294 results about "Electrophoresis" patented technology

Various implementations of electrophoretic systems and instruments are provided to improve electrophoresis and ease of use. Various electrophoretic systems and instruments utilize different electrode designs that can result in uniform electromigration of analytes. The electrophoretic systems and instrumentations optimize the size and / or location of electrodes relative to a sample, thereby increasing uniformity of electric field and reducing or minimizing drift of analyte migration. In addition, the electrophoresis systems and instruments provide a solution to conveniently check for electrical connections in the systems and instruments, and alert users of potential improper electrical connections, prior to performing electrophoresis.

The invention provides a low-carbon circulating technological process for treating high-total-nitrogen wastewater. A main treatment unit and a resource recycling and circulating unit are included; the main treatment unit is characterized in that high-total-nitrogen wastewater sequentially passes through a pH regulating tank, a sulfur autotrophic denitrification tank, a biochemical system, a secondary sedimentation tank, a deep treatment line and ultrafiltration reverse osmosis, produced reclaimed water enters produced water for delivery, and a part of produced concentrated water enters a resource recovery and circulation unit; the resource recovery and circulation unit is characterized in that after concentrated water is treated by a vertical electrophoresis device, mixed acid, mixed alkali and low-salt water are separated out, the mixed alkali is sent to a sulfur autotrophic denitrification tank to be used for supplementing alkalinity consumption of the sulfur autotrophic denitrification system, and the mixed acid sequentially passes through an anaerobic regulating tank, an anaerobic reactor, an alkali washing tower, a biological desulfurization reactor and a sedimentation tank; the recovered sulfur can be sold as elemental sulfur or reused in the sulfur autotrophic denitrification tank, and supernate flows back to the alkaline tower; a green, low-carbon and recyclable water treatment process flow is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of iron-nickel alloy foil preparation, and discloses a low-curl iron-nickel alloy foil suitable for an all-solid-state battery and a preparation method of the low-curl iron-nickel alloy foil. The electrolyte solution is added into an electrolytic cell, and current is applied to the electrolyte solution; the method comprises the following steps: depositing an iron-nickel alloy on the surface of a cathode roller, stripping to obtain an iron-nickel alloy foil, carrying out electrophoresis on the iron-nickel alloy foil by using a magnesium oxide electrophoresis solution in an electrophoresis cell to form a magnesium oxide coating on the iron-nickel alloy foil, cleaning with an acid solution, and carrying out electrochemical fluorination treatment on the iron-nickel alloy foil to obtain the magnesium oxide coating on the iron-nickel alloy foil. Forming a fluorinated layer on the magnesium oxide coating; and the iron-nickel alloy foil is subjected to heat treatment at the temperature not exceeding 600 DEG C in a heat treatment chamber, and the iron-nickel alloy foil is obtained after cooling. The high-quality iron-nickel invar iron-nickel alloy foil can solve the curling problem and is suitable for all-solid-state batteries.

The invention discloses a curing oven waste gas recycling system, and relates to the technical field of curing oven waste gas recycling. The curing oven comprises a curing oven body, the top of the curing oven body is fixedly connected with a heat exchange box, the input end of the heat exchange box is fixedly connected with a waste gas recovery pipe, the output end of the heat exchange box is fixedly connected with a first fan, and the output end of the first fan is fixedly connected with a smoke exhaust pipe. Waste gas generated by the electrophoresis tank is pumped by starting the first fan and the second fan, sequentially penetrates through the heat exchange box, the curing furnace body and the interior of the combustion furnace, and circularly flows between the combustion furnace and the curing furnace body, so that after the waste gas generated by the electrophoresis tank completes heat exchange with a heat exchange medium through a heat exchange pipe, the waste gas is discharged out of the combustion furnace. And sufficient combustion in the curing furnace body and the combustion furnace is achieved, heat is provided for workpieces in the curing furnace body for drying, the combustion efficiency of the curing furnace body is effectively improved, and the utilization efficiency of waste gas generated by the electrophoresis tank is improved.

