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25 results about "Dysprosium" patented technology

Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant of which is ¹⁶⁴Dy.

High-stability gyromagnetic ferrite material, and preparation method and processing equipment thereof

This invention discloses a method for preparing highly stable gyromagnetic ferrites, belonging to the field of magnetic material preparation technology. The method includes formulation preparation, multi-stage sand milling and granulation, molding and sintering, composite structure preparation, and precision machining steps. The formulation consists of VIII-series, IIIB-series, lanthanide-series, IVB-series, and VIIB-series metal oxides in a specific molar ratio, with rare earth nano-additives added to enhance lattice stability. Uniform slurry particle size is achieved through two-stage sand milling and spray granulation. A curved sintering process is used to control the temperature rise and oxygen content to obtain a high-density green body. A yttrium iron garnet or dysprosium iron garnet functional layer is formed on the surface of the green body by magnetron sputtering, constructing a multi-layer composite structure. Finally, a conductive modification layer is formed on the surface through integrated laser cutting and chemical mechanical polishing. The gyromagnetic ferrite material prepared by this method exhibits high saturation magnetization, low high-frequency loss, and excellent thermal stability, making it suitable for 5G communication, radar, and high-frequency microwave devices.
Owner:DONGYANG FIRST MAGNETICS CO LTD

A temperature measuring method and device for the internal flow channel of a heat exchanger

The application discloses a temperature measuring method and device for the internal flow channel of a heat exchanger. The method comprises the following steps: taking dysprosium and erbium co-doped quartz optical fiber as a temperature sensing element; exciting rare earth ions in the optical fiber to generate characteristic fluorescence; collecting dysprosium and erbium fluorescence signals; obtaining the fluorescence lifetime of dysprosium and comparing it with a characteristic threshold to obtain a temperature classification; based on the temperature classification, different segmented weighted fusion algorithms are respectively used to calculate the sensor temperature; when the temperature classification is consistent with the calculation result of the weighted fusion algorithm, the calculation result is output; when the temperature classification is not consistent with the calculation result of the weighted fusion algorithm, the calculation result is used to correct the temperature classification, and the segmented weighted fusion algorithm is called by using the corrected temperature classification to obtain a measured result. The application can improve the accuracy of temperature measurement.
Owner:ZHONGLU ZHONGKE ENERGY STORAGE TECH CO LTD

A method for mineralizing and recovering dysprosium ions from Bacillus pasteurization

This invention provides a method for mineralizing and recovering dysprosium ions from Bacillus pasteurellii, comprising the following steps: 1) Cell culture: Activated Bacillus pasteurellii is inoculated into CASO liquid medium and cultured for 22-26 hours, then centrifuged to collect the cell bodies; 2) Induced mineralization of Bacillus pasteurellii: The cell bodies collected in step 1) are mixed with a calcium source, urea, and dysprosium ions (Dysprosium). 3+ The dysprosium-containing precipitate was obtained by incubation with an inducing solution and filtration. This invention belongs to the field of bio-environmental protection technology. The method for mineralizing and recovering dysprosium ions using Bacillus pasteurellium provided by this invention can efficiently mineralize rare earth ions Dysprosium. 3+ No need to deal with Dy 3+ After pretreatment of the solution and biomineralization, the dysprosium-containing precipitate can be directly obtained by filtration without centrifugation, making the operation simple. 3+ The recovery rate is as high as 98.4%.
Owner:JIANGXI UNIV OF SCI & TECH

Preparation method of occlusal plate based on force-induced luminescent material

The application discloses a preparation method of a bite plate based on a force-induced luminescent material. It belongs to the technical field of oral bite plates and can prepare a bite plate capable of directly and real-timely converting bite force into a visible light signal through a simple process, so that the visualization and semi-quantitative detection of bite contact are realized. The preparation method of the bite plate based on the force-induced luminescent material is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps: (1) synthesizing europium / dysprosium co-doped strontium aluminate force-induced luminescent material SAOED by using a high-temperature solid-phase method, wherein the doping concentration of europium is 2%, and the doping concentration of dysprosium is 1%; (2) mixing the SAOED powder obtained in the step (1) with denture powder according to a mass ratio of 1:7, adding ethanol for dispersion and grinding; (3) adding denture water in a proportion corresponding to the denture powder to the mixture in the step (2), uniformly stirring, and then performing compression molding; and (4) performing water bath heating solidification on the compression molded material, and then performing polishing to obtain the bite plate.
Owner:HANGZHOU CHENGXI HOSPITAL OF STOMATOLOGY CO LTD

