157 results about "Tissue surface" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of medical image processing, in particular to a gynecological endoscope image intelligent analysis and cervical lesion precise diagnosis system. Comprising an image enhancement module, a differential geometric feature extraction module, a topology preserving manifold learning module, a curvature-blood vessel correlation analysis module, a biopsy point accurate positioning module, a real-time intelligent auxiliary diagnosis module, a clinical feedback module and a self-adaptive optimization module. Micro morphological change features are extracted through multi-scale curvature analysis; a topology sensitive encoder and a manifold alignment decoder are adopted, and a key topology structure is kept; establishing a correlation model of the tissue surface curvature change and the blood vessel morphology, and analyzing differential morphological characteristics; determining an optimal biopsy position based on the comprehensive characteristics; according to the method, the diagnosis result and basis are generated, visual display is provided, the detection rate of cervical lesions, especially early minimal lesions, is remarkably increased, the missed diagnosis rate is reduced, and multi-point biopsy is reduced.

The invention belongs to the technical field of medical robots and minimally invasive surgery, and provides a robot control system and method for blue laser vaporization surgery of prostatic hyperplasia. Mapping the nuclear magnetic image volume data to a deformation field under an ultrasonic acquisition coordinate system, and deforming the preoperative nuclear magnetic image to an intra-operative ultrasonic space by using the deformation field to complete image registration; fusing the registered image with a stereoscopic vision system; the spatial depth of the surface of the target tissue is obtained from the endoscopic image so as to supplement navigation information; according to the utility model, the prostate deformation and probe posture change adaptive capacity in an operation is improved, the real-time visual closed-loop regulation and control capacity is improved, and the characteristics of small light spots, shallow heat diffusion, excellent hemostasis and the like of blue laser are combined, so that the vaporization and hemostasis precision in a tiny blood vessel dense area is ensured, and the problems of large tissue trauma and the like are avoided.

Systems and methods utilizing RF energy to treat a patient's skin (e.g., dermis and hypodermis) or other target tissue including at a depth below a tissue surface (e.g., skin surface, mucosal surfaces of the vagina or esophagus) are provided herein. In various aspects, the methods and systems described herein can provide a RF-based treatment in which the deposition of RF energy can be selectively controlled to help ensure heating uniformity during one or more of body sculpting treatment (lipolysis), skin tightening treatment (laxity improvement), cellulite treatment, vaginal laxity or rejuvenation treatment, urinary incontinence treatment, fecal incontinence treatment, all by way of non-limiting examples. In various aspects, the systems can comprise one or more sources of RF energy (e.g., a RF generator), a treatment applicator comprising one or more electrode arrays configured to be disposed in contact with a tissue surface, and a return electrode (e.g., a neutral pad) to the tissue surface.

The invention discloses a medical pressure-sensitive adhesive patch based on citric acid, a preparation method and application, the medical pressure-sensitive adhesive patch is composed of an adhesion layer and an anti-adhesion layer, and the thickness ratio of the adhesion layer to the anti-adhesion layer is 1: 1-100: 1; the adhesion layer is obtained by polymerizing a citric acid unit and a polyhydroxy compound unit; the hydrophobic high-molecular polymer is selected from at least one of a polylactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, polylactic acid, polyurethane and polyether urethane. According to the preparation method, three carboxyl groups in the citric acid not only can be used for esterification reaction with polyhydric alcohols to form a network, but also can provide excellent adhesive force for contact between the adhesive patch and the tissue surface through electrostatic interaction or hydrogen-bond interaction. The anti-sticking layer prepared from the hydrophobic high-molecular polymer can effectively resist invasion of external moisture and bacteria, so that the service time of the adhesive patch is prolonged; meanwhile, the anti-sticking layer can also play a supporting role, so that the mechanical strength of the adhesive tape is improved.

Systems and methods are provided for 3D in vivo ultrasound imaging of a tissue surface, such as a tissue surface located within a joint capsule, during an arthroscopic procedure. An in vivo ultrasound probe is provided having a rotatable distal region supporting an array of ultrasound transducers. An ultrasound array is controlled to collect image data at several elevations while rotating the distal region of the probe to acquire a local 3D image data set across a local 3D volume associated with a current probe pose. This process is repeated as the probe pose changes, resulting in a set of local 3D image datasets, each local 3D image dataset corresponding to a different probe pose. The local 3D image dataset is processed to segment a tissue surface profile and generate a corresponding set of surface tiles. The surface tiles are processed and combined to generate a synthetic 3D image, optionally based on input from one or more sensors.

