617 results about "Dialysis fluid" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of data monitoring and analysis, and discloses a hemodialysis care unit extracorporeal circulator monitoring method and system and a storage medium. The method comprises the steps that vital signs and identity features of a patient are collected, a sign feature data set is obtained through fusion processing, and initial dialysis parameters are generated; analyzing the sign feature data set to obtain blood vessel state parameters; adjusting a circulation system based on the blood vessel state parameters and the initial dialysis parameters to obtain circulation control data; monitoring a dialysate path by using the circulation control data, and generating a liquid path operation parameter; the circulation control data and the liquid path operation parameters are integrated to analyze the system state, and equipment early warning indexes are formed; and evaluating equipment operation according to the early warning index and generating an automatic control instruction. According to the method, deep integration of the physical sign characteristic data of the patient and the equipment operation data is realized, a data-driven objective decision basis is provided for the dialysis process, and the safety and effectiveness of dialysis treatment are improved.

A medical treatment system, such as peritoneal dialysis system, may include control and other features to enhance patient comfort and ease of use. For example, a peritoneal dialysis system may include a control system that can adjust the volume of fluid infused into the peritoneal cavity to prevent the intraperitoneal fluid volume from exceeding a pre-determined amount. The control system can adjust by adding one or more therapy cycles, allowing for fill volumes during each cycle to be reduced. The control system may continue to allow the fluid to drain from the peritoneal cavity as completely as possible before starting the next therapy cycle. The control system may also adjust the dwell time of fluid within the peritoneal cavity during therapy cycles in order to complete a therapy within a scheduled time period. The cycler may also be configured to have a heater control system that monitors both the temperature of a heating tray and the temperature of a bag of dialysis fluid in order to bring the temperature of the dialysis fluid rapidly to a specified temperature, with minimal temperature overshoot.

The invention relates to the technical field of hemodialysis monitoring, and provides a hemodialysis on-line monitoring system and method, and the system comprises a data acquisition module which is used for collecting blood physiological parameters in a dialysis pipeline in real time; the blood component analysis module is connected with a blood loop of the dialysis machine and is used for detecting serum iron, ferritin and ferritin saturation indexes on line; and the data processing module is used for calculating the risk index of anemia, evaluating the iron utilization rate, constructing a model for measuring the iron deficiency erythropoiesis trend according to the collected and analyzed data, and training and optimizing the model. According to the method, individual parameters of patients are fused, personalized calculation is performed for iron metabolism rates and dialysis parameters of different patients, and data such as iron content, blood flow and dialysis fluid volume are acquired online in real time, so that iron concentration and infusion rate are accurately matched with real-time iron metabolism requirements of the patients, and anemia of the patients in the dialysis process is reduced.

The present application belongs to the field of medical device technology, and discloses a blood purification device and an operation method thereof, wherein the device comprises: a mobile trolley, a fixed bracket, a purification mechanism and an abnormal monitoring mechanism; a fixed bracket is provided on the mobile trolley, and a purification mechanism is provided on the fixed bracket; an abnormal monitoring mechanism is fixedly provided on the fixed bracket; the purification mechanism comprises an arterial pot, a dialyzer, a venous pot, a blood pump, a replacement fluid storage box, an ultrafiltrate collection box, a dialysate storage box, a replacement fluid pump, an ultrafiltrate pump, an arterial tube, a venous tube, a dialysate pump and a heparin pump, and a purification capacity evaluation module is fixedly provided on the fixed bracket. The present invention continuously monitors the blood purification process through the abnormal monitoring mechanism, promptly discovers abnormal conditions in the blood purification process, evaluates the dialysis effect of the dialyzer according to the monitoring data, and ensures that when the main dialyzer fails or has problems, the standby dialyzer can be immediately activated by setting two dialyzers, so as to ensure the continuity of the dialysis process and the safety of the patient.

