The present invention relates to an
electrode and / or
cathode stabilized by a
transition layer, comprising: (a) a porous
chalcogenide-based
electrode, more desirably
sulfur, comprising of predominantly crystalline allotropes within the core; (b) at least one of a glass, polymeric and amorphous
chalcogenide, more desirably
sulfur allotropes present within the
transition layer and / or shell covering the surface of the
active electrode material, the
transition layer comprising of a two-dimensional (2D) material, covalently bonded between said 2D material and the
chalcogenide, more desirably
sulfur of the
electrode material, and 12 weight % or less, based on the total weight of the coated electrode, of polymeric sulfur; and (c) a
coating layer on top of the transition layer said
coating layer comprising a 2D material, (d) a presence of
density gradient between the crystalline core and glass / polymeric / amorphous shell, (e) an electrode in which the volume of crystalline allotrope present within the inner voids represents a buffer volume utilized to compensate the volumetric fluctuation during battery
cycling, (f) a chalcogenide electrode, more desirably a sulfur-rich electrode, where the electrode active
mass consists of binary and or ternary
dopant such as
selenium,
tellurium having composition (SexSy), (TexSy), (TexSySez), wherein the
mass content of sulfur in the
cathode is above 50% per weight of the total chalcogenide content, wherein (g) the coated electrode and / or
cathode, comprising at least one sulfur allotrope that is doped with a chalcogenide, a
halogen, or a mixture thereof, more desirably comprised from 0.001 to 50 weight % of the chalcogenide,
halogen or mixture thereof, based on the total weight of the sulfur allotrope, such as 0.01 to 49 weight %, 0.1 to 45 weight %, 0.5 to 44 weight % or 0.75 to 43 weight %, such as 1 weight %, 1.5 weight % or 2 weight % of the chalcogenide,
halogen or mixture thereof.