1444 results about "Metal alloy" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of temperature measurement, in particular to a multi-zone temperature distribution real-time calibration method based on a heating body, which comprises the following steps of: 1, etching on the surface of a metal alloy heating body of which the resistance temperature coefficient is greater than a preset material threshold value to form N discrete series resistance heating units which are electrically connected in series but thermally discrete; 2, establishing a resistance-temperature dynamic relation library of each discrete series resistance heating unit; 3, synchronously measuring the real-time resistance value of each unit when the heating body works; 4, reversely deducing the temperature of a unit center point through a unit exclusive relational expression according to the real-time resistance value, and reconstructing a continuous temperature distribution matrix on the surface of the heating body in combination with a heat conduction equation; and 5, comparing the target temperature field with the real-time temperature field matrix, and adjusting the driving power of the corresponding unit in the out-of-tolerance region. Through continuous calibration and temperature adjustment, accurate control of a temperature field can be maintained in different use environments.

Production systems and methods for producing pellets or pellet products, which can be used, e.g., in an electric arc furnace (EAF) to produce metal alloys, are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method for forming coke pellets includes (i) blending biomass with a set of materials to form an input blend, (ii) preconditioning the input blend by hydrating the input blend to generate a first plurality of particles, (iii) charging the first plurality of particles into an oven to produce a second plurality of particles via pyrolysis, (iv) post-conditioning the second plurality of particles to produce a third plurality of particles by exposing the second plurality of particles to at least one of an amphipathic binder, a hydrophobic binder, or a hydrophilic binder, and (v) physically altering the third plurality of particles to form coke pellets. The biomass can have a first volatility and the set of materials can have a second volatility lower than the first volatility.

The invention relates to the technical field of data processing, in particular to a metal alloy current detection resistor detection data processing method and system. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring a plurality of current data and voltage drop data, and obtaining each sub-window of each current data; obtaining the stability degree of each sub-window of each piece of current data, and obtaining the authenticity of each sub-window of each piece of current data according to the stability degree of each sub-window of each piece of current data and the relation between the numerical value change of the current data and the numerical value change of the voltage data; acquiring a reference window of each current data according to the authenticity; according to the method, the fuzzy entropy value of each current data is obtained according to the reference window of each current data, each abnormal data is obtained according to the fuzzy entropy value of each current data, the judgment of the abnormal condition of the metal alloy current detection resistor is completed, the noise influence is avoided, and the accuracy of abnormal detection is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of castable, and discloses a silicon carbide castable which comprises main materials and auxiliary materials, the main materials comprise 30-70 parts of silicon carbide particles, 5-20 parts of micro powder which is silicon carbide micro powder, 5-20 parts of nano aluminum oxide, 5-20 parts of a phase change material and 5-20 parts of reinforced fibers, and the auxiliary materials comprise a binding agent, an additive, a heat stabilizer, a high-heat-conductivity additive and an antioxidant. The phase-change material is a metal alloy phase-change material, and the reinforcing fiber is 5-20 parts of steel fiber. The binding agent is 10-15 parts of pure calcium aluminate cement, and the additive is 3-5 parts. In the preparation process of the silicon carbide castable, the steel fiber, the metal alloy phase change material and the graphite are added, the overall performance of the silicon carbide castable can be remarkably improved, the steel fiber can remarkably improve the toughness and mechanical strength of the silicon carbide castable, the castable can be effectively prevented from being heated to deform at a high temperature, shrinkage is inhibited, and a good prevention and treatment effect on microcracks is achieved; therefore, the overall stability and durability of the pouring material are improved.

The present invention relates to a metal semi-solid pulping cooling device and pulping equipment, including a rotating mechanism, two or more stirring mechanisms, a spoon, a cooling mechanism, a heat dissipation mechanism and a controller. The technical solution of the present application sets a stirring and quenching rod with a solid structure and uses a low-temperature metal alloy in a molten state as the heat transfer medium of the stirring and quenching rod that needs to be cooled, and utilizes the high thermal conductivity and high boiling point of the low-temperature metal alloy to quickly and reliably reduce the stirring and quenching rod to the initial temperature. The stirring and quenching rod can have a lower initial temperature and have a better heat transfer effect on the high-temperature metal liquid, which helps to improve the pulping quality and shorten the pulping time to increase production capacity. Compared with the prior art, the heat dissipation mechanism of the coolant and the rotating mechanism are separately set, which does not affect the life of the rotating mechanism, and even if the circulating pump is abnormal, it is not easily affected by the temperature to cause the risk of boiling and cracking of the stirring rod.

