415 results about "Rhenium" patented technology

The invention discloses a method for synthesizing an oxide dispersion strengthened molybdenum-rhenium alloy through a liquid-liquid doping process. The method comprises the following steps that S1, a molybdenum-rhenium mixed solution is prepared; s2, preparing a molybdenum-rhenium-doped mixed solution, namely dissolving precursor nitrate of an oxide into water, and then adding into the molybdenum-rhenium mixed solution; s3, heating treatment is conducted, specifically, the molybdenum-rhenium-doped mixed solution is mechanically stirred, then water is evaporated through heating to obtain a crystallized product, and then the crystallized product is filtered, dried and sieved to obtain composite powder; s4, calcining and thermal decomposition: calcining the composite powder to obtain pyrolysis powder; s5, thermal reduction is conducted, specifically, hydrogen is introduced into the muffle furnace, and the pyrolysis powder is reduced into oxide-doped molybdenum-rhenium alloy powder; and S6, bar preparation is conducted, specifically, the bar is obtained through cold isostatic pressing, high-temperature hydrogen sintering, forging and rotary swaging treatment. The oxide is stably dispersed in the molybdenum-rhenium alloy in a nanoscale form, and the performance of the alloy at the high temperature can be remarkably improved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of scattered metal recovery, and particularly relates to a recycling method of tungsten-rhenium alloy waste. The tungsten-rhenium alloy is a solid solution strengthened alloy which takes tungsten element as a matrix and consists of the tungsten element and rhenium element, and has the characteristics of high melting point, high strength and high hardness. As the price is high, it is very necessary to comprehensively utilize the tungsten-rhenium alloy waste. The invention discloses a recycling method of tungsten-rhenium alloy waste. Firstly, tungsten-rhenium alloy waste is cleaned, dried and smashed, and waste powder is formed; then dispersing the waste material powder into water dissolved with ammonium metatungstate and a surfactant; then, carrying out spray drying to form mixed powder; and finally, the mixed powder is subjected to roasting and hydrogen reduction, and tungsten-rhenium alloy powder with the metal rhenium content lower than the metal rhenium content in the tungsten-rhenium alloy waste is formed. Compared with an existing tungsten-rhenium alloy waste recycling method, the recycling method has the advantages of being simple in process, low in energy consumption, small in loss and good in uniformity.

The invention discloses a preparation method for smelting a high-rhenium-molybdenum alloy pipe. The method comprises the following steps: 1, uniformly mixing Mo powder and Re powder, performing cold isostatic pressing, and sintering to obtain a high-rhenium-molybdenum alloy sintered blank; 2, carrying out vacuum electron beam smelting for many times to obtain a smelted high-rhenium molybdenum alloy cast ingot; 3, performing high-temperature extrusion combination and forging to obtain a smelted high-rhenium molybdenum alloy bar; 4, performing deep hole drilling, honing and machining treatment to obtain a smelted high-rhenium molybdenum alloy pipe blank; and 5, performing multi-pass high-temperature rolling, intermediate heat treatment, surface treatment and finished product heat treatment to obtain the smelted high-rhenium molybdenum alloy pipe. According to the method, repeated vacuum electron beam smelting is adopted, and repeated pressure machining such as high-temperature extrusion, forging and high-temperature rolling is combined, so that the purity and component uniformity of the smelted high-rhenium molybdenum alloy pipe are improved, the structure is uniform, the mechanical property is excellent, and higher dimensional precision and surface quality are obtained; the material is suitable for the fields of cladding pipes, heat pipes, medical implants and the like in nuclear reactors.

A multi-material structure includes a refractory portion with a metal or metal alloy of at least one of niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), iridium (Ir), vanadium (V), and ruthenium (Ru). A structural portion is metallurgically joined with the refractory portion. The structural portion includes a titanium (Ti) alloy. At least one of the refractory and structural portions is additively manufactured.

