107 results about "Internal phase" patented technology

The invention provides a soybean amyloid protein fiber, a preparation method thereof, a high internal phase emulsion and application, and belongs to the technical field of protein fibers. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving soybean protein isolate in water, adjusting the obtained soybean protein isolate solution to a first pH value, carrying out ultrasonic treatment and / or first stirring treatment, adjusting the obtained feed liquid to a second pH value, sequentially carrying out second stirring treatment, dialysis and freeze drying, and dissolving the obtained pretreated soybean protein isolate in water, adjusting the pH value of the pretreated soybean protein isolate solution to a third pH value, and sequentially performing hydration treatment and fiber growth treatment to obtain the soybean amyloid protein fiber. The invention provides a soybean amyloid protein fiber preparation method based on ultrasonic pretreatment and / or pH migration pretreatment. The yield and the emulsifying property of the obtained soybean amyloid protein fiber can be remarkably improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of compositions of high-molecular compounds, and particularly discloses a preparation method of a sodium caseinate-epigallocatechin gallate-iron ion ternary complex as well as a product and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, adding EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) into an SC solution, and stirring in a shading environment to obtain a binary compound; s2, adding a FeCl3. 6H2O solution into the binary compound, and stirring in a shading environment to obtain a ternary compound; wherein in the ternary complex, the mass ratio of SC to EGCG to Fe < 3 + > is (10-14): 1: (2-4). According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the stable ternary complex can be prepared, the ternary complex utilizes the metal phenolic network to modify the sodium caseinate, and a high internal phase emulsion formed after the sodium caseinate is loaded with the beta-carotene can show excellent stability and relatively high encapsulation efficiency, so that the bioavailability of the beta-carotene can be remarkably improved.

The invention provides a preparation method and application of a compound protein preparation, and the preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a protein matrix in deionized water, adjusting the pH value to 8.0-8.5, firstly adding an antioxidant, and then adding an oxidant and a reducing agent to obtain a protein coupling solution; dissolving the whey protein isolate in deionized water, adding a thickening agent, stirring, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a proteoglycan composite water phase; and mixing the protein coupling solution and the proteoglycan composite water phase according to a preset proportion, adding the oil phase, carrying out homogenization treatment to form a high internal phase emulsion, carrying out freeze drying, and crushing into particles to obtain the powdery protein pre-preparation. The structural stability of protein molecules is remarkably improved, and protein aggregation and sedimentation are reduced, so that the physical and chemical stability of the protein preparation in the storage and use processes is effectively improved, and the problem of insufficient structural stability in the prior art is solved.

The application discloses a preparation method of a high internal phase emulsion stabilized only by proteins, which mixes a completely hydrated protein solution as a water phase with an oil phase, and controls the hydrodynamic characteristics of a shearing emulsification process to obtain the high internal phase emulsion stabilized only by proteins. The preparation method of the application can obtain the high internal phase emulsion stabilized only by food-grade proteins through one-step shearing emulsification without other measures. The prepared high internal phase emulsion has good gel characteristics, stability and high safety, and can be used as a substitute for partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and saturated fatty acids. Meanwhile, the method is simple in operation, low in preparation cost and suitable for large-scale industrial promotion.

The invention discloses a high-internal-phase emulsion and a graded porous material prepared from the high-internal-phase emulsion, the high-internal-phase emulsion comprises an oil phase and a water phase, the oil phase comprises a polymeric monomer, a crosslinking monomer, a foaming pore-forming auxiliary agent, an emulsifier and an initiator; according to the invention, the foaming pore-forming auxiliary agent is introduced into the high internal phase emulsion with a water-in-oil (W / O) structure, and the foaming pore-forming auxiliary agent is uniformly dispersed in an oil phase, so that the emulsification of the high internal phase emulsion is not influenced, and the integrity of a first-level foam skeleton structure formed after curing is not influenced; meanwhile, the foaming pore-forming auxiliary agent can be decomposed or volatilized at the polymerization temperature, gas is formed, pores are formed, and a large number of communicated micropores are formed in the continuous support, so that the obtained porous material has a first-stage macroporous structure and a second-stage microporous structure at the same time.