The present invention discloses an optimization polishing method and system for nonferrous metal alloy die castings, which relates to the technical field of optimization polishing of alloy die castings, and includes the following steps: the laser polishing equipment first performs surface treatment on the zinc-aluminum alloy die castings at an initial scanning speed, and at the same time, the visual inspection system obtains the defect data on the surface of the casting in real time, dynamically tracks the surface changes of the casting, and provides accurate input for intelligent evaluation. The present invention combines the laser polishing equipment and the visual inspection system to identify the surface defects of the casting in real time and dynamically adjust the laser scanning speed and power, thereby solving the problem of uneven surface caused by fixed scanning speed. The system intelligently evaluates the severity of defects, ensures that the laser energy acts evenly on the surface, avoids overheating or insufficient treatment, improves the surface finish and appearance quality of the casting, reduces surface damage and material waste, and thus improves production efficiency and product performance.

The invention relates to the technical field of metal alloy preparation and development, in particular to a high-toughness die-casting aluminum-silicon alloy material and a preparation method thereof. The aluminum-silicon alloy material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 8.0% to 9.0% of Si, 0.2% to 0.3% of Mg, 0.6% to 0.7% of Mn, 0.1% to 3.0% of Cu, 0.10% to 0.18% of Ti, 0.01% to 0.03% of V, 0.05% to 0.35% of Zn, 0.02% to 0.04% of Sr, 0.01% to 0.02% of La, 0.01% to 0.02% of Ce, 0% to 0.1% of Fe, 0% to 0.004% of Na, 0% to 0.002% of B and the balance of Al. The aluminum-silicon alloy material provided by the invention has excellent tensile property, compression property and shearing property, and the comprehensive performance of the alloy material is improved.

A method of manufacturing a component including a metal alloy comprises measuring crystallographic texture of a volume of a component, determining a risk factor of the component for cold dwell fatigue failure, and adjusting metallurgical processing of the component based on the risk factor. Such risk analysis and mitigation may aid in improving the usage and operation of components including materials that are susceptible to cold dwell fatigue failure.

The invention provides a diamond / copper multi-layer composite material capable of being subjected to high-temperature silver-copper welding, a preparation method of the diamond / copper multi-layer composite material and a heat dissipation device comprising the diamond / copper multi-layer composite material capable of being subjected to high-temperature silver-copper welding. The diamond / copper multilayer composite material capable of being subjected to high-temperature silver-copper welding is of a sandwich structure, a middle layer is made of a diamond / copper composite material, and an upper layer and a lower layer are respectively made of any one of tungsten copper, molybdenum copper and copper / molybdenum copper / copper (CPC material). The surface of the diamond / copper multilayer composite material is covered with the metal alloy material, so that the diamond / copper multilayer composite material has remarkably improved strength and lower thermal expansion coefficient at high temperature, and can be welded with ceramic at high temperature, so that a silver-copper solder can be used for replacing a gold-tin solder, and the application cost of the diamond / copper multilayer composite material is reduced.

The invention provides a multi-component platinum-bismuth-based intermetallic ordered nanosheet as well as a preparation method and application thereof, and relates to the technical field of multi-metal alloy catalysts. The multi-component platinum-bismuth-based intermetallic ordered nanosheet provided by the invention comprises a platinum element, a bismuth element and auxiliary metal elements, the auxiliary elements comprise 1-4 of an iridium element, a ruthenium element, an osmium element, a rhodium element, a tin element and a lead element, and the multi-component platinum-bismuth-based intermetallic ordered nanosheet has an intermetallic ordered structure and a two-dimensional nanosheet morphology. The multi-component platinum-bismuth-based intermetallic ordered nanosheet provided by the invention is stable in structure, is applied to a fuel cell as a catalyst, and has excellent electro-catalytic performance, including formic acid oxidation electro-catalytic performance and alcohol oxidation electro-catalytic performance. The invention provides the preparation method of the multi-component platinum-bismuth-based intermetallic ordered nanosheet, the preparation condition is mild, the operation is simple, and the problems of catalyst agglomeration and the like caused by conversion from high-temperature calcination to an ordered phase are effectively avoided.