The utility model relates to the field of medical instruments, in particular to a dilution system structure for hemodialysis, which comprises a front dilution loop, a rear dilution loop, a displacement liquid outlet, a dialyzer and a controller. Displacement liquid of the displacement liquid outlet flows into the dialyzer through the front dilution loop, and dialysate flowing out of the dialyzer and the displacement liquid of the displacement liquid outlet flow into a human body through the rear dilution loop; the front dilution loop comprises a front dilution displacement pump, and the rear dilution loop comprises a rear dilution displacement pump; the problems that existing hemodialysis synchronous mixing and diluting treatment effects are poor and flexibility is poor are solved. The operation modes of the front dilution replacement pump and the rear dilution replacement pump are changed through the connection mode of the front dilution loop and the rear dilution loop, and flexible adjustment of the dialysis mode is achieved; the hemodialysis treatment effect can be effectively improved by monitoring the hemodialysis process in real time and automatically adjusting the hemodialysis parameters according to the monitoring result.

The invention discloses a dialysate regeneration system and dialysis equipment, the dialysate regeneration system comprises a waste liquid passage, a slow flow box, an electromagnetic valve, a reactor and an adsorption mechanism, the waste liquid passage is in through connection with the slow flow box, the slow flow box is connected with the reactor through a pipeline, and the pipeline is provided with the electromagnetic valve. The fixing amount of a urease layer is increased through the treatment film with the three cambered surfaces, the urea decomposition efficiency is improved, the diffusion path of toxins on the treatment film is shortened, meanwhile, the treatment film with the cambered surface structure can guide dialysis waste liquid entering the reactor to generate local turbulence, and the toxins are prevented from being accumulated on the surface of the treatment film; the dialyzer is arranged, the micro horse is started to drive the hollow fiber to rotate, the material exchange efficiency of blood and dialysate is improved, and the situation that protein and cells are deposited on the surface of the hollow fiber, and the service life of the hollow fiber is shortened is avoided.

A dialysis fluid generation apparatus is provided with a fluid circuit including a main fluid line having an inlet for receiving water, a pump to pump fluid in the main fluid line, a plurality of valves configurable to define different fluid paths for the fluid inside the fluid circuit. A control unit is configured to execute a dialysis fluid preparation procedure comprising a first a second concentrate mixing sequence, wherein, during execution of the first concentrate mixing sequence, the control unit is configured to control a first dosing pump flow rate based on the received signals relating to the property of the mixture of water and first concentrate in the main fluid line and, during execution of the second concentrate mixing sequence, to control a second dosing pump flow rate based on the received signals relating to the property of the mixture of water, first concentrate and second concentrate in the main fluid line.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, and discloses an intelligent temperature control and flow control system for hemodialysis, which comprises a dialysis pipeline shunting shell; the two main pipelines are arranged in the dialysis pipeline shunting shell, and a plurality of slave pipelines are arranged between the two main pipelines; when the flow rate of the liquid is low, the slave pipeline is far away from the heating component, the temperature of the liquid cannot rise too fast under the condition that the flow rate is low, the knob part can move to the slave pipeline when controlling the valve component to increase the flow rate of the liquid, and the slave pipeline moves close to the heating component. The distance between the auxiliary pipeline and the temperature rising component is reduced, when the flow rate of liquid with large flow is high, the auxiliary pipeline gets close to the temperature rising component, heat generated by the temperature rising component can be better received by the auxiliary pipeline and conducted to the liquid, and the flow adjusting system and the temperature control system can cooperate to achieve the purpose that the flow adjusting system and the temperature control system work together. A preset temperature value can be provided for the dialysis liquid all the time when the flow is increased or decreased.

The present invention relates to the technical field of cefotaxime acid, and discloses a clean recovery process of cefotaxime acid mother liquor, wherein the mother liquor produced by preparing cefotaxime acid is filtered and treated by a nanofiltration membrane system to obtain a concentrated solution and a dialyzate; the concentrated solution is separated to obtain cefotaxime acid; the dialysate is pumped into the middle of a distillation tower through a raw material pump, and steam permeates to obtain high-purity ethanol. The pervaporation membrane device of the present invention dehydrates ethanol to a chemically pure level in one step, and has simple operation, high recovery rate and low energy consumption. After the clean recovery process, the purity of cefotaxime acid reaches more than 99.5%, and the purity of ethanol reaches more than 99.5%.

