1877 results about "Osmotic pressure" patented technology

An energy efficient desalination process that does not produce waste products involves the extraction of water from a first solution, such as seawater, by using a second concentrated solution to draw the water from the first solution across a semi-permeable membrane. By manipulating the equilibrium of the soluble and insoluble species of solute within the second solution in favor of the soluble species of the solute, a saturated second solution can be used to generate osmotic pressure on the first solution. Also, by adjusting the equilibrium in favor of the less soluble species after the water has been drawn from the first solution, a portion of the solute can easily be precipitated out. Heating the second solution decomposes the solute into its constituent gasses. The constituent gasses and precipitated solute may be recycled through the process to affect the changes in equilibrium and eliminate waste products. Additionally, by using the waste steam from industrial sources and a heat pump to effectively distribute heat through the present method, the present method exhibits greater energy efficiency than prior art methods.

Implantable osmotic pump devices and systems include multiple osmotic pumps and/or semipermeable membranes to extend the useful life cycle and functionality of the drug delivery system. Use of an implantable system including multiple implantable osmotic pumps allows different drugs to be administered from the same implanted system. One or more of the semipermeable membranes of the system may be initially sealed by an overlying impermeable membrane upon implantation of the system into the patient. When the patient develops a tolerance to a first drug or to a first dose of the first drug, the impermeable membrane may be breached, to expose the underlying semipermeable membrane to the osmotic pressure of the patient at the implant site. This causes the infusion rate to increase, thereby providing the patient with the needed relief and/or other desired therapeutic effect. In the case of a multiple pump system, breaching an impermeable membrane may cause the infusion of a second drug. The second drug may potentiate a therapeutic effect (such as an analgesic effect) of the first drug, as is the case with Sufentanil and Clonidine.

A method is provided for the determination of the concentration of compounds in body tissue and fluids. The method utilises two compartments containing reference solutions, which are separated from the sample by two different semi-permeable membranes, in a serial manner, whereby a difference in osmotic pressure occurs in the two compartments due to compounds, which can permeate one of the membranes, but not the other. The difference in osmotic pressure reflects the concentration of these compounds. The method is especially suited for analysis of the concentration of glucose in blood or tissue of diabetic patients, where a device is implanted underneath the skin of the patient and where the method is carried out by using the implanted device.

A novel sleep regulating pharmaceutical formulation is introduced, typically implementing two principal drugs having actions which are reversive to one another, yet incorporated into a unitary solid dosage, and prepared for oral administration before bedtime. Usually, structure is configured to initially release a calmative or other sleep-compatible substance by prompt dissolution. The initial release is followed by a specific period of delay, which in basic formulations entails no release of any drug, and which allows a nominal interval of sleep. At the terminus of the delay, a final agent is released to induce wakeup. Incorporation of agents of opposite action within a unitary dosage form renders utility which is uniquely appropriate to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, delay of release and final delivery of wakeup agent are arranged by a dialysis membrane which eventually bursts as a result of osmotic pressure generated by a hydrophilic core.

The present invention pertains to an apparatus and method for treating a solution of high osmotic strength, especially seawater and solutions of greater than 20 bar osmotic pressure, by passing the solution through a vessel containing spiral wound reverse osmosis or nanofiltration elements. The vessel contains at least three elements in series and at least two of these elements have standard specific fluxed that differ by at least 50%. The invention allows a more even flux distribution within a filtration system to be obtained, and it may advantageously be combined with variations en element construction and feed spacers.

A surgical technique wherein an indwelling shunt is placed in the eye of a patient having glaucoma. The shunt diverts aqueous humor from a deep scleral lake or directly from the anterior chamber to the suprachoroidal space from which it is removed by blood flowing in the choroidal and uveal tissues. This decreases the intra-ocular pressure. The indwelling shunt maintains the area of exposure of aqueous humor with the uvea by physically preventing scarring of the surrounding tissues. The method utilizes the 25 mm Hg driving force of the protein colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood to maximize the flow.

A method and apparatus for renewable power generation utilizes the chemical potential dissimilarity between solutions of differing ionic formulations. A train is formed by a sequentially ordered set of a plurality of cells in which each successive cell is related to the preceding cell. Each cell has pumping means and hydro-power generation turbine means to form a closed hydraulic loop configured for specified volumetric and flow capacity. Adjacent cells share semipermeable membranes. Each cell is charged with a brine of specified ionizable inorganic salt quantity and type with the brine being cycled in a controlled concentration-pressure loop, with each of the cells operating at progressively increasing concentration and osmotic pressure ratio. A continuous and constant flow rate of substantially salt-free permeate flux is maintained across each cell, the flux being osmotically induced from low salt concentration water being fed at the first cell in the train and exiting at the last cell along with the discarded high concentration water brine. The salt-free permeate flux is continuously induced, in symbiotic mode, through the shared membranes, driven by the chemical influence of concentration potential field bounded by water of low to no salt concentration on one end of the train and by brine of high salt concentration on the other end of the train with sufficient concentration difference to provide driving force for said plurality of cells, while maintaining adequate concentration difference between adjacent cells to enhance osmosis function, as well as defining a concentration ratio within each cell to ensure a net positive power generation.