Antiferroelectric containing dysprosium and a manufacturing method thereof

An antiferroelectric and a method for manufacturing an antiferroelectric are disclosed herein. The antiferroelectric may have high permittivity and breakdown voltage by having a PbxLa1-x([Zr1-YSnY]ZTi1-Z) composition. The manufacturing of the antiferroelectric may be performed through appropriate mixing and dysprosium addition.
Owner:HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD +2

A dysprosium-based magnetoelectric compound with magnetoelectric behavior, its preparation method, and its applications.

PendingCN122080033ATypical electrical properties of magnetic field controlMagnetic field modulates electrical properties significantlyOrganic/organic-metallic materials magnetismGroup 3/13 element organic compoundsPhysical chemistryDysprosium
This application relates to the field of functional materials preparation technology, specifically to a dysprosium-based magnetoelectric compound with magneto-controlled electrical behavior constructed using chiral proline as a ligand, its preparation method, and its application. This dysprosium-based magnetoelectric compound allows for the modulation of its electrical properties using a magnetic field. This dysprosium-based magnetoelectric compound addresses the limitations of molecular-based magnetoelectric coupling materials and their demanding preparation conditions. It is an eight-coordinate dysprosium-based molecular magnetoelectric material that simultaneously exhibits slow magnetic relaxation behavior and magnetic field-controlled electrical properties. The resulting magnetoelectric properties can significantly improve the information storage density of non-volatile memories and contribute to improving the performance of molecular spintronic devices. Its unique performance advantages not only help overcome the performance bottlenecks of traditional silicon-based electronic devices but also provide a new breakthrough for the fundamental research and application development of magnetoelectric materials.
Owner:TIANJIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY

A method using In 3+ Doping control of SrGa2O4:Dy 3+ Methods for assessing the luminescence properties of phosphors

PendingCN122357136AAir atmosphereIndium
This invention discloses a method utilizing In 3+ Doping control of SrGa2O4:Dy 3+ The method for determining the luminescent properties of phosphors includes the following steps: 1. Based on the chemical formula: Sr 1‑x Ga 2‑y O4:xDy 3+ ,yIn 3+ Strontium carbonate, gallium oxide, dysprosium oxide, and indium oxide were weighed out as raw materials according to the following molar ratios: 1. The weighed raw materials were placed in an agate mortar, and alcohol was added to assist grinding, ensuring thorough mixing of the sample. 2. The uniformly mixed raw materials were poured into an alumina crucible, covered, and placed in a muffle furnace. The mixture was heated to 1400 °C and sintered at this temperature for 10 hours in an air atmosphere. 3. After sintering at this temperature, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. 4. The cooled sample was removed, ground, and sieved through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain In. 3+ With Dy 3+ Co-doped SrGa2O4 yellow phosphor. The phosphor prepared by this method shows significant improvements in both luminescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime.
Owner:ANYANG NORMAL UNIV +1

Low dielectric ultra-low loss high temperature stable dysprosium and zinc niobate co-doped barium titanate ceramic and method of making

This invention discloses a low-dielectric-value, ultra-low-loss, high-temperature-stability barium titanate and zinc niobate co-doped barium titanate ceramic, and its preparation method. The ceramic material has the general formula 0.85BaTiO3-0.15ZnNb2O6-xDy2O3, where x ranges from 0.008 to 0.02. It is prepared using a traditional solid-state sintering method, which is simple, reproducible, and has a high yield. This invention introduces Zn into the BaTiO3 matrix. 2+ 、Nb 5+ and Dy 3+ Multi-doping was performed to achieve lattice manipulation and defect engineering in the BaTiO3 matrix. When x=0.15, the resulting ceramic material maintained a suitable dielectric constant. e r While achieving a dielectric loss of 138, it also achieves excellent overall performance: extremely low dielectric loss (tanδ=0.0002, 1kHz), and excellent temperature stability (Δδ). C / C 20°C With a voltage rating of ≤ ±0.5% (-150~200°C) and a high breakdown field strength of 330kV / cm, these performance indicators fully meet the highest standards of the new NPO type ceramic capacitors, and have significant application value and market prospects in high-end fields such as microwave communication, automotive electronics and aerospace.
Owner:SHAANXI NORMAL UNIV

