5157 results about "Alternating current" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of circuit breakers, in particular to a circuit breaker fault diagnosis method and system for switching an alternating current filter in an extra-high voltage converter station, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, synchronously collecting multiple parameters: synchronously collecting vibration acceleration signals, opening and closing coil current waveforms, arc light intensity and environment temperature and humidity parameters; s2, time sequence feature extraction: performing time-frequency domain decomposition on the vibration acceleration signal to obtain a mechanical action time sequence spectrum; s3, operation mode classification: determining the operation mode of the circuit breaker; s4, three-dimensional fault matrix construction: generating a three-dimensional fault matrix including spatial distribution characteristics; s5, dynamic threshold analysis: generating a diagnosis threshold interval dynamically adjusted along with the environmental parameters; and S6, comprehensive diagnosis output: outputting a mechanical jam grade, a contact ablation degree and an insulation deterioration early warning signal. According to the invention, the mechanical, electromagnetic and insulation characteristics of the circuit breaker can be reflected more comprehensively, and reliable guarantee is provided for safe and stable operation of a high-voltage power grid.

The invention relates to the technical field of hybrid inverters, and discloses a hybrid inverter supporting reactive compensation and a control method thereof, and the hybrid inverter comprises a DC input unit, a three-phase full-bridge inversion unit, a grid-connected switching unit, a signal acquisition unit and a digital control unit. The direct current input unit comprises a photovoltaic interface, a battery interface and a direct current bus and is used for converging photovoltaic and energy storage electric energy; the three-phase full-bridge inversion unit is composed of a power device and an LCL filter and converts direct current into alternating current. The grid-connected switching unit comprises a static switch and an isolation transformer and is used for controlling power grid connection; the signal acquisition unit detects voltage and current signals; and the digital control unit judges a grid-connected mode or an off-grid mode according to the signal, calculates a reactive current reference value and generates a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control signal so as to realize reactive compensation control in the grid-connected mode and the off-grid mode. According to the invention, reactive power compensation capability is provided in both grid-connected and off-grid operation modes, and stable operation of the inverter in various working conditions is ensured.

The invention discloses a high-voltage circuit for an electric flame stove. The high-voltage circuit comprises a PFC circuit, a high-frequency conversion circuit, a boosting transformer, an energy coupling circuit and a voltage doubling circuit which are electrically connected in sequence. According to the EMI filter circuit, common-mode interference and differential-mode interference are filtered out, and pure alternating current input is provided for a back-end PFC circuit; two chips are adopted in the PFC circuit, so that the PFC circuit 300 finally realizes the consistency of the current waveform and the voltage phase; in the other embodiment of the invention, double chips are adopted, so that'fault linkage protection 'is realized; stable discharging of multiple groups of positive and negative electrodes is achieved through multiple groups of single energy coupling capacitors and independent voltage doubling rectifier bridges which are connected in parallel.

The invention relates to a simple and reliable touch control switch. The simple and reliable touch control switch consists of a 12-V direct-current power supply, a one-way silicon controlled rectifier 1 (SCR1) trigger circuit, a one-way silicon controlled rectifier 2 (SCR2) trigger circuit, a relay control circuit and a load RL circuit. A conventional mechanical self-locking rocker switch or a toggle switch has the defects that actions are mechanical, operating actions are different because of persons, a contact is easy to jitter, a contact is easy to ablate, abrade and the like. The touch control switch is realized by only using a small number of common components and two touch metal pieces, namely an on-load circuit is switched on by touching a touch electrode once, and an off-load circuit is switched off by touching the touch electrode once. The overall touch control switch is made of discrete components, and strong electricity can be effectively isolated from weak electricity through a relay, so that the power supply of a load can use alternating current and also can use direct current. Therefore, the touch control switch has a certain function in the field of household appliances, industrial automation, and optical, mechanical and electrical integration.

