4853 results about "A diamond" patented technology

In one aspect of the present invention, a drill string has a drill bit with a body intermediate a shank and a working face. The working face has a plurality of blades converging at a center of the working surface and diverging towards a gauge of the working face. At least one blade has a cutting element with a carbide substrate bonded to a diamond working end with a pointed geometry. The diamond working end also has a central axis which intersects an apex of the pointed geometry. The axis is oriented between a 25 and 85 degree positive rake angle.

The invention relates to the technical field of quality monitoring, and discloses a diamond high-strength micro-powder quality detection method and system based on artificial intelligence. The method comprises the steps of obtaining a two-dimensional projection image sequence of diamond micro-powder particles, calculating a projection matrix based on camera calibration parameters and geometric constraints, obtaining a multi-view image data set of the particles, establishing a pixel-level corresponding relation, extracting three-dimensional space coordinates of the surfaces of the particles, and reconstructing dense point cloud data of the particles. Establishing a local coordinate system based on the dense point cloud data, determining attitude parameters of particles in a three-dimensional space, if the attitude parameters deviate from a normal range, performing attitude compensation processing to obtain standardized point cloud data, and performing three-dimensional grid model construction on the standardized point cloud data; and calculating geometrical characteristic parameters of the particles based on the three-dimensional grid model, performing defect detection on the surfaces of the particles, and generating a crystal integrity evaluation report of the particles. The quality detection accuracy of the diamond high-strength micro-powder particles is improved.

The embodiment of the invention provides a system for measuring a plane vector magnetic field, and the system comprises an optical path module which is provided with a laser, an optical fiber circulator, a long-pass optical filter and a photoelectric detector, a microwave module which is provided with a microwave source, a microwave amplifier and a microwave isolator, a signal processing module which is provided with a lock-in amplifier, and a magnetic generation device. The integration table device comprises a diamond NV color center sensor, a microwave antenna and two pairs of magnetic flux concentrators; during working, laser emitted by the laser device is output to the optical fiber circulator and then enters the diamond NV color center sensor so as to excite the diamond NV color center, and meanwhile, modulated microwaves which are output by the microwave source, are linearly amplified by the microwave amplifier and are transmitted again by the microwave isolator are used for regulating and controlling the electron spin state of the diamond NV color center so as to excite the diamond NV color center. The diamond NV color center outputs fluorescence with microwave regulation and control, and the fluorescence carries information of a plane vector magnetic field. The system can realize a high-isolation and high-sensitivity plane vector magnetic field measurement method.

The invention discloses an intelligent control system for a diamond grain curing sintering furnace, belongs to the technical field of industrial furnace control, and aims at solving the problems that existing sintering control depends on experience, process monitoring is not comprehensive, real-time optimization is difficult to achieve, and product quality consistency is difficult to guarantee. The system comprises a sensor module, a multispectral imaging device, a data preprocessing module, a liquid neural network module, an attention fusion module, a user interaction module, a thermal structure coupling module and a real-time feedback control module. A liquid neural network is used for processing time sequence dynamics, multi-dimensional features such as temperature, humidity, spectrum and mechanical force are fused through a multi-head attention mechanism, and in combination with an internal state result of user input and thermal structure coupling analysis, a real-time feedback control module adopts a closed-loop strategy to calculate optimal firing parameters and generate a control signal; and the actuating mechanism is driven to perform self-adaptive adjustment.

The invention discloses a non-microwave electromagnetic field measurement method and device based on an NV color center, and relates to the field of quantum precision measurement, and the device comprises a magnetic field generation structure, a laser excitation structure, a color center selection structure and a fluorescence detection structure. The magnetic field generation structure is used for applying a magnetic field with known direction and size to the diamond; the laser excitation structure generates laser, and the laser irradiates the diamond containing the NV color center; the color center selection structure performs micron-level focusing on an objective lens by using a three-axis displacement table and selects a diamond NV color center corresponding to the size and direction of a magnetic field; the fluorescence detection structure collects fluorescence radiated by the NV color center and converts the fluorescence into an electric signal for measurement. According to the invention, by applying the magnetic field with the size of 1024G along the NV axis and the included angle within 0.1 degree, the detection of the target electromagnetic field is realized by utilizing the sensitivity to the transverse component of the electromagnetic field under the strong magnetic field; the invention discloses a non-microwave electromagnetic field measurement method and device based on an NV color center, and is suitable for magnetic field and electric field measurement of an all-optical device without a microwave assembly.