The application discloses an emulsification system and a preparation method of high internal phase emulsion in a continuous cutting environment, wherein the emulsification system comprises a premixing device for premixing raw materials to obtain a mixed liquid, a rotary emulsification device capable of rotating around an axis, the rotary emulsification device comprising a plurality of concentric rotary packing layers, each rotary packing layer being provided with an independent flow channel, the flow channel comprising opposite feeding ports and discharging ports, and a feeding mechanism, a plurality of feeding mechanisms being respectively arranged at the inner periphery or the outer periphery of each rotary packing layer to supply the mixed liquid to the feeding ports. The high internal phase emulsion product with uniform particle size and good stability can be produced by adopting a continuous operation mode and by accurately controlling process parameters such as continuous rotary cutting speed and temperature. Compared with traditional emulsification equipment, the system has high efficiency and wide application range, and is especially suitable for scale preparation of high-viscosity emulsion.

The present invention relates to aransdermal therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of a systemically active agent having a self-adhesive layer structure. The transdermal therapeutic system includes (A) a backing layer, and (B) a dried biphasic layer. The dried biphasic layer has (a) an outer phase having a composition comprising 75% to 100% of a polymer or polymer mixture, and (b) an inner phase having a composition that includes at least one active agent. The inner phase forms dispersed deposits in the outer phase, with the dried biphasic layer including (c) from 0.1% to 3.5% of an interface mediator other than silicone oil, with the interface mediator having with a kinematic viscosity of from 10 cSt to 100 000 cSt at 25° C.

The invention discloses a high internal phase gel emulsion using rosin modified hydroxyethyl cellulose and a surfactant to synergistically stabilize and a preparation method of the high internal phase gel emulsion. Rosin modified hydroxyethyl cellulose (DA) (EO) 5GE-g-HEC with a specific rosin grafting rate is selected as a main emulsifier, and the surfactant with a specific structure is selected as an auxiliary emulsifier; through the synergistic effect of rosin modified hydroxyethyl cellulose and a surfactant, the water-in-oil type high-internal-phase gel-state emulsion with elastic dominant rheological properties is prepared, the rheological properties of the emulsion are shown as follows: the energy storage modulus is always higher than the loss modulus, the loss factor is smaller than 0.4, the emulsion is free of oil-water layering after standing for 6 months, and the emulsion is inverted and does not flow when the concentration reaches the standard; meanwhile, the particle size of the liquid drops is accurately regulated and controlled within the range of 10-40 microns, the half-peak width of particle size distribution is reduced by more than 40%, the distribution concentration ratio is remarkably improved, and an ideal basic system is provided for material template application due to the unique rheological property and stability of the liquid drops.

The invention discloses a high internal phase emulsion with a nested structure, a preparation method thereof and a porous material, the high internal phase emulsion has at least one layer of nested structure, the nested structure is an HIPE-1 / HIPE-2 structure, the HLB value of an emulsifier A used by the HIPE-1 is recorded as H1, the HLB value of an emulsifier B used by the HIPE-2 is recorded as H2, H1 and H2 meet the condition that H1 is greater than H2, and the difference between H1 and H2 is 8-12; according to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, the emulsifying agents in the HIPE-2 emulsion and the HIPE-1 emulsion are controlled to have a certain difference value, so that the interface structures of at least two different HIPE emulsions in the obtained high-internal-phase emulsion are stable and are immiscible with each other, and the finally obtained porous material has multistage pore diameters and provides a bionic carrier for tissue engineering, drug screening and the like.

The invention discloses a high-internal-phase emulsion, a porous material with a graded communicated pore structure and application, the high-internal-phase emulsion comprises an oil phase and a water phase, and the oil phase comprises a polymeric monomer, a crosslinking monomer, an emulsifier, an initiator and a polymer pore-foaming agent. According to the preparation method, the polymer pore-foaming agent is introduced into the high internal phase emulsion, and the polymer pore-foaming agent can form secondary pores in the porous material formed by curing the high internal phase emulsion in a dissolving manner, so that the finally obtained porous material has hierarchical structures with large-size pore diameters and small-size pore diameters at the same time; the porous material with the hierarchical structure is obtained.

