. A device manufacturing method includes filling a space between the optical element and the substrate with at least two fluids having different indices of refraction.

A coating composition comprising a resinous binder and a color effect colorant in particulate form. The colorant includes an ordered periodic array of particles held in a polymer wherein a difference in refractive index between the polymer and the particles is at least about 0.01. The colorant reflects visible light according to Bragg's law to yield a goniochromatic effect to the coating composition.

A radial transverse electric polarizer device is provided. The device includes a first layer of material having a first refractive index, a second layer of material having a second refractive index, and a plurality of elongated elements azimuthally and periodically spaced apart, and disposed between the first layer and the second layer. The plurality of elongated elements interact with electromagnetic waves of radiation to transmit transverse electric polarization of electromagnetic waves of radiation. One aspect of the invention is, for example, to use such polarizer device in a lithographic projection apparatus to increase imaging resolution. Another aspect is to provide a device manufacturing method including polarizing a beam of radiation in a transverse electric polarization.

Improvements in the fabrication of integrated circuits are driven by the decrease of the size of the features printed on the wafers. Current lithography techniques limits have been extended through the use of phase-shifting masks, off-axis illumination, and proximity effect correction. More recently, liquid immersion lithography has been proposed as a way to extend even further the limits of optical lithography. This invention described a methodology based on contact printing using a projection lens to define the image of the mask onto the wafer. As the imaging is performed in a solid material, larger refractive indices can be obtained and the resolution of the imaging system can be increased.

Optical systems such as image display systems include a freeform optical waveguide prism and a freeform compensation lens spaced therefrom by a gap of air or index cement. The compensation lens corrects for aberrations which the optical waveguide prism will introduce in light or images from an ambient real-world environment. The optical waveguide prism receives actively projected images at an entry location, and emits the projected images at an exit location after internally reflecting the images along an optical path therein. The image display system may include an image source and coupling optics. The approach permits design of an optical viewing device, for example in optical see-through HMDs, achieving an eyeglass-form appearance and a wide see-through field of view (FOV).

A liquid-filled balloon may be positioned between a workpiece, such as a semiconductor structure covered with a photoresist, and a lithography light source. The balloon includes a thin membrane that exhibits good optical and physical properties. Liquid contained in the balloon also exhibits good optical properties, including a refractive index higher than that of air. Light from the lithography light source passes through a mask, through a top layer of the balloon membrane, through the contained liquid, through a bottom layer of the balloon membrane, and onto the workpiece where it alters portions of the photoresist. As the liquid has a low absorption and a higher refractive index than air, the liquid-filled balloon system enhances resolution. Thus, the balloon provides optical benefits of liquid immersion without the complications of maintaining a liquid between (and in contact with) a lithographic light source mechanism and workpiece.

The invention features a reflective display device and a method of making a reflective display device that has reduced light loss and / or pixel cross talk due to internal reflection. The device includes a window layer, a plurality of reflective particles, a material portion disposed between the window layer and the plurality of reflective particles, and a refractive layer disposed between the window and the material portion. The plurality of reflective particles scatters light received from the ambient environment. The window layer has an index of refraction that is greater than an index of refraction of the ambient environment. The refractive layer has an index of refraction that is less than the index of refraction of the window layer and less than an index of refraction of the material portion.

An exposure apparatus includes a projection optical system for projecting a pattern on a reticle onto an object to be exposed, a reference mark that serves as a reference for an alignment between the reticle and the object, a first fluid that has a refractive index of 1 or greater, and fills a space between at least part of the projection optical system and the object and a space between at least part of the projection optical system and the reference mark, and an alignment mechanism for aligning the object by using the projection optical system and the first fluid.

An optical fiber for transmitting radiation comprising two or more core regions, two or more core regions, each core region comprising a substantially transparent core material and having a core refractive index, a core length, and a core diameter, wherein said core regions are arranged within a cladding region, said cladding region comprising a length of first substantially transparent cladding material, having a first refractive index, wherein said first substantially transparent cladding material has an array of lengths of a second cladding material embedded along its length, wherein the second cladding material has a second refractive index which is less than said first refractive index, such that radiation input to said fiber propagates along at least one of said core regions. The cladding region and the core regions may be arranged such that radiation input to said optical fiber propagates along one or more said lengths of said core regions in a single mode of propagation. The optical fiber may be used as a bend sensor, a spectral filter or a directional coupler. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a multicore optical fiber.