The hemodialysis device comprises a dialysis equipment body, a dialysate tank and a waste liquid tank, a dialyzer, a blood pump and a heparin pump are arranged on the outer side of the dialysis equipment body, and the top and the bottom of the dialyzer communicate with an arterial communicating pipe and a venous communicating pipe correspondingly; the lower portion and the upper portion of the dialyzer are communicated with a dialysate inlet pipe and a waste liquid discharge pipe respectively, a groove is formed in the dialysis equipment body, the blood pump comprises a driving motor, a sliding groove is formed in the outer portion of the dialysis equipment body, and a pushing plate is jointly slidably connected into the groove and the sliding groove. And a linkage mechanism is arranged between the pushing plate and the output shaft of the driving motor. When the blood pump is started to enable blood in the body of a patient to enter the dialysate tank through the arterial communicating pipe to be purified, the push plate can slowly push the piston rod upwards to squeeze a heparin agent in the cylinder into the arterial communicating pipe; and the supply amount of the heparin agent can be automatically adjusted according to the flow of blood entering the arterial communicating pipe.

The utility model discloses CRRT equipment, and relates to the technical field of medical instruments. The CRRT equipment comprises a plurality of functional modules, and each functional module is provided with an independent control display unit and an independent driving pump and can independently realize respective functions. Each function module is relatively small in size, small in occupied space and convenient to carry and place in special scenes such as an ambulance, a mountain top disaster relief area, a battlefield first-line, a ship and a warship for use. The heparin pump module, the dialysate pump module, the displacement liquid pump module, the blood pump module and the waste liquid pump module can be independently used as independent modules and can also be used in a combined mode. During combined use, the heparin pump module, the dialysate pump module, the displacement liquid pump module and the waste liquid pump module are all in communication connection with the blood pump module and are used for blood purification treatment; when the medical transfusion bag is independently used, various requirements of emergency blood transfusion, transfusion and nutrition delivery in special scenes such as ambulances, mountain top disaster relief areas, first-line battlefields, ships, warships and the like can be met.

The invention discloses multi-layer filtration blood purification dialysis equipment, and relates to the technical field related to hemodialysis, through a hollow fiber membrane, multi-layer filtration and pressure regulation collaboration are integrated, and a nanofiber membrane, anion resin, activated carbon and a molecular sieve adsorption layer of which the pore diameters are gradually decreased are integrated in each filter tube; the removal rates of urea, creatinine and phosphorus respectively reach 92%, 88% and 78% and are improved by 25%-40% compared with single-stage filtration, the repeated utilization rate of dialysate is improved to 75% or above, the consumption of single treatment is reduced to 25% of that of conventional equipment, meanwhile, through arrangement of a pressure valve, the waste liquid discharge amount is accurately matched with the toxin accumulation rate, and the treatment effect is improved. The concentration fluctuation of dialysate metabolites is controlled within + / -10%, and the KT / V value is stabilized to be 1.3 or above.

The present invention discloses a hemodialysis fluid balance control method, device, electronic device, and medium, relating to the technical field of intelligent regulation. The hemodialysis fluid balance control method includes: in response to a patient experiencing a hypotensive event, determining whether the hypotensive event is caused by a hypoglycemic event; if the hypotensive event is caused by a hypoglycemic event, switching the patient's dialysate from a sugar-free dialysate to a sugar-containing dialysate; monitoring the patient's real-time blood glucose concentration; and controlling the dialysate flow rate during the patient's dialysis based on the real-time blood glucose concentration. The embodiments of the present application achieve the goal of reducing interference with hemodialysis while ensuring compensation for hypoglycemia.

The invention discloses a dialysate supply device for hemodialysis, which comprises a tank body, a partition plate, a material storage tank, a liquid storage box, a stirring rod and a power mechanism, and is provided with a feeding mechanism, a liquid discharge mechanism and a supply device, the feeding mechanism performs lifting reciprocating motion through a first conical block and a second conical block which are driven by a cam; quantitative closed feeding of dialysis dry powder is achieved, the problem that a traditional blade cuts a dry powder bag to cause scrap pollution is solved, a liquid discharging mechanism adopts a double-column-shaped shell to be matched with a piston plate and a one-way valve and is in linkage with a feeding mechanism, medicine liquid is synchronously and quantitatively extracted, and a supply device utilizes a floating block to ascend and descend along with the liquid level, and a sealing block is driven to be opened and closed through an adjusting rod. According to the automatic feeding device for the dialysis dry powder, the dialysis dry powder is accurately metered, mixed and fed, and the preparation quality of the dialysis liquid and the clinical use safety are improved.