The invention discloses a copper wire tinning method for tinned copper stranded wire production, which relates to the technical field of metal surface treatment, and comprises the following steps: releasing a copper wire to an ionic liquid electrophoresis tank, applying an electric field to strip surface oxides, and then carrying out three-stage countercurrent rinsing to generate a clean copper wire; putting the clean copper wire into a composite plating tank, monitoring the tin liquid viscosity and the copper wire linear speed in real time, calculating the magnetic field gradient, and controlling tin crystal oriented growth according to the magnetic field gradient to generate an oriented crystallization tinned copper wire; the surface temperature of the directionally crystallized tinned copper wire is monitored in real time and compared with a preset temperature threshold value, a temperature permission trigger signal is generated, the annular array spray gun is triggered to work according to the temperature permission trigger signal, and a densified tinned copper wire is generated; and the densified tinned copper wire is scanned through a micro-focus CT scanner, a gap three-dimensional point cloud picture is generated, the gap size and the normal angle of the gap three-dimensional point cloud picture are analyzed, the optimal spraying parameters are recognized, and the passivation film tinned copper wire is generated.

The invention provides a layered recognition method and device for an electrophoresis image, electronic equipment and a storage medium. The method comprises the steps that computer equipment carries out image segmentation on a target electrophoresis image to obtain a plurality of lane sub-images; identifying a strip region contained in each lane sub-image to obtain one or more initial strip regions of one or more lane sub-images; performing density evaluation on each initial strip region to obtain a density score of each initial strip region; screening the initial strip region with the density fraction greater than a density threshold value as a first strip region; determining an overlapping degree between each first strip region in each other lane sub-image and each first strip region in the contrast lane sub-image, and determining a second strip region; and determining the positive degree of the target electrophoresis image according to the density score of each second strip region. According to the method and the device, the accuracy of identifying the strip region in the electrophoresis image by the computer equipment can be improved, and the accuracy of layered identification of the electrophoresis image is improved.

The invention discloses an AI-assisted protein purification result analysis method and system. The method comprises the following steps: S1, collecting chromatogram data, electrophoresis image data and mass spectrum peak table data; s2, performing data preprocessing after the chromatogram data, the electrophoresis image data and the mass spectrum peak table data are obtained; s3, carrying out AI identification analysis on the preprocessed data to realize electrophoretic band identification, chromatographic peak identification and mass spectrum deconvolution; s4, performing multi-modal fusion on the chromatography, gel electrophoresis and mass spectrum information sources; and S5, automatically generating a report, and producing a visual chart. The deep learning and multi-modal data fusion technology is introduced, comprehensive automatic analysis of chromatographic data, electrophoresis images and mass spectrum results is achieved, then automatic result analysis of the protein purification process is achieved, an artificial intelligence algorithm is used for recognizing a peak structure and an electrophoresis band, multi-modal data fusion is achieved, and the detection accuracy is improved. And generating a visual analysis report according to a data result.

A glazing unit (101) is provided configured for reception of radio frequency signals, the glazing unit (101) has an optical layer (143) including electrophoretic charged particles and being arranged between a first substrate (141) and a second substrate (142), electrodes (122, 123) on the substrates (141, 142) cooperate in the electrophoretic modulation of the charged particles' position causing modulation of light passing through the glazing unit (101). The glazing unit (101) has at least one antenna (121) for reception of a radio frequency signal. The antenna (121) may be arranged on a side of a substrate (141, 142) or on a side of a pane (111, 112), e.g., glass pane.

The invention discloses a high-temperature-resistant flame-retardant wire harness and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of electric harnesses. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, introducing phosphorus and silicon flame-retardant elements on a polyethylene molecular chain through plasma activation and free radical grafting reaction to prepare phosphorus-silicon grafted modified polyethylene, then compounding aminated silicon dioxide and organic intercalated montmorillonite by using isophorone diisocyanate as a bridging agent to prepare the phosphorus-silicon grafted modified polyethylene composite material. The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing an isocyanate-bridged silicon dioxide-montmorillonite composite filler to improve the dispersity and compatibility of the filler in a matrix, carrying out extrusion granulation on modified polyethylene, an ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer, maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene, the composite filler, nano magnesium hydroxide and other additives to prepare polyethylene wire harness particles, and finally, carrying out extrusion granulation on the polyethylene wire harness particles to prepare the cable harness. And coating the surface of a copper core wire with the particles through a single-screw extrusion coating machine, and carrying out subsequent water cooling, steam treatment, drying and rolling to obtain a finished wire harness. The wire harness prepared by the invention has excellent high temperature resistance and flame retardance.