The invention belongs to the technical field of cable manufacturing, and discloses a large-section cable for vehicle end bridging, which sequentially comprises a conductor layer, an insulating layer, a shielding layer and a sheath layer from inside to outside, the shielding layer comprises a forward winding type braided shielding wire and a reverse winding type meta-position aramid fiber, the braided shielding wire is formed by twisting a plurality of strands of metal alloy, and the sheath layer is arranged between the conductor layer and the insulating layer. The meta-position aramid fiber adopts stranded meta-position aramid fiber filaments as reverse winding weaving filaments, the sheath layer adopts high-temperature hot drying tunnel vulcanization extrusion type silicone rubber, the temperature of a high-temperature section of a drying tunnel is not lower than 400 DEG C, the vulcanization time is not less than 1 minute, and the meta-position aramid fiber is embrittled and cracked until carbonization failure due to the high temperature of the high-temperature section of the drying tunnel. The cable is suitable for production of a winding shielding layer of a large-section cable for vehicle end bridging with silicone rubber as an insulating layer and a sheath layer, and through introduction of reverse winding meta-position aramid fibers, on the basis of not influencing the use of the whole product, the product structure is further stabilized, and the use stability and safety of the product are ensured.

Integrated circuit (IC) die packages including a glass with conductive through-glass vias (TGVs). The TGVs are lined with a buffer comprising an inorganic material having a low elastic (Young's) modulus. The buffer may thereby accommodate internal stress between the glass and through via metallization formed over the buffer. The compliant inorganic material may be a metal or metal alloy, for example, different than that of the via metallization. The inorganic material may also be a metal nitride, metal silicide, or metal carbide. A TGV buffer may be one material layer of a stack comprising two or more material layers deposited upon TGV sidewall surfaces. A routing structure may be built-up on at least one side of the glass and IC die assembled to the routing structure. The buffer Ipresent within the TGVs may be absent from metal features of the routing structure.

A component for use in a semiconductor processing chamber is provided. A metal or metal alloy component body has a process-facing surface. An intermediate aluminum oxide coating is disposed on the process-facing surface, the intermediate aluminum oxide coating being at least 99% pure by weight and having a porosity of less than 0.1% by volume, the intermediate aluminum oxide coating having a first thickness. A process-exposed layer is disposed on the intermediate aluminum oxide coating, the process-exposed layer comprising at least one of yttrium, hafnium, zirconium, lanthanum, magnesium, and a lanthanide, the process-exposed layer being at least 99% pure by weight, having a porosity of less than 0.1%, and having a second thickness, the second thickness being less than or equal to the first thickness.

The invention belongs to the field of light metal alloy smelting, and provides a preparation process of high-quality Mg-Li and Al-Li alloys with large smelting amount under normal pressure in order to meet the requirements of the market on high-quality magnesium-lithium and aluminum-lithium alloy large ingots, which comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing Li-Mg binary alloy elements from lithium salt and oxides of Ca, Mg and Al through reduction reaction; and the Li-Mg binary alloy element is smelted with a magnesium ingot or an aluminum ingot under normal pressure to obtain the corresponding Mg-Li or Al-Li alloy. According to the method, high-quality Mg-Li and Al-Li alloy large castings can be prepared under normal pressure, meanwhile, the yield of lithium is increased, electrolytic metal lithium is not needed to serve as a raw material for preparing magnesium-lithium or aluminum-lithium alloy, and therefore pollution caused by chlorine generated by traditional lithium electrolysis is avoided.

The invention belongs to the technical field of catalytic materials and hydrocarbon reforming, and particularly relates to a high-entropy catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing a metal salt solution containing lanthanum, chromium, copper, zinc, manganese, nickel, iron and cobalt ions with a chelating agent and a dispersing agent for reaction, carrying out ultrasonic cavitation treatment to obtain sol, adjusting the pH value, gelatinizing under an oil bath heating condition to obtain a colloidal precursor, drying, and calcining in an air atmosphere to obtain a perovskite type high-entropy oxide precursor; and then treating in a reducing atmosphere to obtain the FeZnCuNiCo perovskite type high-entropy alloy catalyst which contains metal components of La, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Co and takes a multi-metal alloy active center of Fe-Zn-Cu-Ni-Co as a main component. The high-entropy catalyst can meet the harsh requirements of high temperature, strong carbon deposition driving force and long-period operation in a propane dry reforming reaction, and is suitable for industrial application scenarios of continuous production of high-temperature synthesis gas.

