226 results about "Tissue surface" patented technology

According to the flexible array type external field program control nerve stimulation device, the preparation method and the application thereof, the flexible array type external field program control nerve stimulation device comprises a flexible substrate layer and a stimulation response fiber array layer, and the stimulation response fiber array layer is prepared from a functional material capable of converting external field energy such as ultrasound, magnetism and light into electric energy; the flexible substrate layer with high flexibility is adopted, so that the flexible substrate layer can be matched with the surface of a nerve target tissue in a conformal manner; the stimulation response fiber array layer integrated on the flexible substrate layer in an array arrangement mode can meet the stimulation spatial resolution of neuron and even sub-neuron precision, has the characteristics of excellent flexibility, biocompatibility, passivity and wireless performance, can provide nerve electrical stimulation signals with high spatial resolution, and can be applied to the field of nerve electrical stimulation. The high-resolution nerve electrical stimulation device can be in conformal fit with the irregular surface of nerve soft tissue, and is suitable for high-resolution nerve electrical stimulation of different parts such as eyes, the brain and peripheral nerves.

An anvil buttress loading system includes an anvil assembly having a snap clip disposed on a tissue facing surface, a loading tool including a clip roller extending proximally from a support plate, and an anvil buttress including a buttress body. The snap clip is movable between closed and open positions having generally concave and convex shapes, respectively, relative to the tissue facing surface. The anvil buttress is releasably retained on the loading tool and is transferrable from the loading tool to the anvil assembly such that the buttress body is captured between the snap clip and the tissue facing surface of the anvil assembly. The snap clip is movable from the closed position to the open position by the clip roller when advancing the loading tool onto the anvil assembly and from the open position to the closed position when separating the loading tool from the anvil assembly.

The invention belongs to the technical field of biological materials and ultrasonic printing, and particularly discloses a biological adhesive for ultrasonic printing and preparation and application thereof. The biological adhesive comprises a heat-sensitive main body material and a chemical adhesion component, the heat-sensitive main body material comprises hydroxybutyl chitosan, and the chemical adhesion component comprises polyacrylic acid-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The bioadhesive has excellent ultrasonic responsiveness, formability and bioadhesion performance, directional deposition, in-situ solidification and tissue surface adhesion can be achieved in a non-contact and accurately-controlled ultrasonic printing system, and the bioadhesive is suitable for various biomedical scenes such as tissue repair, minimally invasive medicine, biological device construction and drug delivery interface printing.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical image processing, in particular to a gynecological endoscope image intelligent analysis and cervical lesion precise diagnosis system. Comprising an image enhancement module, a differential geometric feature extraction module, a topology preserving manifold learning module, a curvature-blood vessel correlation analysis module, a biopsy point accurate positioning module, a real-time intelligent auxiliary diagnosis module, a clinical feedback module and a self-adaptive optimization module. Micro morphological change features are extracted through multi-scale curvature analysis; a topology sensitive encoder and a manifold alignment decoder are adopted, and a key topology structure is kept; establishing a correlation model of the tissue surface curvature change and the blood vessel morphology, and analyzing differential morphological characteristics; determining an optimal biopsy position based on the comprehensive characteristics; according to the method, the diagnosis result and basis are generated, visual display is provided, the detection rate of cervical lesions, especially early minimal lesions, is remarkably increased, the missed diagnosis rate is reduced, and multi-point biopsy is reduced.