The present invention relates to a novel method for analyzing nucleic acid sequences based on real-time detection of DNA polymerase-catalyzed incorporation of each of the four nucleotide bases, supplied individually and serially in a microfluidic system, to a reaction cell containing a template system comprising a DNA fragment of unknown sequence and an oligonucleotide primer. Incorporation of a nucleotide base into the template system can be detected by any of a variety of methods including but not limited to fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection. Alternatively, microcalorimetic detection of the heat generated by the incorporation of a nucleotide into the extending template system using thermopile, thermistor and refractive index measurements can be used to detect extension reactions.

A lens including a flexible refractive optic having a fixed refractive index, an electro-active element embedded within the flexible refractive optic, wherein the electro-active element has an alterable refractive index, and a controller electrically connected to the electro-active element wherein when power is applied thereto the refractive index of the electro-active element is altered.

The present invention relates to a novel method for analyzing nucleic acid sequences based on real-time detection of DNA polymerase-catalyzed incorporation of each of the four nucleotide bases, supplied individually and serially in a microfluidic system, to a reaction cell containing a template system comprising a DNA fragment of unknown sequence and an oligonucleotide primer. Incorporation of a nucleotide base into the template system can be detected by any of a variety of methods including but not limited to fluorescence and chemiluminescence detection. Alternatively, microcalorimetic detection of the heat generated by the incorporation of a nucleotide into the extending template system using thermopile, thermistor and refractive index measurements can be used to detect extension reactions.

An anti-reflection film comprises a high refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.65-2.40, and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.20-1.55. Another anti-reflection film comprises only a low refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.20-1.55. In the invention, the first improvement resides in a high refractive index layer composed of inorganic fine particles having a mean particle size of 1-200 nm in an amount of 5-65 vol. % and a crosslinked anionic polymer in an amount of 35 to 95 vol. %. The second improvement resides in a low refractive index layer composed of inorganic fine particles having a mean particle size of 0.5-200 nm in an amount of 50-95 wt. % and a polymer in an amount of 5-50 wt. %, and two or more of those particles are piled up to form micro voidsby the adjacent particles.

In one embodiment of this invention, a lightguide comprises a low refractive index region disposed between light extracting region and a non-scattering region. In further embodiment of this invention, volumetric scattering lightguide comprises a low refractive index region disposed between a volumetric scattering region and a non-scattering region. In some embodiments, a light emitting device comprising a volumetric scattering lightguide can angularly filter light input into the edge of a volumetric scattering lightguide by controlling the refractive index of the low refractive index region relative to the refractive index of the non-scattering region to prevent direct illumination of the volumetric scattering region, provide a luminance uniformity greater than 70%, or improve the angular luminous intensity of the light emitting device. The volumetric scattering lightguide may be curved, tapered, and a light emitting device comprising the same may further comprise at least one light source and a light redirecting element.

A LED package including an LED that emits excitation light at an excitation light wavelength and a layer of phosphor material positioned to receive the excitation light and having a first index of refraction at the excitation light wavelength. The phosphor material emits visible light at a visible light wavelength when illuminated with the excitation light. An interference reflector is positioned adjacent to the layer of phosphor material and a TIR promoting layer is in contact with the layer of phosphor material. The TIR promoting layer has a second index of refraction at the excitation light wavelength that is less than the first index of refraction at the excitation light wavelength.

The invention provides an optical switch and modulator which uses a closed loop optical resonator. The optical resonator is a dielectric cavity whose primary function is to store optical power. Various structures are possible, and a particularly advantageous one is a ring shaped cavity. The wavelength response at the output port of a ring resonator side coupled to two waveguides is determined by the details of the resonator, and the coupling between the resonator and the waveguides. By coupling to adjacent resonators, the modulator response can be improved over that of a single resonator. One such improvement is in modulator efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of the change in optical intensity at the output, to a change in absorption in the ring waveguides. Absorption is used for switching and modulation without incurring significant optical attenuation. Another improvement involves making the resonance insensitive to small deviations in wavelength or index change. The latter improves fabrication tolerances and compensates for possible drift of the signal wavelength. Collectively, the behavior of multiple coupled resonators yields higher order responses.

