181 results about "Excess oxygen" patented technology

There is provided an amorphous oxide semiconductor including hydrogen and at least one element of indium (In) and zinc (Zn), the amorphous oxide semiconductor containing one of hydrogen atoms and deuterium atoms of 1×10²⁰ cm⁻³ or more to 1×10²² cm⁻³ or less, and a density of bonds between oxygen and hydrogen except bonds between excess oxygen (O_EX) and hydrogen in the amorphous oxide semiconductor being 1×10¹⁸ cm⁻³ or less.

The present invention provides systems and methods to improve the performance and emission control of internal combustion engines equipped with nitrogen oxides storage-reduction (“NSR”) emission control systems. The system generally includes a NSR catalyst, a fuel processor located upstream of the NSR catalyst, and at least one fuel injection port. The fuel processor converts a fuel into a reducing gas mixture comprising CO and H₂. The reducing gas mixture is then fed into the NSR catalyst, where it regenerates the NSR adsorbent, reduces the NO_x to nitrogen, and optionally periodically desulfates the NSR catalyst. The fuel processor generally includes one or more catalysts, which facilitate reactions such as combustion, partial oxidation, and/or reforming and help consume excess oxygen present in an engine exhaust stream. The methods of the present invention provide for NSR catalyst adsorbent regeneration using pulsed fuel flow. Control strategies are also provided.

The invention is the design of a biological measuring device for the determination of the concentration of biomolecules (e.g. glucose) in an environment which is designed for implantation into an individual or for use in the context of an external apparatus. The device contains a composite membrane that is essentially entirely permeable to oxygen and permeable to larger biomolecules only in discrete hydrophilic regions. The membrane diffusionally limits the access of biomolecules to an enzyme, present in the hydrophilic region that catalyzes the oxidation of the biomolecule to produce hydrogen peroxide. A sensor in communication with the hydrophilic region is used to determine the amount of product produced or the amount of excess oxygen present allowing for the concentration of the biomolecule to be determined.

A hybrid vehicle driven using power from an internal combustion engine and power from an auxiliary power source, includes an exhaust gas purification catalyst disposed in an exhaust passage of the engine. The catalyst stores oxygen and a power controller causes the engine to discharge exhaust gas including excess oxygen and causes the auxiliary power source to assist the engine in driving the vehicle when oxygen is to be stored in the exhaust gas purification catalyst. It is possible to supply the catalyst with exhaust gas containing excess oxygen while inhibiting the driveability from being adversely affected.

A Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst was prepared by slurry coating ZSM-5 zeolite onto a cordierite monolith, then subliming an iron salt onto the zeolite, calcining the monolith, and then dipping the monolith either into an aqueous solution of manganese nitrate and cerium nitrate and then calcining, or by similar treatment with separate solutions of manganese nitrate and cerium nitrate. The supported catalyst containing iron, manganese, and cerium showed 80 percent conversion at 113 degrees Celsius of a feed gas containing nitrogen oxides having 4 parts NO to one part NO₂, about one equivalent ammonia, and excess oxygen; conversion improved to 94 percent at 147 degrees Celsius. N₂O was not detected (detection limit: 0.6 percent N₂O).

A catalyst and a method for selectively reducing nitrogen oxides (“NO_x”) with ammonia are provided. The catalyst includes a first component comprising a zeolite or mixture of zeolites selected from the group consisting of ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-12, ZSM-18, ZSM-23, MCM-zeolites, mordenite, faujasite, ferrierite, zeolite beta, and mixtures thereof; a second component comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of cerium, iron, copper, gallium, manganese, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, tin, rhenium, tantalum, osmium, barium, boron, calcium, strontium, potassium, vanadium, nickel, tungsten, an actinide, mixtures of actinides, a lanthanide, mixtures of lanthanides, and mixtures thereof; optionally an oxygen storage material and optionally an inorganic oxide. The catalyst selectively reduces nitrogen oxides to nitrogen with ammonia at high temperatures. The catalyst has high hydrothermal stability. The catalyst has high activity for conversion of low levels of nitrogen oxides in exhaust streams. The catalyst and the method may have special application to selective reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas from gas turbines and gas engines, although the catalyst and the method have broad application to a wide range of gas streams that have excess oxygen and high temperatures. The temperature of exhaust gas from gas turbines and gas engines is high. Both the high temperature and the low levels of inlet NO_x are challenging for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts.