The invention discloses a Schizochytrium sp., which has a category name of Schizochytrium sp., is preserved in Common Microorganisms Center of China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms and has a preservation number of CCTCC No.209059. The invention also discloses a method for producing DHA lipa by using the Schizochytrium sp. The method optimizes a strain fermentation medium from the perspectives of osmotic pressure and element supply and combines a fed-batch strategy to achieve high-density fermentation of microalgae, thus the final dry cell weight reaches 70 grams per liter, the lipa content reaches 31.5 grams per liter, and the DHA accounts for more than 35 percent of the total fatty acid content. All indexes of the DHA essential oil obtained by the method accord with the standard of food additives, and the DHA essential oil contains a bioactive substance of squalene. The method has the advantages of simple entire process, convenient operation, and high biomass and DHA content, reduces the fermentation cost, and is suitable for industrial production.

The invention discloses a device for testing the durability of a water pressure resistant grouted rock, which comprises a pressure chamber, a control cabinet, heating equipment, pressurizing equipment, measuring equipment and accessory equipment, wherein the heating equipment can supply a stable heat source for the pressure chamber; the pressurizing equipment can provide confining pressure and osmotic pressure for the pressure chamber; the pressure chamber can apply an axial pressure by means of a universal test, is corrosion resistant and can realize annular and vertical penetration tests of three kinds of standard samples of different dimensions at different temperatures and pressures; the measuring equipment can realize accurate measurement of temperature, pressure and flow rate; and the control cabinet can realize the accurate control of pressure and temperature. The device can be used for indoor researches on the durability of tunnel water pressure resistant grouted rock or dam impervious curtain in an environment of high-water-pressure and corrosive environment, and at the same time, realizes the researches on the change rule of the permeability of a rock sample under the coupled actions of a temperature field, a seepage field, a stress field and a chemical field.

The invention relates to a mixed gel of polylactic acid microspheres and cross-linked hyaluronic acid for injection and a preparation method of the mixed gel. The polylactic acid microspheres have the molecular weight of 15000-120000 and the average particle size of 10-150mu m, and the mass fraction of the polylactic acid microspheres in the mixed gel is 5-25%; a salt solution of the cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel is obtained by swelling and balancing the cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel in a sodium chloride solution or a phosphate buffer solution with the osmotic pressure of 250-350mOsmol/L and the pH value of 6.5-7.5; the cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel is a hyaluronic acid gel cross-linked by divinyl sulfone or glycidyl ether. A mixed gel product of polylactic acid and cross-linked hyaluronic acid, obtained by directly mixing the polylactic acid microspheres with the cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel obtained by swelling and balancing in the salt solution is uniform, fine, long in partial retention time, good in plasticity and few in side effects, has an obvious effect on eliminating wrinkles, and has few operation steps and stable product quality.

The invention discloses a visual model testing device and method for simulating water gushing in a tunnel. The device comprises a model test box, a water tank, a high-pressure water pump, a flow meter, a runoff flow and filling collecting device, a digital photographing non-contact measuring system, an osmotic pressure monitoring system, a fiber grating displacement monitoring system and the like. The testing device is characterized in that the catastrophe evolution process of water gushing in the tunnel is simulated, and anti-gushing rock mass crack growth and water gushing channel formation during water gushing can be directly observed. The device can quantitatively research water gushing behavior of the tunnel under different water pressure, different lithological characters and different thicknesses of anti-gushing rock masses, acquire coupling information of multiple fields such as stress fields, displacement fields, seepage fields and the like during water gushing of the tunnel, determine formation processes and forms of water gushing channels under the effect of different factors, disclose mechanical characteristics and evolution laws in anti-gushing rock mass structure progressive failure processes and provide an effective basis for the tunnel water gushing disaster incoming criterion and the minimum safe thickness analysis method.

A method of converting thermal energy into mechanical work that uses a semi-permeable membrane to convert osmotic pressure into electrical power. A closed cycle pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process known as an osmotic heat engine (OHE) uses a concentrated ammonia-carbon dioxide draw solution to create high osmotic pressures which generate water flux through a semi-permeable membrane against a hydraulic pressure gradient. The depressurization of the increased draw solution volume in a turbine produces electrical power. The process is maintained in steady state operation through the separation of the diluted draw solution into a re-concentrated draw solution and deionized water working fluid, both for reuse in the osmotic heat engine.