The LNTPI is a surgical instrument used to cut through fibrotic and edematous tissue to define the natural tissue plane of dissection. After defining the natural tissue plane, it is designed to move or carefully insinuate tissues along these natural planes without cutting the tissue, so that targeted organs or parts thereof could be viewed and reached during laparoscopic procedures. The following features make the LNTPI unique compared to standard blunt dissectors used in laparoscopy: 1. The tip of the LNTPI is coarse and not smooth. The tip has diagonal, spiral ridges from the sides which are carried onto the tip converging as a single spiral at the center of the tip, creating a pattern resembling that of a screw; 2. The ridges of the LNTPI are comprised of asymmetrical triangular ridges with an acute angle at the apex that may be leaning along with or against the rotation of the spiral; 3. The tip of the LNTPI is made of tungsten carbide metal instead of stainless steel; 4. Dissection can be done in the usual up, down, left, and right motions as standard dissectors; 5. The side of the LNTPI can be used to "peel" tissue by using the ridges on its side combined with a twisting movement. This maneuver cannot be performed using standard dissectors; and 6. The tip of the LNTPI can perform circumferential dissection when used with a twisting movement causing it to engage tissue like a "drill" along the natural tissue plane. The ridges that converge into a single spiral at the tip of the invention appear like a screw and with the proper twisting movement have a similar effect on tissue. Because of the texture, design, and material used for the tip of the LNTPI, it has the following advantages over standard dissectors: The LNTPI can engage tissues more easily even if the tissues are slippery due to the presence of blood or fluids. The LNTPI can be used to engage tissues through a twisting motion which motion allows the tissues to be engaged in a specific manner that defines natural tissue dissection planes. The LNTPI can insinuate / "peel" tissue by using the side spiral ridges in combination with a twisting movement. The LNTPI can perform circumferential dissection by using the tip and the convergence of the spiral ridges at the center of the tip in combination with a twisting movement. The transfer of lateral shear force to the tissue at various angles (45, 90, and 180 degrees) when using the LNTPI is significantly higher whether the motion is by a sweeping motion or twisting of the instrument, allowing it to insinuate better than standard instruments, especially in a wet field. Hand movements needed in insinuating tissue using the LNTPI are different from the usual hand movements when using standard dissection instruments. The hand movements in using LNTPI require less muscular effort and repetitiveness, thus preventing muscle fatigue and repetitive use injury among surgeons. The instrument is reusable, as compared to dissectors that have fabric at the tip, which must be disposed of and replaced once the fabric tip fully absorbs the blood or other fluid in the wet tissue surface.

An ultrasound imaging system (102) includes a single transducer array (110) having a long axis and configured to transmit and receive in a first mode to acquire real-time ultrasound images of a sagittal plane during a surgical procedure, or in a second mode, acquiring 3D ultrasound data comprising a plurality of sagittal planes by rotating the single transducer array about an axis parallel to the long axis of the transducer array; a resampler (202) configured to resample the 3D ultrasound data and generate a set of resampled ultrasound planes that are approximately orthogonal to the surface of tissue of interest; a divider (204) configured to segment a first profile of the tissue of interest in the set of resampled ultrasound planes; and a registration engine (206) configured to register the first profile with a second profile of the tissue of interest in the pre-operative 3D MR image data and generate a fused 3D image.

Provided herein are methods, devices, and systems that may improve optical resolution when imaging through a thickness of samples. A method for generating a depth profile of a tissue of a subject may comprise using an optical probe to transmit an excitation light beam from a light source towards a surface of the tissue; using one or more focusing units in the optical probe to simultaneously adjust a depth and a position of a focal point of the excitation light beam along a scanning path; detecting at least a subset of the signals generated upon contacting the tissue with the excitation light beam; and using one or more computer processors programmed to process the at least the subset of the signals to generate the depth profile of the tissue.