The invention belongs to the technical field of photovoltaic energy storage, and discloses a livestock farm photovoltaic power generation and energy storage combined control system and method, and the method comprises the steps that a converter group converts direct current generated by a photovoltaic cell panel group into voltage and current suitable for a storage battery group and a supercapacitor group; the data analysis module monitors the running state of the system in real time through a data analysis algorithm; the super capacitor bank is responsible for providing instantaneous power support; the inverter converts the direct current into alternating current; the power grid connection mechanism merges electric energy generated by the photovoltaic power generation system into a power grid, charging or discharging management is performed on the storage battery pack according to actual needs, the control mechanism is combined to monitor the system operation state in real time, and the control strategy module sets an operation strategy according to the actual needs. The running state of the system is monitored in real time through the combined control mechanism, working parameters of all assemblies are adjusted, and stable running of the system and efficient utilization of solar energy resources are ensured; the system can intelligently control the charging and discharging process and the grid connection process.

The invention provides a tumor electric field treatment system, an electrode slice temperature detection method and an electrode slice anomaly detection method, the system comprises an alternating current signal generator, an electrode slice and a controller, the electrode slice comprises a plurality of electrode units and a plurality of temperature detection units, the plurality of temperature detection units are divided into a plurality of row groups and a plurality of column groups, and the plurality of electrode units are connected with the controller. The grounding ends of the temperature detection units in each row group are jointly connected to the same grounding wire, and the signal ends of the temperature detection units in each column group are connected to the same dual-purpose signal wire after being in short circuit with the corresponding electrode units; when the dual-purpose signal line is connected to the temperature sampling point, the grounding wires are sequentially conducted, so that temperature detection signals detected by the temperature detection units are sampled based on the temperature sampling point; when the dual-purpose signal line is connected to the alternating power line, alternating electric signals are transmitted to the electrode units. Therefore, the temperature of the electrode plate can be detected by using fewer conductive traces, and whether the electrode plate is abnormal or not can be judged through temperature detection.

An energy storage system comprises a set of swappable battery modules positioned in battery slots with a battery module being controlled by a control switch. The control switches are linkable to form a charging control chain and / or a discharging control chain respectively to control sequential charging / discharging, parallel charging / discharging, and segmented charging / discharging among the set of battery modules in the energy storage system. Methods to detect defective battery module in a battery slot are also presented. The energy storage system can be configured in an AC power distribution environment, a DC power distribution environment, or in an EV. The energy storage system is scalable, automatically reconfigurable and accepts AC power and regenerated DC power.

The invention relates to a medium-voltage expansion ice melting device and an ice melting expansion system. The medium-voltage expansion ice melting device comprises an ice melting transformer and a reactive compensation unit, the primary side of the ice-melting transformer is electrically connected with the power supply end of the medium-voltage power supply, and the secondary side of the ice-melting transformer and the input end of the reactive compensation unit are electrically connected with the ice-melting output end; wherein the ice melting transformer is a double-winding ice melting transformer of which the primary side is subjected to on-load voltage regulation and the secondary side is subjected to no-load gear regulation, and the medium-voltage power supply comprises a medium-voltage emergency power supply vehicle or a power grid; the deicing transformer is used for adjusting the alternating current of the medium-voltage power supply into the adjustable alternating current of the line section to be deiced, and the reactive compensation unit is used for regulating and controlling the reactive compensation current and the reactive compensation power. According to the technical scheme of the invention, the medium-voltage emergency generator car can be fully utilized to quickly expand the ice melting function of the medium-voltage emergency generator car, and meanwhile, the ice melting technical equipment of power grid power supply can be considered, and the economy of distribution network ice melting is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of charging pile management, in particular to a new energy charging pile management method and system. The method comprises the following steps: obtaining a charging log of a charging module through a control terminal of the new energy charging pile, and carrying out the abnormal analysis of the AC voltage fluctuation, and obtaining the AC voltage abnormal fluctuation data. On the basis, analyzing the thermal stability imbalance of the power device, and further quantifying the power conversion performance loss stage number; thirdly, giving an over-limit voltage stage risk level according to the power conversion performance loss level, and constructing a charging risk prediction model according to the risk level; and finally, the charging risk prediction model is sent to a control terminal for management and optimization of the new energy charging pile. According to the invention, the charging pile management technology is optimized, so that the charging pile management technology is more perfect.