A system and method are described for operating a diesel engine and particulate filter during self-sustained filter regeneration. In particular, a method is described for preventing over-temperature during filter regeneration by limiting excess oxygen supplied to the particulate filter.

To provide a semiconductor device that includes an oxide semiconductor and is miniaturized while keeping good electrical properties. In the semiconductor device, an oxide semiconductor layer is surrounded by an insulating layer including an aluminum oxide film containing excess oxygen. Excess oxygen in the aluminum oxide film is supplied to the oxide semiconductor layer including a channel by heat treatment in a manufacturing process of the semiconductor device. Furthermore, the aluminum oxide film forms a barrier against oxygen and hydrogen. It is thus possible to suppress the removal of oxygen from the oxide semiconductor layer surrounded by the insulating layer including an aluminum oxide film, and the entry of impurities such as hydrogen into the oxide semiconductor layer; as a result, the oxide semiconductor layer can be made highly intrinsic. In addition, gate electrode layers over and under the oxide semiconductor layer control the threshold voltage effectively.

A method of and an apparatus for capturing CO₂ from flue gas emanating from a carbonaceous fuel combusting power plant, which includes a source of oxygen and a combustion chamber for combusting the fuel with oxygen and thereby producing flue gas that includes CO₂, water and excess oxygen as its main components. At least a portion of the flue gas is compressed to a pressure higher than about sixty bar, the compressed flue gas is cooled in a primary CO₂ separating unit for capturing a first portion of the CO₂ by condensing it to produce a liquid CO₂ stream and a high pressure vent gas stream that includes oxygen and excess CO₂, the liquid CO₂ stream is discharged from the power plant, and the high pressure vent gas stream is conducted to a secondary CO₂ separating unit for capturing a second portion of the CO₂ by adsorbing it to an adsorbing material.

Systems and methods for controlling regeneration of a particulate filter downstream of an engine coupled to an energy conversion device are provided herein. One exemplary method includes, during first engine shutdown conditions, increasing excess oxygen to the particulate filter by spinning the engine with the energy conversion device, and regenerating the particulate filter. The method also includes, during second engine shutdown conditions, decreasing the excess oxygen to the particulate filter.

Systems and methods for controlling regeneration of a particulate filter downstream of an engine in a vehicle are provided herein. One exemplary method includes, during first engine shutdown conditions, increasing excess oxygen to the particulate filter, and regenerating the particulate filter at least during a portion of engine shutdown. The method further includes during second engine shutdown conditions, decreasing the excess oxygen to the particulate filter at least during a portion of engine shutdown.

The present invention provides a method for preparing a catalyst for the reduction of nitrogen oxides by the use of natural gas as a reducing agent in an excess oxygen atmosphere, which comprises of filling zeolite with an organic compound having molecular weight of 100~250 prior to loading catalytically active noble metal components on a zeolite. Since the method according to the present invention supports catalytic active noble metal components on a zeolite under the condition that the pores of zeolite are filled with organic compounds, the noble metal component, which is essential for forming highly active NOx reduction catalyst, can be supported precisely on the desired positions of zeolite pores. Therefore, the NOx reduction catalysts prepared by the present invention are very useful for the purification of exhaust gas in an excessive oxygen atmosphere such as gas turbines, boilers or lean-burn automobiles.