In an aspect, a method for applying beta-alanine to a tissue surface is described. The method may comprise applying a composition comprising from about 0.01 % w / w to about 5.0 % w / w beta-alanine to a tissue surface. The beta-alanine may comprise between about 0.08 % w / w to about 2 % w / w. The tissue surface may be suffering from a condition. The tissue surface may be from the group consisting of epidermis, mucosal membrane, respiratory tract lining, urinary tract lining, and reproductive tract lining. In another aspect a composition may comprise from about 0.01 % w / w to about 5.0 % w / w beta-alanine; water; an emulsifying component; and a fat. The fat may be an emollient or a moisturizing component.

An implantable energized medical device configured to be held in position by a tissue portion of a patient, the medical device comprising: a first portion configured to be placed on a first side of the tissue portion, the first portion having a first cross-sectional area in a first plane and comprising a first surface configured to face a first tissue surface of the first side of the tissue portion, a second portion configured to be placed on a second side of the tissue portion, the second side opposing the first side, the second portion having a second cross-sectional area in a second plane and comprising a second surface configured to engage a second tissue surface of the second side of the tissue portion, and a connecting portion configured to be placed through a hole in the tissue portion extending between the first and second sides of the tissue portion, the connecting portion having a third cross-sectional area in a third plane and a third surface configured to engage the first tissue surface of the first side of the tissue portion, wherein the connecting portion is configured to connect the first portion to the second portion, wherein: the first, second, and third planes are parallel to each other, and the third cross-sectional area is smaller than the first and second cross-sectional areas, such that the first portion, second portion and connecting portion are prevented from travelling through the hole in the tissue portion in a direction perpendicular to the first, second and third planes.

The application discloses a kind of matrix spraying parameter optimization method and system for mass spectrometry imaging, it is related to deep learning technical field, including: the optical image of the surface of tissue section is collected, is evenly divided into multiple grid units arranged according to row and column, optical reflectivity value is extracted, and optical reflectivity distribution diagram is constituted;Pretreatment is carried out and the hydrophilic-hydrophobic index of each grid unit is calculated;Spraying parameter prediction model outputs nozzle moving speed prediction value;Adjacent grid units in the same row and the difference of nozzle moving speed prediction value are within the preset tolerance range, and the grid units are merged into the same spraying area, the average value of the nozzle moving speed prediction value of all grid units is used as initial optimized nozzle moving speed;Optimized nozzle moving speed is obtained by correction, and the surface of tissue section is differentially sprayed with matrix solution.The technical problem that the present application solves is that the surface of the tissue is different in hydrophilic-hydrophobic, which leads to uneven spraying and low spatial resolution consistency of mass spectrometry imaging.

The application discloses a fluorescence tomography reconstruction imaging method based on a physical model depth network, acquires tissue surface light intensity information through a CCD camera, performs mesh partitioning on a phantom by using Amira software, respectively partitions two meshes with different precisions, respectively solves corresponding system matrices and adjacent matrices of mesh nodes by using the mesh after partitioning and optical parameters of each region in the phantom through a finite element method, sets a transfer matrix corresponding to the power density of different meshes, then transmits surface light intensity data into a depth network, solves in a coarse mesh, and demarcates a feasible area for solving a fine mesh according to the solving result of the coarse mesh, and solves in the feasible area, so that the norm of the obtained solution is small, the result is relatively sparse, the error of the norm and the result forward and the real surface light intensity is considered during solving, the position of a fluorescent group in the tissue can be positioned more accurately, and the application has important significance for studying tumors and early diagnosis of tumors.

The invention provides a tissue adhesive material as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The tissue bonding material is prepared from the following raw materials: a polymer monomer, wherein the polymer monomer comprises an acrylic monomer and an acrylamide monomer; the modified chitosan compound is obtained by modifying a chitosan compound through a polyphenol compound, and the polyphenol compound has two or more phenolic hydroxyl groups; and an initiator, wherein the initiator comprises a photoinitiator and a radical initiator. When the tissue bonding material is in contact with a wet or wet tissue surface, interface liquid existing between the bonding material and the wet tissue surface can be quickly absorbed and removed, and carboxyl, amido and catechol groups of the tissue bonding material can form a large number of molecular bonds with molecules on the wet tissue surface, so that instant bonding on the wet tissue surface is formed; and high adhesiveness can be maintained for a long time.