The invention relates to the technical field of diamond hole drills, and discloses a diamond drilling tool with a chip removal function, the diamond drilling tool comprises a connecting cylinder, a drill bit is arranged at the bottom of the connecting cylinder, a chip removal mechanism is arranged, slurry is injected into a drill hole through a flow channel, the drill bit is cooled through the inrush slurry, and the chip removal function is achieved. The problems that due to the fact that a large amount of heat generated by friction between the drill bit and rock causes rapid temperature rise of the drill bit, thermal damage of diamond particles is caused, the cutting performance of the drill bit is reduced, and the service life of the drill bit is prolonged are solved, and meanwhile, due to the viscosity and fluidity of the slurry, rock debris can be suspended and brought out of holes along with continuous injection of the slurry; in this way, the hole bottom can be kept clean, a good condition is created for continuous drilling of the drill bit, a layer of lubricating mud film is formed between the drill bit and the hole wall, friction resistance between a drilling tool and the hole wall can be reduced, and energy consumption in the drilling process is reduced.

The invention provides a method for manufacturing a super-flat polycrystalline diamond film on a large scale. The method comprises the following steps: (1) growing a layer of polycrystalline diamond film on a growth substrate with a diamond seed crystal on the surface by adopting a chemical vapor deposition method; (2) cutting off at least one part of the substrate after growth to form a boundary for jointing the polycrystalline diamond film and the growth substrate; (3) sticking a stripping adhesive tape; and (4) the stripping adhesive tape is pulled to strip the polycrystalline diamond film from the surface of the growth substrate, so that the nucleation surface of the polycrystalline diamond film is exposed, and the roughness of the exposed nucleation surface is smaller than that of the growth surface. According to the method, the nucleation surface of the grown polycrystalline diamond film is turned over, the novel and simple method is developed to manufacture the polycrystalline diamond film which is reasonable in price, capable of growing on a large scale, super-flat and transferable, and the method has huge potential in practical application.

The invention discloses an electronic packaging heat dissipation substrate and a processing technology and application thereof. The electronic packaging heat dissipation substrate comprises a copper-clad diamond copper plate, a diamond sheet located on the copper-clad diamond copper plate and a first copper layer covering the diamond sheet. The copper-clad diamond copper plate comprises a diamond copper core material and a copper layer located on the surface of the diamond copper core material. The diamond copper core material and the copper layer form a composite board with a copper layer-core material-copper layer sandwich structure; and the copper-clad diamond copper plate, the diamond sheet and the first copper layer are connected into a whole through brazing. According to the electronic packaging heat dissipation substrate, the peeling and cracking risks can be reduced, and the problem of low heat transfer efficiency is solved.

The invention relates to the field of precise driving and positioning, in particular to a multi-mode bidirectional movement rotary piezoelectric motor. Comprising a base, a rotor mechanism, a stator mechanism and a pre-tightening mechanism, the stator mechanism comprises a flexible metal oscillator connected to the pre-tightening sliding block. The flexible metal oscillator comprises a diamond frame of a sheet structure and an elastic metal substrate connected between a set of opposite angles in the diamond frame. The two groups of piezoelectric ceramic pieces are symmetrically fixed on the same side surface of the elastic metal substrate; the motor further comprises a first driving foot and a second driving foot which are fixed to the flexible metal vibrator, the first driving foot and the second driving foot are fixed to the two adjacent corners of the rhombic frame body respectively, and the first driving foot and the second driving foot make contact with the inner ring of the rotor bearing. According to the technical scheme, through the asymmetric structural design, the rhombic flexible metal oscillator can generate two working modes, so that the motor realizes bidirectional rotation under the condition that the voltage and the structure are not changed.

The invention relates to the technical field of stone cutting, and provides a diamond wire detection-based wire cutting system and a cutting method.The image acquisition module and the wire diameter detection module are arranged to obtain image information and the wire diameter of a diamond wire respectively, so that the actual abrasion loss of the diamond wire is obtained; the expected value of abrasion consumption in a cutting period is obtained in advance according to the take-up and pay-off length and the lifting speed of the workbench, and the abrasion loss condition of the diamond wire can be judged in time by comparing the actual abrasion value with the expected value, so that the take-up length and the speed of the workbench are adjusted in time to meet the cutting requirement; therefore, the abrasion rate of the diamond wire can be effectively controlled, wire breakage is prevented, and meanwhile the purposes of saving cost and improving stone cutting efficiency can be achieved.

