1624 results about "Carbide" patented technology

In one aspect of the present invention, a drill string has a drill bit with a body intermediate a shank and a working face. The working face has a plurality of blades converging at a center of the working surface and diverging towards a gauge of the working face. At least one blade has a cutting element with a carbide substrate bonded to a diamond working end with a pointed geometry. The diamond working end also has a central axis which intersects an apex of the pointed geometry. The axis is oriented between a 25 and 85 degree positive rake angle.

The invention discloses a high-content steel slag-based functionalized nano-composite cementing material and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of solid waste resource comprehensive utilization. The nano composite cementing material is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by mass: 50 to 65 parts of steel slag, 10 to 20 parts of fly ash, 10 to 25 parts of carbide slag, 8 to 15 parts of desulfurized gypsum, 0.3 to 1.0 part of nano silicon dioxide and 0.003 to 0.03 part of silane coupling agent. On the basis of a solid waste synergism theory and an internal alkali excitation effect, quaternary solid wastes such as steel slag and fly ash are optimized and compounded by adopting methods of mechanical-thermal activation, addition of modified nano silicon dioxide, synergistic gelling between solid wastes and the like; the paint is prepared through gradient grinding and a medium-temperature wet curing process. The preparation method is simple, high-temperature calcination is not needed, cement clinker and exogenous excitant do not need to be added, the obtained cementing material can replace part of cement to be applied to the fields of road bases, mine filling, low-carbon building material products and the like, resource utilization and high-value utilization of regional bulk industrial solid waste can be achieved, and carbon emission and production cost are effectively reduced.

A silicon carbide source material structure for use in a sublimation system for growing single crystal silicon carbide is provided. The silicon carbide source material structure may comprise a first layer and a second layer, the first layer being different from the second layer in at least one property.

The invention belongs to the field of materials, and particularly relates to a composite thermal interface material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: plating non-reactive metal, non-reactive metal carbide or non-reactive ceramic on the surface of diamond micro powder, inducing lattice defects on the surface of a plating layer and alloying a local interface by combining a mechanical force field, and defoaming to obtain the composite thermal interface material. The composite thermal interface material has high thermal conductivity and long-term stability, and the contradiction between excessive alloying of a traditional reactive coating and high interface thermal resistance of a non-reactive coating is solved. The method is particularly suitable for the field of thermal management of high-end electronic devices such as 5G chips and power modules.

A blade includes a body having a cutting portion with an edge and a plurality of cutting teeth sequentially aligned along the edge. Each cutting tooth of the plurality of cutting teeth is formed from a corresponding one of a plurality of carbide inserts that is discretely resistance welded to the edge. The body includes at least 15 teeth per inch.

The invention discloses a material regulation and control method for carbides of a high-temperature alloy material difficult to deform. The problem that in the prior art, dispersed distribution of the carbides of the high-temperature alloy material difficult to deform is difficult to obtain is solved. The method comprises the following steps: (1) carrying out two-time homogenization diffusion on a blank in a staged manner, so that solute atoms are completely dissolved in an austenite matrix, and segregation is effectively improved; and (2) optimal process parameters are obtained through finite element numerical simulation, repeated upsetting and drawing coupling multi-pass rolling is adopted, deformation is more sufficient, carbides are broken, migration of grain boundaries is effectively restrained, and the carbide spacing is increased. The method has the beneficial effects that the optimal process parameters are obtained through finite element numerical simulation, solute atoms can be completely dissolved in a matrix through stepped diffusion, and segregation is effectively improved; after repeated upsetting and drawing and multi-pass rolling, a blank is subjected to large deformation, so that carbides are crushed, part of the carbides are separated out along a grain boundary, and the segregation characteristic of a strip is improved.

The invention discloses a heat treatment method of an iron-nickel-based high-temperature alloy, which solves the contradiction between stress relief annealing and performance maintenance through four-step temperature coordinated regulation and control: in the first step, MC type carbide is dissolved through solid solution, segregation is eliminated, and excessive growth of crystal grains is avoided; in the second step, roughening of M23C6 type carbides is inhibited through solid solution, and formation of fine and uniform carbides on grain boundaries is promoted so as to strengthen the grain boundaries; in the third step, the residual stress is reduced through stress relief annealing, and meanwhile grain boundary carbide growth and abnormal grain growth are avoided; and in the fourth step, uniform and stable precipitation of a gamma'phase is promoted through aging, the nanometer size and the high volume fraction are maintained, and coarsening is avoided. Through precise temperature connection, the residual stress is effectively reduced, grain growth, structure nonuniformity or performance degradation caused by traditional annealing are avoided, and finally the application requirement of the superhigh-temperature steam environment at the temperature of 650 DEG C or above is met on the premise that the mechanical property and the corrosion resistance are guaranteed.