Medical software tools platforms utilize a surgical display to provide access to specific medical software tools, such as medically-oriented applications or widgets, that can assist surgeons or surgical team in performing various procedures. In particular, an endoscopic camera may register the momentary rise in the optical signature reflected from a tissue surface and in turn transmit it to a medical image processing system which can also receive patient heart rate data and display relevant anomalies. Changes in various spectral components and the speed at which they change in relation to a source of stimulus (heartbeat, breathing, light source modulation, etc.) may indicate the arrival of blood, contrast agents or oxygen absorption. Combinations of these may indicate various states of differing disease or margins of tumors, and so forth. Also, changes in temperatures, physical dimensions, pressures, photoacoustic pressures and the rate of change may indicate tissue anomalies in comparison to historic values.

The embodiment of the invention is suitable for the technical field of medical imaging and photoacoustic imaging, and provides a photoacoustic microscopic imaging system, an imaging method and imaging equipment, and the system comprises a light source excitation assembly which is used for transmitting pulse laser and irradiating a scanning galvanometer after the pulse laser is collimated; the scanning and focusing assembly is used for performing collimation and focusing treatment on the pulse laser reflected by the scanning galvanometer to obtain parallel light, and the parallel light passes through a light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device placed according to a preset angle and then irradiates the tissue surface of the to-be-scanned object; the signal acquisition control assembly is used for receiving an ultrasonic signal generated by the object to be scanned and generating imaging point data capable of being used for photoacoustic microscopic imaging based on the ultrasonic signal; the light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device is a sealed water filling device in which a plurality of hollow glass beads are arranged, and the sealing structure of the light-transmitting and sound-reflecting device is made of quartz materials. By adopting the system, photoacoustic microscopic imaging can be quickly, efficiently and accurately realized.

Methods for identifying micron-scale features below a surface of a tissue include emitting from one or more emitters at the surface of the tissue electromagnetic signals capable of penetrating tissue of different densities; obtaining from a sensor positioned at the surface of the tissue electromagnetic signals reflected from or transmitted through tissues of different densities as one or more obtained images; inputting the one or more obtained images into a machine learning model, wherein the machine learning model is trained to: identify scattering of certain electromagnetic signals comprising each of the one or more obtained images; correct for the scattering to create one or more images tissues at one or more subsurface depths; and identify micron-scale features of interest within the one or more images of tissues at the one or more subsurface depths.

An apparatus and method for detecting, recording, measuring, and mapping the size, shape, and location of an injury to the sub-surface layers of a subject's skin or other soft tissue by using a capacitive tactile sensor to measure changes in tactile pressure of the skin or other tissue surface under investigation are described. The capacitive tactile sensor includes at least one exposure window; a substrate including a plurality of electrodes disposed within a housing; an insulating layer; a non-conductive compressible membrane covering positioned on the insulating layer, wherein at least a portion of the membrane is accessible via the exposure window; and a controller configured to calculate at least one parameter of the subject's tissue. A method of measuring a parameter of a subject's tissue and a method of performing a self-guided examination of a subject's tissue are also described.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical image processing, and discloses a laparoscopic surgery internal and external sphincter gap image semantic segmentation method and system, and the method comprises the steps: obtaining the position of an endoscope light source and the geometric information of a tissue surface in a laparoscopic real-time video stream; establishing an illumination physical model based on the acquired information, and generating an illumination influence map based on the illumination physical model; during semantic segmentation of an internal and external sphincter gap image, dynamically adjusting a segmentation strategy according to an illumination influence map, and when a potential gap boundary is located in a shadow region, reducing brightness feature dependence and enhancing texture / shape feature extraction; and when in the highlight area, color gradient and structure information are analyzed. According to the method, the physical illumination model is introduced, so that the semantic segmentation process becomes informed from blind, common illumination interference in the laparoscopic surgery image can be intelligently dealt with, and the accuracy and robustness of internal and external sphincter gap segmentation are remarkably improved.

Provided herein are methods and systems for determining a parameter across a surface of a tissue such as a retinal tissue of an eye of a subject. In some cases, the determined parameter is tissue oxygenation which can be used for a variety of clinical applications such as diagnosing and / or modeling a disease in the subject. In some examples, the method is performed by detecting one or more optical signals from the tissue using an optical detector, and processing the detected optical signals to characterize and map the parameter across the surface of the tissue. The methods and systems provided herein can prove accurate physics-based models of parameters such as tissue oxygenation across a heterogeneous tissue surface.