The invention belongs to the field of food engineering, and particularly relates to sphere-like starch-based nanoparticles as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The method comprises the following steps: performing enzymolysis and aging treatment on sweet potato starch gelatinization liquid to obtain rod-like starch nanoparticles, and further performing cooling and aging treatment on the rod-like starch nanoparticles and a small amount of whey protein solution under a hydrothermal condition to obtain the sphere-like starch-based nanoparticles. According to the method provided by the invention, the rod-like nanoparticles which are less than 10 nm and do not have the emulsifying property are further modified and processed to prepare the sphere-like nanoparticles with the scale of 10-30 nm and the high internal phase emulsifying property, the emulsifying effect of the sphere-like nanoparticles can be compared with that of whey protein with the same concentration, and the high internal phase emulsion is small in droplet particle size, good in storage stability, low in cost and wide in application prospect.

The invention discloses a method for improving 3D printing characteristics of starch gel through rapeseed protein high internal phase emulsion, and belongs to the technical field of food 3D printing. According to the method, modified rapeseed protein-quercetin compound stable high-internal-phase emulsion and starch gel are used as raw materials, the high-internal-phase emulsion is mixed with starch paste according to different proportions, and 3D printing is carried out. By adding the modified rapeseed protein-quercetin compound high internal phase emulsion, the viscosity of starch paste can be effectively reduced, the printing precision is improved, the phenomena such as chapping caused by moisture evaporation of gel are relieved, and the 3D printing characteristics of the starch gel are improved. According to the novel technology disclosed by the invention, room-temperature extrusion of the starch gel can be realized, the surface of a product is prevented from being cracked and hard, slow release of active ingredients can be realized, and the swallowing difficulty of the product is reduced. The method is easy to operate, the quality of printed products is good, and meanwhile application of the rapeseed protein and the starch gel thereof in the field of food 3D printing can be expanded.

The invention belongs to the technical field of pharmaceutical preparations, and particularly relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing briracetam and a preparation method of the pharmaceutical composition. A pharmaceutical composition of the present application comprises a particle having an intra-particle phase and an extra-particle phase, the particle comprising, based on the total weight of the particle: Briracetam present in the intra-particle phase; the diluent in the particle inner phase is lactose monohydrate and lactose anhydrous in a weight ratio of 1: (0.5-2); a disintegrant present in the particulate inner phase and the particulate outer phase; and a lubricant present in the particulate outer phase. By controlling the weight ratio of the diluent types, the defect of easy sticking is improved under the condition that an adhesive beta-cyclodextrin is not added, and it is guaranteed that intermediate particles are tableted smoothly and are convenient to form; besides, by controlling the particle size of the active components and the dosage of the external phase disintegrating agent in the particles, the prepared briracetam preparation has the dissolution rate and bioequivalence equivalent to those of the original tablet, and the stability is superior to that of the original tablet.

The present invention relates to a chickpea protein high internal phase emulsion with high freeze-thaw stability based on interface regulation and its preparation method and application, which belongs to the technical field of emulsion preparation. The preparation of the high internal phase emulsion of the present invention includes: adjusting the pH of the chickpea protein solution to 8-9, ultrasonic treatment, then adding a polysaccharide solution and uniformly mixing, heating the reaction in a water bath, centrifuging the reaction product after the reaction is completed, taking the supernatant and freeze-drying to obtain a protein-polysaccharide conjugate; dissolving the obtained protein-polysaccharide conjugate in water as an aqueous phase; mixing flavor oil and vegetable oil, stirring evenly, as an oil phase; mixing the aqueous phase and the oil phase, and shearing at high speed to obtain a high internal phase emulsion with high freeze-thaw stability. The chickpea protein high internal phase emulsion not only has good freeze-thaw stability, but also has the characteristics of significant gelation, can give fish paste products good freeze-thaw stability, and has broad application prospects.