The invention discloses an output voltage detection method and system based on an aviation power supply, and relates to the technical field of aviation power supply voltage detection. A differential voltage sensor is connected to the output end of an aviation power supply, a high-frequency suppression capacitor is connected in parallel, the sampling rate of 20-50 times of the working frequency is set according to the type of the power supply, and the signals are collected and converted into analog voltage signals; the analog signal is subjected to two-stage filtering, is amplified to 0-5V through an instrument amplifier, and is converted into a digital voltage sequence through a 16-bit ADC (Analog to Digital Converter); calculating AC power supply effective value, peak value and other parameters, DC power supply average value, ripple coefficient and other parameters; comparing the characteristic parameters with a preset threshold value, determining that the characteristic parameters exceed the threshold value and recording related information; and a detection result is transmitted to a monitoring terminal through an RS485, data is locally stored, and a switching value is output to an alarm device when the data is abnormal. The method adapts to aviation power supply load fluctuation and environment temperature change, detection precision is high, data transmission and storage are safe, abnormity is accurately identified and early warning is carried out in advance, and aviation power supply operation and maintenance reliability and efficiency are improved.

The invention provides a multi-scale self-adaptive cooperative network construction type energy storage frequency modulation control system and method, and the system comprises a constant-voltage energy storage power supply which is used for providing DC electric energy; the three-phase inverter circuit is used for converting the direct-current electric energy into alternating-current electric energy and outputting the alternating-current electric energy to a power grid or absorbing the electric energy; the power calculator is used for calculating active power and reactive power output to the power grid by the three-phase inverter circuit; the battery SOH dynamic evaluation controller is used for outputting an SOH attenuation rate signal; the active loop controller is used for generating multi-scale adaptive frequency modulation data and sending the multi-scale adaptive frequency modulation data to the pulse adjustment controller; the reactive power ring controller is used for generating reactive power regulation data according to the power grid voltage deviation signal and sending the reactive power regulation data to the pulse regulation controller; and the pulse regulation controller is used for outputting a final pulse regulation instruction and a multi-scale cooperative control command to the three-phase inverter circuit. The oscillation risk is reduced, and long-term stable operation of the power system is guaranteed.

The invention relates to an integral type photovoltaic energy storage assembly, belongs to the field of solar photovoltaic power generation, and aims to solve the problems that an existing photovoltaic energy storage product is complex in structure and installation, high in cost, low in efficiency and high in safety risk. The integrated photovoltaic energy storage assembly comprises a solar cell panel, an alternating current and direct current multidirectional conversion device and an energy storage battery. The AC-DC multidirectional conversion device and the energy storage battery are installed on the back surface of the solar cell panel, and the extension height does not exceed the back side end surface of the frame of the solar cell panel. The alternating current and direct current multidirectional conversion device comprises three groups of connecting ends, a plurality of voltage converters, a plurality of switch elements and a control chip, the three groups of connecting ends are electrically connected to a solar cell panel, an energy storage battery and an alternating current power grid respectively, and the control chip is configured to selectively switch on at least one switch element in different working modes of the integral photovoltaic energy storage assembly so as to control the three groups of connecting ends. A voltage conversion path is established between the respective two sets of connection terminals by means of at least one voltage converter.

The invention relates to the field of power grid simulation, and particularly discloses a control method of an alternating-current power grid broadband oscillation simulation device based on a component physical model, which realizes broadband domain oscillation simulation of an alternating-current power grid based on the component physical model and a notch filter. Specifically, according to the control method of the alternating-current power grid broadband oscillation simulation device based on the element physical model, an adjustable element physical model type and a corresponding impedance parameter serve as input conditions, and a dynamic voltage compensation component excited by power grid impedance is calculated in combination with an adjustable notch filter; and a power grid simulation reference signal is constructed in real time through superposition of an original input reference voltage value and a dynamic voltage compensation component excited by power grid impedance, so that oscillation simulation in a wide frequency domain of the alternating-current power grid is realized.

Described are examples of a modular charging system. In one example, a modular charging system includes a base charging module configured to provide alternating current (“AC”) charging capabilities to charge a battery via a charging port. The base charging system is configured to be selectively connected to an AC backup module that additionally enables AC discharging capabilities to send electricity from the battery to a residential electrical system and / or a direct-current (“DC”) grid integration module that additionally enables DC discharging capabilities to send electricity from the battery to a utility grid and DC charging capabilities to charge the battery.