The invention discloses a method and device for guiding photodynamic therapy through microscopic endoscopic imaging, and belongs to the technical field of diagnosis and treatment integration of photodynamic therapy. The method comprises the steps that a tissue surface microstructure is marked through a photosensitizer; tissue surface microstructure information is collected; tumor boundary identification is assisted by tissue microstructure information; the invention relates to photodynamic therapy guided by microscopic endoscopic imaging. The device comprises an excitation light module, an imaging optical fiber bundle module, a fluorescence imaging module and a treatment light module. The microscopic endoscopic fluorescent contrast agent suitable for a photodynamic therapy scene is developed through a new use strategy of old medicines; selecting an optical fiber bundle made of a glass material to collect a tissue microstructure displayed by a photosensitizer on the surface of an organ, and performing auxiliary judgment on a tumor boundary in a white light image; a photodynamic therapy strategy under the guidance of microscopic endoscopic imaging is realized, and clinical transformation application value of diagnosis and treatment integration is realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of near-field imaging, in particular to a papillary thyroid carcinoma identification method based on terahertz imaging. According to the technical scheme, the method comprises the following steps that two sets of sections at the same position of the thyroid tissue of a patient are obtained, one set is stained sections, and the other set is unstained sections; and comparing the two groups of slices through an optical microscope, observing the position corresponding relation of the two groups of slices, and selecting an observation area based on cell morphological characteristics. According to the invention, synchronous acquisition of tissue apparent morphology and internal structure under nanoscale resolution is realized through the terahertz near-field imaging system, automatic analysis of an undyed thyroid section can be completed within 30 minutes by combining multi-modal feature fusion and a target detection algorithm, objective positioning and diagnosis scores of a cancerous region are directly output, and the accuracy and accuracy of diagnosis of the cancerous region are improved. And rapid, lossless and quantitative papillary thyroid carcinoma identification is realized.

The present application relates to the field of medical devices, in particular to a preparation method of a self-fixing patch and application thereof. The present application provides a self-fixing patch, the self-fixing biological patch comprising a patch material layer, the patch material layer being loaded or coated with a glue film layer. The micropores on the surface of the glue film layer of the self-fixing patch of the present application are spaced apart from each other by tens of microns, and a uniform micropore array can be regularly formed on the surface of the glue film layer. Due to the existence of the micropore array, the surface roughness and specific surface area of the tissue-adhesive glue film layer are improved, the tissue-adhesive glue film layer is more easily combined with the tissue, and has a positive influence on the adhesion, migration and differentiation of cells. The various micropore structures can adapt to complex tissue surfaces. The tissue-adhesive glue film layer maintains stability by dissipating the matrix through the micropore structure, and the micropore structure is beneficial to strengthening the tissue adhesion performance.

The invention discloses an expandable self-adaptive bionic tissue repair nail. The expandable self-adaptive bionic tissue repair nail comprises a nail cap and a nail body which are made of biodegradable materials, the nail cap is a double-layer film layer, and the layer, away from the nail body, of the nail cap is a smooth compact layer. The layer, close to the nail body, of the nail cap is a porous support layer, and the surface of the porous support layer is integrated with a combining mechanism tightly attached to the tissue surface. The nail body is of a hollow net-shaped structure, and the inner cavity of the nail body is filled with swellable and biodegradable porous hydrogel; the nail body can be in a compressed and folded compact state in a dehydration state and is expanded and unfolded after encountering water; drugs are loaded in the porous hydrogel. Before implantation, the repair nail is in a dehydrated slender state; after implantation, the internal hydrogel swells when encountering liquid, an irregular fistula channel is filled with the net-shaped structure in a self-adaptive mode, meanwhile, an inner opening is sealed by the nail cap, physical bacteria blocking is achieved, and the nail cap serves as a regeneration support to actively promote repair. The device can be implanted in a minimally invasive mode, can expand in a self-adaptive mode after operation so as to be tightly attached to tissue, and meanwhile has the anti-infection function and the active repair promoting function.