The present application relates to a kind of lignin-based high internal phase Pickering emulsion and its preparation method, belong to Pickering emulsion technical field.To solve the problem that stable O / W high internal phase Pickering emulsion cannot be obtained with unmodified lignin nanoparticles as stabilizer, the present application provides a kind of O / W oil-in-water lignin-based high internal phase Pickering emulsion, and the water phase is the suspension of ultrapure water containing spherical lignin nanoparticles and PVP, and the volume ratio of water phase and oil phase is 25:75.The lignin-based high internal phase Pickering emulsion prepared in the present application is not disturbed at room temperature after 7 days of storage, and no change such as emulsion system appears deoiling, which indicates that under the condition of high oil load and low stabilizer addition, the lignin-based high internal phase Pickering emulsion realizes excellent storage stability.

The invention provides a controllable photo-thermal-enzymatic degradation porous material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The controllable photo-thermal-enzymatic degradation porous material is prepared from the following raw materials: an oil phase mixture and a water phase mixture, the oil phase mixture comprises an enzyme sensitive polymer base material, a random heteropolymer (RHP)-enzyme compound, Janus photo-thermal nanoparticles, an internal phase dispersing agent and a solvent; the aqueous phase mixture comprises water, electrolyte and alginate. According to the porous material provided by the invention, the Janus photo-thermal nanoparticles and the RHP-enzyme compound are coupled, under near-infrared light, RHP conformational change can be triggered to release BC lipase, degradation of the porous material can be triggered under the mild condition of 37 DEG C, and the degradation rate within 48 hours can reach 98%.

The preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively preparing a plant active extract and a zinc carnosine homogeneous solution; adding a plant active extract into the zinc carnosine homogeneous solution, adding a buffering agent and a coupling agent to obtain an external phase solution, dropwise adding the external phase solution into the internal phase solution, and cross-linking to form gas-producing coagulation beads; the preparation method comprises the following steps: placing aerogenic beads at an ambient temperature of-40 DEG C, carrying out pre-freezing for 3-4 h, carrying out vacuum heating to-10 DEG C, drying for 24 h to obtain aerogel particles, spraying freeze-dried Ackermania muciniphila on an enteric-coated film to obtain enteric-coated pellets, and mixing the enteric-coated pellets and the aerogel particles to obtain the composition with the functions of nourishing the stomach and resisting the helicobacter pylori. The problems that the composition cannot be delivered at a fixed point and the activity is attenuated are solved.

The invention provides a porous ceramic material prepared based on a high internal phase emulsion template method and a preparation method and application thereof. The porous ceramic material is prepared from the following raw materials: a high internal phase emulsion and an adhesive, the high internal phase emulsion comprises a continuous phase and a dispersed phase; the continuous phase is a ceramic precursor aqueous solution; the dispersion phase is an emulsifier oil phase solution; the volume fraction of the dispersion phase in the high internal phase emulsion is 74-95%. According to the preparation method, the size of emulsion droplets is accurately regulated and controlled through a high internal phase emulsion template method, and accurate control over the pore diameter of the ceramic material is achieved, so that the porous ceramic material has high porosity and high strength, and is stable in structure, controllable in average pore diameter and wide in application range.

The invention provides a high internal phase emulsion, a preparation method thereof and a porous foam material. The high internal phase emulsion comprises an oil phase mixture and a water phase mixture, the oil-phase mixture comprises a surfactant, a vinyl monomer, an acrylate monomer, a cross-linking agent, an oil-soluble initiator and an auxiliary surfactant; the water-phase mixture comprises water, electrolyte, a pH regulator and a water-soluble initiator; the surfactant is prepared from a pH (Potential of Hydrogen) responsive PS (Polystyrene)-PAA (Polyacrylamide)-PS (Polystyrene) triblock copolymer. According to the invention, the pH responsive PS-PAA-PS triblock copolymer is introduced into the high internal phase emulsion as a surfactant, the pH responsiveness of the triblock copolymer is utilized, more small holes can appear in the HIPE emulsion obtained by emulsification, and the small holes can further improve the specific surface area and the water absorption and water retention capacity of the material after forming the porous foam material.