The invention provides a capillary electrophoresis analysis method of serum amino acid. The capillary electrophoresis analysis method comprises the following steps: S1, preparing an operation buffer solution; s2, selection and pretreatment of a quartz capillary column; s3, conditions are analyzed through electrophoresis; s4, drawing a quasi curve; s5, sample derivatization; s6, quantitative analysis. According to the method, a mixed reagent of alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin and gamma-cyclodextrin is adopted for the first time, the amino acid migration behavior is cooperatively adjusted, a migration time window is expanded, the separation resolution of amino acids with similar structures is effectively improved, and the separation degree and the atlas definition are remarkably improved. According to the invention, sodium taurocholate is added, pH is regulated and controlled, a weakly alkaline buffer system with moderate conductivity and stable migration behavior is formed, separation and detection of FITC derived amino acids are facilitated, and balance of migration time distribution is optimized. The method is suitable for scenes of clinical sample analysis, disease marker screening and the like, and has good universality, stability and popularization value.

The invention provides a disease marker subtype classification determination method, and belongs to the technical field of disease marker subtype classification, and the method comprises the following steps: firstly, extracting protein from a patient sample, separating through a dimensional electrophoresis technology, and obtaining a protein expression matrix through Coomassie brilliant blue dyeing and an image analysis system; differentially expressed proteins are determined, and sequence information is obtained through mass spectrum identification. And extracting network node features by using a graph neural network method, and carrying out function annotation analysis and path identification. Patient samples are grouped by using a multi-level clustering method, and feature extraction and optimization are realized by training an embedded neural network model. And inputting the extracted features into a pre-trained function enrichment analysis model, and determining the molecular pathway features of the disease subtype. And finally, the reliability of a classification result is confirmed through an immunoblotting technology and independent patient queue verification, subtype classification of the disease markers is completed, and the problem that in the prior art, the recognition degree of subtype classification of the disease markers is not high enough is solved.

The invention discloses a solid waste powder heavy metal content determination method, and relates to the technical field of heavy metal content analysis, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, solid waste powder is pretreated, and a chemical reagent is added into a mother liquor preparation reaction tank for heavy metal element leaching; adding a specific element color developing reagent to obtain a specific metal complex of each heavy metal element subjected to fluorescence labeling; s2, carrying out electrophoretic separation on the heavy metal complex by adopting an electrophoresis cell fluorescence detection compound system, and carrying out fluorescence detection to obtain test index data; and S3, according to the test index data, carrying out a specific evaluation method to divide danger levels, and guiding subsequent solid waste powder treatment. The method can quantitatively evaluate the heavy metal content of the solid waste powder and perform visual treatment, and provides related scientific basis and technical support for improving the rapid decision-making efficiency and treatment rationality of the solid waste powder material in the construction site.

The invention discloses a new energy automobile battery pack shell part electrophoresis hanging and fixing system which comprises a hanging conveying system, a hanging assembly is arranged below the hanging conveying system, at least two sets of hooks are arranged on the lower portion of the hanging assembly, the hooks are arranged at intervals in the width direction of an electrophoresis tank, and a shell part is hung on each hook. A supporting frame is installed between the lower portions of every two adjacent shell components. The device has the beneficial effects that the at least two hooks are arranged at the lower end of the hanging assembly, so that one hanging assembly can hang a plurality of shell parts at the same time, and the electrophoresis efficiency of the shell parts is ensured; and through the arranged supporting frame, the two adjacent shell parts can be stably supported, and then collision between the two adjacent shell parts in the electrophoresis process is avoided.

The invention discloses a method for measuring the molar concentration of nano-particles. The method comprises the following steps: diluting a nano-particle suspension with a high-molecular polymer solution or dispersing nano-particle powder into the high-molecular polymer solution; transferring the suspension liquid to a spacing net on the side of a sample pool in an electrophoresis tank; nano-particles migrate from the sample pool to the buffer pool under the driving of the electric field and are uniformly distributed on the spacing net in a single-particle manner; performing single-particle imaging on the spacing net by using an optical microscope; and counting the number of the nanoparticles in the image so as to measure the molar concentration of the nanoparticles in the sample. The method can be used under the condition that the properties of the nanoparticles are unknown or no standard substance exists, the detection object has no additional condition, and the accuracy is high.