The application discloses a monocular endoscope-oriented polarization three-dimensional imaging method and device. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, a polarization three-dimensional imaging data set suitable for a medical endoscope scene is constructed; then, based on the polarization characteristics of the tissue structure in the endoscope environment, a neural network model fusing a double-domain cross attention mechanism is designed and constructed. The network is effectively trained by introducing a fusion loss function, and the trained model is saved. Subsequently, the tissue image collected by the endoscope in real time is input into the trained model, and the normal vector information of the tissue surface is output. The normal vector solving method proposed by the application has the advantages of high precision and strong robustness in combination with the physical principle of deep learning and polarization imaging, and is suitable for complex endoscopic medical scenes.

This invention relates to the field of radiofrequency ablation power control and neurological safety monitoring technology, specifically a data processing system based on dynamic adjustment of radiofrequency plasma power. The system includes: a data acquisition module for real-time acquisition of multimodal input data streams, including instantaneous radiofrequency power, tissue impedance, local tissue surface temperature, and raw signal amplitudes from intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring; an interference identification module for determining interference identification markers; a thermal load estimation module for iteratively estimating the latent thermal load index; a safety verification module for calculating the neurological instability index; an optimal strategy generation module for calculating the optimal power strategy; a conflict detection module for determining model conflict markers; and a power adjustment module for determining the final power output. This invention prevents catastrophic surgical complications, ensures the integrity of biological nerves, and effectively avoids misjudgments caused by relying on only a single data source.

To provide a laser system for enhancing remineralization and strength of hard tissue.SOLUTION: A laser-based system and method for treatment of hard tissue enhances remineralization and fluoride uptake to improve resistance to demineralization. The system can include a laser source, an optic, and a controller for controlling the laser source and / or the optic to deliver radiation to a treatment region with desirable characteristics (e.g., to remove carbonate without damaging the tissue surface). In some cases, the system includes a handpiece having an optical element (e.g., a lens) mounted within a replaceable cartridge and adapted to modulate a laser beam to render the beam non-ablative, prior to the laser beam's delivery to the treatment region. In some embodiments, treatment with the laser can be combined with a fluoride treatment for enhanced therapeutic effect.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Methods and apparatus for providing pulsed electric treatment (including high-voltage, sub-microsecond pulsed electric energy) to tissue, including cardiac tissue. The apparatus can include electrodes conformable to a surface of the tissue. The apparatus can include wire electrodes located in a plane of a paddle applicator. Any of the apparatus and methods can include a distal support portion.

Embodiments of a reamer device for removing tissue from a patient, including a shaft, a cutting head having at least four cutting blades, and a depth-limiting flange extending radially outwardly away from the at least four cutting blades. Some embodiments of the reamer device can have a shaft, a cutting head coupled with the shaft, and a depth limiting element. The cutting head can have at least four cutting blades. In some embodiments, the depth limiting element can have a distal surface configured to contact a surface of the patient's tissue to limit a depth into the patient's tissue that the at least four cutting blades can advance to, and / or can be configured to extend radially outwardly of the at least four cutting blades so that the depth limiting element contacts a surface of the patient's tissue adjacent to a cutout created by the at least four cutting blades.

The present application relates to the technical field of medical biomaterials, and particularly relates to a surgical anti-adhesion liquid, which comprises A component and B component; the A component comprises catecholized-sulfhydrylated oxidized sodium alginate; and the B component comprises N-succinyl chitosan. The surgical anti-adhesion liquid provided by the present application has good fluidity in the initial use stage, can realize uniform flushing and sufficient coverage in the operation, and can rapidly form in-situ gelation under physiological conditions after contacting with tissues to form a stable and continuous barrier layer; the formation of the gel network is completed by the synergistic regulation of three types of functional groups, the aldehyde group and the amino group form a basic crosslinking network through Schiff base reaction, the catechol group forms a stable adhesion interface on the tissue surface through hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding and coordination, and the sulfhydryl group participates in a dynamic crosslinking reaction and a network reconstruction process, thereby providing additional crosslinking sites and enhancing the stability of the system.

The present disclosure is directed towards devices, methods, and related systems that are minutely-invasively delivered to the brain parenchyma, subdural or subarachnoid space where the devices, methods, and systems directly interface with central nervous system media (i.e., fluid or tissue) enabling detecting, sensing, measuring, stimulating, altering and / or modulating of the media or tissue surfaces.