There is provided a solid state light emitting device comprising at least one light emitting active layer structure and at least one structure selected from among: (1) a first element having at least a first region which has an index of refraction gradient, (2) a first element, at least a portion of which has an index of refraction which is lower than an index of refraction of a side of the active layer, (3) first and second elements, in which one side of the second element is positioned on a side of the active layer and the first element is positioned on the other side of the second element, and in which at least a portion of the first element has an index of refraction which is lower than the index of refraction of at least a portion of the second element. Also provided are methods of making such devices.

The interferometric modulator of the invention includes a transparent substrate (refractive index: n0) 12, an optical thin film (complex index of refraction: N1=n1−i·k1) 13 provided on the transparent substrate 12, and an absorber layer (complex index of refraction: Ns=ns−i·ks) 14 opposed to the optical thin film 13, the distance of a gap to the optical thin film 13 being variable, wherein the relation n1>n0, k1≅0 and ns>n0 is satisfied.

A light-emitting device which is manufactured by a simple manufacturing method and which efficiently extracts light emitted from an emissive layer outward to improve the light extraction efficiency. The light-emitting device comprises a first electrode, a second electrode and an emissive layer disposed between them and extracts a part of light emitted from the emissive layer as radiated light. In this light-emitting device, the first electrode, the nano-structure layer for extracting the radiated light, and a gap having a refractive index lower than an average refractive index of the emissive layer and a nano-structure layer, are arranged in that order in a direction in which the radiated light is extracted.

A nanometer size roughened structure is formed on a surface of a light-emitting element, and luminous efficiency is improved. The roughened structure on the surface of the light-emitting element of the invention is formed into the following shape such that the refractive index smoothly changes: (1) the mean diameter of projections on the roughened surface is smaller than the light wavelength; (2) a pitch of the roughened surface is irregular; and (3) positions of the top and bottom of the roughened surface are distributed from their mean values within the light wavelength in order to give a smooth gradient of the refractive index. The surface of such light-emitting element is obtained by forming a thin film on the surface of the light-emitting element using a resin composition which contains a block copolymer or graft copolymer and forms a micophase-separated structure in a self-organization manner; selectively removing at least one phase of the microphase-separated structure of the thin film formed on the surface; and etching the surface of the light-emitting element using the remaining phase as an etching mask.

Methods of forming dielectric films with increased density and improved film properties are provided. The methods involve exposing dielectric films to microwave radiation. According to various embodiments, the methods may be used to remove hydroxyl bonds, increase film density, reduce or eliminate seams and voids, and optimize film properties such as dielectric constant, refractive index and stress for particular applications. In certain embodiments, the methods are used to form conformal films deposited by a technique such as PDL. The methods may be used in applications requiring low thermal budgets.

The purpose of the invention is to provide a light guide of a variety of forms having a uniform distribution of brightness in the plane and a planer light source device for a liquid crystal display device which uses such light guide. The light guide comprises a first surface which is a surface to which a natural polarization light is incident and a second surface other than the first surface which is an exit surface of a specific polarization light into which, said natural polarization light is modulated, wherein;said light guide has an interface of two materials of different indices of refraction oriented at an angle of thetaB+ / -alpha degrees relative to the primary propagation direction of said incident light, said thetaB being an angle satisfying Brewster's condition, more than two orientations of said interface exist in a single light guide, and the difference between the indices of refraction of the two materials of different indices of refraction is between 0.001 and 1.0. thetaB is typically about 45 degrees. The light guide comprises a first transparent member having a plurality of upwardly convex right angle isosceles triangles on a first surface thereof and a first index of refraction and a second transparent member having a plurality of downwardly convex right angle isosceles triangles on a second surface thereof and a second index of refraction, and said first surface and said second surface contact each other.