The invention relates to the technical field of electrophoresis apparatus electrode cleaning, in particular to a portable electrophoresis apparatus which comprises a portable electrophoresis apparatus, a horizontal electrophoresis tank is placed in the portable electrophoresis apparatus, and an electrode piece is inserted into the horizontal electrophoresis tank; a cleaning box is installed on the inner wall of the portable electrophoresis apparatus, a containing pipe is installed on the inner wall of the electrode cleaning box, a rotating disc is installed on the inner wall of the cleaning box, a touch pressing scraping strip is installed on the outer wall of the rotating disc, a spring touch block is installed on the outer wall of the rotating disc, and a floating plate is installed on the outer side of the rotating disc. According to the electrode cleaning device, an electrode can be directly inserted into the cleaning box to complete self-cleaning, manual cleaning is not needed, and the electrode is cleaned in place through rotation and cleaning liquid non-dead-corner washing; and after cleaning is completed, the electrophoresis apparatus can be directly closed, and at the moment, the cleaning cavity which is originally wet can automatically recover to a dry ventilation state, so that the storage effect of the cleaned electrode is greatly improved.

The invention discloses an InDel primer group for constructing a sisal hemp germplasm molecule identity card and application. The invention develops and screens out an InDel molecular marker primer group which can be used for constructing a sisal hemp germplasm molecular identity card and identifying different sisal hemp germplasm resources, so that the blank of the sisal hemp germplasm resource molecular identity card is filled; the provided InDel primer group comprises 30 pairs of primers, a sisal hemp sample is amplified by adopting the primer group, assignment is performed according to the size of an electrophoretic band of an amplification product, different sisal hemp varieties can obtain unique molecular identity card codes, and the molecular identity card codes are unique. The molecular identity card can be used for quickly and accurately identifying and distinguishing all sisal hemp germplasm resources of different varieties and sources, can be used for identifying and standardizing the existing sisal hemp germplasm resources, solves the problems that the genetic background of the sisal hemp germplasm resources is not clear and the identification standard is not uniform, and provides an effective method for identifying different sisal hemp germplasm resources.

Electrophoresis device, including: a sample dish (112) on which a positive-electrode-side buffer solution container (103) containing a buffer solution and a phorese medium container (102) containing a phorese medium are arranged, and which is driven in a vertical and a horizontal direction; a thermostat oven unit (113) which holds a capillary arrangement (101) with a capillary head (403) in which a plurality of capillaries (401) are bundled in a single unit at one end thereof in a state in which the capillary head (403) protrudes downwards, and which maintains a constant internal temperature; a solution dispensing mechanism (106) for dispensing the phorese medium in the phorese medium container (102) to the capillary assembly (101) from the capillary head (403); and a current source (408) for applying a voltage to both ends of the capillary arrangement (101), wherein Openings for inserting the capillary head (403) are provided in the upper areas of the positive electrode-side buffer solution container (103) and the phorese medium container (102), and the thermostat oven unit (113) comprises a first lid element (207) which is arranged above the sample dish (112) and seals the upper part of the positive electrode-side buffer solution container (103) during the dispensing of the phorese medium by the solution dispensing mechanism (106), wherein the upper part of the positive electrode-side buffer solution container (103) is sealed by raising the sample dish (112) and pressing the positive electrode-side buffer solution container (103) against the first lid element (207).

Embodiments described herein relate to systems, devices, and methods for performing preparative electrophoresis. In some embodiments, a housing defines a plurality of cavities each configured to receive a vertical channel. Each vertical channel may include a hydrogel defining a sample well configured to receive a sample of DNA fragments. The vertical channel may be placed in fluidic communication with at least a first reservoir and a second reservoir. In some embodiments, preparative electrophoresis may be completed for the plurality of vertical channels simultaneously. The embodiments described herein may be integrated into automatic workflows for high-throughput applications. The embodiments described herein may be used for both long-read and short-read sequencing applications.

This invention relates to a method for determining the source of tobacco components, belonging to the field of molecular biology. The method includes the following steps: ① Designing primers based on the tobacco-specific SSR-1 marker; extracting DNA from the sample to be tested, performing PCR amplification on the DNA using the primers to obtain a first amplification product, and analyzing by electrophoresis to determine whether a tobacco species-specific band is present; if present, the sample to be tested contains tobacco components; ② Eluting the sample containing tobacco components, extracting the eluted DNA from the sample, performing PCR amplification on the eluted DNA using the primers to obtain a second amplification product, and analyzing by electrophoresis to determine whether a tobacco species-specific band is present; if present, the tobacco component is endogenous; the elution buffer used is a 1.0–2.0 mol / L NaCl solution. This method can both determine whether the sample to be tested is tobacco and identify the source of the component.