A nickel-based alloy composition consisting, in weight percent, of: 1.5 to 4.5% aluminium, 1.1 to 3.4% titanium, 0.0 to 4.0% niobium, 0.0 to 5.2% tantalum, 0.9 to 6.6% tungsten, 0.0 to 3.0% molybdenum, 0.0 to 24.0% cobalt, 12.5 to 20.6% chromium, 0.02 to 0.15% carbon, 0.001 to 0.015% boron, 0.0 to 0.1% zirconium, 0.0 to 3.0% rhenium, 0.0 to 2.0% ruthenium, 0.0 to 3.0% iridium, 0.0 to 0.5% vanadium, 0.0 to 1.0% palladium, 0.0 to 1.0% platinum, 0.0 to 0.5% silicon, 0.0 to 0.1% yttrium, 0.0 to 0.1% lanthanum, 0.0 to 0.1% cerium, 0.0 to 0.003% sulphur, 0.0 to 0.25% manganese, 0.0 to 0.1 magnesium, 0.0 to 5.0% iron, 0.0 to 0.5% copper, 0.0 to 1.0% hafnium, the balance being nickel and incidental impurities, wherein the following equations are satisfied in which WAl, WTi, WNb, WTa and WW are the weight percent of aluminium, titanium, niobium, tantalum and tungsten in the alloy respectively 0.65≤0.3 WNb+0.15 W 3.6≤WAl+0.5 WTi+0.3 WNb+0.15 WTa≤5.7 WTa+0.92WW≤6.1.

The invention relates to the technical field of enrichment and separation of scattered metals, in particular to a method for selectively enriching and separating molybdenum and rhenium by using a zirconium-based adsorbent. According to the method, a zirconium-based metal organic framework material is used as a zirconium-based adsorbent, and molybdenum element enrichment, rhenium element enrichment, simultaneous molybdenum and rhenium enrichment or selective molybdenum and rhenium enrichment and separation are carried out from a solution to be treated. According to the method, the zirconium-based metal organic framework material is used as the zirconium-based adsorbent, the targets of efficiently enriching the molybdenum element from the solution, effectively extracting the rhenium element, enriching the molybdenum and the rhenium at the same time and effectively separating the molybdenum and the rhenium can be achieved through different paths, and the method has the advantages of being easy to operate, mild in condition and controllable.

The invention belongs to the technical field of rhenium alloy materials, and particularly relates to a high-strength rhenium alloy material and a preparation method thereof. The rhenium alloy material is prepared from the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 12 to 24 weight percent of molybdenum, 6 to 9 weight percent of niobium, 2 to 5 weight percent of cobalt, 1 to 3 weight percent of tungsten, 0.5 to 1.2 weight percent of modified tantalum carbide, 3 to 6 weight percent of high-entropy rare earth and the balance of rhenium and other inevitable impurities. The modified tantalum carbide is prepared by the following preparation process: adding tantalum chloride, zirconium oxychloride and phenolic resin into a mixed solution of acetylacetone and n-butyl alcohol, stirring for 1-2 hours under a heating condition, dropwise adding ammonia water, continuously stirring for 0.5-1 hour, and drying to obtain a precursor; calcining the precursor, and cooling to obtain the modified tantalum carbide. The rhenium alloy prepared through the method has high hardness, good bending strength and excellent high-temperature mechanical property.

The invention relates to the technical field of non-ferrous metal hydrometallurgy, in particular to a method for separating molybdenum and rhenium from molybdenum smelting waste acid by using resin, which comprises the following steps: adding a phosphorus source into the molybdenum smelting waste acid, and then adjusting the acidity to an acid environment in which the hydrogen ion concentration is greater than or equal to 1mol / L; molybdenum and rhenium in the molybdenum smelting waste acid with the acidity adjusted are separated through weak-base anion exchange resin, and a rhenium product with the lower molybdenum impurity content is obtained. According to the method, the phosphorus source is added into the molybdenum smelting waste acid, so that phosphate ions are hydrolyzed from the phosphorus source, molybdenum can be effectively prevented from being adsorbed by the alkalescent anion exchange resin, the selectivity of the anion exchange resin to rhenium is greatly improved, and the rhenium recovery rate and the molybdenum-rhenium separation effect are improved; the problems that in the prior art, ion exchange resin is difficult to adapt to molybdenum-rhenium separation under the high molybdenum concentration, the rhenium recovery rate is low, the rhenium-molybdenum separation effect is poor, and a high-molybdenum-concentration solution cannot be treated are solved.