The invention relates to a lithium ion battery overcharge thermal runaway early warning method, early warning device and processing equipment, and the lithium ion battery overcharge thermal runaway early warning method comprises the steps: obtaining an electrochemical impedance spectrum of a lithium ion battery, and obtaining a single-point frequency in a low-frequency region of the electrochemical impedance spectrum; performing direct current charging on the lithium ion battery, and injecting an alternating current power supply of which the frequency is a single-point frequency into the lithium ion battery; acquiring a voltage component and a current component of the lithium ion battery under the alternating current power supply; acquiring the electrochemical impedance of the lithium ion battery according to the voltage component and the current component; and generating overcharge early warning information according to the condition that the imaginary part amplitude of the electrochemical impedance or the real part amplitude of the electrochemical impedance meets a preset condition. Through the technical scheme disclosed by the invention, the problem of lithium ion overcharge thermal runaway can be found in time, the problem of explosion fire caused by thermal runaway caused by lithium ion battery overcharge is avoided, and the operation safety of the energy storage system is ensured.

In an example, an electrochemical monitoring system for determining one or more parameters of interest of an electrochemical cell can include measurement circuitry, which can be configured to obtain, for a plurality of specified alternating current (AC) frequencies: (1) a first AC voltage measurement across nodes which can be coupleable to the electrochemical cell, and (2) a second AC voltage measurement across a sensing impedance which can be elicited in response to the AC stimulus. The sensing impedance can be coupled in series with the electrochemical cell. The electrochemical monitoring system can also include a controller circuit, which can be configured to jointly estimate model parameters corresponding to an equivalent circuit model (ECM) of a combination of the electrochemical cell and the sensing impedance, such as using the first and second AC voltage measurements for the plurality of specified AC frequencies.

An electrophotographic member, comprising: a support member having a conductive outer surface; and a conductive layer disposed on an outer surface of the support member, wherein the conductive layer comprises a matrix comprising a first rubber, and a plurality of domains dispersed in the matrix, volume resistivity of the matrix is 1.00×1012 Ω·cm or less, the plurality of domains comprise at least one domain A, and the domain A satisfies specific conditions, in a case where impedance of the electrophotographic member is measured by applying specific AC voltage while changing frequency in a range of 1.0×10−2 to 1.0×107 Hz and the specific plotting is done, a slope at a specific frequency is −0.80 to −0.30, and the impedance in a specific frequency is 1.00×103 to 1.00×107Ω.

This relates to an electric system for a motor vehicle, the vehicle including at least one power supply battery, the electric system including an electric charger intended to be connected, on the one hand, to the battery and, on the other hand, to an electric network outside the vehicle supplying an AC voltage or to electric equipment, and a microcontroller, the charger being able to charge the battery from an external electric network or to allow the battery to power the equipment, the charger including a DC-DC voltage converter able to operate in a first operating mode and a second operating mode, the microcontroller is characterized in that it is configured to control the activation of the first operating mode and to control the activation of the second operating mode.

The invention discloses a fault processing method for an offshore wind power direct current parallel sending-out system through a DRU-MMC. The fault processing method comprises the steps that direct current energy consumption devices are arranged at direct current outlets of respective land MMC converter stations of a DRU-HVDC system and an MMC-HVDC system; when the alternating current power grid at the receiving end has an alternating current fault, the direct current energy consumption device is controlled to adopt a direct current voltage suppression strategy; when the DRU-HVDC system and the MMC-HVDC system respectively have direct current faults, different locking and circuit breaker disconnection time sequence control strategies are adopted, and in the direct current fault ride-through period, a direct current suppression strategy and a direct current voltage suppression strategy are controlled to be adopted by a direct current energy consumption device of the DRU-HVDC system. Therefore, the fault ride-through capability of the DRU-MMC direct current parallel sending-out system of the offshore wind power can be effectively improved, and stable operation of the system is ensured.

The invention discloses a power supply intelligent management control system, and relates to the technical field of power supply management, and the system comprises a power supply processing module which is used for accessing and transmitting AC electric energy and carrying out voltage reduction, rectification filtering, inversion and transformation processing; the current sampling module is used for current sampling control, signal conversion and amplification filtering; the voltage comparison module is used for setting an overvoltage threshold value, comparing the overvoltage threshold value with the voltage and detecting the shunting degree; the power taking processing module is used for converting, amplifying and filtering the shunted sampling signals, and rectifying and storing the shunted sampling signals; the intelligent control module is used for signal receiving and module control; the electric energy adjusting module is used for adjusting voltage; and the output processing module is used for outputting filtering and electric energy superposition processing and supplying power to the output module. The intelligent management control system for the power supply can provide voltage stabilization and perform shunt power taking work and electric energy processing when a sampled signal is greater than a set threshold value, so that the safety of the system can be improved, and energy-saving power supply control can also be performed.

