1119 results about "Vapor pressure" patented technology

Improved apparatus and method for SMFD ALD include a method designed to enhance chemical utilization as well as an apparatus that implements lower conductance out of SMFD-ALD process chamber while maintaining full compatibility with standard wafer transport. Improved SMFD source apparatuses (700, 700′, 700″) and methods from volatile and non-volatile liquid and solid precursors are disclosed, e.g., a method for substantially controlling the vapor pressure of a chemical source (722) within a source space comprising: sensing the accumulation of the chemical on a sensing surface (711); and controlling the temperature of the chemical source depending on said sensed accumulation.

An implant for use in a human or animal body can include a flexible housing with an outer wall and having a chamber therein. The implant can have at least one high vapor pressure medium within the chamber. The at one high vapor pressure medium can have a combined vapor pressure equal to or greater than about the average value of the hydrostatic pressure of the implantation site plus the skin tension of the housing minus the gas tension of the dissolved gasses present at the implantation site.

A high-throughput method of forming a semiconductor precursor layer by use of a chalcogen-containing vapor is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises forming a precursor material comprising group IB and/or group IIIA particles of any shape. The method may include forming a precursor layer of the precursor material over a surface of a substrate. The method may further include heating the particle precursor material in a substantially oxygen-free chalcogen atmosphere to a processing temperature sufficient to react the particles and to release chalcogen from the chalcogenide particles, wherein the chalcogen assumes a liquid form and acts as a flux to improve intermixing of elements to form a group IB-IIIA-chalcogenide film at a desired stoichiometric ratio. The chalcogen atmosphere may provide a partial pressure greater than or equal to the vapor pressure of liquid chalcogen in the precursor layer at the processing temperature.

Various techniques are disclosed for improving airtight two-phase heat-transfer systems employing a fluid to transfer heat from a heat source to a heat sink while circulating around a fluid circuit, the maximum temperature of the heat sink not exceeding the maximum temperature of the heat source. The properties of those improved systems include (a) maintaining, while the systems are inactive, their internal pressure at a pressure above the saturated-vapor pressure of their heat-transfer fluid; and (b) cooling their internal evaporator surfaces with liquid jets. FIG. 43 illustrates the particular case where a heat-transfer system of the invention is used to cool a piston engine (500) by rejecting, with a condenser (508), heat to the ambient air; and where the system includes a heat-transfer fluid pump (10) and means (401-407) for achieving the former property.

The method of manufacturing a light absorbing layer for a solar cell by performing thermal treatment on a specimen configured to include thin films of one or more of copper, indium, and gallium on a substrate and element selenium, includes steps of: (a) heating a wall of a chamber up to a predefined thin film formation temperature in order to maintain a selenium vapor pressure; (b) mounting the specimen and the element selenium on the susceptor at the room temperature and loading the susceptor in the chamber; and (c) heating the specimen in the lower portion of the susceptor and, at the same time, heating the element selenium in the upper portion of the susceptor, wherein, in the step (c), in order for liquefied selenium not to be condensed on the specimen which is loaded at the room temperature and is not yet heated, the temperature of the element selenium and the specimen loaded in the chamber are individually controlled, so that the selenium vapor pressure of an inner space of the chamber does not exceed a saturation vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the specimen.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for rapid flash-like volatilization of high and low vapor pressure components from liquid or solid emanators which is in contact with a point or localized heat source. Vaporization is promoted by a geometrically small electrically resistive heating element with variable activation for pulsed or cyclic heating of an emanating surface containing the volatile components. The apparatus is primarily directed towards the treatment of residential air for fragrancing, odor elimination, treatment of insects or pests, air sanitization, air and surface antibacterial or antimicrobial treatment, or other ambient air or surface modification by way of gas or vapor distribution.

A high-throughput method of forming a semiconductor precursor layer by use of a chalcogen-containing vapor is disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises forming a precursor material comprising group IB and/or group IIIA particles of any shape. The method may include forming a precursor layer of the precursor material over a surface of a substrate. The method may further include heating the particle precursor material in a substantially oxygen-free chalcogen atmosphere to a processing temperature sufficient to react the particles and to release chalcogen from the chalcogenide particles, wherein the chalcogen assumes a liquid form and acts as a flux to improve intermixing of elements to form a group IB-IIIA-chalcogenide film at a desired stoichiometric ratio. The chalcogen atmosphere may provide a partial pressure greater than or equal to the vapor pressure of liquid chalcogen in the precursor layer at the processing temperature.