A rare earth doped glass polishing powder, a preparation method and application thereof

PendingCN122326119ARare-earth elementDispersion stability
This invention discloses a rare-earth-doped glass polishing powder, its preparation method, and its applications. The polishing powder uses cerium oxide as a matrix, and introduces one or more rare-earth elements from lanthanum, yttrium, dysprosium, or erbium through co-precipitation. This allows the rare-earth elements to be uniformly doped into the cerium oxide lattice, forming a stable solid solution structure. Calcination is then used to control the grain size and oxygen vacancy distribution. Subsequently, a phosphate ester modifier is used to modify the surface of the polishing powder to improve particle dispersibility and slurry stability. The rare-earth-doped glass polishing powder prepared by this invention exhibits a high material removal rate (1.52-1.63 mg / min) and a low post-polishing surface roughness (1.63-1.82 nm) during glass polishing, while also demonstrating excellent dispersion stability and consistency in use. This invention is applicable to optical glass, display glass, and ultra-clear glass, and has significant industrial application value.
Owner:ZHEJIANG ROCK PHOTOELECTRIC TECH CO LTD

Low-indium ceramic target material, method for preparing same, and use thereof

This invention discloses a low-indium ceramic target, its preparation method, and its application. The low-indium ceramic target comprises the following components by mass percentage: indium oxide content of 50.2%–60.8%; zinc oxide content of 16.8%–25.3%; tin oxide content of 18.0%–28.3%; and metal oxide content of 0.10%–2.5%. The sum of the contents of all components is 100%. The metal oxide includes at least three of the following: praseodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, and cerium oxide. Increasing the density of the target and lowering the sintering temperature improves the mobility of the TCO thin film prepared from the low-indium ceramic target.
Owner:ZHONGSHAN ZL ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

A two-phase competitive separation system and separation method for separating rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium

This invention belongs to the field of hydrometallurgy and separation chemistry, and provides a two-phase competitive separation system and method for separating the rare earth elements neodymium and dysprosium. The method integrates an innovative liquid-liquid extraction system and a column chromatography separation process based on specific elution. Its core lies in utilizing a specially designed water-soluble bis-lactam phenanthroline derivative ligand (preferably Phen-2DIC4NH2), which exhibits specific acidity for Nd... 3+ With Dy 3+ It exhibits differentiated complexing and decomplexing capabilities. This invention not only fundamentally overcomes the dependence of traditional methods on multi-stage extraction, significantly simplifies the process flow, and reduces energy and material consumption, but also enhances the recognition ability of target ions due to the introduction of aqueous ligands, greatly improving separation selectivity. Thus, it provides a completely new technical approach for the separation of key adjacent rare earth elements such as neodymium and dysprosium, and has broad prospects for industrial application.
Owner:TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY

High-temperature-resistant ink for steel identification and tracing and preparation method thereof

PendingCN122103964AInksBoron trioxideInorganic pigments
The application discloses a kind of steel identification traceability with high temperature ink and preparation method thereof, it is related to high temperature ink technical field, to solve the problem that prior art cannot meet the comprehensive application needs of steel high temperature online identification, low light high efficiency identification, by weight parts include: 20-30 parts rare earth glass frit powder, 5-10 parts inorganic pigment, 2-4 parts adhesion agent, 10-20 parts deionized water, 5-12 parts dispersing agent, 20-45 parts humectant, 0.05-0.15 parts defoaming agent, 0.05-0.15 parts PH regulator, 0.03-0.06 parts preservative;The melting temperature of the rare earth glass frit powder is 450-750 DEG C, and it includes by weight parts: 10-30 parts silicon dioxide, 5-10 parts aluminium oxide, 25-35 parts bismuth trioxide, 5-10 parts europium trioxide, 3-5 parts dysprosium trioxide, 5-10 parts boron trioxide, 3-8 parts calcium oxide, 2-4 parts strontium oxide, 1-3 parts magnesium oxide, 3-8 parts sodium oxide, 1-3 parts potassium oxide.The application has the advantages of enhancing the high temperature bonding performance of ink and low light color development and identification.
Owner:GUANGZHOU VOCATIONAL COLLEGE OF SCI & TECH