Direct-osmosis (DO) method for cleaning a semi-permeable membrane in a RO separation module, the membrane having a feed side with foulant located thereon, and an opposite permeate side. A normal RO separation process in the same module includes: feeding, under gauge pressure PGr, raw saline solution having osmotic pressure POr to the membrane feed side; collecting permeate (solvent) having osmotic pressure POp from the permeate side, under gauge pressure PGp; and removing residual brine from the membrane feed side. The method comprises feeding to the feed side of the membrane, for a predetermined injection time, super saline solution having osmotic pressure POs>POr, such that backward flow of permeate towards the feed side of the membrane is provided so as to lift the foulant from the feed side.

The invention relates to a new coalbed gas thermal production process which is characterized in that full hot coke is arranged on the lower part of a coalbed gas production well or a gasification well, a gasification agent is pressed in so as to ignite a hole bottom coalbed; and the heat released from the combustion of part of the coalbed can heat up the adjacent coalbed, and improve the analysis capability, permeability coefficient and osmotic pressure of the coalbed, thereby improving the gas yield of the coalbed.

The invention relates to injection amphiphilic-microsphere-containing hyaluronic acid mixed gel and a preparation method thereof. The microsphere material relates to amphiphilic materials of PLLA-PEG, PLGA, PLGA-PEG and the like. The molecular weight of PLLA or PLGA is 10,000-500,000, the molecular weight of PEG is 1,000-10,000, and in PLGA, LA/GA=90/10-10/90. The average grain diameter of the microsphere is 1-200 [mu[m, and the mass percent of the microsphere in the gel is 1-50%; the gel is made from hyaluronic acid, divinyl sulphone crosslinked hyaluronic acid, or glycidyl ether crosslinked hyaluronic acid, the molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid is 100,000-3,000,000, and the mass percent of the hyaluronic acid is 1-50%. The gel can be also made from animal-derived collagen, chitosan, amino acid cellulose and sodium alginate. The microsphere mixed gel is prepared in a sodium chloride solution or a phosphate buffered solution with the osmotic pressure of 250-350 mOsm/L and pH of 6.5-7.5. According to the invention, the amphiphilic microsphere is directly mixed with hyaluronic acid gel, can be uniformly distributed in the gel easily, and is unlikely to aggregate into blocks in the water environment of a human body after being injected.

A branched dextrin insusceptible to digestion and having a low osmotic pressure, as well as a method for producing such a branched dextrin is provided. The branched dextrin characterized by having a structure wherein glucose or isomalto oligosaccharide is linked to a non-reducing terminal of a dextrin through an α-1,6 glucosidic bond and having a DE of 10 to 52. A method characterized in that, in a method for producing a branched dextrin by allowing maltose-generating amylase and transglucosidase to act on an aqueous dextrin solution, the maltose-generating amylase and transglucosidase are adjusted so as to attain an enzyme unit ratio of 2:1 to 44:1 and allowed to act.

The invention provides a new liquid aqueous drug preparation of an anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-alpha human monoclonal antibody for strengthening the stability, wherein antibody solution is stabilized and osmotic pressure is regulated by sorbitol; disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid monohydrate or sodium acetate/acetic acid is taken as a buffer agent, and preferably, the disodium hydrogen phosphate/citric acid monohydrate is taken as the buffer agent; and tween-20 is taken as a surfactant, so that antibody preparation is stable, and long in retention time, meanwhile, preparation components are simplified, and the preparation is prepared simply and conveniently.

Hypotonic formulations were evaluated for delivering water-soluble drugs and for drug delivery with muco-inert (that is, non-adhesive) mucus-penetrating nanoparticles (MPP). Hypotonic formulations markedly increased the rate at which drugs and MPP reached the epithelial surface, including deep into the vaginal folds. Minimally hypotonic formulations, preferably ranging from 20-220 mOsm/kg, provided rapid and uniform delivery of MPP to the entire vaginal surface, with minimal risk of epithelial toxicity. Data also show that there is a higher osmolality in the colon, such that vehicles with an osmolality above that of blood plasma (generally considered isotonic at ˜300 mOsm/kg), still lead to improvements in distribution in the colon due to rapid, osmotically-induced fluid absorption. The range for improved colon distribution with a hypotonic vehicle in the colon is ˜20 mOsm/kg-450 mOsm/kg.