A rechargeable lithium cell comprising a cathode having a cathode active material, an anode having an anode active material, a porous separator electronically separating the anode and the cathode, a non-flammable quasi-solid electrolyte in contact with the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte contains a lithium salt dissolved in a first organic liquid solvent with a concentration sufficiently high so that the electrolyte exhibits a vapor pressure less than 0.01 kPa when measured at 20° C., a flash point at least 20 degrees Celsius higher than the flash point of the first organic liquid solvent alone, a flash point higher than 150° C., or no flash point. This battery cell is non-flammable and safe, has a long cycle life, high capacity, and high energy density.

A water transport assembly, is provided including a housing having a first chamber therein, which is accessible through an opening in the housing. The housing additionally includes a sample inlet port and a sample outlet port, both of which are in fluid communication with the first chamber. A flat ion exchange membrane is attached to the housing in a plane over the opening in the housing, to seal the opening in a vapor tight seal. Water will pass through the membrane based upon the vapor pressure on each side of the membrane, to either dry or humidify sample passing through the first chamber. When the flat ion exchange membrane is a flat, thin ion exchange membrane it is preferable that the thin ion exchange membrane have a thickness of between about 0.1 and about 3.0 mils.

A method of manufacturing a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device is provided by which a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device being excellent in strength and durability and free of any projection, as a result of the absence of need for an end seal, can be fabricated through simple manufacturing steps. In manufacturing a dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device which has an electrolyte between a dye-sensitized semiconductor layer and a counter electrode and which also has a first armor member provided on the outside of the dye-sensitized semiconductor layer and a second armor member provided on the outside of the counter electrode, a sealing material and the electrolyte are formed at predetermined locations of one or both of the first armor member and the second armor member, thereafter the first armor member and the second armor member, with the sealing material and the electrolyte sandwiched therebetween, are adhered to each other with the sealing material under a gas pressure of not higher than the atmospheric air pressure and not lower than the vapor pressure of the electrolyte.

Disclosed is a structure made of a trench patterned substrate having a pre-determined trench period and a pre-determined mesa to trench width ratio, and a block copolymer on top of the trench patterned substrate. The block copolymer has at least an organic block and a silicon-containing block, wherein the block copolymer can have either perpendicular or parallel cylinders. The structure is annealed under a pre-determined vapor pressure for a predetermined annealing time period, wherein the pre-determined trench period, the pre-determined mesa to trench width ratio, the predetermined vapor pressure and the predetermined annealing time period are chosen such that cylinders formed in the block copolymer are either perpendicular or parallel with respect to the trench-patterned substrate. A method is also described to form the above-mentioned structure.

This pressure regulator is specifically designed to operate with a portable compressed gas cartridge thus reducing the high vapor pressure found in compressed gas cartridges down to a substantially consistent outlet pressure. Due to the nature of the crowded regulator art, the soon to be embodied pressure regulator has been specifically embodied for use in the portable compressed gas cartridge harnessing art and this specific use is carried into the claims. Exemplified in the pressure regulator embodiments is a reduced amount of components over existing designs. Additionally, safety and reliability features have been integrated into the design and will shortly be taught in the following paragraphs. A burp-off feature in all embodiments will be exemplified that vents back-pressure spikes as well as a method of adjusting the burp-off back-pressure spikes independent of regulated pressure in some embodiments.

A method and apparatus that may comprise an EUV light producing mechanism utilizing an EUV plasma source material comprising a material that will form an etching compound, which plasma source material produces EUV light in a band around a selected center wavelength comprising: an EUV plasma generation chamber; an EUV light collector contained within the chamber having a reflective surface containing at least one layer comprising a material that does not form an etching compound and/or forms a compound layer that does not significantly reduce the reflectivity of the reflective surface in the band; an etchant source gas contained within the chamber comprising an etchant source material with which the plasma source material forms an etching compound, which etching compound has a vapor pressure that will allow etching of the etching compound from the reflective surface. The etchant source material may comprises a halogen or halogen compound. The etchant source material may be selected based upon the etching being stimulated in the presence of photons of EUV light and/or DUV light and/or any excited energetic photons with sufficient energy to stimulate the etching of the plasma source material. The apparatus may further comprise an etching stimulation plasma generator providing an etching stimulation plasma in the working vicinity of the reflective surface; and the etchant source material may be selected based upon the etching being stimulated by an etching stimulation plasma. There may also be an ion accelerator accelerating ions toward the reflective surface. The ions may comprise etchant source material. The apparatus and method may comprise a part of an EUV production subsystem with an optical element to be etched of plasma source material.