This invention provides a microplastic particle screening and separation device and method based on photoinduced dielectrophoresis. The device comprises a photoinduced dielectrophoresis chip consisting of a first illumination region, a second illumination region, a controllable barrier block, and a microchannel layer. By applying light to different positions on the photoinduced dielectrophoresis chip, the conductivity at the illumination position changes, thereby generating a non-uniform electric field. Due to the different radii of the microplastic particles, the magnitude of the photoinduced dielectrophoretic force varies. Larger-radius microplastic particles experience a greater dielectrophoretic force and cannot pass through the illumination region, while smaller-radius microplastic particles experience a smaller dielectrophoretic force and can flow to the sample outlet. By changing the position of the controllable barrier block, the separation of microplastic particles of three different radii can be achieved. The microplastic particle screening and separation device and method based on photoinduced dielectrophoresis described in this invention can achieve the separation and screening of target microplastics of different sizes using contactless photoinduced dielectrophoresis force.

The invention discloses a dCAPS molecular marker primer linked with a brassica napus saline-alkaline tolerance gene BnaC03.RBGB3 and application of the dCAPS molecular marker primer. The primer comprises a forward primer and a reverse primer, and through PCR amplification and specific restriction enzyme digestion treatment, two genotypes of high resistance and high sensitivity of brassica napus saline-alkaline tolerance can be distinguished on agarose gel electrophoresis; the high-resistance genotype is represented by two electrophoretic bands (195bp and 23bp), and the high-sensitivity genotype is a band which cannot be digested by enzyme. The method disclosed by the invention is simple and convenient to operate and reliable in result, can be used for rapidly screening and identifying the saline-alkaline-tolerant variety of the brassica napus, and provides a powerful tool for breeding the saline-alkaline-tolerant variety of the brassica napus. By implementing the technology, not only is the breeding efficiency improved, but also a new thought and strategy are provided for molecular marker-assisted breeding of saline-alkaline tolerance of crops, and development and application of a saline-alkaline tolerance breeding technology of brassica napus and even other crops are promoted.

The invention discloses a vertical blocking management and control structure and method for a contaminated site through combination of electrophoresis and microorganisms, and relates to the technical field of soil and underground water remediation management and control. An anti-oxidation graphite electrode is inserted into the boundary of a to-be-managed and controlled area of a polluted site to serve as an anode, a microbial bacterial solution and a cementing solution are injected at the same time, an open-screen steel pipe parallel to the anti-oxidation graphite electrode in a staggered mode is inserted into the managed and controlled area to serve as a cathode, and the adjacent anode and cathode are connected with a direct-current power source through a cable to form a plurality of electrode pairs. Under the action of electrophoresis, clay particles with negative charges and other colloidal particles in soil around the boundary of the site move towards the anode, and along with point cementation among soil particles at the anode and continuous deposition of calcium carbonate under the induction of microorganisms, a vertical barrier wall is finally formed. Colloidal particles in the soil are promoted to be cemented through electrophoresis and microorganisms to form a vertical barrier for risk management and control of a polluted site, and the method has the remarkable advantages of being low in building material dependency degree, small in construction disturbance, easy to maintain in the later period and the like.

The invention provides a high-strength and high-toughness maritime work steel plate and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of maritime work steel plate preparation and processing. The maritime work steel plate is sequentially composed of a core body layer, a middle transition layer and a surface protection layer from inside to outside, and has the characteristics of high strength, high toughness and high corrosion resistance; in addition, preparation of the maritime work steel plate relates to a maritime work steel plate preparation device which comprises a working box, a cleaning area, a first drying area, an electrophoresis area, a flushing area and a second drying area are sequentially arranged in the working box, a feeding area and a discharging area are correspondingly arranged outside the working box, and all the functional areas are provided with corresponding treatment equipment. A moving device and a clamping device which move circularly are mounted in the working box; according to the invention, the continuous automatic processing operation of the maritime work steel plate can be realized, and the cleaning, spin-drying and electrophoresis processes are integrated; the machining quality and production efficiency of the maritime work steel plate are effectively improved, and the purposes of high efficiency and multi-specification adaptation of machining of the middle transition layer of the maritime work steel plate are achieved.

To provide methods and apparatus for simultaneously detecting a quantity and / or concentration within a large range of protein.SOLUTION: Some embodiments described herein relate to a method that includes separating an analyte-containing sample via electrophoresis in a capillary. The capillary is loaded with a chemiluminescence agent, such as luminol, that is configured to react with the analyte (e.g., HRP-conjugated proteins) to produce a signal indicative of a concentration and / or quantity of analyte at each location along the length of the capillary. A first image of the capillary containing the analytes and the chemiluminescence agent is captured over a first period of time. A second image of the capillary containing the analytes and the chemiluminescence agent is captured over a second, longer, period of time. A concentration and / or quantity of a first population of analytes at a first location is determined using the first image, and a concentration and / or quantity of a second population of analytes at a second location is determined using the second image.SELECTED DRAWING: None

The electrophoresis apparatus power supply system comprises a main circuit module, an auxiliary power supply module, an MCU intelligent control module, a man-machine interaction module, a communication module, a timing programming module and a protection module. The invention belongs to the technical field of electrophoresis apparatus power supply systems, and particularly relates to an electrophoresis apparatus power supply system.