High entropy alloy catalysts may be used for production of hydrogen. An example method of hydrogen production may include: introducing a hydrocarbon to a reactor, wherein the reactor contains therein a catalyst, wherein the reactor is substantially absent of oxygen and water, wherein the catalyst comprises a high entropy alloy and a catalyst support, wherein the catalyst is present in a form of a first plurality of particles, wherein the first plurality of particles is submicron-sized, wherein the high entropy alloy has an entropy, S, such that S≥12.47 J K−1 mol−1, and wherein the high entropy alloy comprises at least five of: iron, cobalt, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, copper, zinc, titanium, chromium, vanadium, aluminum, gallium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, indium, tungsten, rhenium, iridium, platinum, gold, and bismuth; and reacting the hydrocarbon over the catalyst to produce solid carbon and hydrogen gas.

The invention provides a high-temperature-resistant creep-resistant tungsten alloy, and relates to the technical field of powder metallurgy, the tungsten alloy comprises, by mass, 3-8 wt% of Re, 0.2-1 wt% of carbide, 0.1-0.5 wt% of boride, and the balance tungsten and inevitable impurities; the carbide is selected from one or more of TiC, ZrC, TaC and HfC; the boride is selected from one or more of TiB2 (titanium diboride), HfB2 (hafnium diboride) and ZrB2 (zirconium diboride). The high-temperature-resistant creep-resistant tungsten alloy is prepared by adding low-content rhenium, carbide and boride into pure tungsten and adopting a unique preparation method, and the technical defects that an existing tungsten-rhenium alloy is insufficient in strength and creep resistance at the ultrahigh temperature (larger than or equal to 2000 DEG C), and a traditional multi-pass processing technology is complex are overcome.

In a general aspect, a flexible cable communicates electromagnetic signals in a cryogenic system. In some aspects, the flexible cable includes a signal layer and a ground layer. The signal layer includes signal lines embedded in adhesive material. Each signal line includes a multilayer structure. The multilayer structure includes a layer of non-superconducting material and a layer of rhenium metal. The ground layer is laminated to the signal layer.

The invention discloses a method for extracting gallium, germanium and rhenium from coal processing byproducts. The method comprises the following steps: crushing and grinding coal processing byproducts, mixing the coal processing byproducts with chemicals, and baking at high temperature; after the coal processing byproducts are completely cooled, leaching and filtering the coal processing byproducts by using ultrapure water or a dilute acid solution to obtain a leaching solution containing gallium, germanium and rhenium; the method comprises the following steps: extracting, concentrating and evaporating to obtain a gallium-germanium-rhenium concentrated solution, preliminarily separating a germanium solution, a gallium solution and a rhenium solution respectively by a chlorination distillation method and a chemical precipitation method, and finally purifying the preliminarily separated gallium-germanium-rhenium solution to obtain high-purity gallium, germanium and rhenium products. By adopting the method, the extraction efficiency of the Gallium-Gallium-Gallium-Gallium is improved, the process is environment-friendly, the economic benefit is remarkable, and the comprehensive utilization of the coal associated solid waste is further realized.

The invention provides a reinforced molybdenum alloy wire and a preparation method thereof. The alloy wire comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 2-22 wt% of Re, 0.5-50 wt% of W, 0.1-1.0 wt% of La and the balance of Mo. The molybdenum alloy wire with rhenium and tungsten as alloy strengthening elements and rare earth lanthanum oxide as a second strengthening phase is prepared by combining powder metallurgy with a hot drawing process, and the alloy composition proportion, the powder metallurgy process and the drawing hot processing process are optimized. The reinforced molybdenum alloy wire prepared by the method has relatively high room-temperature and high-temperature strength, relatively low elastic modulus and good winding and bending performance, and is suitable for alloy wires for high-temperature springs.