The invention discloses a high belite iron aluminate cement clinker, which is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 39 to 73 parts of carbide slag, 8 to 37 parts of low-grade bauxite, 10 to 16 parts of ardealite, 1 to 31 parts of fly ash and 3 to 9 parts of steel slag. According to the cement clinker, the resource utilization rate of industrial solid waste in cement preparation can be remarkably increased, and dependence on natural raw materials and high-grade raw materials is reduced; impurities in various solid wastes can be used as in-situ mineralizing agents and activating agents, and on the basis of realizing high-added-value resource utilization of various industrial solid wastes and low-grade bauxite, efficient synthesis of target minerals at a relatively low temperature is promoted; and gradient temperature control calcination and gradient cooling processes are further combined, so that sufficient crystallization and development of a target mineral phase can be effectively promoted, a clinker microstructure is optimized, excellent early strength and continuously increased later strength of the cement are ensured, and the common problems of strength shrinkage and the like of the traditional solid waste-based cement can be effectively avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of wave-absorbing materials, in particular to a preparation method of an MXene-NiO-PPy ternary composite wave-absorbing material. The invention provides a preparation method of an MXene-NiO-PPy ternary composite wave-absorbing material, which comprises the following steps of: etching titanium aluminum carbide powder through a LiF / HCl mixture, and performing ultrasonic stripping to prepare a uniform dispersion of MXene nanosheets; the preparation method comprises the following steps: dispersing MXene nanosheets in a solution of water and absolute ethyl alcohol, and adding a pyrrole monomer and a FeCl3. 6H2O aqueous solution for reaction; after the reaction, washing is performed to obtain a PPy-MXene composite material; the preparation method comprises the following steps: by taking NiCl2. 6H2O as a nickel source and sodium oxalate as a precipitator, preparing NiO nanowires by adopting a hydrothermal method combined with a calcining process; the invention discloses a preparation method of an MXene-NiO-PPy ternary composite wave-absorbing material.According to the method, the MXene-NiO-PPy ternary composite wave-absorbing material with rich heterogeneous interfaces and a porous micro-nano structure is constructed, cooperation of dielectric loss, magnetic loss and interface polarization loss is achieved, and finally the light, efficient and broadband wave-absorbing performance is obtained.

The invention discloses a double-phase high-entropy ceramic and a carbon heat-assisted electric arc melting preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of preparation of high-entropy carbide ceramic powder. The compact double-phase high-entropy ceramic is synthesized in one step through a carbon thermal reduction-electric arc melting integrated process, metal oxide powder, carbon powder and B4C powder serve as raw materials, and the double-phase high-entropy ceramic is prepared by performing carbon thermal reduction on the metal oxide powder in an inert atmosphere through an electric arc melting method. By means of the preparation method, the problems that multi-step synthesis is complex, component segregation is difficult to control, impurity phases are easy to introduce, large-scale production is limited and the like in a double-phase high-entropy ceramic preparation technology are solved. The double-phase high-entropy ceramic prepared by the method disclosed by the invention is high in purity and can be prepared on a large scale.

A preparation method of porous hafnium carbide superhigh-temperature ceramic is characterized by comprising the following steps: dispersing graphene oxide in a solvent to form a graphene oxide dispersion liquid, mixing a monomer hafnium source solution with the graphene oxide dispersion liquid, and carrying out hydrothermal treatment on a hafnium oxide carbon precursor network structure to obtain the porous hafnium carbide superhigh-temperature ceramic. The organic-inorganic hybrid precursor is subjected to two-stage heat treatment, the first stage is inorganic treatment, the second stage is carbon thermal reduction reaction, and the porous hafnium carbide ultrahigh-temperature ceramic material is obtained. Graphene oxide is used as a structure-directing agent and an in-situ carbon source, a monomer hafnium source is uniformly anchored on the surface of a GO sheet layer on the molecular scale, an organic-inorganic hybrid precursor is formed, after the precursor is subjected to hydrothermal crosslinking, Hf species and a carbon skeleton are highly mixed on the nanoscale, and the Hf / GO composite material is obtained. And the subsequent carbon thermal reduction reaction can be efficiently completed in a low-temperature interval of 1300-1450 DEG C.