A catalyst (22) suitable for reduction of the NO_x in an exhaust gas by ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen is arranged in the exhaust passage (18, 21) of an internal combustion engine. An aqueous urea solution is fed through a flow control valve (33) to the inside of the exhaust passage (21) upstream of the catalyst (22). When the temperature of the catalyst (22) is low, a large amount of the aqueous urea solution is fed to make the urea contained in the aqueous urea solution be stored in the catalyst (22). When the engine is accelerated and the temperature of the catalyst (22) rises, ammonia is released at a little at a time from the inside of the catalyst (22) and the NO_x in the exhaust gas is reduced by the released ammonia.

This invention sets forth a commercially viable diesel combustion system that meets environmentally acceptable levels of NOx emissions (i.e. 0.2 g/bhp-hr or lower across a full map of engine speeds and loads) without the need for use of NOx aftertreatments, and simultaneously maintains engine-out PM emissions relatively close (e.g. with smoke levels at or below 3 BSN) to environmentally acceptable PM post-aftertreatment levels. The invention achieves these results by operating within a unique combination of parameters. These parameters comprise: (1) charge-air oxygen concentration below 16%, preferably between 10% and 15%, more preferably between 11% and 14%, and most preferably between 12% and 13.5% for virtually all engine operating conditions (but not necessarily at no-load or low load conditions), (2) fuel injection pressures at or exceeding 1800 bar, preferably exceeding 2100 bar, more preferably exceeding 2300 bar, and most preferably exceeding 2500 bar, at most engine speeds and loads, and (3) charge-air mass/fuel mass ratio between 25:1 and 45:1 for medium and high loads. Furthermore, the system is preferably run continuously slightly lean of stoichiometry, providing just enough excess oxygen to facilitate completeness of combustion and to maintain an exhaust oxygen level sufficient for continuous trap regeneration at a balance point in operation.

The invention relates to an anti-oxidation health-care wine and its production method, wherein the wine is prepared from the oxidation resistant reactive constituents in grape seed and peel extracted with high grade white spirit or brandy with high ethanol content, the the oxidation resistant reactive constituents in grape seed and peel is proanthocyanidin, resveratrol, polydatin, which can effectively remove excess oxygen-derived free radicals in human bodies.

A method for use with the formation of a capacitor includes providing a capacitor structure by forming a first electrode on a portion of a substrate assembly, forming a high dielectric material over at least a portion of the first electrode, and forming a second electrode over the high dielectric material. An additional layer may be formed over at least a portion of the second electrode. The portion of the substrate assembly on which the first electrode is formed and/or the layer formed over the second electrode are formed of an excess oxygen containing material.

The present invention detects the deterioration of a catalyst. In accordance with an output from an oxygen sensor, a catalyst deterioration detection device for the catalyst positioned in an exhaust path of an internal combustion engine detects a maximum oxygen storage state where an exhaust gas outflowing downstream of the catalyst contains excess oxygen and a minimum oxygen storage state where the exhaust gas outflowing downstream of the catalyst lacks oxygen. Control is exercised to provide a rich target air-fuel ratio for the internal combustion engine during an oxygen release period between the instant at which the maximum oxygen storage state is detected and the instant at which the minimum oxygen storage state is detected later, and to provide a lean target air-fuel ratio for the internal combustion engine during an oxygen storage period between the instant at which the minimum oxygen storage state is detected and the instant at which the maximum oxygen storage state is detected later. Further, the amount of oxygen released from the catalyst during the oxygen release period or the amount of oxygen stored by the catalyst during the oxygen storage period is detected as an oxygen storage amount. The deterioration of the catalyst is then judged in accordance with the oxygen storage amount. Moreover, when exercising control for catalyst deterioration detection, the catalyst deterioration detection device sets up oxygen storage amount detection conditions for correcting a variation that may occur in the oxygen release period or the oxygen storage period depending on a difference in output detection conditions for the oxygen sensor.