This disclosure relates to systems for medical fluid pumps and related methods. In some implementations, a system includes a system for draining fluid from a peritoneal cavity of a patient comprising a microfluidic pump; a drain bag fluidly coupled to the microfluidic pump; and an inlet line coupled to the drain bag, wherein the microfluidic pump is configured to apply a negative pressure to an interior of the drain bag to draw effluent from a peritoneal cavity of the patient along the inlet line and into the drain bag. In some implementations, a system for performing peritoneal dialysis includes a microfluidic pump; a dual chamber bag fluidly coupled to the microfluidic pump, where the dual chamber bag includes an effluent chamber configured to be fluidly coupled to a peritoneal cavity of a patient; a dialysate chamber; and a flexible membrane separating the effluent chamber from the dialysate chamber.

The invention discloses a peritoneal dialysis system which comprises an abdominal cavity pipeline with the first end communicated with the abdominal cavity of a human body; the semi-permeable membrane assembly comprises a membrane, a first side and a second side, the first side and the second side are separated by the membrane, and the first side is communicated with the second end of the abdominal cavity pipeline so as to receive the abdominal cavity dialysate from the abdominal cavity pipeline and inject the abdominal cavity dialysate into the abdominal cavity of the human body; the external liquid path system comprises an external liquid pipeline communicated with the second side, and the external liquid pipeline comprises a waste liquid outlet for outputting dialysis waste liquid led out from the peritoneal dialysis liquid through the membrane; when the peritoneal dialysis solution is led out, the membrane allows moisture and small molecular solutes in the peritoneal dialysis solution to permeate into the second side and entraps a macromolecular penetrant on the first side so as to maintain the osmotic pressure of the peritoneal dialysis solution.

A system includes an extracorporeal blood treatment device and a heat exchanger for heat exchange between dialysate flowing from the extracorporeal blood treatment device and permeate to be supplied to the extracorporeal blood treatment device. The extracorporeal blood treatment device and the heat exchanger are configured as separate devices.

The invention provides a preparation for blood purification and a preparation method and application thereof.The preparation is in a solid state or a liquid state, L-malic acid serves as a pH regulator of the preparation, calcium citrate and calcium chloride are used for providing total calcium, the total calcium addition value of the preparation is 1.0-1.5 mmol / L, and the total calcium addition value of the preparation is 1.0-1.5 mmol / L. A dialysate for clinical application of the preparation contains ionized calcium and molecular calcium at the same time, the molar concentration ratio of the ionized calcium to the molecular calcium is 2-6, the ratio of the total calcium addition value to the molar concentration of the citrate radical is 10-12, the molar concentration ratio of the citrate radical to the L-malic acid is 0.05-0.15, and the molar concentration ratio of the citric acid radical to the L-malic acid is 0.05-0.15. The calcium chloride, the calcium citrate and the L-malic acid are reasonably proportioned, so that the supply of 80-85% of effective free calcium can be realized on the premise of ensuring a low total calcium addition value, thereby obviously reducing adverse reactions caused by low calcium or high calcium in the dialysis process, and effectively preventing and controlling dialysis syndromes and the problem of calcium ion disorder possibly occurring after dialysis.

The dialyzer comprises a shell, a first end cover and a second end cover are arranged at the two ends of the shell respectively, and a hollow fiber membrane is arranged in the shell; sealants are respectively arranged at two ends of the hollow fiber membrane; the first end cover is provided with an artery connector, the second end cover is provided with a vein connector, and the two ends of the shell are provided with a dialysate inlet and a dialysate outlet respectively. A flow guide device is arranged in the blood chamber between the first end cover and the hollow fiber membrane and used for adjusting the distribution rule of blood flowing in from the artery connector in the blood chamber. According to the dialyzer disclosed by the utility model, the distribution rule of blood flowing in from the artery interface in the blood chamber is adjusted by utilizing the flow guide device, so that the blood can enter the hollow fiber membranes in different areas more uniformly; according to the hollow fiber membrane, the flow distribution of blood in the hollow fiber membrane is more matched with the flow distribution of dialysate outside the hollow fiber membrane, so that the diffusion degree between the blood and the dialysate can be improved, and the toxin clearance rate and the dialysis efficiency are improved.