The invention belongs to the technical field of negative carbon building materials, and particularly relates to a multi-element solid waste negative carbon cement-based material and a preparation method thereof. The material is prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 10 to 320 parts of carbonized carbide slag, 0 to 240 parts of uncarbonized carbide slag, 25 to 640 parts of calcined coal gangue, 25 to 800 parts of Portland cement, 6 to 320 parts of silica fume and other pozzolanic mineral admixtures and 30 to 800 parts of mixing water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carbonizing the carbide slag until the content of calcium carbonate is more than or equal to 90%, and calcining and activating the coal gangue at 700-800 DEG C; all the powder raw materials are subjected to dry mixing, water is added for segmented stirring, and standard curing is performed after pouring forming. The carbonized carbide slag is used for replacing limestone to achieve carbon sequestration, the calcined coal gangue is used for replacing calcined clay, natural resources are prevented from being exploited, the cement clinker replacement rate of 70% is achieved through the synergistic effect of multi-element solid waste in a low clinker system, the material has excellent mechanical and durability, and carbon emission and resource consumption are remarkably reduced.

The invention discloses a carbide slag fly ash concrete aerated block and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of building materials and solid waste. The aerated block comprises the following raw materials: carbide slag, fly ash, gypsum, Portland cement, aluminum powder paste, a nano core-shell structure calcium-aluminum-silicon polymer and a zwitterionic foam-stabilizing polymer, the raw materials have a specific weight part range. Wherein the nano core-shell structure calcium-aluminum-silicon polymer is prepared by dispersing fly ash in water to form slurry, reacting the slurry with sodium silicate and a sodium metaaluminate solution in sequence, then adding calcium nitrate and a zinc sulfate solution for continuous reaction, and carrying out separation, washing, drying and grinding; the zwitterionic foam-stabilizing polymer is prepared by polymerizing a monomer in a solvent, precipitating and separating out, quaternizing, activating carboxyl crosslinking, dialyzing and purifying, and freeze-drying. All the steps relate to process parameters such as dry mixing time, stirring time, curing temperature, pressure and time, and the performance of the aerated block is improved through component optimization and preparation process improvement.

The application discloses a hydrodesulfurization catalyst and a preparation method and application thereof. The hydrodesulfurization catalyst comprises a carrier and a second active metal component; the carrier comprises a first active metal nitride, a first active metal carbide, boron oxide and aluminum oxide; wherein the molar ratio of the first active metal nitride to the first active metal carbide, in terms of the first active metal, is 1:0.15-0.25. The hydrodesulfurization catalyst has the characteristics of good macromolecular diffusion performance, strong desulfurization capacity and good carbon deposition resistance. The hydrodesulfurization catalyst is particularly suitable for a residual oil hydrodesulfurization treatment process and has good desulfurization activity and stability.

The invention provides low-cost low-alloy steel with the fracture toughness higher than 140 MPa.m < 1 / 2 > and the product of strength and elongation higher than 50 GPa% and a manufacturing method. The microstructure of the steel is as follows: 78-88% of martensite matrix, 10-20% of retained austenite, 1-3% of transition carbide and less than 1% of stable nano precipitated carbide. The steel comprises the following element components in percentage by mass: 0.60 to 0.70 percent of C, 1.25 to 1.75 percent of Mn, 1.25 to 1.75 percent of Si, 0.02 to 0.05 percent of Nb + V and the balance of iron. According to the manufacturing process, at least one time of normalizing treatment is carried out, and then a quenching-distribution-tempering (Q-P-T) heat treatment process is carried out. The mechanical property of the low-alloy steel is improved by designing a proper microstructure fraction, optimizing steel components and adjusting a heat treatment process, so that the fracture toughness of the low-alloy steel is higher than 140 MPa.m < 1 / 2 >, and the product of strength and elongation is higher than 50 GPa%.