The apparatus is a hybrid cooler which includes one loop within which a heated evaporator forms vapor that moves to a condenser because of the vapor pressure which also drives the liquid condensate from the condenser to a liquid reservoir. A second loop is powered by a mechanical pump that supplies liquid from the reservoir to the evaporator and the second loop also returns excess liquid not vaporized to the reservoir. An optional reservoir cooler can be used to assure that the reservoir temperature and vapor pressure are always lower that the temperatures and pressures of the evaporator and condenser.

The invention teaches a practical method of recovering CO₂ from a mixture of gases, and sequestering the captured CO₂ from the atmosphere for geologic time as calcium carbonate and provides a CO₂ scrubber for carbon capture and sequestration. CO₂ from the production of calcium oxide is geologically sequestered. A calcium hydroxide solution is produced from the environmentally responsibly-produced calcium oxide. The CO₂ scrubber incorporates an aqueous froth to maximize liquid-to-gas surface area and time-of-contact between gaseous CO₂ and the calcium hydroxide solution. The CO₂ scrubber decreases the temperature of the liquid and the mixed gases, increases ambient pressure on the bubbles and vapor pressure inside the bubbles, diffuses the gas through intercellular walls from relative smaller bubbles with relative high vapor pressure into relative larger bubbles with relative low vapor pressure, and decreases the mean-free-paths of the CO₂ molecules inside the bubbles, in order to increase solubility of CO₂ and the rate of dissolution of gaseous CO₂ from a mixture of gases into the calcium hydroxide solution.

The CO₂ scrubber recovers gaseous CO₂ directly from the atmosphere, from post-combustion flue gas, or from industrial processes that release CO₂ as a result of process. CO₂ reacts with calcium ions and hydroxide ions in solution forming insoluble calcium carbonate precipitates. The calcium carbonate precipitates are separated from solution, and sold to recover at least a portion of the cost of CCS.

A pipette dispensing block has an improved piston seal and lift plate engagement/disengagement means. In a pipette dispensing block where a piston is used to create a pressure differential to aspirate or extract and dispense or eject fluid material, the maintenance of a vacuum or increased pressure is enhanced by a pair of O-ring seals engaging the piston. A reservoir separates the O-rings and is filled with a low vapor pressure lubricant such as silicone oil or grease. The lubricant is maintained in the reservoir by the O-rings and serves to enhance the vacuum seal while maintaining the O-rings in a pliable and resilient manner. The heads of the pistons are engraved or grooved to leave a circular central pillar surrounded above and below by the piston head and a lower intermediate piston pillar section. The individual pistons are arranged in straight rows so that a slat may slip through opposite pairs of opposing piston pillars thereby entrapping the pistons and preventing them from sliding past the lift plate as the lift plate is lifted upwardly. Shoulders present on the pistons below the lift plate serve to allow the lift plate to push the pistons into the cylindrical chambers of the head block so that a pipette dispenser is provided. The lift plate or portions thereof are then trapped between the slats and the piston shoulders, coupling the pistons to the lift plate. Upward and downward control is thereby established and maintained by the lift plate on the pistons.

Devices and methods having a cooling material and reduced pressures to treat biological external tissue using at least one energy source are disclosed. The cooling material may be water, ethyl alcohol, and/or any other material having a vapor pressure below atmospheric pressure. The energy source may be incoherent light, coherent light, a radio frequency, ultrasound, a laser, and/or any other type of energy that can be applied through the device. The features of various embodiments of the device include the generation of positive pressure and/or negative pressure through one or more pressure conduits, the application of an object within a recess of the device, and measurements through various sensors on the device. These sensors may be monitored and/or controlled through a display element having rows and columns of pixels on the device. The device may be a handheld device or an add-on to existing devices in some embodiments, and may include skin color sensors, temperature sensors, motion sensors, vapor pressure sensors, material sensors, and/or capacitance sensors.

An improved precursor vaporization device and method for vaporizing liquid and solid precursors having a low vapor pressure at a desired precursor temperature includes elements and operating methods for injecting an inert gas boost pulse into a precursor container prior to releasing a precursor pulse to a reaction chamber. An improved ALD system and method for growing thin films having more thickness and thickness uniformity at lower precursor temperatures includes devices and operating methods for injecting an inert gas boost pulse into a precursor container prior to releasing a precursor pulse to a reaction chamber and for releasing a plurality of first precursor pulses into a reaction chamber to react with substrates before releasing a different second precursor pulse into the reaction chamber to react with the substrates.