The invention provides an OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of food process application materials. The OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion provided by the invention is an oil-in-water emulsion and comprises a composite particle aqueous solution and edible oil, composite particles in the composite particle aqueous solution are composed of OSA starch and chitosan; the mass ratio of the OSA starch to the chitosan is 1: (0.05-0.2); the pH value of the composite particle aqueous solution is 4-6. According to the preparation method disclosed by the invention, a three-dimensional network structure is formed between the chitosan and the OSA starch through electrostatic interaction by regulating and controlling conditions such as a pH value and component composition of a composite particle aqueous solution, so that stable adsorption of the OSA starch between oil-water interfaces is ensured, the stability of the OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion is improved, and the stability of the OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion is improved. And finally, a relatively good 3D printing forming effect of the OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion is realized, and the OSA starch-based high internal phase emulsion has a wide application prospect.

The invention relates to a static mixing tube and a preparation method and application thereof. The static mixing pipe comprises a static mixing outer pipe and a high internal phase emulsion foam core body. According to the static mixing pipe, the high-internal-phase emulsion foam core body serves as an inner core of the static mixing outer pipe, and the unique porous structure and mechanical property of the high-internal-phase emulsion foam core body are utilized, so that the obtained static mixing pipe has the excellent performance of high connectivity, high porosity and good shearing effect; further, the purpose of efficiently, uniformly and continuously preparing the high-internal-phase emulsion can be achieved.

The invention relates to an anti-radiation high-internal-phase emulsion as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The anti-radiation high internal phase emulsion comprises an oil phase, a water phase and an anti-radiation dispersion liquid, wherein the oil phase comprises a polymerizable monomer, a crosslinking monomer and a functional monomer; the anti-radiation dispersion liquid comprises an anti-radiation filler. The preparation method provided by the invention can effectively avoid agglomeration of the anti-radiation filler, and anti-radiation high-internal-phase emulsion foam prepared from the anti-radiation high-internal-phase emulsion provided by the invention has the characteristics of low density, good mechanical property and excellent shielding effect.

The present disclosure provides for a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) for use with a polyol in forming a polyurethane. The HIPE includes a dispersed phase material; a continuous phase material, where the continuous phase material is immiscible with the dispersed phase material; and a surfactant, where the dispersed phase material has a D50 particle size of 20 nanometer to 125 micrometer 5 weeks after preparing the HIPE. The continuous phase material can comprise water, one or more polyols and combinations thereof, while the dispersed phase material can be selected from the group consisting of an oil, a rosin, a wax and combinations thereof. The surfactant can be selected from the group consisting of a non-ionic alcohol ethoxylate, and combinations thereof. The present disclosure also provides for a polyol mixture that includes the HIPE and a polyol, where the polyol mixture and an isocyanate are used to form a polyurethane.

The invention provides a high internal phase emulsion, a preparation method thereof and a porous foam material. The high internal phase emulsion comprises an oil phase mixture and a water phase mixture, the oil-phase mixture comprises a surfactant, a vinyl monomer, an acrylate monomer, a cross-linking agent, an oil-soluble initiator and an auxiliary surfactant; the water-phase mixture comprises water, electrolyte, a pH regulator and a water-soluble initiator; the surfactant is prepared from a pH (Potential of Hydrogen) responsive PS (Polystyrene)-PAA (Polyacrylamide)-PS (Polystyrene) triblock copolymer. According to the invention, the pH responsive PS-PAA-PS triblock copolymer is introduced into the high internal phase emulsion as a surfactant, the pH responsiveness of the triblock copolymer is utilized, more small holes can appear in the HIPE emulsion obtained by emulsification, and the small holes can further improve the specific surface area and the water absorption and water retention capacity of the material after forming the porous foam material.

The present invention relates to a moldable nanocomposite for producing a transparent article made of a ceramic material, the moldable nanocomposite according to the present invention comprising: an organic binder; a powder of the ceramic material dispersed in the organic binder, the powder comprising particles having a diameter in the range from 5 nm to 700 nm, and / or a precursor of the ceramic material dispersed in the organic binder, the precursor being at least one metal-containing compound; and a phase-forming agent dispersed in the organic binder, the phase-forming agent being solid or viscous at room temperature and forming an internal phase in the organic binder, wherein the combined content of the powder and the precursor of the ceramic material in the moldable nanocomposite is at least 5 parts per volume based on 100 parts per volume of the organic binder, and wherein the moldable nanocomposite does not contain any low viscosity solvent. Further, the present invention relates to a method of producing a transparent article made of a ceramic material, the method according to the present invention making use of the moldable nanocomposite according to the present invention.