The invention discloses a high-resolution optical fiber integrated diamond color center sensor and a measuring method, the sensor comprises an optical fiber responsible for inputting exciting light and collecting fluorescence, the end face of the optical fiber is provided with a diamond color center, the diamond color center is excited by the output of the optical fiber, and a quartz capillary is arranged outside the optical fiber and the diamond color center. A microwave antenna is wound outside the quartz capillary tube, and a part of a bare wire of the microwave antenna is connected with the radio frequency line. The measuring method comprises the following steps: exciting a diamond color center; applying microwaves to the diamond color center; fluorescence generated by stimulated radiation of the NV color center is output by the optical fiber circulator and is input into the photoelectric detector through the filter; the upper computer controls the microwave generator to sweep frequency; the photoelectric detector performs photoelectric conversion, and the upper computer processes microwave frequency sweeping signals and electric signals. The magnetic field size and the temperature size of the sample to be measured in the micro space can be measured, and the device has the advantages of being high in spatial resolution, high in integration level, high in flexibility, high in controllability and the like.

The invention relates to the technical field of diamond roller machining, in particular to diamond roller mounting inner hole high-precision grinding equipment which comprises a base, a linkage column fixedly connected to the top of the base and a rotary clamping assembly arranged on the base and used for centering and clamping a diamond roller. The lifting plate is provided with an air cooling type grinding assembly which conducts efficient cooling type grinding and assists in inner hole chipping cleaning. According to the diamond roller grinding device, centering clamping treatment is conducted on diamond rollers of different sizes through the rotary clamping assembly, comprehensive efficient grinding treatment of different inner holes is achieved in combination with the air-cooled grinding assembly, the grinding requirements of the diamond rollers of different sizes can be automatically met without additional replacement operation, and through cooperation of the rotary clamping assembly and the air-cooled grinding assembly, the grinding efficiency is greatly improved. And the multi-direction grinding effect can be further achieved, and chippings can be discharged in an auxiliary mode for convenient collection.

A wide-field dynamic magnetic imaging device and method. The wide-field dynamic magnetic imaging device comprises: a probe assembly (1), comprising a diamond (101) containing NV centers; a microwave magnetic field assembly (2) configured to generate a uniform microwave field and a uniform bias magnetic field in the vicinity of the diamond (101), so as to regulate the spin energy level of the diamond (101) and the quantum state evolution process; a laser modulation assembly (3) configured to output an initial uniform pulsed laser to excite the diamond (101) to emit fluorescence; a fringe light modulation assembly (4) configured to modulate the initial uniform pulsed laser to output a fringe pulsed laser, causing the fluorescence emitted by the diamond (101) to be fringe fluorescence, or to modulate the fluorescence emitted by the diamond (101) into fringe fluorescence; a fluorescence detection assembly (5) configured to perform spatial imaging on the fringe fluorescence to obtain magnetic field information of a sample under test (7), thereby obtaining an initial magnetic image of said sample (7); and a data processing assembly (6) configured to perform Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform on the initial magnetic image to obtain a first magnetic image.

The invention discloses a direct current measurement system based on a diamond NV color center, and the system comprises a drive control module which is used for controlling a laser excitation module to emit laser, transmitting the laser to the NV color center of a diamond substrate, and enabling the NV color center to emit fluorescence; the microwave excitation module generates a frequency modulation microwave signal based on a to-be-detected electrified conductor magnetic field, and the frequency modulation microwave signal performs microwave modulation on the electron spin state of the NV color center; the magnetism gathering module is used for gathering magnetism around the electrified wire to be measured to form a stable and uniform magnetic field for NV color center measurement; the photoelectric detection module is used for collecting fluorescence emitted by the NV color center; the fluorescence analysis processing module is used for analyzing the intensity and the frequency of the fluorescence; determining the magnetic field of the electrified conductor according to the fluorescence intensity and frequency; and determining the current value of the to-be-measured electrified conductor based on the magnetic field. Under the condition that the module space is saved, the accuracy and the stability of module operation are ensured.