The invention discloses a method and a device for tracing a commutation failure fault of a high-voltage direct-current power transmission system, and the method comprises the steps: taking three electrical quantity signals, namely an alternating-current voltage, a direct-current current and a direct-current voltage, of an inversion side of the high-voltage direct-current power transmission system as source data when the commutation failure occurs; extracting an optimal fault feature of the source data by adopting a fault feature extraction model and a feature screening algorithm based on feature density; and finally, in combination with a commutation fault detection model and the optimal fault characteristics, obtaining a fault type causing commutation failure of the high-voltage direct-current power transmission system. Through the above design, fault tracing of the commutation failure can be realized, and in the tracing process, the optimal fault features are extracted by using the machine learning model and the feature screening algorithm based on the feature density, so that interference of human subjective experience on feature extraction can be reduced, and the effectiveness of fault tracing is improved; therefore, the method is very suitable for large-scale application and popularization.

The invention discloses a method for improving the electrode resistance uniformity of an AC electroluminescent device, and the preparation method of a complete ACEL device comprises the following steps: uniformly spraying a metal nanowire electrode material on the surface of a substrate to form a bottom electrode with uniform resistance and excellent conductivity; a bottom electrode is sequentially covered with a dielectric layer material and a light-emitting layer material through the screen printing technology, the surface of the light-emitting layer is further sprayed with a layer of metal nanowire electrode material to construct an upper electrode, finally, the upper electrode is covered with a packaging material through screen printing to protect a device, the whole process is simple in technology, high in repeatability and reliability, and the manufacturing cost is low. Wherein the surface roughness of the light-emitting layer affects the electrical performance of a metal nanowire electrode, the long-term stability of the electrode is reduced due to high roughness, and the service life of the electrode is further shortened, so that the surface roughness of the light-emitting layer is controlled by adjusting the solid content of the fluorescent powder in the light-emitting layer, which is very important for improving the performance and the stability of a device.

A device for ascertaining a property of a fluid, having: an electric conductor assembly which is designed to be at least partly brought into contact with the fluid and which is designed as a voltage divider with two elements, wherein the first element is a first conductor which, at least in a current-conducting state, has a resistance value that differs from that of the second element; a measuring bridge with two voltage dividers connected in parallel, one of said voltage dividers being formed by the electric conductor assembly; an actuation unit for applying an AC voltage to the measuring bridge; a voltage detection unit for detecting a bridge voltage; and an analysis unit which is configured to ascertain a thermal conductivity as the property of the fluid by analyzing the bridge voltage using the 3-omega method.

The invention discloses a novel photovoltaic optimizer based on PLC communication, which comprises a hardware module, a control module, a communication module and a service module, and is characterized in that the hardware module is used for constructing a system material basis and realizing electric energy calling, signal coupling and equipment protection, and the control module is used for realizing intelligent power regulation and communication control; the power generation efficiency is improved and the communication stability is guaranteed through a multi-modal algorithm, and the communication module is used for constructing a power line carrier communication system. A special PLC framework for a direct-current low-voltage environment is adopted, a communication frequency band and an impedance matching scheme can be designed according to photovoltaic direct-current side characteristics, technical field differentiation is formed from alternating-current power grid PLC patents, through dual-mode MPPT dynamic switching, the limitation of a single algorithm in a dynamic environment can be broken through through combination of local gradient prediction and a distributed collaborative algorithm, and the real-time performance of a photovoltaic power grid is improved. In cooperation with a passive impedance compensation technology, adaptive adjustment can be performed through the magnetic ring filter and the capacitor array, an additional power supply module is not needed, and the hardware complexity is reduced.