The invention discloses a method and system for regulating and controlling the volume fraction of variants in high-temperature alloy and a medium, and relates to the field of material science and engineering.The method comprises the steps that grain orientation data of any target high-temperature alloy sample is obtained, and a finite element model is constructed; obtaining the volume fraction of each variant in the target high-temperature alloy sample after electrolytic corrosion; performing a tensile experiment on any target high-temperature alloy sample at different temperatures and different tensile rates to obtain material attributes and a real stress-strain curve of the target high-temperature alloy; performing tensile simulation and creep simulation on the target high-temperature alloy in sequence by utilizing finite element software imported with a finite element model and a crystal plasticity constitutive model, and determining an optimal working condition corresponding to an expected variant volume fraction in the target high-temperature alloy; and under the optimal working condition, the target metal alloy is subjected to heat treatment through a creep stretching machine, and the target high-temperature alloy with the expected variant volume fraction is obtained. The volume fraction of the variants in the high-temperature alloy can be accurately regulated and controlled.

The invention discloses a method for preparing a methanol fuel cell anode catalyst by doping a modified multi-walled carbon nanotube carrier. The method comprises the following steps: 1) acidizing an unmodified multi-walled carbon nanotube; (2) preparing the cerium oxide doped modified multi-walled carbon nanotube; and 3) preparing the cerium oxide doped modified multi-walled carbon nanotube carrier loaded PtFe bimetallic alloy catalyst. According to the method disclosed by the invention, the MWCNTs are induced by doping CeO2 to generate more oxygen vacancy defects, so that anchoring of more active sites of the PtFe alloy is facilitated, and MOR is promoted to improve the activity of the catalyst; the stable Ce < 4 + > can deform the surface structure of Pt, so that the binding bond energy of COads and-OH is stronger, and an anti-poisoning effect is achieved; the introduced Fe element and Pt have metal electronegativity difference, so that the adsorption bond energy of formic acid, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide intermediates generated by gradual dehydrogenation of Pt and methanol can be weakened, and the anti-toxicity effect is achieved; and the PtFe alloy and the CeO2 / MWCNTs are in synergistic interaction, so that the stability of the catalyst can be enhanced.

The invention discloses a platinum-based alloy baffle material for an airspace engine, and belongs to the technical field of precious metal alloy materials. By optimizing alloy components and the preparation method, the problems that platinum-based alloy is insufficient in high-temperature mechanical property, rare earth elements are seriously burnt and the like are successfully solved, and a new-generation platinum-based high-temperature structural material with excellent high-temperature mechanical property and oxidation resistance is developed. The material comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 25.0%-30.0% of Ir, 0.10%-1.00% of Sm, 0.10%-1.00% of Ce and the balance of Pt, the preparation method comprises the following steps: weighing a mixture of platinum, iridium, samarium and cerium metals, and sequentially carrying out pre-alloying, vacuum induction melting, pouring, solution treatment and aging treatment, thermoplastic processing, cutting and surface treatment to obtain the platinum-based alloy baffle material for the airspace engine. The tensile strength of the material reaches 48 MPa at the temperature of 1500 DEG C, and the lasting creep life exceeds 54 h under the stress of 50 MPa; under severe thermal shock and cavitation conditions, the surface of the alloy is kept intact, and the 10h oxidation weight gain is lower than 1.6 mg / cm < 2 >.

The invention provides metal alloy intelligent control forging equipment, and relates to the field of alloy forging, the metal alloy intelligent control forging equipment comprises a forging base, the top of the forging base is fixedly provided with a driving mechanism, the driving mechanism comprises a supporting frame, the top of the supporting frame is transversely and slidably provided with an adjusting support, and the center of the top of the supporting frame is longitudinally and slidably provided with a forging hammer support; a pair of eccentric transmission rods is transversely and rotationally installed on the top of the supporting frame, sliding grooves are formed in the inner sides of the eccentric transmission rods, adjusting sliding blocks are slidably installed in the sliding grooves of the eccentric transmission rods, an adjusting rotating rod is fixedly installed between the two adjusting sliding blocks, and a transmission gear and a transmission cam are fixedly installed on the outer sides of the two eccentric transmission rods correspondingly. The forging mode of equipment can be adjusted through the balance weight cylinder, and needed alloy can be conveniently forged; according to the forging mechanism, the hammering amplitude of the forging mechanism can be adjusted through the eccentric transmission rod, and the forging mechanism is used for forging alloy through proper hammering force.