A system and method is provided for blending butane with gasoline at petroleum tank farms, immediately before distribution to tanker trucks. The invention provides a method for blending gasoline and butane at a tank farm comprising: (a) drawing a gasoline stream from a tank of gasoline; (b) drawing a butane stream from a tank of butane; (c) blending the butane and gasoline streams to form a blend; and (d) dispensing the blend. The blending process can be controlled to ensure that the vapor pressure of the blended gasoline meets vapor pressure requirements of environmental regulations. Information generated by the blending process can be used to efficiently forecast butane purchasing requirements, and to generate regulatory reports.

The present invention provides methods and apparatus for vaporizing and transporting precursor molecules to a process chamber for deposition of thin films on a substrate. The methods and apparatus include CVD solvents that comprise ionic liquids. The ionic liquids comprise salt compounds that have substantially no measurable vapor pressure (i.e., less than about 1 Torr at about room temperature), exhibit a wide liquid temperature range (i.e., greater than about 100° C.), and have low melting points (i.e., less than about 250° C.). A desired precursor is dissolved in a selected CVD solvent comprising an ionic liquid. The solvent and precursor solution is heated to or near the precursor volatilization temperature of the precursor. A stream of carrier gas is directed over or is bubbled through the solvent and precursor solution to distill and transport precursor molecules in the vapor phase to a deposition chamber. Conventional deposition processes may be used to deposit the desired thin film on a substrate.

A method and apparatus for producing bulk single crystals of AlN includes a crystal growth enclosure with Al and N2 source material therein, capable of forming bulk crystals. The apparatus maintains the N2 partial pressure at greater than stoichiometric pressure relative to the Al within the crystal growth enclosure, while maintaining the total vapor pressure in the crystal growth enclosure at super-atmospheric pressure. At least one nucleation site is provided in the crystal growth enclosure, and provision is made for cooling the nucleation site relative to other locations in crystal growth enclosure. The Al and N2 vapor is then deposited to grow single crystalline AlN at the nucleation site.

An aqueous hard surface cleaner with improved soil removal is provided and has, as components, the following:(a) either an anionic, nonionic, amphoteric surfactant, and mixtures thereof with optionally, a quaternary ammonium surfactant, the total amount of the surfactants being present in a cleaning effective amount;(b) at least one water-soluble or dispersible organic solvent having a vapor pressure of at least 0.001 mm Hg at 25° C., present in a solubilizing-or dispersion-effective amount;(c) Tetrapotassium ethylenediamine-tetraacetate (potassium EDTA) as a chelating agent, present in an amount effective to enhance soil removal in said cleaner; and(d) the remainder, water.

The present invention relates to a low vacuum and vacuum release device for an electric rice cooker, the device being capable of releasing a vacuum and maintaining a vacuum state by the rotation of an operation lever. The electric rice cooker has: the operation lever provided at the upper part of a lid; and the low vacuum and vacuum release device provided inside the lid, elastically connected to the operation lever such that when the operation lever is rotated, the device rises so as to open an air inlet, thereby releasing the vacuum while external air flows therein, and when the operation lever is released, the device lowers by the elastic force of a spring so as to maintain the vacuum state by blocking the air inlet, wherein the low vacuum and vacuum release device comprises: a housing provided in the inside of the lid; a first pressure opening/closing operation part provided inside the housing and rising or lowering according to the vapor pressure during cooking, thereby opening or closing the first vapor outlet of a first lower sealing member; a second vacuum release operation part provided inside the housing and rising or lowering according to the rotation of the operation lever, thereby opening or closing the air inlet of a second lower sealing member; and a raising/lowering operation connection part provided at the upper part of the housing and raising or lowering the second vacuum release operation part while being mounted with the operation lever.

In a vehicular damper with a vehicle height adjusting function, a pressure source for adjusting the vehicle height is integrally assembled into the damper to improve the ease with which the damper is assembled into a vehicle body. For that purpose, on an outer peripheral portion of a damper main body there is provided a case which is connected to a damper rod and which is vertically movable. A refrigerant which varies between a gaseous phase and a liquid phase is contained in the case in a hermetically sealed manner. An electric heater is disposed inside the case to heat and evaporate the refrigerant by the electric heater. The vehicle height is increased by an increase in the vapor pressure inside the case.