The invention discloses a hybrid direct current transmission power coordination control device and a control method and equipment thereof, and relates to the technical field of offshore power generation, and the hybrid direct current transmission power coordination control device comprises a diode rectifier unit and a first modular multilevel converter which are connected with an offshore wind plant, the sending-end converter station is used for converting alternating current generated by an offshore wind plant into direct current and outputting the direct current; the second modularized multi-level current converter is connected with the diode rectifier unit and the land power grid and is used for restoring the direct current into the alternating current and transmitting the alternating current to the land power grid; and the control module is connected with the first modular multilevel converter and is used for controlling the DC voltage of the first modular multilevel converter based on the fluctuation power according to the transfer relation between the active power and the DC voltage of the sending end converter station, so that the higher requirement of the rated capacity of the MMC in the related technology is met, and the reliability of the MMC is improved. And the engineering construction cost is increased.

The invention provides a tumor treatment electric field system which comprises an electric field therapeutic instrument and at least two pairs of insulated electrodes electrically connected with the electric field therapeutic instrument. An alternating electric signal direction switching period, an AC voltage amplitude peak value of the alternating electric signal, working periods of the alternating electric signal, a continuous conduction time period t1 of the alternating electric signal in each working period and a preset specific voltage V are stored in the electric field therapeutic apparatus. The continuous conduction time period t1 comprises a switching-on time period t3, a switching-off time period t4 and conduction time periods located between the switching-on time period t3 and the switching-off time period t4, and the preset specific voltage V is an AC voltage amplitude value of the alternating electric signal in each conduction time period and is not greater than an AC voltage amplitude peak value; the AC voltage amplitude of an alternating electric signal applied by the electric field therapeutic apparatus is increased from 0 to the preset specific voltage V in a gradually increasing mode within a switching-on time period t3, and the gradually increasing mode at least comprises 20 first steps, so that electrical stimulation generated when the alternating electric signal is alternately applied between different pairs of insulated electrodes is reduced.

The invention relates to the technical field of power electronics, and discloses a dielectric barrier discharge high-voltage series resonance system and a control method thereof. The system comprises a high-voltage series resonance circuit, an upper computer and a hardware circuit. The upper computer is electrically connected with the hardware circuit, and the hardware circuit is electrically connected with the high-voltage series resonance circuit; wherein the high-voltage series resonance circuit comprises a PFC circuit, a Buck circuit, an LC series resonance circuit, a high-voltage pulse transformer and a dielectric barrier discharge load which are connected in sequence, the high-voltage series resonance circuit converts alternating current into high-frequency high-voltage pulse voltage and provides the high-frequency high-voltage pulse voltage for the dielectric barrier discharge load, and stable dielectric barrier discharge is generated; the upper computer is used for setting parameters, the hardware circuit controls the on-off state of the Buck circuit and the LC series resonance circuit according to the parameters set by the upper computer, accurate generation and control of high-voltage pulse voltage in the dielectric barrier discharge process are achieved, and the response speed and the control precision of the system are also improved.

The motor control device that controls driving of a motor connected to a power converter performing power conversion from DC power to AC power, the motor driven using the AC power, includes a carrier wave generation unit that generates a carrier wave, a carrier wave frequency adjustment unit that adjusts the frequency of the carrier wave, and a gate signal generation unit that generates a gate signal for controlling operation of the power converter by performing pulse width modulation of a voltage command corresponding to a torque command using the carrier wave, and the carrier wave frequency adjustment unit adjusts the frequency of the carrier wave in accordance with the torque command and the rotation speed of the motor so that a phase of pulsating torque due to command current generated by the pulse width modulation using the carrier wave overlaps a phase of pulsating torque due to interlinkage magnetic flux of the motor within a predetermined phase difference.

The invention provides a current source type hybrid direct-current power transmission system based on an injection type power grid commutation converter, and relates to the field of high-voltage direct-current power transmission, and the system comprises a rectification station which at least comprises a thyristor-based power grid commutation converter and is used for converting alternating current into direct current; the inverter station at least comprises an injection type power grid commutation converter and is used for converting the direct current output by the rectifier station into alternating current; and the control module is used for controlling the operation of the rectifier station and the inverter station based on the trigger time sequence constraint, and has the advantages of completely inhibiting the commutation failure and reducing the loss.

A Solar Panel Assembly comprising a charge pump configured to boost a solar cell voltage to an intermediate voltage, a transformer configured to transform an alternating current voltage to the intermediate voltage, a battery configured to take a charge at the intermediate voltage from the charge pump and the transformer simultaneously, and a transparent housing for the charge pump, the transformer and the battery.