When arraying laser-irradiation portions of a plurality of capillaries on the same array plane, simultaneous irradiation of the capillaries with a laser beam incident from the side is enabled by filling the capillaries with a separation medium having a low refractive index of n3<1.36 and by setting n1=1.00, n2=1.46, R / r<5.9, and ΔZ≤9 μm, wherein a distance in a direction perpendicular to the array plane between two capillaries, which are farthest from each other in the perpendicular direction among the capillaries in the laser-irradiation portions, is denoted by 2×ΔZ, wherein an outer radius, an inner radius, a refractive index of an external medium, a refractive index of a material, and a refractive index of an internal medium of each of the capillaries in the laser-irradiation portions are denoted by R, r, n1, n2, and n3, respectively.

The invention provides a specific gene and a primer group for typing identification of riemerella anatipestifer serum type 1, type 2, type 4, type 5 and type 11, and belongs to the technical field of molecular biology and veterinary diagnosis. Specific genes provided by the invention comprise a ClpP gene, an LPS gene, an LOS gene, a Capsule gene and a ClpC gene, and the primer group comprises a primer sequence for identifying the specific genes. The primer group is adopted for detection, and the serotype can be judged through electrophoretic analysis for 2-3 hours; the sensitivity is high, and the minimum detection can be 1 * 10 < 2 > CFU / mu L; the specificity is strong, and no cross reaction with other serotype and poultry source pathogens exists; the method has the advantages of high accuracy and low cost, 10 clinical isolated strains in five regions under the same serotype are detected, the result consistency with the traditional slide agglutination detection method is 100%, and the method can be expanded to detection of more serotypes by adding primer pairs in the later period.

This invention discloses a vehicle sill structure and vehicle body, relating to the field of vehicle manufacturing technology. It includes an inner sill plate, a structural reinforcement block, and a sill reinforcement plate. The structural reinforcement block is disposed within a cavity formed by the inner sill plate and the sill reinforcement plate. A first through-hole is formed on the upper side of the inner sill plate, and the structural reinforcement block has a first electrophoresis channel and a second electrophoresis channel. A second through-hole is formed on the upper side of the sill reinforcement plate. The first through-hole, the first electrophoresis channel, the second electrophoresis channel, and the second through-hole form a first channel path for the electrophoretic liquid and electric field. A third through-hole is formed on the lower side of the sill reinforcement plate, and the structural reinforcement block has a third electrophoresis channel corresponding to the third through-hole. The third through-hole, the third electrophoresis channel, and the second through-hole form a second channel path for the electrophoretic liquid and electric field. This invention forms two channel paths, ensuring an increase in the electrophoretic film thickness in the outer cavity of the sill and meeting the required anti-corrosion performance standards.

Provide various implementations of electrophoresis systems and instruments to improve electrophoresis and ease of use. The various electrophoresis systems and instruments utilize different electrode designs, which can result in uniform electro-migration of analytes. The electrophoresis systems and instruments optimize the size and / or position of the electrodes relative to the sample, thereby increasing the uniformity of the electric field and reducing or minimizing the drift of analyte migration. In addition, the electrophoresis systems and instruments provide a solution to conveniently check the electrical connections in the systems and instruments before performing electrophoresis and alert the user to potential inappropriate electrical connections.

A variable transmission film may include an electrophoretic medium having a plurality of capsules and a binder, each capsule containing a plurality of charged particles and a fluid, the charged particles being movable by application of an electric field and being switchable between an open state and a closed state. The film may include at least one of: a binder comprising fish gelatin and a polyanion; a binder containing one or more colorants; a capsule containing a charge control agent, such as an oligoamine-terminated polyolefin and a branched fatty acid comprising at least 8 carbon atoms; selection of capsules wherein at least 60% of the diameter is between 50 [mu] m and 90 [mu] m and at least 15% of the diameter is between 20 [mu] m and 49 [mu] m; a colored adhesive layer; and a fluid selected from one or more non-conjugated olefins.