The invention provides a sampler and a sampling method for collecting biological molecules on the surface of tissue, the sampler is provided with a sampling direction, the sampler comprises a main body, the main body is provided with an arc-shaped track, the center of the arc-shaped track corresponds to the center of the main body, and the sampling direction of the main body is equal to that of the arc-shaped track in one length direction of the track. And the radius of the arc-shaped track is gradually increased or decreased. According to the sampler for collecting the biological molecules on the surface of the tissue, a plurality of sampling needles are arranged, a sampling liquid drop corresponding to a sampling center can be formed and maintained among the output ends of the plurality of sampling needles, and a non-embedded sampling mode is realized through contact between the liquid drop and the surface of the biological tissue; the damage to the integrity of key biomolecules possibly caused by a traditional method is avoided, the acquisition of high-fidelity biomolecules is facilitated, and the sampler can reduce physical disturbance and mechanical damage to fragile tissues to the maximum extent.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical robots and minimally invasive surgery, and provides a robot control system and method for blue laser vaporization surgery of prostatic hyperplasia. Mapping the nuclear magnetic image volume data to a deformation field under an ultrasonic acquisition coordinate system, and deforming the preoperative nuclear magnetic image to an intra-operative ultrasonic space by using the deformation field to complete image registration; fusing the registered image with a stereoscopic vision system; the spatial depth of the surface of the target tissue is obtained from the endoscopic image so as to supplement navigation information; according to the utility model, the prostate deformation and probe posture change adaptive capacity in an operation is improved, the real-time visual closed-loop regulation and control capacity is improved, and the characteristics of small light spots, shallow heat diffusion, excellent hemostasis and the like of blue laser are combined, so that the vaporization and hemostasis precision in a tiny blood vessel dense area is ensured, and the problems of large tissue trauma and the like are avoided.

The invention relates to the technical field of planting bridges, and particularly discloses a hollow planting bridge and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: acquiring an initial model; the initial model is imported into MaterialiseMagics software, and an internal hollow structure is designed; preparing a planting bridge frame by using an additive manufacturing technology; the free ends of the lingual side, the palatal side or the two sides of the planting bridge are provided with slag discharging openings, and the slag discharging openings are far away from the screw channels, the edge lines and the tissue surfaces; and after the internal supporting material is removed, the slag discharging opening is sealed through resin. The hollow planting bridge frame comprises a planting bridge frame; a hollow structure; the connecting base is in the form of a preparation body or a complete tooth; the number of the screw channels is matched with that of the implants; the number of the implant abutment interfaces is matched with that of the implants; and the residue discharging openings are formed in the free ends of the tongue side, the palate side or the two sides of the planting bridge frame, and the residue discharging openings are sealed by resin. Therefore, the problems that in the prior art, a bridge frame is heavy, and the burden on an implant is large are solved.

The invention discloses a Transform-based wet tissue surface defect real-time detection method. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring category information and a detection image of a to-be-detected wet tissue; the detection image comprises a visible light image and a near-infrared image; according to the category information of the to-be-detected wet tissue, acquiring category features through a preset category feature information base, and encoding the category features to generate category feature vectors; performing feature extraction on the visible light image and the near-infrared image to obtain visible light features and near-infrared features; based on the category feature vector, dynamically fusing the visible light feature and the near-infrared feature through a cross attention mechanism to generate a fused feature; and based on the fusion features, generating a wet tissue surface defect detection result through a preset defect detection model. According to the method, the accuracy and efficiency of detecting the surface defects of different types of wet tissues can be effectively improved by combining the category feature prior with the visible light feature and near-infrared feature fusion method.

Systems and methods are provided for performing optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography for the rapid generation of en-face images. According to one example embodiment, differential interferograms obtained using a spectral domain or swept source OCT system are convolved with a Gabor filter, where the Gabor filter is computed according to an estimated surface depth of the tissue surface. The Gabor-convolved differential interferogram is processed to produce an en-face image, without requiring the performing of a fast Fourier transform and k-space resampling. In another example embodiment, two interferograms are separately convolved with a Gabor filter, and the amplitudes of the Gabor-convolved interferograms are subtracted to generate a differential Gabor-convolved interferogram amplitude frame, which is further processed to generate an en-face image without performing a fast Fourier transform and k-space resampling. The example OCTA methods disclosed herein are shown to achieve faster data processing speeds compared to conventional OCTA algorithms.