The invention relates to the technical field of sole processing, in particular to a sole composite processing method, which comprises the following steps: according to the rigidity requirement of an arch support area, preparing high-density slurry in which silicon nitride ceramic powder accounts for 30-40%, forming # imgabs0 # crystal phase through microwave-assisted sintering, and controlling the porosity to be 10-20%; according to the energy rebound requirement of the forefoot buffer area, graphene oxide / carboxymethyl cellulose aerogel powder is added into the slurry until the concentration is 25%, and the porosity is increased to 40-60% by combining the honeycomb porous network design; a nano silicon dioxide reinforcing agent is introduced into a wear-resistant area of the heel to 15%, a diamond-like carbon coating is formed through plasma surface treatment, and the porosity is limited to be 5-15%. According to the invention, silane is encapsulated by adopting polyurea microcapsules, and is released only when the material is damaged, so that dynamic self-repairing is realized, the shoe sole is endowed with dynamic repairing capability, and the service life is prolonged.

The invention discloses a high-precision intelligent quality inspection system for diamond grains, and relates to the technical field of defect detection and contour measurement, and the system comprises a multi-mode sensing device which is used for obtaining a two-dimensional image, a three-dimensional shape and spectral data of the grains; the module is used for receiving manufacturing process parameters and constructing a theoretical three-dimensional model; the interface is used for acquiring actual manufacturing process data; the unit is used for processing the fused measured data and comparing the fused measured data with a theoretical model to generate deviation data; the hierarchical artificial intelligence analysis engine comprises a data analysis and coordination control AI model based on multi-head attention, the AI model is coupled with an attribution analysis layer, and the engine fuses and analyzes measured data, deviation data, process parameters and actual manufacturing process data. And performing deep cross-modal association, trend analysis, manufacturing data association analysis and accurate attribution by using an attention mechanism, and finally generating a quality evaluation result containing application performance prediction and process optimization suggestions with attribution information.

The present invention provides a diamond wire laser welding method and a system. The method comprises: positioning two ends of a broken wire to make the two ends opposite to each other; respectively carrying out section shearing and cleaning on the two ends; acquiring pictures of the two ends by using a visual detection module, detecting and calculating the concentricity of the two ends, and controlling the two ends to automatically adjust the positions thereof to make the two ends concentric; aligning a target heating light spot of a laser generation module to a molten pool part composed of the two ends and a limited space around the two ends, and starting laser heating welding; monitoring a real-time temperature and a real-time crystal phase of the molten pool part, adjusting the heating power of the laser generation module on the basis of the real-time temperature, determining whether the degree of match between a real-time crystal phase image and a target crystal phase image is greater than a first threshold, and if yes, stopping welding; and polishing the weld, performing annealing and completing welding. The welding method of the present invention has a high degree of automation, laser welding is carried out by using the laser generation module, heating is fast, efficiency is high, and accurate and automatic welding is achieved by determining a crystal phase image.

The invention relates to a single crystal diamond and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: performing etching treatment on a diamond seed crystal; then introducing a carbon source, hydrogen and chlorine, and carrying out deposition growth of the monocrystal diamond; after deposition growth is finished, post-treatment is conducted, and the single crystal diamond is obtained. Chlorine and hydrogen are introduced in the chemical vapor deposition process at the same time, selective growth of a diamond phase can be promoted, chlorine can help to reduce formation of non-diamond carbon (such as graphite), and therefore the quality and the growth speed of diamond single crystals are improved, and the dislocation density is reduced.