The utility model relates to a multifunctional infusion support for peritoneal dialysis, which comprises a support body, the support body comprises a first rod and a second rod, the second rod is telescopically matched with the first rod, the infusion support further comprises a shelving part, the shelving part is connected with the first rod, and a reference body is arranged on the shelving part. By arranging the first rod and the second rod, the height can be freely adjusted according to illness conditions, and the flow speed of dialysate can be conveniently controlled; the peritoneal dialysis waste liquid bag can be conveniently placed through the arrangement of the placing part, stumbling traction is reduced, infection factors are reduced, meanwhile, the brightness of peritoneal dialysis liquid can be identified through the arrangement of the reference body, and the quality of the peritoneal dialysis liquid can be rapidly evaluated.

The method comprises the following steps: S1, adding a formic acid-sodium formate solution into raw material powder, carrying out high-temperature oil bath, cooling to room temperature, carrying out suction filtration to obtain a supernatant A containing xylooligosaccharide, repeatedly cleaning and carrying out suction filtration until the extracted liquid is neutral, and drying at low temperature to obtain the xylooligosaccharide powder; pre-treated lignin raw materials are obtained; s2, putting the supernate into a dialysis bag, and magnetically stirring to obtain primary dialysis liquid B; s3, putting the preliminary dialysis liquid B into a dialysis bag, and magnetically stirring to obtain dialysis liquid C; s4, concentrating the dialysis liquid C to obtain concentrated liquid D; and S5, pre-freezing the concentrated liquid D, and freeze-drying the sample to obtain xylooligosaccharide powder E. According to the method, formic acid-sodium formate is used as a catalytic medium, different acid concentrations and molar ratios are adopted, high-temperature oil bath and dialysis freeze-drying are utilized for two-step extraction, and the yield of xylooligosaccharide after catalysis is obviously increased.

The disclosure relates to systems and methods for increasing the functional capabilities of a sorbent-based dialysis system. The systems and methods allow for the mode of operation of the dialysis system to be switched between single pass mode and a sorbent based multi-pass mode by controlling an amount of water added to the dialysate between 0% to 100% of the dialysate flow rate.

The invention relates to the technical field of peritoneal dialysis in the nephrology department, and discloses a peritoneal dialysis catheter anti-blocking device in the nephrology department, the peritoneal dialysis catheter anti-blocking device comprises a peritoneal dialysis catheter, an inflow tube and an anti-blocking mechanism are fixedly installed outside the peritoneal dialysis catheter, a rotating shaft is rotatably connected to the interior of a drainage tube, and propeller blades are fixedly installed outside the rotating shaft. An equipment box is fixedly mounted on the right side of the drainage tube, and a micro motor is fixedly mounted in the equipment box. According to the anti-blocking device for the peritoneal dialysis catheter in the nephrology department, when the micro motor drives the rotating shaft to rotate, the propeller blades slowly stir dialysate in the peritoneal dialysis catheter, and a directional vortex is formed; according to the design, liquid flowing is accelerated, protein, blood components and mineral substances are effectively prevented from being adsorbed or precipitated on the tube wall, the problem of blockage caused by standing is solved, meanwhile, the process does not need to depend on drugs, the operation process is simplified, early-stage tiny sediments can be preventively removed, and the catheter is kept unobstructed.

The present invention relates to a control or regulation device (150) configured to control or regulate the operation of a blood treatment device (100) for treating a patient during a blood treatment period wherein the blood treatment device (100) is connected to an extracorporeal blood circuit (300) and to a blood treatment device, such as a dialyzer (303) or a blood filter. The blood treatment apparatus (100) further comprises a dialysis liquid inlet line (104) and a dialysis liquid outlet line (102), a heating device (162) for heating the dialysis liquid, and one or more temperature sensors (165a, 165b) wherein at least a first temperature sensor (165a) is arranged downstream of the blood treatment device and / or downstream of the dialysis liquid inlet line (104) and at least a second temperature sensor (165b) is arranged downstream of the dialysis liquid outlet line (102). A first temperature value (T1) of a first liquid flowing prior to the dialysis liquid inlet line (104) is determined for determining a second temperature value (T2) of a second liquid flowing prior to the dialysis liquid inlet line (104). Here, the control or regulation device (150) is configured to increase or set the temperature of the dialysis liquid using the heating device (162) on the basis of a first temperature value (T1) determined by the first temperature sensor (165a).