Systems and methods utilizing RF energy to treat a patient's skin (e.g., dermis and hypodermis) or other target tissue including at a depth below a tissue surface (e.g., skin surface, mucosal surfaces of the vagina or esophagus) are provided herein. In various aspects, the methods and systems described herein can provide a RF-based treatment in which the deposition of RF energy can be selectively controlled to help ensure heating uniformity during one or more of body sculpting treatment (lipolysis), skin tightening treatment (laxity improvement), cellulite treatment, vaginal laxity or rejuvenation treatment, urinary incontinence treatment, fecal incontinence treatment, all by way of non-limiting examples. In various aspects, the systems can comprise one or more sources of RF energy (e.g., a RF generator), a treatment applicator comprising one or more electrode arrays configured to be disposed in contact with a tissue surface, and a return electrode (e.g., a neutral pad) to the tissue surface.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of collagen derivative and polysaccharide substance compounded self-gel hemostatic powder, and relates to the field of biomedical materials. Aminated collagen derivatives and aldehyde polysaccharide substances are subjected to a Schiff base reaction through amino groups and aldehyde groups; further obtaining the Schiff base cross-linked aminated collagen derivative-aldehyde polysaccharide hydrogel, freeze-drying, and grinding into powder, so as to obtain the self-gel hemostatic powder. The self-gel hemostatic powder disclosed by the invention forms hydrogel in a wound tissue for adhesion and sealing, so that rapid hemostasis is realized, postoperative adhesion at the wound tissue is avoided, and healing of a wound is facilitated; after hemostasis is completed, the self-gel powder can be dissociated and removed from the tissue surface, and the risk that thrombus is formed and immunological rejection is caused is reduced; after hemostasis is completed, the hemostasis powder can be metabolized and absorbed by a human body along with thrombus, so that the residue of the hemostasis powder in the body is reduced, and the safety is improved.

The invention discloses a medical pressure-sensitive adhesive patch based on citric acid, a preparation method and application, the medical pressure-sensitive adhesive patch is composed of an adhesion layer and an anti-adhesion layer, and the thickness ratio of the adhesion layer to the anti-adhesion layer is 1: 1-100: 1; the adhesion layer is obtained by polymerizing a citric acid unit and a polyhydroxy compound unit; the hydrophobic high-molecular polymer is selected from at least one of a polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid, polyurethane and polyether urethane. According to the preparation method, three carboxyl groups in the citric acid not only can be used for esterification reaction with polyhydric alcohols to form a network, but also can provide excellent adhesive force for contact between the adhesive patch and the tissue surface through electrostatic interaction or hydrogen-bond interaction. The anti-sticking layer prepared from the hydrophobic high-molecular polymer can effectively resist invasion of external moisture and bacteria, so that the service time of the adhesive patch is prolonged; meanwhile, the anti-sticking layer can also play a supporting role, so that the mechanical strength of the adhesive tape is improved.

The utility model discloses an indocyanine green precise puncture and injection device under a laparoscope, which belongs to the field of medical instruments and comprises a needle tube outer cylinder, a middle propelling device arranged in the needle tube outer cylinder, an internal propelling device arranged in the middle propelling device, a negative pressure drainage piece arranged at the head of the needle tube outer cylinder, and a negative pressure drainage piece arranged at the tail of the needle tube outer cylinder. An outer hose is arranged at the other end of the negative pressure drainage piece, a suction cup head is arranged at the other end of the outer hose, an inner hose is arranged at the head of the middle propelling device, the inner hose penetrates through the negative pressure drainage piece and then extends into the outer hose, an injection needle is arranged at the head of the inner hose, and an electrocoagulation wire is arranged in the suction cup head and connected with the injection needle. According to the utility model, an operator can accurately complete puncture and injection operations under a laparoscope; the problem that when indocyanine green is injected, a needle is withdrawn and after the needle is withdrawn, the medicament overflows to pollute the tissue surface is solved; electric coagulation hemostasis can be implemented in the whole operation process; and the medicine injection dosage can be controlled more accurately.

Systems and methods are provided for 3D in vivo ultrasound imaging of a tissue surface, such as a tissue surface located within a joint capsule, during an arthroscopic procedure. An in vivo ultrasound probe is provided having a rotatable distal region supporting an array of ultrasound transducers. An ultrasound array is controlled to collect image data at several elevations while rotating the distal region of the probe to acquire a local 3D image data set across a local 3D volume associated with a current probe pose. This process is repeated as the probe pose changes, resulting in a set of local 3D image datasets, each local 3D image dataset corresponding to a different probe pose. The local 3D image dataset is processed to segment a tissue surface profile and generate a corresponding set of surface tiles. The surface tiles are processed and combined to generate a synthetic 3D image, optionally based on input from one or more sensors.