Rare earth intermetallic compound with magnetization step and method of making and using same

PendingCN122291214ASingle crystalStrongly correlated material
This invention discloses a rare-earth intermetallic compound with magnetization steps, its preparation method, and its applications, belonging to the field of functional materials technology. The rare-earth intermetallic compound is a dysprosium-gold-tin single-crystal material composed of Dy, Au, and Sn elements, with an atomic ratio of 1:1:1. This material exhibits magnetization step behavior, and the magnetization behavior shows a significant magnetic field orientation dependence. The magnetoresistance of this material continuously increases with increasing magnetic field without a significant saturation trend, and it shows a strong correlation coupling with the low-temperature magnetization step behavior, endowing the material with identifiable and controllable magnetic field response behavior. The rare-earth intermetallic compound provided by this invention achieves the synergistic appearance of large magnetoresistance and magnetization steps while maintaining the metal conductive channels, giving it unique advantages in applications such as low-temperature high-sensitivity magnetic sensing, and also providing a reliable material system for constructing novel functional devices.
Owner:HEFEI INSTITUTE OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Neodymium iron gallium bialloy heavy rare earth-free 54H sintered neodymium iron boron magnet and its preparation method

ActiveCN121839343BRare-earth elementDysprosium
This invention discloses a neodymium-iron-gallium dual-alloy 54H sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnet and its preparation method, relating to the field of neodymium-iron-boron magnet preparation technology. The preparation includes the following raw materials: 170-175 kg of PrNd (praseodymium-neodymium alloy), 25-30 kg of BFe (ferrocopper), 1-5 kg ​​of Co (cobalt), 0.1-2 kg of Cu (copper), 1-5 kg ​​of Zr (zirconium), 0.1-1 kg of Ga (gallium), and 380-420 kg of Fe (iron). This neodymium-iron-gallium dual-alloy 54H sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnet and its preparation method utilize a dual-alloy process with neodymium-iron-gallium as an auxiliary alloy, without adding scarce heavy rare-earth elements such as dysprosium and terbium, to prepare 54H sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets, achieving optimized performance and cost of neodymium-iron-boron magnets.
Owner:ARCFL TECH LTD +1

Ceramic electronic component

PendingCN122291289ADysprosiumElectronic component
A ceramic electronic component is disclosed, comprising: a body including a dielectric layer and an inner electrode, the dielectric layer having a plurality of dielectric grains; and an outer electrode disposed on the body and connected to the inner electrode. The dielectric grains, having a core-shell structure, comprise titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), and dysprosium (Dy), and have a core and a shell surrounding at least a portion of the core. The core contains less than 0.2 mol of tin (Sn) and less than 0.1 mol of dysprosium (Dy) relative to 100 mol of titanium (Ti). The shell comprises a first region and a second region, wherein in the first region, the amount of Sn relative to Ti is greater than the amount of Dy relative to Ti, and in the second region, the amount of Dy relative to Ti is greater than the amount of Sn relative to Ti. The ratio LC / LG of the Freret diameter of the core to the Freret diameter of the dielectric grains having the core-shell structure is from 0.49 to 0.73.
Owner:SAMSUNG ELECTRO MECHANICS CO LTD

A divalent rare earth-graphyne composite material, a preparation method thereof and a thermal catalytic ammonia production application thereof