A method of combusting carbonaceous fuel in a combustion system. The combustion system includes a source of oxygen and a furnace. The method includes the steps of (a) feeding fuel and combustion gas including oxygen and recycling gas into the furnace for combusting the fuel with the oxygen and producing exhaust gas that includes CO₂, water and excess oxygen as its main components, (b) conducting the exhaust gas discharged from the furnace into a scrubber so as to remove pollutants from the exhaust gas, (c) dividing the exhaust gas into a first exhaust gas stream and a second exhaust gas stream, and conducting the second exhaust gas stream as a recycling gas stream into the furnace, (d) conducting the first exhaust gas stream into a CO₂ purification and capturing unit (CPU) to produce one or more condensate streams, a purified liquid CO₂ stream and a vent gas stream that includes remaining CO₂, (e) discharging the purified liquid CO₂ stream from the combustion system, (f) conducting the vent gas stream into an adsorption unit so as to adsorb compounds, including remaining CO₂, from the vent gas stream to an adsorbing material and to produce a pass-through gas stream, and (g) regenerating the adsorbing material to produce a desorbed gas stream that includes at least a portion of the adsorbed compounds, and conducting at least a portion of the desorbed gas stream into the furnace.

The invention provides a combined cold-heat-power supplying circulation system driven by a solid oxide fuel cell. Pressurized and heated fuel and pressurized and heated water are mixed, and then the mixture reacts with pressurized and heated air in the solid oxide fuel cell so as to generate power; the excess oxygen and unreacted fuel further react; a turbine is used for applying work to drive a power generator to generate power; and then the exhaust preheats air, water and the fuel for refrigeration and heat supply. The combined cold-heat-power supplying circulation system can effectively utilize the high-temperature residual heat of the fuel cell stack and the pressure energy of the fuel, realizes cascaded utilization of energy, and improves the utilization rate of fossil fuel; compared with the traditional power generation efficiency, the total power generating effect of the combined cold-heat-power supplying circulation system can reach more than 70 percent; and in a condition that the refrigerating capacity and the heating capacity are taken into consideration, the overall heat efficiency of the combined cold-heat-power supplying circulation system can reach more than 80 percent which is far higher than that of the general combined cold-heat-power supplying system.

A method of forming an optical fiber preform using, for example, an MCVD process, is modified to reduce the presence of hydrogen-induced transmission losses in an optical fiber drawn from the preform. A relatively porous, unsintered soot layer is first formed (similar to the initial soot layer commonly associated with the solution-doped process of the prior art) and then subjected to a flow of a metal halide (such as SiCl₄) to reduce the presence of excess oxygen. It is imperative that the metal halide treatment occur in the absence of oxygen. Sintering of the treated layer, followed by a conventional collapsing process is then used to form the inventive preform. In accordance with the present invention, both the sintering and collapsing steps are performed in a non-oxygen based ambient. When the drawn fiber is then later exposed to hydrogen, the lack of oxygen thus eliminates the formation of Si—OH and the associated attenuation problems.

The method and apparatus of the present invention discloses a power plant operating at low inlet pressure and temperature using a combination of conventional internal combustion engine techniques and jet engine techniques. The combination of a unique combustion chamber design, a novel variable impedance blade set turbine and a closed loop control system allows a variable resonant frequency for combusted gases. As the resonant frequency is approached a control mechanism uses sensor data to maintain the operating point such that maximum power output is achieved for a given throttle setting. The combination of the unique combustion chamber design, multiple fuel injector/sparking device pairs, finely atomized fuel, excess oxygen and the closed loop control system further provides a very linear power curve with low exit hydrocarbon pollution levels and high fuel efficiency.

An excess oxygen reduction system includes a fuel cut-off condition module, an injector module, and a valve module. The fuel cut-off condition module determines whether a fuel cut-off condition exists. The injector module prevents a fuel injector from fueling a cylinder when said fuel cut-off condition exists. The valve module closes an impulse charging valve when said fuel cut-off condition exists.