The invention belongs to the technical field of porous tantalum carbide ceramic preparation, and particularly relates to a preparation method of porous tantalum carbide ceramic based on a broken framework, which comprises the following steps: S1, preparing dipping slurry; s2, a polyurethane foam template is immersed in the dipping slurry, the polyurethane foam template is fully pressed so that the holes can be filled with the slurry, and the template is repeatedly rolled through a roller till no slurry flows out of the template; s3, drying the impregnated template, performing high-temperature treatment on the dried template, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a porous tantalum carbide framework; s4, crushing the porous tantalum carbide skeleton into a crushed skeleton with the size of 0.1-5 mm; s5, preparing a phenolic resin solution, mixing the crushed framework with the phenolic resin solution, then transferring the mixture into a mold, and forming after applying a certain pressure to obtain a porous tantalum carbide green body; the crushing brackets are stacked and spliced together to form a porous structure, the pores of a finished product can be adjusted by changing the sizes of the crushing brackets, and the crushing bracket can be applied to finer pores and is extremely low in shrinkage rate.

A cold rolled and double annealed steel sheet, made of a steel having a composition including, by weight percent: C: 0.03-0.18%, Mn: 6.0-11.0%, 0.2≤Al<3%, Mo: 0.05-0.5%, B: 0.0005-0.005%, S≤0.010%, P≤0.020%, N≤0.008%, and including optionally one or more of the following elements. In weight percentage: Si≤1.20%, Nb≤0.050%, Ti≤0.050%, Cr≤0.5%,V≤0.2%, the remainder of the composition being iron and unavoidable impurities resulting from the smelting, the steel sheet having a microstructure including, in surface fraction, from 0% to 45% of ferrite, from 20% to 50% of retained austenite, from 5 to 80% of annealed martensite, less than 5% of fresh martensite, a carbon [C]A and manganese [Mn]A content in austenite, expressed in wt %, such that the ratio ([C]A2×[Mn]A) / (C %2×Mn %) is from 4.5 to 11.0, C % and Mn % being the nominal C and Mn weight percent in the steel and a carbides density below 4×106 / mm2.

Described herein is a catalyst comprising a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix, iron atoms, iron carbide particles, and carbon nanotubes, wherein the carbon nanotubes are dispersed and bonded to the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix, the iron atoms, and the iron carbide particles are dispersed and bonded to the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix and / or the carbon nanotubes. The catalyst may be used to coat an electrode for use in an electrochemical cell and electrolysis.

Metal carbide films and related devices and related methods are provided herein. A device comprises a substrate and a metal carbide film located on the substrate. The metal carbide film comprises at least one of a molybdenum, a tungsten, or any combination thereof. The metal carbide film comprises a residual chlorine component. The metal carbide film has a carbon content of at least 10% based on a total composition of the metal carbide film.

The invention discloses a ternary solid waste gelling system mine cemented filling material, a preparation method and application, phosphogypsum and water-quenched slag powder are used as main gelling components, carbide slag is used as an exciting agent, and phosphate tailings and phosphorus tail mud are used as filling body aggregate to form the high-content phosphogypsum ternary solid waste gelling system mine cemented filling material. Wherein the ternary solid waste gel system comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 10-18% of carbide slag, 36-54% of ardealite and 36-54% of water-quenched slag powder, and the ratio of ardealite / (ardealite + water-quenched slag powder) is 0.4-0.6. The mine cemented filling material disclosed by the invention is prepared by taking solid wastes of industrial byproducts of a phosphorite mountain and the periphery of the phosphorite mountain as main raw materials, and the mechanical property of the prepared filling slurry after solidification needs to meet an engineering filling strength index, so that efficient resource utilization of a large amount of industrial solid wastes for phosphorite resource development can be realized; good mechanical properties and remarkable economic and environmental benefits are achieved.