The invention discloses an exfoliative cells preserving fluid which is prepared from a pH buffering agent, an osmotic pressure maintenance agent, preservatives, a fixing agent for maintaining cellular morphology, an anticoagulant, a mucus softener, an antimicrobial reagent, a cleaning agent, a humectant and red blood cell destroying components. The components in the preserving fluid are reasonable in proportioning, and the exfoliative cells can be preserved at a long time under normal temperature, wherein the longest time can reach 2 years; mucus can be sufficiently dissolved and the red cells can be partially destroyed; a film production effect is good, cellular distribution is very even, cellular morphology is perfect, cytoplasm and cell nucleus demarcation is distinct, gradation is clear, and cytoplasm and cell nucleus transparency is very good, and the exfoliative cells preserving fluid can be simultaneously used for the HPV-DNA (human papillomavirus-deoxyribonucleic acid), Chlamydia and immunohistochemical test; the special liquid base preserving fluid used for the cytologic examination of other parts can be provided, an imported product can be completely replaced, and the cellular constituent with diagnostic significance can be sufficiently preserved; and the exfoliative cells preserving fluid is low in configuration cost and easy to popularize.

The invention discloses an oxiracetam liposome injection which is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 1 part of oxiracetam, 3-18 parts of phospholipid, 1-12 parts of cholesterol, 0.5-7 parts of tween 80 and an appropriate amount of osmotic-pressure regulating agent and buffering solution. The oxiracetam liposome injection has the advantages of good stability, high entrapment rate, small toxic and side effects and simple preparation, and is suitable for clinical requirements.

Periodically operating a forward osmosis (FO) semi-permeable membrane element in reverse osmosis (RO), to yield product extraction on a feed side of the membrane, to flush out a concentration polarization (salt concentration of the feed side and dilution of draw solution on the draw side) across the membrane. Utilizing treated waste water to generate the flushing solution of low osmotic pressure, and gauge pressurizing the flushing solution to the gauge pressure of the draw solution to keep a constant gauge pressure of the solutions. FO process is interrupted every 5-20 minutes for a 10-60 seconds long flushing RO process, thereby increasing the FO throughput five fold and recovering power from the increased throughput, i.e. from the osmotic pressure of the brine.

The invention discloses anti-stress feed additives. The compositions of the anti-stress feed additives are: 15 to 30 percent of astragalus polysaccharides, 15 to 30 percent of radix scutellariae glucoside, 10 to 20 percent of pennyroyal wrappage, 10 to 20 percent of honeysuckle extract, 0.5 to 5 percent of vitamin C, 0.5 to 5 percent of vitamin E, 0.001 to 0.02 percent of chromium picolinate, 0.05 to 0.3 percent of zinc oxide, 0.1 to 1 percent of arginine, 1 to 5 percent of tryptophan, 1 to 5 percent of glutamine, 1 to 5 percent of sodium sulfate, 1 to 3 percent of calcium iodate, 1 to 3 percent of sodium selenite, 1 to 3 percent of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, the balance being auxiliary materials. The anti-stress feed additives are added into poultry feed according to the ratio of 0.1 to 0.3 percent. The anti-stress feed additives have the advantages that: firstly, the anti-stress feed additives can reinforce the anti-stress capability of poultry, and are particularly suitable for reinforcing the cold stress capability and the heat stress capability; secondly, the anti-stress feed additives can quickly replenish electrolyte loss caused by dehydration, and quickly recover the osmotic pressure of cells and adjust the acid-base balance in the body; and thirdly, the anti-stress feed additives can reinforce the anti-positioning capability of water bodies of the aquatic animals.

The present invention relates to compositions for electroporation which are useful in elevating percutaneous absorbability of drugs, etc. By controlling electrolyte concentration of compositions for electroporation so as to make an osmotic pressure of the compositions not more than a physical osmotic pressure, the percutaneous absorbability of drugs can be elevated.

The invention relates to a diluent for preserving porcine semen at normal temperature. A total solute of the diluent comprises 45 to 55 percent by weight of monose combination, 15 to 25 percent by weight of amino acid combination and 25 to 35 percent by weight of electrolyte, buffer, antioxidant, stabilizing agent and antibiotics. Various substances are dissolved in double distilled water and a volume of 1, 000 milliliters is fixed so as to finally make an osmotic pressure of the diluent in the range of 330 to 360mosmo/L and make a pH value of the diluent in the range of 6.3 to 6.5. After theporcine semen is preserved at normal temperature in the environment of the diluent of the invention for 5 to 7 days, the viability can still be kept over 0.6 and the acrosom entire rate can reach 85 percent. When the porcine semen preserved by adopting the diluent of the invention is used for mating on 260 sows, the conception rate and the litter size reach 90.2 percent and 10.7 respectively and reach or exceed the levels of the import diluent. The diluent of the invention replaces the import bovine serum albumin with the monose combination and the amino acid combination, but the cost of the diluent of the invention is only 1/3 of that of the import diluent, so the production cost of artificial insemination of swines is reduced greatly.