The invention discloses a finite element simulation method for shot-peening strengthening deformation based on ABAQUS. The method comprises the following steps: during the ABAQUS dynamic display, establishing a shot-peening strengthening residual stress finite element model through a shot impacting method; simulating by using the shot impacting method, so as to obtain the residual stress distribution under different shot-peening processing parameters; then, taking the stress distribution result as an equivalent load to be input to the shot-peening strengthening finite element model in a manner of initial stress, and using a user subprogram SIGINI provided by the finite element software ABAQUS to define an initial stress field during the inputting process, wherein the subprogram can define the initial stress in a specific area of the finite element model; solving the initial stress by adopting a static resolver of the ABAQUS after the initial stress is defined, so as to obtain the deformation situation of a component under the action of the given initial stress. The finite element simulation method provided by the invention lays the foundation of the optimization of processing parameters, has the characteristics of being quick, low in cost, simple, convenient, feasible, and accurate in computation, and is excellent in practical engineering application effect.