The invention discloses a clean preparation method of a rare earth ferrosilicon alloy based on cooperative control of carbon addition and silicon supplement, and belongs to the technical field of thermometallurgy. In order to solve the problems that according to an existing carbon thermal reduction method, the furnace bottom is prone to nodulation, the recovery rate is low, and energy consumption is high, the'carbon addition-silicon supplementation-carbon depletion 'ternary cooperative regulation and control method is provided. Comprising the following steps: taking a rare earth-containing material, a siliceous raw material and a carbonaceous reducing agent as raw materials, burdening, pelletizing, and adding into a submerged arc furnace for reduction smelting; the core technology is that the weight ratio of oxide to reducing agent carbon in the rare earth pellets is controlled to be 1: (1.20-1.30), meanwhile, a silicon element accounting for 2.0-10.0% of the weight of the oxide is added, and parameters meet the coupling relational expression S = k * (1.30-R) * 100% + S0; and the smelting adopts carbon deficit operation, and the carbon addition amount is 0.90-0.95 times of the theoretical amount. The method inhibits the generation of the rare earth carbide nodule at the furnace bottom from the aspects of thermodynamics and dynamics, and realizes continuous and stable production. The rare earth recovery rate reaches 96% or above, the comprehensive power consumption is reduced to 8600-9000 kWh / t, the furnace life is prolonged to 25 months or above, and remarkable economic and environmental benefits are achieved.

The present disclosure relates generally to creating metal carbide parts or parts with metal carbide layers. In some aspects, the present disclosure relates to converting metal parts to metal carbide parts or parts with metal carbide layers. In other aspects, the present disclosure relates to metal-impregnated coatings that may be used to form metal carbide layers on parts. In yet other aspects, the present disclosure relates to metal-impregnated resins being used as material for 3D printing, casting, or coating disposable substrates, or otherwise forming objects that become standalone ceramic parts upon heat treatment and carburization of the metal.

Techniques for joining dissimilar materials in microelectronics are provided. Example techniques direct-bond dissimilar materials at an ambient room temperature, using a thin oxide, carbide, nitride, carbonitride, or oxynitride intermediary with a thickness between 100-1000 nanometers. The intermediary may comprise silicon. The dissimilar materials may have significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) and / or significantly different crystal-lattice unit cell geometries or dimensions, conventionally resulting in too much strain to make direct-bonding feasible. A curing period at ambient room temperature after the direct bonding of dissimilar materials allows direct bonds to strengthen by over 200%. A relatively low temperature anneal applied slowly at a rate of 1° C. temperature increase per minute, or less, further strengthens and consolidates the direct bonds. The example techniques can direct-bond lithium tantalate LiTaO3 to various conventional substrates in a process for making various novel optical and acoustic devices.

The application relates to the technical field of catalyst preparation, in particular to an in-situ formed FeO x / Fe3C catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The FeO x / Fe3C catalyst provided by the application is a heterogeneous composite structure composed of surface iron oxide (FeO x ) and bulk iron carbide (Fe3C), breaks through the limitation of only focusing on a single phase, systematically reveals the dynamic structure evolution law from the surface to the bulk, and clarifies the internal correlation with the reaction mechanism. Based on the synergistic circulation mechanism from the surface to the bulk, the FeO x / Fe3C catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic performance and stability in the reverse water gas shift reaction, which is superior to most of the catalyst systems reported at present.

A full solid-waste micro-expansive concrete and its preparation method are provided, and relate to the field of concrete material technologies. The full solid-waste micro-expansive concrete includes the following components in parts by weight: 920-1060 parts of a coarse aggregate, 460-582 parts of a fine aggregate, 11-19 parts of an expansive agent, 389-512 parts of a modified solid-waste-based cementitious material, and 231-268 parts of water. The coarse aggregate is coal gangue. The fine aggregate is waste ceramic. The modified solid-waste-based cementitious material includes a solid-waste-based clinker, modified polyvinyl alcohol, and a modified anion exchange resin. The solid-waste-based clinker is prepared from the coal gangue, carbide slag, and desulfurization gypsum. The expansive agent is obtained by calcining the carbide slag. The concrete prepared can ensure the initial strength of the concrete, and guarantee continuous micro-expansion in the later stage, compensating for shrinkage and thereby increasing the overall strength of the concrete.