The embodiment of the invention provides a wheel, a bogie and a railway vehicle. The wheel comprises a hub, a spoke and a wheel rim which are sequentially arranged from inside to outside. The hub and the wheel rim are made of a second type of metal; the spoke is made of a first type of metal alloy; an annular mounting groove or an annular convex part is arranged on the peripheral surface of the spoke; the density of the first metal alloy is smaller than that of the second metal; an annular mounting groove or an annular convex part is arranged on the inner circumferential surface of the wheel rim, the annular mounting groove and the annular convex part on the outer circumferential surface of the spoke correspond to the annular mounting groove and the annular convex part on the inner circumferential surface of the wheel rim, and the annular convex part is embedded into the annular mounting groove and used for axially limiting the spoke and the wheel rim. According to the wheel, the bogie and the railway vehicle provided by the embodiment of the invention, the problem of high difficulty in hot charging or press mounting of a traditional split type wheel can be solved, the weight of the wheel is relatively light, the lightweight design of the bogie is favorably realized, and the wheel rail noise is reduced.

A casting mould for producing a casting formed from a light metal alloy, in particular a housing for an electric drive for a motor vehicle. The casting mould advantageously has at least one sand core which is designed and arranged in the casting mould in such a way that the at least at least one sand core can be completely surrounded, at least in sections, in a circumferential direction by a light metal melt with which the casting mould is filled to form the casting. It is advantageous to be able to produce a casting in which, for example, a cooling channel is incorporated. It is not necessary to drill a hole to form a channel. Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for manufacturing a casting made of a light metal alloy, in particular a housing for an electric drive for a motor vehicle.

A treatment method for enhancing coercive force of neodymium iron boron magnet includes the following steps: subjecting the neodymium iron boron magnet to electrochemical deposition in a diffusion water-based solution to obtain a neodymium iron boron magnet containing a heavy rare earth; and subjecting the neodymium iron boron magnet containing the heavy rare earth to heat treatment to complete enhancement of the coercive force of the neodymium iron boron magnet. The raw material used in the present invention is cheap heavy rare earth compounds which increases the selection of diffusion sources and lowers costs. Metal alloy particles are mainly obtained in a nanoscale size and can effectively enter crystal grains, and low-melting-point metal alloy components can enhance a demagnetizing coupling effect between main phase grains. According to the present invention, the coercive force of the magnet is increased by nearly 30%, and residual magnetism is almost not changed.

A multi-material structure includes a refractory portion with a metal or metal alloy of at least one of niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), iridium (Ir), vanadium (V), and ruthenium (Ru). A structural portion is metallurgically joined with the refractory portion. The structural portion includes a titanium (Ti) alloy. At least one of the refractory and structural portions is additively manufactured.

The invention belongs to the technical field of industrial wastewater recycling and lithium ion battery positive electrode material preparation, and relates to a method for recycling phosphorus and nickel resources in chemical nickel plating wastewater and synthesizing high-purity iron phosphate through a paired electrolysis method. The method comprises the steps that a double-chamber diaphragm electrolytic cell is adopted, a diaphragm is an anion exchange membrane, an anode is iron, a cathode is at least one of a metal electrode, an alloy electrode and a graphite electrode, an anolyte is a solution containing sulfate radicals, a catholyte is chemical nickel-plating wastewater, a paired electrolysis method is adopted, phosphorus resources are recycled from the anode, and high-purity iron phosphate is synthesized. And nickel resources are recovered through cathode electrodeposition of nickel. According to the method, phosphorus and nickel are recycled through an electro-deposition method, and the current efficiency is greatly improved; the method is high in recovery rate, low in cost and simple in process, industrial large-scale production can be realized, and the recovered iron phosphate has very high purity and can be used as a precursor raw material for synthesizing lithium iron phosphate serving as a positive electrode material of a lithium ion battery.