The LNTPI is a surgical instrument used to cut through fibrotic and edematous tissue to define the natural tissue plane of dissection. After defining the natural tissue plane, it is designed to move or carefully insinuate tissues along these natural planes without cutting the tissue, so that targeted organs or parts thereof could be viewed and reached during laparoscopic procedures. The following features make the LNTPI unique compared to standard blunt dissectors used in laparoscopy: 1. The tip of the LNTPI is coarse and not smooth. The tip has diagonal, spiral ridges from the sides which are carried onto the tip converging as a single spiral at the center of the tip, creating a pattern resembling that of a screw; 2. The ridges of the LNTPI are comprised of asymmetrical triangular ridges with an acute angle at the apex that may be leaning along with or against the rotation of the spiral; 3. The tip of the LNTPI is made of tungsten carbide metal instead of stainless steel; 4. Dissection can be done in the usual up, down, left, and right motions as standard dissectors; 5. The side of the LNTPI can be used to "peel" tissue by using the ridges on its side combined with a twisting movement. This maneuver cannot be performed using standard dissectors; and 6. The tip of the LNTPI can perform circumferential dissection when used with a twisting movement causing it to engage tissue like a "drill" along the natural tissue plane. The ridges that converge into a single spiral at the tip of the invention appear like a screw and with the proper twisting movement have a similar effect on tissue. Because of the texture, design, and material used for the tip of the LNTPI, it has the following advantages over standard dissectors: The LNTPI can engage tissues more easily even if the tissues are slippery due to the presence of blood or fluids. The LNTPI can be used to engage tissues through a twisting motion which motion allows the tissues to be engaged in a specific manner that defines natural tissue dissection planes. The LNTPI can insinuate / "peel" tissue by using the side spiral ridges in combination with a twisting movement. The LNTPI can perform circumferential dissection by using the tip and the convergence of the spiral ridges at the center of the tip in combination with a twisting movement. The transfer of lateral shear force to the tissue at various angles (45, 90, and 180 degrees) when using the LNTPI is significantly higher whether the motion is by a sweeping motion or twisting of the instrument, allowing it to insinuate better than standard instruments, especially in a wet field. Hand movements needed in insinuating tissue using the LNTPI are different from the usual hand movements when using standard dissection instruments. The hand movements in using LNTPI require less muscular effort and repetitiveness, thus preventing muscle fatigue and repetitive use injury among surgeons. The instrument is reusable, as compared to dissectors that have fabric at the tip, which must be disposed of and replaced once the fabric tip fully absorbs the blood or other fluid in the wet tissue surface.

An ultrasound imaging system (102) includes a single transducer array (110) having a long axis and configured to transmit and receive in a first mode to acquire real-time ultrasound images of a sagittal plane during a surgical procedure, or in a second mode, acquiring 3D ultrasound data comprising a plurality of sagittal planes by rotating the single transducer array about an axis parallel to the long axis of the transducer array; a resampler (202) configured to resample the 3D ultrasound data and generate a set of resampled ultrasound planes that are approximately orthogonal to the surface of tissue of interest; a divider (204) configured to segment a first profile of the tissue of interest in the set of resampled ultrasound planes; and a registration engine (206) configured to register the first profile with a second profile of the tissue of interest in the pre-operative 3D MR image data and generate a fused 3D image.

Provided herein are methods, devices, and systems that may improve optical resolution when imaging through a thickness of samples. A method for generating a depth profile of a tissue of a subject may comprise using an optical probe to transmit an excitation light beam from a light source towards a surface of the tissue; using one or more focusing units in the optical probe to simultaneously adjust a depth and a position of a focal point of the excitation light beam along a scanning path; detecting at least a subset of the signals generated upon contacting the tissue with the excitation light beam; and using one or more computer processors programmed to process the at least the subset of the signals to generate the depth profile of the tissue.

Methods of transplanting target cells into a subject in need thereof. The methods generally comprise creating a sealed transplantation space by attaching an acellular membrane to the surface of a visceral organ or tissue in the subject in a manner such that a sealed space is created between the surface of the visceral organ or tissue and the membrane, and inserting a mixture of support cells and the target cells into the sealed transplantation space.