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of high-quality electric furnace hot work die steel. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: primarily smelting a die steel raw material by adopting an EAF furnace; the metal raw materials obtained through primary smelting are refined through an LF furnace; entering a VD furnace for vacuum degassing, and improving carbides by adopting a magnesium core-spun yarn; casting a 13t or 20t steel ingot by using the obtained molten steel, using casting powder and hanging, using a heat generating agent after casting, demolding after mold cooling, and thermally sending the demolded steel ingot to a forging area for heating or thermally charging and annealing; and forging by adopting a temperature programming mode, and finally carrying out heat treatment. The forging rod has the advantages that a die manufactured after the forging rod is processed and subjected to heat treatment is used for producing 6 series of aluminum alloy sections and the like by an extruder of 5000 tons or above, die cracking and early failure are avoided, the service life of the die is equivalent to that of electroslag 4Cr5MoSiV1 (H13), the manufacturing cost is greatly reduced, and the effect is good.

The invention belongs to the technical field of semiconductor material processing, and relates to a laser modification and low-temperature impact controllable stripping method and system for a single crystal silicon carbide wafer. The method comprises the following steps: pretreating the surface of a single crystal SiC crystal ingot to form a uniform rough surface; setting femtosecond laser initial parameters, and carrying out modification treatment in the crystal ingot to form a modified area; laser parameters are optimized through sweep-frequency optical coherence tomography and a CNN model, and optimal parameters are obtained; inducing to form a modified layer parallel to the surface in the crystal ingot by utilizing the parameters; coating a polymer on the surface of the modified layer and pre-cooling the crystal ingot; and applying a low-temperature impact load to promote the II-type crack to expand along the crystal face so as to realize controllable stripping. The method solves the problem that cracks are difficult to control in the laser stealth cutting technology.

The application belongs to the technical field of porous adsorption membrane materials, and discloses a titanium lithium ion porous adsorption membrane material and a self-assembly preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: dissolving a film-forming polymer in a dispersion liquid containing MXene nanosheets to form a uniform precursor liquid; the MXene nanosheet is a carbide, nitride or carbonitride of a transition metal with a single-layer structure; dispersing a titanium lithium composite oxide in the precursor liquid to form a casting solution; coating the casting solution on a support, and then performing phase inversion by using pure water to obtain a matrix film; placing the matrix film in a lithium elution liquid for immersion washing, replacing lithium ions in the matrix film, and causing a self-assembly reaction of the titanium lithium composite oxide in the matrix film, so that the titanium lithium ion porous adsorption membrane material is obtained. The application innovatively introduces MXene nanosheets and a polysulfone matrix film, fixes the MXene nanosheets on the polysulfone matrix film as an in-situ growth substrate of the titanium lithium composite oxide, and the obtained membrane material has a high adsorption capacity.

The invention belongs to the field of industrial waste treatment and comprehensive utilization, and provides a method and a process for preparing a heavy metal polluted acidic wastewater purifying agent by coupling red mud with carbide slag, and the process comprises the following steps: S1, raw material pretreatment: respectively drying original red mud and carbide slag at 105 + / -5 DEG C to constant weight, crushing, and sieving with a 100-mesh sieve; s2, mixing: uniformly premixing the red mud and the carbide slag powder in proportion, mixing the mixture with a binder in proportion, and uniformly stirring; s3, activating: slowly spraying a proper amount of water into the uniformly mixed dry powder, and stirring while adding until the material forms a wet block mass with certain plasticity; s4, granulation: feeding the wet material into a granulator with the granulation particle size of 2-5 mm, and aging the raw material particles at room temperature for 12-24 hours; and S5, drying and activating: drying the aged particles at 105-120 DEG C until the weight is constant, cooling to room temperature, and sieving to obtain the purifying agent product. The method has the effects of being high in heavy metal removal rate, stable, safe and efficient.

This invention relates to a vermicular cast iron alloy with high mechanical strength and thermal conductivity requirements to replace the conventional gray and vermicular cast irons and introduces a manufacturing process for high mechanical strength and thermal conductivity vermicular cast iron alloy and internal combustion engine parts produced from said alloy. The alloy includes carbon, manganese, tin, copper, molybdenum, silicon, magnesium, rare earths, chromium, titanium, niobium, vanadium, tungsten, phosphorus, sulfur, aluminum, and nickel. The alloy has a graphite microstructure consisting of up to 70% of vermicular particles and up to 30% of nodular particles in area, with a matrix in area up to 80% pearlitic and up to 20% ferritic, with presence of segregating carbides of up to 1%.