Provided here are methods for producing a shaped metal-supported catalyst. One such method includes the steps of mixing a support hydroxide with an aqueous mixture of an active metal compound to form a malleable mixture of an active metal incorporated support hydroxide, passing the malleable mixture through a molding device to produce a shaped metal-supported wet catalyst; and drying and calcining the shaped metal-supported wet catalyst. The support hydroxide contains one or more of aluminium hydroxide, silica hydroxide, zirconia hydroxide, cerium hydroxide, titanium hydroxide, lanthanum hydroxide, gallium hydroxide, or niobium hydroxide. The active metal compound can be one or more of vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium, and rhenium.

The invention discloses a thermocouple assembly and a preparation method thereof, relates to the field of aero-engine combustion chamber part testing, and is used for measuring the outlet temperature of a combustion chamber. The thermocouple assembly comprises a rhenium iridium sleeve, a temperature measuring assembly and an insulating part. The rhenium iridium sleeve comprises a first mounting hole; the wall body of the first mounting hole comprises a rhenium material layer and an iridium material layer attached to the outside of the rhenium material layer. The temperature measuring assembly comprises a plug and a thermocouple wire connected with the plug; the end, away from the plug, of the thermocouple wire is located in the first mounting hole of the rhenium-iridium sleeve. The end part of one end, far away from the plug, of the thermocouple wire abuts against the inner wall of the first mounting hole. The insulating part is located in the rhenium-iridium sleeve, and the insulating part is located between the inner wall of the rhenium-iridium sleeve and the thermocouple wire. According to the technical scheme, the temperature of the outlet of the combustion chamber can only be transmitted to the hot contact of the thermocouple wire through the rhenium-iridium sleeve, and accurate measurement of the temperature of the outlet of the combustion chamber is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of hot galvanizing, and particularly discloses hot galvanizing liquid as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The hot galvanizing liquid comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 55-60 parts of zinc; 30 to 35 parts of aluminum; 0.8 to 2 parts of silicon; 0.1 to 0.5 part of lead; 0.15-0.2 part of a rare earth element mixture; the rare earth element mixture is composed of rhenium, cobalt and antimony, and the weight part ratio of rhenium to cobalt to antimony is 1: (1.4-1.8): (0.9-1.3). The preparation method comprises the following steps: melting the aluminum in a production container, then adding the zinc for uniformly melting, then adding the silicon and the lead for uniformly melting, and finally adding the rare earth element mixture for uniformly melting to obtain the hot galvanizing liquid. After the hot galvanizing liquid is applied, adverse effects caused by other factors can be well made up, and a good binding force is shown between a plating layer and a base body.

The invention discloses a rapidly sintered rhenium plate and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the field of powder metallurgy. The preparation method comprises the following steps: putting a mold filled with rhenium powder into spark plasma sintering equipment, vacuumizing, introducing hydrogen-containing mixed gas, carrying out a gradient pressurization-pulse sintering process, heating the rhenium powder to a target temperature at a rate of 80-200 DEG C / min, carrying out heat preservation, synchronously applying axial pressure, controlling the pressure to be 8-12 Mpa when the temperature is less than 1000 DEG C, controlling the pressure to be greater than or equal to 15 Mpa when the temperature is greater than or equal to 1000 DEG C, and carrying out sintering for 2-3 hours; and cooling, demolding, reducing and annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere, and grinding to obtain the rhenium plate. Rapid sintering densification of pure rhenium is achieved through the spark plasma sintering technology, the temperature rising time is greatly shortened, step pressure rising is carried out before the nucleation stage of heating sintering, it is avoided that moving filling of rhenium powder is hindered by high pressure at the low temperature, size homogenization is promoted, and the prepared rhenium plate is good in uniformity and high in density and purity; and the oxygen content is low.

A machine tool, a machine component, a cutting blade, a drill bit, a grinding device, or a shredding / crushing device that is at least partially formed of a metal alloy that includes rhenium; said metal alloy includes a) at least 5 awt. % rhenium or b) at least 5 wt. % rhenium.