The invention provides a method for growing an oversized diamond polycrystalline film. The method comprises the following steps: S1, cleaning and drying a monocrystalline silicon wafer at room temperature; s2, carrying out pretreatment seed crystal on the monocrystalline silicon wafer, covering a diamond nanocrystalline layer on the silicon surface, and putting the monocrystalline silicon wafer into MPCVD (Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition) equipment; s3, the cavity is vacuumized, then hydrogen is introduced for purging, and then vacuumizing is conducted again; then hydrogen is introduced, the air pressure is regulated and controlled to be 5-8 torr, and starting is started to ignite the plasma; s4, the microwave power is increased to 70 KW to 75 KW at the speed of 4.5 KW / min to 5.5 KW / min, the air pressure is increased to 165 torr to 180 torr at the speed of 10 torr / min to 30 torr / min, and the temperature is increased to 900 DEG C to 950 DEG C at the speed of 60 DEG C / min; s5, introducing growth gas, wherein the flow rate of hydrogen is 5000-6000 sccm, the flow rate of methane is 100-150 sccm, the flow rate of oxygen is 5-8 sccm, the flow rate of nitrogen is 1-2 sccm, and the flow rate of argon is 800-1000 sccm; and S6, after the growth is finished, cooling at a rate of 30 DEG C / min, and introducing nitrogen into the cavity for vacuum breaking until the temperature is reduced to room temperature, so as to obtain the oversized diamond polycrystalline film. The size of the oversized diamond polycrystalline film reaches 12 inches.

The invention relates to the technical field of quantum sensing and ocean detection, and discloses an ocean magnetic field sensor based on an NV color center and an ocean magnetic field measuring method.The sensor comprises a cylindrical pressure-resistant cabin, an optical platform arranged in the pressure-resistant cabin and a main control panel; a laser, a beam shaping unit, a dichroscope, a beam shaping lens group, an objective lens, a diamond NV color center chip, a plano-convex lens I, a band-pass filter and a photoelectric detector are mounted on the optical platform; two microstrip loop antennas are mounted on the outer side of the diamond NV color center chip; an FPGA + ARM dual-core processor, a digital lock-in amplifier and two microwave signal generators are installed on the main control board, and the microwave signal generators are connected with the microstrip loop antenna and achieve electromagnetic coupling with the diamond NV color center chip. The invention has the advantages of high sensitivity, good long-term stability and strong anti-interference capability, and provides a new generation of quantum sensing solution for applications such as ocean geomagnetic monitoring and underwater target identification.

A thermal interface material including at least a diamond-containing filler; a silicone oil, as well as a plurality of additives.

The invention discloses a diamond bit quality detection method based on multidimensional parameter analysis, and relates to the technical field of quality detection.The method comprises the steps that a function detection tree is constructed through function loss incidence relation analysis, and a root node is appearance detection; and directional data acquisition is carried out according to the root node to obtain single-dimensional detection data, and quality detection analysis is carried out. And if the function detection is passed, data acquisition and analysis of the second-level child nodes are continued according to the detection tree, and a second-level detection result is output. And whether third-level child node detection continues to be executed or not is judged according to the second-level detection result. The detection result of each level determines the execution of the next step, so that the quality defect information set of the diamond drill bit is output step by step, redundant detection is avoided, and the detection efficiency is improved. The technical problems that an existing diamond drill bit quality detection process is tedious, detection resources are wasted and inaccurate are solved, and the technical effect of improving the detection efficiency and accuracy is achieved.

A float collar for use in a wellbore includes: a float valve; a tubular housing having a coupling formed at a longitudinal end thereof for assembly as part of a downhole tubular; a sheath bonding the float valve to an inner surface of the housing within a flow bore thereof, the sheath having a bore formed therein; and a ball deflector seated against a top of the sheath and having: an upper grate and a lower anchor engaged with an inner surface of the sheath adjacent the bore. The float valve, the sheath, and the ball deflector are made from materials drillable by a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit.

Nonlinear optical chromophores having one or more diamondoid groups covalently attached to the chromophore, methods of making nonlinear optical chromophores, their use in thin films and electro-optical devices containing such nonlinear optical chromophores and thin films comprising the same.

The invention relates to the technical field of diamond processing, in particular to a diamond laser slicing method and device. The invention relates to a diamond laser slicing method. The method comprises the following steps: 1) utilizing a laser beam from 1t; 100 gt; the surface vertically enters the interior of the single crystal diamond, and a C-C bond is fractured by forming instant local high temperature so as to be carbonized to form graphite; (2) the laser beam is at the distance lt; 100 gt; the surface is at a certain depth and is scanned along the crystal orientation direction of # imgabs0 # or # imgabs1 #, and by controlling the position of a laser focal plane and the energy of the position, only modification points and a graphite layer are formed, or modification points are formed along lt; 111gt, 111gt; the surface-expanded cracks further form a crack expansion layer, and stress difference is generated between the crack expansion layer and the non-modified layer, so that the diamond layer is convenient to peel off. According to the method, arrangement and / or crack propagation of modified points can be accurately controlled, and stress distribution of a modified layer is optimized, so that high-precision diamond slicing is realized, and fragmentation and damage of a sample are avoided.