PendingCN122321899APtru catalystLutetium
This invention discloses a divalent rare earth-graphyne composite material, its preparation method, and its application in thermocatalytic ammonia production, belonging to the field of catalyst materials technology. The divalent rare earth-graphyne composite material comprises rare earth ions, iodide ions, and graphyne material. The rare earth ions are selected from at least one divalent ion of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium. The rare earth ions and iodide ions exist on the surface of the graphyne material in the form of nanoparticles. This divalent rare earth-graphyne composite material achieves thermocatalytic ammonia production under mild conditions through the interaction of rare earth nanoparticles and oxygen-containing functional groups on the graphyne surface, and is expected to become a new generation of high-performance thermocatalytic ammonia production catalyst.
Owner:PEKING UNIV

A dysprosium oxide catalyzed multi-component hydrogen storage alloy and a preparation method thereof

ActiveCN120210622BDysprosiumLiquid alloy
This invention belongs to the technical field of solid-state hydrogen storage alloy materials, and specifically provides a multi-component hydrogen storage alloy catalyzed by dysprosium oxide, its preparation method, and its preparation technology. The hydrogen storage alloy composition is: Mg 50‑x V x Y 10‑y Sm y N i 5‑z‑m Al z Ti m +n wt.%Dy2O3, where x,y,z,m are atomic ratios, and 0
Owner:ZHONGXIN (WEISHAN) RARE EARTH NEW MATERIALS CO LTD

Pr and Dy co-doped M-type hexaferrite material, preparation method and application thereof

ActiveCN117602673BIron compoundsInterfacial polarizationElectric properties
This invention provides a praseodymium-dysprosium co-doped M-type hexagonal ferrite material, its preparation method, and its application. The chemical formula of the praseodymium-dysprosium co-doped M-type hexagonal ferrite material is A. y Fe 12‑2x Pr x Dy x O 19 Where A is strontium and / or barium, 0.05≤x≤1, 0.9≤y≤1.4. This invention incorporates praseodymium and dysprosium into M-type hexagonal ferrite, reducing grain size and forming polyhedral aggregates. Simultaneously, praseodymium-dysprosium co-doping can form various impurity phases, creating interfaces between the impurity phases and the main phase, effectively promoting interfacial polarization. Furthermore, Pr... 3+ To Pr 4+ The conversion favors oxygen vacancies and Fe 2+ The formation of praseodymium-dysprosium co-doped M-type hexagonal ferrite material improves the dielectric properties and microwave absorption properties of the material. Furthermore, the praseodymium-dysprosium co-doped M-type hexagonal ferrite material provided by this invention has advantages such as tunable absorption frequency band, high absorption intensity, and high operating temperature, exhibiting stable absorption performance and can be used as a base material for other composite materials.
Owner:GANJIANG INNOVATION ACAD CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

A rare earth doped high performance polycrystalline diamond compact and a method of making the same

PendingCN122274188ASuperhard materialPolycrystalline diamond
This invention relates to the field of superhard material manufacturing technology, specifically to a rare-earth-doped high-performance polycrystalline diamond composite sheet and its preparation method. The composite sheet includes a cemented carbide matrix and a polycrystalline diamond layer sintered thereon. The polycrystalline diamond layer comprises diamond micron powder, a binder, and rare-earth additives. The rare-earth additives are one or more elements selected from neodymium, praseodymium, dysprosium, terbium, europium, samarium, yttrium, terbium, lanthanum, cerium, yttrium, and neodymium, or one or more of their oxides or carbides. The content of the rare-earth additives in the polycrystalline diamond layer is 0.1-5.0 wt%. This invention addresses the problem that in existing technologies, the bonding between diamond and binders such as cobalt is mainly physical encapsulation and weak chemical interaction, which can easily become a failure initiation point under high temperature, high pressure, or impact loads.
Owner:CHENGDU BESTE TOOL CO LTD

Dysprosium-activated garnet-based white light fluorescent powder and preparation method thereof