The invention discloses antioxidant heat-resistant cast steel and a preparation method thereof. The cast steel comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.08-0.15% of C; 0.1% to 0.8% of Zr; 0.05% to 0.8% of Hf; 0.1% to 0.8% of Re; 8.0% to 11.0% of Cr; 0.5% to 2.5% of Ni; 1.0% to 2.0% of Mo; 0 < Si < = 0.5%; 0 < Mn < = 1.0%; 0 < P < = 0.025%; 0 < S < = 0.015%. According to the antioxidant heat-resistant cast steel added with zirconium, hafnium and rhenium and the electroslag remelting preparation method of the antioxidant heat-resistant cast steel, the grain size of heat-resistant steel is larger than or equal to the ASTM7 grade; the service life is not less than 500 hours under the conditions of 650 DEG C and 170 MPa, the service life is not less than 150 hours under the conditions of 700 DEG C and 100 MPa, and the weight gain rate is not more than 0.1 mg / cm < 2 > after oxidation for 100 hours at 700 DEG C.

The invention relates to the technical field of copper smelting, in particular to an MOF composite membrane capable of selectively adsorbing rhenium and a preparation method and application of the MOF composite membrane. The preparation method of the MOF composite membrane capable of selectively adsorbing rhenium, provided by the invention, comprises the following steps: dispersing a sulfonic acid functionalized UiO-66 type metal organic framework material in a polyvinylidene fluoride solution to obtain a metal organic framework material dispersion liquid; mixing the metal organic framework material dispersion liquid with a cross-linking agent, carrying out a cross-linking reaction, and then mixing the obtained reaction liquid with an acid-resistant ionic liquid to obtain a spinning solution; performing electrostatic spinning on the spinning solution to obtain a silk membrane; and dipping the silk membrane in an amino silane coupling agent solution, and curing to obtain the MOF composite membrane capable of selectively adsorbing rhenium. The MOF composite membrane capable of selectively adsorbing rhenium provided by the invention can selectively adsorb rhenium in waste acid treatment, so that selective separation of rhenium is realized, and meanwhile, the membrane has excellent acid tolerance.

A grease composition that includes at least an oil-based medium, a thickener, and a fullerene-like nano-structure. The fullerene-like nano-structure includes a plurality of layers each comprised of a metal chalcogenide composition has a molecular formula of MX2, where M is a metallic element selected from the group consisting of titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), technetium (Tc), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), mercury (Hg) and combinations thereof, and X is a chalcogen element selected from the group consisting of sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), oxygen (O) and combinations thereof.

The invention discloses a preparation method of a layered heterostructure second phase dispersion strengthened tungsten-rhenium fine grain alloy or molybdenum-rhenium fine grain alloy, and relates to the technical field of metal material preparation. The preparation method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing composite precursor powder by adopting an in-situ chemical method, and carrying out three-step reduction, low-temperature sintering, multi-pass hot working and annealing treatment to obtain the target alloy. The in-situ chemical method enables the powder to be fine in grain, uniform in second phase distribution and high in sintering activity; oxidation volatilization of rhenium is avoided through three-step reduction, and the product purity is guaranteed; low-temperature sintering reduces oxygen content and impurity influence, and grains are refined; and the layered heterostructure is realized through multi-pass hot working and annealing. The method is simple in process, low in cost, low in energy consumption and high in yield, and the prepared alloy material has great application value in the fields of nuclear reactor jackets, spacecraft thermal protection and the like.

The present invention relates to the technical field of powder metallurgy, and in particular to a method for preparing molybdenum-rhenium pre-alloyed powder by a wet chemical method. The method specifically comprises the following steps: weighing a Mo source and a Re source respectively according to a designed ratio, and mixing them to form a gel-like precipitate; drying and decomposing the precipitate, and crushing the dried and decomposed product through a 200-mesh sieve to obtain a composite oxide powder; placing the sieved composite oxide powder in a tubular furnace, and performing hydrogen reduction to finally obtain a molybdenum-rhenium pre-alloyed powder. The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the raw materials of the method are mixed at the atomic level by liquid-liquid mixing, and the purity of the pre-alloyed powder can be ensured while improving the uniformity of the powder composition. The raw materials required for the preparation method are easy to obtain, low in cost, simple in process, freely adjustable in composition, and efficient and safe in process, and are very suitable for use in industrial production.