A material sorting system sorts materials utilizing an x-ray fluorescence and / or a vision system that implements a machine learning system in order to identify or classify each of the materials, which are then sorted into separate groups based on such an identification or classification determining that the materials are composed of either wrought aluminum, extruded aluminum, or cast aluminum. The system is capable of sorting between cast aluminum alloys and also between wrought aluminum alloys.

The invention relates to the technical field of lithium / sodium ion battery negative electrode materials, in particular to a phosphorus-based negative electrode material with a solid electrolyte interface and a preparation method and application thereof.The method comprises the following steps that phosphorus powder, a carbon material and metal fluoride are mixed and subjected to ball milling, and a composite negative electrode material is obtained; and sieving the composite negative electrode material to obtain the phosphorus-based negative electrode material. The solid electrolyte interface with high strength and high lithium ion / electron transmission is constructed in situ by doping the metal fluoride, so that the cycling stability and the rate capability of the battery are improved. When the lithium ion battery is discharged, the fluorinated metal can construct a solid electrolyte interface rich in lithium fluoride with high Young modulus and lithium-metal alloy with high ion / electron conductivity on the surfaces of phosphorus-carbon particles in situ before phosphorus-carbon lithium embedding, and the strength of the solid electrolyte interface can be enhanced by means of the lithium fluoride with high Young modulus; the expansion of the phosphorus-carbon negative electrode is inhibited, so that the cycling stability is improved.

Methods for producing durable oxide coatings on various substrates are provided. The method involves depositing an oxidizable metal layer, such as zirconium, aluminum, titanium, magnesium, or niobium, onto a substrate using physical vapor deposition techniques, including sputtering, evaporation, or cathodic arc deposition. The oxidizable metal layer is subsequently treated using anodization or micro-arc oxidation (MAO) to convert at least a portion of the layer into a robust oxide coating. The MAO process employs high voltages and current densities in an electrolytic bath containing water, salts, and additives to enhance surface properties. The resulting oxide layer provides exceptional hardness, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, and aesthetic finishes, including a black appearance. The method is compatible with diverse substrates, including metals, alloys, and plastics, enabling applications in aerospace, automotive, consumer electronics, and decorative industries. This approach overcomes limitations of traditional coatings by delivering tailored, high-performance surfaces.

The invention discloses a FeCoNbW alloy target material and a hot isostatic pressing preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of magnetic storage target material manufacturing. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out vacuum melting on Fe blocks, Co blocks and Nb blocks, and then carrying out gas atomization to obtain FeCoNb alloy powder; the FeCoNbW alloy target material is obtained by mixing the FeCoNbW alloy powder and W powder, and then sequentially carrying out sheathing, die filling, degassing, gradient hot isostatic pressing sintering and machining on the FeCoNbW alloy powder and the W powder. The W powder is added into the FeCoNb alloy powder to be combined into mixed powder of target components, the FeCoNb alloy powder forms metal alloy due to the components, demagnetization can be achieved, and the final magnetic permeability of the target material is improved. And then the target blank is sintered in a gradient hot isostatic pressing mode, the problems that components are not uniform, the target blank cracks during conventional plastic deformation and the magnetic permeability is low are solved, and the yield of the FeCoNbW alloy target is effectively increased.

Provided is a metal-oxide thin-film transistor. The metal-oxide thin-film transistor includes a gate, a gate insulation layer, a metal-oxide semiconductor layer, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and a passivation layer that are successively disposed on a base substrate; wherein the source electrode and the drain electrode are both in a laminated structure, wherein the laminated structure of the source electrode or the drain electrode at least includes a bulk metal layer and an electrode protection layer; wherein the electrode protection layer includes a metal or a metal alloy; the electrode protection layer is at least disposed between the metal-oxide semiconductor layer and the bulk metal layer; wherein a metal-oxide layer is disposed between the electrode protection layer and the bulk metal layer.

A method of sealing leaks in oil and gas wells includes: removing a portion of an inner casing string within a wellbore to access an annulus associated with an area of fluid leakage; filling a first portion of the annulus with a first metal alloy to form a first metal alloy layer; filling a second portion of the annulus with cement to form a cement layer over the first metal alloy layer; and filling a third portion of the annulus with a second metal alloy to form a second metal alloy layer over the cement layer. The first metal alloy layer, the cement layer, and the second metal alloy layer together seal the annulus.