ActiveCN117165295BPhase formationReaction temperature
This invention relates to the field of luminescent materials and discloses a dysprosium-activated garnet-based white phosphor, comprising Na, Dy, RE, Ga, In, and Ge, wherein the molar ratio of the metal elements is Na:Dy:RE:Ga:In:Ge = 1:2x:2 - 2x:2:1:2, where 0.01 ≤ x < 0.10, and x is the doping amount of dysprosium at the inert rare earth sites. The invention also discloses the dysprosium-activated garnet-based white phosphor and its preparation method, including: a. reduced solid-state synthesis reaction temperature: novel matrix... a. The solid-state synthesis reaction temperature is significantly reduced to the range of 1200-1250℃, and phase formation is achieved in just 3 hours with excellent crystallinity, thus reducing energy consumption and preparation costs; b. No co-solvent required: The preparation process of phosphors does not require the use of co-solvents, reducing environmental impact; c. One-step sintering synthesis: The preparation process is simplified to one-step sintering, improving preparation efficiency and the feasibility of the production process; d. No specific pressure and atmosphere requirements: The preparation process does not require specific pressure and atmosphere requirements, reducing the limitations and complexity of process conditions.
Owner:ZHAOQING UNIV

Alloy-type magnesium ion battery negative electrode material, preparation method thereof and magnesium ion battery

This invention belongs to the technical field of magnesium-ion battery anode materials, and relates to an alloy-type magnesium-ion battery anode material, its preparation method, and a magnesium-ion battery. The anode material is a magnesium alloy; based on the total weight of the magnesium alloy, the content of rare earth metal elements is 0.1-3 wt%, preferably 0.5-2 wt%, with the balance being magnesium; wherein the rare earth metal elements are lanthanide elements, preferably at least one selected from lanthanum, praseodymium, samarium, holmium, dysprosium, erbium, and ytterbium. Compared to pure magnesium anodes, the alloy material obtained by this method has a longer cycle life and lower overpotential, while also possessing advantages such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and simple processing, showing promising application prospects.
Owner:INST OF METAL RESEARCH - CHINESE ACAD OF SCI

Ceramic electronic components

PendingJP2026112387AStacked capacitorsCapacitanceDysprosium
This invention provides ceramic electronic components with improved capacitance change (TCC) characteristics with respect to temperature changes, DC-bias characteristics, dielectric constant, and high-temperature reliability. [Solution] One or more of the dielectric crystal grains 10 contained in the dielectric layer contain titanium (Ti), tin (Sn), and dysprosium (Dy), and the material includes a core 11 and a shell 12 surrounding at least a part of the core, wherein the core has a tin (Sn) content of less than 0.2 moles per 100 moles of titanium (Ti) and a dysprosium (Dy) content of less than 0.1 moles per 100 moles of titanium (Ti), and the shell includes a first region 12a in which the number of moles of tin (Sn) per 100 moles of titanium (Ti) is greater than the number of moles of dysprosium (Dy) per 100 moles of titanium (Ti), and a second region 12b in which the number of moles of dysprosium (Dy) per 100 moles of titanium (Ti) is greater than the number of moles of tin (Sn) per 100 moles of titanium (Ti).
Owner:SAMSUNG ELECTRO MECHANICS CO LTD

Diffusion source and diffusion method for increasing coercivity of sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets

The application discloses a diffusion source for improving the coercivity of sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets and a diffusion method. According to atomic percentage, the diffusion source comprises 80 at.% or more of heavy rare earth elements, 10-19 at.% of low-melting-point metal elements, not more than 0.2 at.% of high-melting-point metal elements, and not more than 1 at.% of magnetic elements. The heavy rare earth elements are at least one of dysprosium and terbium; the low-melting-point metal elements are at least one of aluminum, copper, gallium, tin and zinc; the high-melting-point metal elements are at least one of zirconium, vanadium, tungsten, niobium, titanium and manganese; and the magnetic elements are at least one of iron, cobalt and nickel. By optimizing the composition, attachment mode and diffusion process of the alloy diffusion source, the diffusion effect of the diffusion source is significantly improved, and the diffusion source is mainly used for grain boundary diffusion to improve the coercivity of sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets, and is particularly suitable for grain boundary diffusion to improve the coercivity of sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets with a thickness of more than 10 mm.
Owner:EARTH PANDA ADVANCE MAGNETIC MATERIAL +1