The invention relates to a chip integrated heat dissipation system and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of heat dissipation of semiconductor devices. The chip integrated heat dissipation system comprises a nano-diamond transition layer attached to a chip. A micro-column array supporting layer is arranged on one side, far away from the chip, of the nano-diamond transition layer; the micro-column array supporting layer is in contact with one surface of the diamond film, and the other surface of the diamond film is attached to the three-dimensional micro-channel heat dissipation layer. The invention also provides a preparation method of the chip integrated heat dissipation system. The chip integrated heat dissipation system provided by the invention has the advantage of efficient heat dissipation, and through the combination of the three-dimensional structure and the high heat conduction characteristic of diamond, the heat dissipation power density is remarkably improved, the junction temperature of the chip is reduced, and the heat dissipation requirement of a high-power device is met. The heat dissipation performance reliability is high, the thermal stress is eliminated through the gradient structure design, the interlayer binding force is improved, and the stable performance is still kept after multiple thermal cycles. And the preparation process is good in compatibility and convenient for large-scale production.

The invention relates to a low-oscillation impact inertia piezoelectric actuator and a driving method thereof, and belongs to the field of precision machinery. The impact inertia driver comprises a base unit, a driving unit and a guide rail sliding block. The driving unit is a flexible hinge mechanism with a rhombic displacement amplification mechanism and is connected with the guide rail sliding block through a screw; and the piezoelectric stack is embedded in the rhombic amplification mechanism. The driving method of the device comprises the steps that when continuous zigzag driving voltage is applied to the piezoelectric stack, certain waveform voltage is applied to the electromagnet to conduct power-on and power-off operation on the electromagnet, based on the inertial impact principle, the resultant force of impact inertia force and magnetic force is larger than the friction force between the flexible hinge mechanism and the friction block, and the sliding block generates linear stepping motion. The invention has the advantages of simple structure, easiness in processing, assembly and control, capability of realizing high-speed large-stroke and high-load output, and no rollback displacement. The method has good application prospects in the fields of micro-nano operation, precise instruments, precision machining and the like.

Provided are a water-soluble PVA film having good water sealing properties in addition to excellent water solubility while maintaining mechanical strength of the water-soluble PVA film and a package using the same. A water-soluble film of the present invention includes a polyvinyl alcohol resin. When a crystallinity index calculated using a diamond prism is Fd1 and a crystallinity index calculated using a germanium prism is Fg1 for FT-IR measurement of a first surface of the water-soluble film by ATR technique, Fd1 and Fg1 are 0.25≤Fd1≤0.65 and Fd1 / Fg1>1. Fd1 and Fg1 are preferably Fd1 / Fg1≤1.5.

The invention discloses a diamond film and a preparation method and application thereof, and the preparation method comprises the steps: taking a substrate material matched with the lattice constant of a diamond film material as a substrate, and carrying out the surface treatment of the substrate; mixed reaction gas comprising 80%-95% of hydrogen, 3%-8% of methane and 2%-12% of auxiliary gas is introduced, wherein the auxiliary gas comprises at least one of argon, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride; carrying out controlled chemical vapor deposition at 850-1000 DEG C under the pressure of not less than 21 kPa, and growing a diamond film on the surface of the substrate; and annealing the diamond film. According to the method, chemical vapor deposition is controlled through cooperation of auxiliary gas and temperature-pressure gradient, and non-corrosion high-speed growth of the high-purity monocrystal diamond film is achieved; in combination with a dynamic annealing process, lattice defects are effectively repaired, the comprehensive performance is optimized, and the reliability of the thin film serving as a heat dissipation component and other applications is remarkably improved.

An embodiment provides a method for stirring a sample in a cell, including: providing a cell comprising a sample chamber; placing a boron-doped diamond electrode on an inner surface of the sample chamber, placing a removable stir bar in the sample chamber, the removable stir bar directly contacting and touching the boron-doped diamond electrode; and wherein the stir bar can be operated to rotate within the sample chamber upon the boron-doped diamond electrode. Other aspects are described and claimed.