In an aspect, a method for applying beta-alanine to a tissue surface is described. The method may comprise applying a composition comprising from about 0.01 % w / w to about 5.0 % w / w beta-alanine to a tissue surface. The beta-alanine may comprise between about 0.08 % w / w to about 2 % w / w. The tissue surface may be suffering from a condition. The tissue surface may be from the group consisting of epidermis, mucosal membrane, respiratory tract lining, urinary tract lining, and reproductive tract lining. In another aspect a composition may comprise from about 0.01 % w / w to about 5.0 % w / w beta-alanine; water; an emulsifying component; and a fat. The fat may be an emollient or a moisturizing component.

An implantable energized medical device configured to be held in position by a tissue portion of a patient, the medical device comprising: a first portion configured to be placed on a first side of the tissue portion, the first portion having a first cross-sectional area in a first plane and comprising a first surface configured to face a first tissue surface of the first side of the tissue portion, a second portion configured to be placed on a second side of the tissue portion, the second side opposing the first side, the second portion having a second cross-sectional area in a second plane and comprising a second surface configured to engage a second tissue surface of the second side of the tissue portion, and a connecting portion configured to be placed through a hole in the tissue portion extending between the first and second sides of the tissue portion, the connecting portion having a third cross-sectional area in a third plane and a third surface configured to engage the first tissue surface of the first side of the tissue portion, wherein the connecting portion is configured to connect the first portion to the second portion, wherein: the first, second, and third planes are parallel to each other, and the third cross-sectional area is smaller than the first and second cross-sectional areas, such that the first portion, second portion and connecting portion are prevented from travelling through the hole in the tissue portion in a direction perpendicular to the first, second and third planes.

Embodiments of the present disclosure may include a system for associating dental and medical data the system including a processor. Embodiments may also include a memory containing instructions that instruct the processor to receive dental data including a plurality of dental images representative of at least a surface of dental tissue of a patient. Embodiments may also include receive medical data representative of the patient. Embodiments may also include generate training data as a function of a correlation between the dental data and the medical data. Embodiments may also include input the training data into a machine learning algorithm. Embodiments may also include train a machine learning model as a function of the training data and the machine learning algorithm.

A control device (1) for microsurgery for controlling a surgical instrument (2) is described. The control device (1) comprises a sensor device (3) which has at least one device (4) for detecting the lateral position of the surgical instrument (2) relative to a surface (12) of a tissue (11) and at least one device (5) for detecting data which characterizes an axial relationship between the surgical instrument (2) and the tissue surface (12). The axial relationship is characterized by at least one kinematic and / or at least one dynamic parameter. The control device (1) is designed to control the action of the surgical instrument (2) on the tissue (11) and / or to control the movement of the surgical instrument (2) with respect to the tissue (11) based on data detected by the sensor device (3).A robotic assembly and a surgical microscope for microsurgery are also disclosed.

The application discloses a kind of matrix spraying parameter optimization method and system for mass spectrometry imaging, it is related to deep learning technical field, including: the optical image of the surface of tissue section is collected, is evenly divided into multiple grid units arranged according to row and column, optical reflectivity value is extracted, and optical reflectivity distribution diagram is constituted;Pretreatment is carried out and the hydrophilic-hydrophobic index of each grid unit is calculated;Spraying parameter prediction model outputs nozzle moving speed prediction value;Adjacent grid units in the same row and the difference of nozzle moving speed prediction value are within the preset tolerance range, and the grid units are merged into the same spraying area, the average value of the nozzle moving speed prediction value of all grid units is used as initial optimized nozzle moving speed;Optimized nozzle moving speed is obtained by correction, and the surface of tissue section is differentially sprayed with matrix solution.The technical problem that the present application solves is that the surface of the tissue is different in hydrophilic-hydrophobic, which leads to uneven spraying and low spatial resolution consistency of mass spectrometry imaging.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of dental prosthesis design, and particularly discloses a hollow base liquid storage type removable denture which comprises a base and artificial teeth arranged on the base, the base is a hollow base with a liquid storage cavity, the hollow base is provided with a plurality of overflow discharge channels communicated with the liquid storage cavity, and the diameter of the outlet end of each overflow discharge channel is 0.3-1mm; a plurality of tissue surface adsorption structures are arranged on the tissue surface part of the base plate. The removable denture disclosed by the utility model can automatically and slowly release artificial saliva, so that the dry feeling of an oral cavity is reduced; due to the design of the tissue surface adsorption structure on the tissue surface, the contact area between the base plate and the oral cavity tissue is increased, so that the adsorption force is improved.