A method and apparatus for managing temperature and pressure of fuel in a fuel tank stored at or near its vapor pressure. In response to fuel feed pressure, a variable ratio of liquid fuel to fuel vapor is extracted from the fuel tank in order to regulate temperature and pressure of the fuel for the purpose of keeping the pressure lower in anticipation of refilling or to assist a vaporizer of the fuel system which is incompletely vaporizing the fuel.

A method that controls pressure within an immersion cooling tank having condensation fluid flowing through a condenser, includes: a controller receiving a signal that indicates a current level of vapor pressure within the tank; determining from the signal when the current level of vapor pressure exceeds or is below a first preset threshold pressure level; and in response to the current level of vapor pressure exceeding or being below the first preset threshold pressure level, signaling a flow control mechanism that modulates a flow rate of the condensation fluid through the condenser to increase or decrease the rate of flow from a current rate of flow. The controller receives the signal by a pressure sensor within the immersion cooling tank detecting the current vapor pressure, generating the signal and forwarding the signal to the controller. The pressure sensor can be a differential pressure transducer that measures a differential pressure internal to and outside of the immersion tank.

Alternative gasoline, diesel fuel, marine diesel fuel, jet fuel, and flexible fuel compositions are disclosed. The compositions include an alcohol and/or a glycerol ether or mixture of glycerol ethers, which can be derived from renewable resources. When combined with gasoline/ethanol blends, the glycerol ethers can reduce the vapor pressure of the ethanol and increasing the fuel economy. When added to diesel fuel/alcohol blends, glycerol ethers improve the cetane value of the blends. All or part of the diesel fuel in the compositions described herein can be biodiesel fuel and/or synthetic fuel derived from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis can also use feedstocks derived from sources other than crude oil, such as methane, methanol, ethanol, lignin and glycerol, which can further reduce reliance on foreign sources of crude oil. When used in jet fuel, glycerol ethers can replace all or part of conventional deicing additives, thus lowering skin toxicity, and glycerol ethers ability to reduce particulate emissions can lower the appearance of contrails. When used in marine diesel, the reduction in particulate emissions can be environmentally significant. In another embodiment, the alternative compositions comprise gasoline, ethanol, and n-butanol, and in one aspect, the ethanol and/or n-butanol can be derived from renewable resources. Fuel additive compositions, including glycerol ethers and hydrocarbons and/or alcohols, are also disclosed.

A high boiling-point solvent, included in a fluorescent color conversion film, suppresses degradation in color conversion characteristic by compensating for a decrease in dielectric constant due to solidification of the matrix system. The fluorescent color conversion film of the present invention includes, in addition to the high boiling point solvent, organic fluorescent dyes, which absorb light in a near ultraviolet to visible light region and emit visible light of a different wavelength, and a matrix resin bearing the organic fluorescent dye. The high boiling point solvent has a boiling point of 150° C. or higher and a vapor pressure of 5 mmHg or lower at the temperature of 20° C. The fluorescent color conversion film is useful in a fluorescent color conversion filter, which itself is useful in light-emitting devices, such as self-emitting multi-colored- or full colored-displays, display panels and backlights.

An ion-conductive electrolyte which comprises a compound having in the molecule a structure represented by the following chemical formula and an electrolyte salt; and a cell employing the ion-conductive electrolyte. The ion-conductive electrolyte has a low vapor pressure, has a high ion conductivity even at room temperature, and has a high lithium ion transport number. With this ion-conductive electrolyte, a highly safe cell having excellent discharge characteristics can be provided.

For lasting stable vapor deposition of a material for a long term, the present invention provides the vapor deposition crucible comprising an evaporation chamber defined by a container part of the material and an orifice plate controlling vapor pressure of the material evaporated therein, and a pressure-controlling chamber defined in a space between the orifice plate and a discharge plate through which the material is discharged to the exterior of the vapor deposition crucible. A protrusion extending outwardly from the pressure-controlling chamber and having a second opening on its distal end may be provided on the upper surface of the discharge plate, and a heater may be provided on the side surface of the protrusion to oppose the side surface of the protrusion with an insulation mechanism provided at a position higher than the heater but lower than the second opening. In the vapor deposition crucible, temperature of the pressure-controlling chamber may be kept higher than that of the evaporation chamber by the other heaters.