The invention relates to a foam material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out primary curing on a high internal phase emulsion to obtain a micro-shaped foam blank; (2) carrying out mechanical shaping on the micro-shaped foam blank body to obtain a special-shaped structure; and (3) carrying out secondary curing on the special-shaped structure to obtain the foam material, the primary curing is photocuring, and the secondary curing is photocuring or thermocuring. By utilizing connectivity and complexity of staggered sites of the HIPE fibers, differential initiators are respectively introduced into an oil phase and a water phase of the HIPE to carry out secondary curing. Through the step-by-step process of primary micro-shaping, special-shaped shaping and secondary complete curing, accurate regulation and control of the morphology of the high-internal-phase emulsion foam holes are realized, and the high-internal-phase emulsion foam holes can be changed into special-shaped structures such as ellipses and polygons from traditional circles.

The application discloses a high internal phase water-in-oil emulsion and application of the high internal phase water-in-oil emulsion as a fat substitute in salad dressing, and belongs to the technical field of fat substitutes. The preparation of the high internal phase water-in-oil emulsion comprises the following steps: dissolving dioscin and SP in chloroform, and then evaporating the chloroform to obtain DGSP particles; dispersing the prepared DGSP particles in rapeseed oil, and then dispersing a water phase drop by drop into the rapeseed oil to obtain a water-oil mixture, and then performing shearing emulsification to obtain W / O-HIPE. The oil gel-based W / O-HIPE with DGSP particles is used as a fat substitute to prepare a fat-reducing salad dressing, so that the fat-reducing salad dressing can have similar performance to normal salad dressing while reducing fat.

The invention relates to an injectable (not requiring pre-molding), biodegradable, and porous high internal phase emulsion composition prepared using solvent-free, photo- crosslinkable, low molecular weight, three-arm polycaprolactone methacrylate-based high internal phase emulsions (3PCLMA HIPE) for use as a bone graft, and to the method for preparing the same. The composition according to the invention is produced using the emulsion templating technique.

The invention provides a high internal phase emulsion, a preparation method thereof and an intelligent porous material. The high internal phase emulsion comprises an oil phase and a water phase, the oil phase comprises a pH / temperature-sensitive dual-responsive triblock copolymer, a polymeric monomer, a cross-linking agent and an initiator; the water phase comprises water, electrolyte and a pH regulator; the pH / temperature sensitive dual responsive triblock copolymer comprises a polyethylene glycol-polyacrylic acid-poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) triblock copolymer. According to the invention, the pH / temperature-sensitive dual-responsive triblock copolymer is introduced into the high internal phase emulsion as an emulsifier, and the triblock copolymer molecule can regulate and control the interface behavior through temperature, pH and ionic strength at the same time, so that the triblock copolymer is an ideal stabilizer for constructing intelligent W / O HIPE; the high-internal-phase emulsion provided by the invention has better stability, and the porous material prepared from the high-internal-phase emulsion has pH / temperature-sensitive synergistic responsiveness.

The invention discloses acrylic ester vitrimer foam as well as a preparation method and application of the acrylic ester vitrimer foam. The foam preparation method comprises the following steps: dropwise adding a water phase into an oil phase to prepare a high internal phase emulsion; the oil phase comprises an acrylate monomer, a surfactant, nanoparticles, an initiator, a cross-linking agent and a catalyst; the acrylate monomer comprises a hard monomer and a soft monomer, and the use amount of the hard monomer is 35-65%; the addition amount of the cross-linking agent is 2-6%; performing polymerization reaction on the high internal phase emulsion, and performing cross-linking heat treatment to obtain the foam. A dynamic covalent cross-linked structure is introduced into a vitrimer structure in the foam, so that the mechanical property of the acrylate foam is enhanced, and the foam is complete, free of collapse, good in morphology and relatively good in buffering performance. According to the method, the internal phase water can be removed through normal-pressure drying, the process bottleneck of special drying is broken through, the problem of cell collapse caused by surface tension in the process of removing the internal phase water through conventional normal-pressure drying is solved, the efficiency is high, and the cost is low.