The application discloses a fluorescence tomography reconstruction imaging method based on a physical model depth network, acquires tissue surface light intensity information through a CCD camera, performs mesh partitioning on a phantom by using Amira software, respectively partitions two meshes with different precisions, respectively solves corresponding system matrices and adjacent matrices of mesh nodes by using the mesh after partitioning and optical parameters of each region in the phantom through a finite element method, sets a transfer matrix corresponding to the power density of different meshes, then transmits surface light intensity data into a depth network, solves in a coarse mesh, and demarcates a feasible area for solving a fine mesh according to the solving result of the coarse mesh, and solves in the feasible area, so that the norm of the obtained solution is small, the result is relatively sparse, the error of the norm and the result forward and the real surface light intensity is considered during solving, the position of a fluorescent group in the tissue can be positioned more accurately, and the application has important significance for studying tumors and early diagnosis of tumors.

The invention provides a tissue adhesive material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The tissue bonding material is prepared from the following raw materials: a polymer monomer, wherein the polymer monomer comprises an acrylic monomer and an acrylamide monomer; the modified chitosan compound is obtained by modifying a chitosan compound through a polyphenol compound, and the polyphenol compound has two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups; and an initiator, wherein the initiator comprises a photoinitiator and a radical initiator. When the tissue bonding material is in contact with a wet or wet tissue surface, interface liquid existing between the bonding material and the wet tissue surface can be quickly absorbed and removed, and carboxyl, amido and catechol groups of the tissue bonding material can form a large number of molecular bonds with molecules on the wet tissue surface, so that instant bonding on the wet tissue surface is formed; and high adhesiveness can be maintained for a long time.

A method of measuring a biomechanical parameter of soft biological tissue is described. The method includes a pre-measurement process wherein an impulse applying device applies a pre-pressure to a surface of the tissue via an end portion contacting the tissue surface. While maintaining the pre-pressure, the device generates at least two impulses separated by a time interval, each impulse causing the end portion to impart to the tissue an action with certain parameters, each action inducing a response of the tissue. A value of a biomechanical parameter of the tissue is determined from each response induced. A determination is made as to whether the determined values of the biomechanical parameter are sufficiently similar to each other to indicate that the pre-pressure, the parameters of the end portion actions and the time interval are acceptable for use in a measurement process to be conducted on the surface of the tissue.

Medical software tools platforms utilize a surgical display to provide access to specific medical software tools, such as medically-oriented applications or widgets, that can assist surgeons or surgical team in performing various procedures. In particular, an endoscopic camera may register the momentary rise in the optical signature reflected from a tissue surface and in turn transmit it to a medical image processing system which can also receive patient heart rate data and display relevant anomalies. Changes in various spectral components and the speed at which they change in relation to a source of stimulus (heartbeat, breathing, light source modulation, etc.) may indicate the arrival of blood, contrast agents or oxygen absorption. Combinations of these may indicate various states of differing disease or margins of tumors, and so forth. Also, changes in temperatures, physical dimensions, pressures, photoacoustic pressures and the rate of change may indicate tissue anomalies in comparison to historic values.

The embodiment of the invention is suitable for the technical field of medical imaging and photoacoustic imaging, and provides a photoacoustic microscopic imaging system, an imaging method and imaging equipment, and the system comprises a light source excitation assembly which is used for transmitting pulse laser and irradiating a scanning galvanometer after the pulse laser is collimated; the scanning and focusing assembly is used for performing collimation and focusing treatment on the pulse laser reflected by the scanning galvanometer to obtain parallel light, and the parallel light passes through a light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device placed according to a preset angle and then irradiates the tissue surface of the to-be-scanned object; the signal acquisition control assembly is used for receiving an ultrasonic signal generated by the object to be scanned and generating imaging point data capable of being used for photoacoustic microscopic imaging based on the ultrasonic signal; the light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device is a sealed water filling device in which a plurality of hollow glass beads are arranged, and the sealing structure of the light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device is made of quartz materials. By adopting the system, photoacoustic microscopic imaging can be quickly, efficiently and accurately realized.