This utility model relates to the field of packaging and sealing technology, and discloses a peritoneal dialysis fluid packaging and sealing machine, including a support plate. A slide rail is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the support plate, and a slider is fixedly connected to the upper surface of the slide rail. A clamping assembly is provided outside the slider, the clamping assembly including a clamping plate. The clamping plate is disposed outside the slider, and a connecting rod two is fixedly connected to the outer wall of the clamping plate. A fixing post one is rotatably connected to one end of the outer wall of the connecting rod two, and a fixing post two is rotatably connected to one end of the connecting rod two. A connecting rod three is rotatably connected to the outer wall of the fixing post one. In this utility model, the clamping plate stably clamps the packaging bag by driving the gears and connecting rods through a motor. Combined with the sliding of the slider on the slide rail, the packaging bag can be accurately transported to the sealing position, improving the stability of clamping and transporting, ensuring accurate positioning of the packaging bag during the sealing process, reducing sealing deviations caused by displacement, and improving sealing quality.

A medical fluid management assembly includes a pneumatic manifold, at least one valve, and a fluid manifold. The pneumatic manifold includes at least one pneumatic passageway that is pneumatically connected to the at least one valve. The fluid manifold includes at least one chamber comprising upper and lower fluid chambers separated by a flexible membrane. The fluid manifold also includes fluid tube sections and fluid pathways that fluidly couple the one or more upper and lower fluid chambers to the at least one valve and at least one of a purified water line, a liquid concentrate line, a to-extracorporeal circuit fresh dialysis fluid line, a drain line, or a from-extracorporeal circuit used dialysis fluid line.

This invention discloses an open, non-contact liquid heating method, comprising: collecting temperature data of multiple points of dialysis fluid and heating unit, and obtaining flow rate deviation and temperature sensor consistency deviation indices during dialysis fluid infusion; preprocessing the temperature data to obtain a stable multi-source temperature data sequence; fusing the multi-source temperature data to obtain the dialysis fluid characterization temperature, and analyzing it in conjunction with temperature change characteristics, flow rate deviation, and temperature sensor consistency deviation indices to construct a system state characterization quantity; identifying the heating stage based on the system state characterization quantity, using the dialysis fluid characterization temperature as the control target, generating heating control quantities according to the heating stage, and introducing compensation corrections when the flow rate changes; performing anomaly detection based on the system state characterization quantity, and jointly judging it in conjunction with the flow rate deviation and temperature sensor consistency deviation indices, generating anomaly scores based on the judgment results, and outputting corresponding hierarchical control strategies.

The present application relates to an extracorporeal blood treatment system (50) for treating a subject, the system comprising: an extracorporeal blood circuit (52); a dialysate fluid circuit (54); the extracorporeal blood circuit and the dialysate fluid circuit being separated by a membrane (56) of a filtration unit (58); at least one blood pump (60) for controlling the flow of blood through the blood circuit; at least one dialysate fluid pump (62) for controlling the flow of dialysate fluid through the dialysate fluid circuit (54); a system computing unit (64) operatively connected to the blood pump and to the dialysate fluid pump, the system computing unit having at least one input; wherein the system computing unit is adapted to receive a desired blood concentration of glutamine GLN b , to receive a desired blood concentration of glucose GLUCOSE b , and to receive a desired blood concentration of ketone bodies KETONE b ; the system computing unit being adapted to control the blood pump and the dialysate fluid pump such that an actual concentration value of glutamine GLN a is driven to approach GLN b , and an actual concentration value of glucose GLUCOSE a is driven to approach D b , and an actual concentration value of ketone bodies is driven to approach KETONE a . The present application relates to a treatment device for use in an extracorporeal blood treatment system, a method for treating cancer using the system, a controller for controlling the method and a dialysis liquid suitable for use in the method.

A renal failure therapy system includes a dialyzer; a blood circuit in fluid communication with the dialyzer; a dialysis fluid circuit in fluid communication with the dialyzer; a housing supporting the dialyzer, the blood circuit and the dialysis fluid circuit; and at least one electrical socket held by the housing, the electrical socket providing a voltage output dedicated to a particular voltage type of external electrical device for powering or charging the external electrical device, the at least one electrical socket including electrical insulation for protecting a patient while powering the external electrical device.