A process for producing amines by reductive amination, the process includes introducing a feed stream, the feed stream comprising an amino alcohol and a reducing agent, and hydrogen in a reaction zone of a reactor, and contacting the feed stream with a catalyst in the reaction zone. A hydrogen flow rate into the reaction zone is adjusted, and a product stream comprising ethyleneamines is extracted. The catalyst includes a carrier component selected from alumina, silica, and combinations thereof; and an active component having a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal. The first metal is selected from cobalt, nickel, and copper, the second metal is selected from rhenium, ruthenium, chromium, zinc, sodium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, lithium, potassium, barium, cesium, lanthanum, tungsten, iron, silver, titanium, manganese, aluminum, rhodium, platinum, palladium, iridium, and combinations thereof, and the third metal is niobium.

The application discloses a high specific strength high-elongation 6-series aluminum alloy anti-collision beam, which comprises a base, the upper side walls of the base are symmetrically fixedly connected with vertical plates, the opposite sides of the two vertical plates are fixedly connected with support plates, the upper side walls of the two support plates are fixedly connected with a smelting furnace, a stirring mechanism is arranged on the smelting furnace, a feeding port is formed in the upper side wall of the smelting furnace, and arc-shaped blocks are arranged on the inner bottom wall of the smelting furnace. The anti-collision beam combines the advantages of 6082 alloy and 7003 alloy, has good extrusion forming performance, the strength is greater than 340 MPa, the elongation is greater than or equal to 15%, and the elongation is improved by more than 10% compared with the 6082 alloy. The rare earth rhenium is added to refine the grains and improve the alloy strength, and the 6-series profile is subjected to double-stage aging strengthening, so that the elongation of the alloy is further improved.

Provided herein are alkali metal or rhenium modified alumina catalysts, methods for their preparation, and methods for their use in double bond isomerization of aliphatic light internal olefins to aliphatic alpha-olefins and in reverse isomerization reactions.

The invention belongs to the technical field of powder metallurgy, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a high-density molybdenum-rhenium alloy. The compactness of the molybdenum-rhenium alloy mainly refers to the number and the size of internal pores, cracks and other defects of the molybdenum-rhenium alloy. The high compactness means that the internal structure of the molybdenum-rhenium alloy is uniform and continuous, the number of defects is extremely small, the strength, plasticity, toughness, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability and fatigue life are improved, and premature failure, leakage, corrosion and performance degradation caused by pores are avoided. According to the preparation method of the high-density molybdenum-rhenium alloy, on one hand, in the preparation process of mixed crystals of rhenium salt and molybdenum salt, the particle size and particle size distribution of the mixed crystals are controlled through technical means, and the problem that the mixed crystals are distributed unevenly is avoided; and on the other hand, formation of internal pores and cracks is eliminated through technical means in the molybdenum-rhenium alloy powder compression molding process. And finally, the high-density molybdenum-rhenium alloy is prepared.

A tungsten alloy wire is to be used in an environment in which the tungsten alloy wire at least once undergoes a thermal effect at a temperature of at least 1100 degrees Celsius. The tungsten alloy wire includes rhenium with a content of at least 5 wt % and at most 26 wt %.

The application provides a catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof. The catalyst comprises a porous substrate and an auxiliary agent arranged on at least part of the surface of the porous substrate, the porous substrate comprises a Raney cobalt material, and the auxiliary agent comprises metallic rhenium, an alkali metal and an alkaline earth metal; wherein the Raney cobalt material comprises a Co-S chemical bond. The catalyst provided by the application has excellent activity, and can effectively improve the conversion rate of dinitrile compounds and the selectivity of diamines.

A method for producing 2,5-dimethylfuran according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a step for reacting a furan compound having a specific structure with hydrogen in a non-aqueous solvent in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. In this method for producing 2,5-dimethylfuran, the hydrogenation catalyst includes at least one type selected from among a first component group and at least one type selected from among a second component group. The first component group includes chromium, molybdenum, manganese, rhenium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, copper, zinc, and the like. The second component group includes aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, carbon, and the like.