847 results about "Test strips" patented technology

The invention relates to the technical field of biological detection, and particularly discloses a test strip and a kit for detecting Alzheimer-related neurofilament protein AD7c-NTP. The detection test strip for the Alzheimer-related neurofilament protein AD7c-NTP provided by the invention comprises a PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) bottom plate, a sample pad, a combination pad, a nitrocellulose membrane and a water absorption pad are arranged on the PVC bottom plate; a mouse anti-AD7c-NTP monoclonal antibody I marked by latex is contained on the combination pad; a detection line T and a quality control line C are arranged on the nitrocellulose membrane; the detection line T is coated with a mouse anti-AD7c-NTP monoclonal antibody II, and the quality control line C is coated with a goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody. The detection test strip for Alzheimer-related neurofilament protein AD7c-NTP provided by the invention has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity, good stability and the like, can realize auxiliary diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention relates to a pesticide residue detection test strip as well as a preparation method and application thereof, in particular to a rapid detection technology based on an enzyme inhibition method and a chitosan non-woven fabric carrier. The test strip can specifically detect organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides such as trichlorfon, malathion and phoxim through the enzyme activity inhibition principle, the detection limit of the pesticides such as phoxim is as low as 0.1 mg / kg, the developing intensity is in negative correlation with the pesticide concentration, and semi-quantitative judgment can be achieved. The preparation process is simple, the chitosan non-woven fabric is adopted as a fixed carrier, the material is environment-friendly and degradable, the enzyme activity recovery rate reaches 90%, the stability is excellent (the enzyme activity recovery rate can be preserved for 60 days at the temperature of 4 DEG C in a dark place), sample pretreatment is not needed in detection operation, a result can be obtained at the normal temperature for 15 min, the stability and repeatability are good, and the problems that a traditional instrument is high in detection cost and long in time consumption are solved; the method has a remarkable basic popularization value.

Disclosed is a multiplex quantum dot-based quantitative test card, and a preparation method, apparatus, and use method thereof in the technical field of biological testing, the multiplex quantum dot-based quantitative test card including a multiplex card housing and a test strip, where the multiplex card housing is provided with a plurality of reaction slots configured to accommodate the test strip; the multiplex card housing further includes a plurality of sample loading ports and a plurality of observation windows, where the sample loading ports and the observation windows are in one-to-one correspondence with the reaction slots; and the test strip includes a conjugate pad coated with quantum dot-labeled antibodies, where the quantum dot-labeled antibodies serve as chromogenic substances.

The invention belongs to the technical field of molecular diagnosis, and particularly discloses a high-risk HPV16 rapid detection system based on RPA-CRISPR / Cas12a, which is prepared by the following steps: (1) mixing a nucleic acid lysis solution containing Tris (pH = 8.0), NaHCO3, polyvinylpyrrolidone and Tween-20 with Proteinase K to treat a sample, and performing pyrolysis at room temperature for 5 minutes to obtain a nucleic acid template; (2) an RPA reaction system contains an RNA inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase and an RPA reaction essential enzyme, and after the template and the starting agent in the step (1) are added, RPA amplification is carried out at 37 DEG C; (3) dropping the reaction liquid on a colloidal gold test strip subjected to position exchange and transformation of a sample pad and a water absorption pad, and carrying out result interpretation; and (4) adding the RPA product into a CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) reaction system containing the LbCas12a protein, the specific gRNA and the probe. According to the scheme, a rapid, high-sensitivity and cross-reaction-free detection system of the HPV16 is realized by optimizing a nucleic acid lysis solution formula, designing a specific primer and gRNA and modifying a test strip for detection.

The invention discloses a test strip for detecting etoxazole and application of the test strip. The test strip comprises a sample absorption pad (1), a conjugate release pad (2), a reaction film (3), a water absorption pad (4) and a bottom plate (7), the reaction film is provided with a detection line (5) coated with an etoxazole hapten-carrier protein conjugate and a quality control line (6) coated with a goat anti-mouse antibody, and the conjugate release pad (2) is sprayed with an etoxazole monoclonal antibody-colloidal gold marker. The invention also provides a method for detecting residual etoxazole in vegetables and fruits by using the etoxazole test strip. The test strip provided by the invention has the characteristics of simplicity in operation, high sensitivity, high detection speed, low cost and the like, and is suitable for screening and on-site monitoring of a large number of samples.

The invention relates to methods, devices, and software for distinguishing hemoglobin (Hb) from myoglobin (Mb) in urine samples using peroxidase-reactive test strips. A time-resolved video of the color change on the test pad is recorded, and hue values are extracted and analyzed over time. Diagnostic differentiation between Hb and Mb is achieved by evaluating the hue-time curve, in particular via endpoint hue values and the ratio of integrated hue values in distinct time intervals. The invention further comprises a standardized optical setup for recording, a software-based evaluation algorithm, and a refillable cartridge for in-situ urine analysis devices containing appropriate test fields. The invention enables combined testing with additional urine parameters and is suitable for medical and non-clinical applications such as sport and home diagnostics.

A test strip for detecting uric acid in saliva that meets the requirement for room-temperature preservation, a preparation and detection method therefor and the use thereof. The test strip for detecting uric acid in saliva comprises a uricase, a peroxidase, a vitamin C oxidase, a bilirubin oxidase, a color developing agent, and a protective film coated on the test strip for detecting uric acid in saliva. To meet the needs of a target population for long-term monitoring and real-time tracking of changes in their uric acid levels, by means of agent addition, the test strip for detecting uric acid in saliva has prolonged preservation time at room temperature, enables non-invasive, efficient and convenient monitoring of a health status at any time, and timely detection and treatment, allows intuitive visual identification of uric acid levels in saliva by a subject, and meets the needs of a subject for long-term preservation at room temperature.

A sampling detection device includes an outer tube, an inner tube, and a tube cover, where the outer tube includes a reaction liquid holding chamber and a main body holding chamber that are communicated with each other; an end of the main body holding chamber is open; a side wall of the main body holding chamber includes a transparent structure; the inner tube includes a squeezing part and a test strip mounting part; the outer tube is configured to hold the inner tube; the test strip mounting part is located inside the main body holding chamber; the squeezing part is inserted into the reaction liquid holding chamber; the squeezing part cooperates with an inner wall of the reaction liquid holding chamber to form a gap; the tube cover is detachably connected to the outer tube and configured to close or open an open side of the main body holding chamber.

The invention provides application of high-concentration colloidal gold in preparation of an influenza virus detection test strip, and relates to the technical field of immunodetection. The detection test strip provided by the invention is composed of a sample pad, a combination pad, a nitrocellulose membrane, a water absorption pad and a bottom plate, and in the preparation process of the detection test strip, high-concentration colloidal gold with the OD value of 100 is adopted for respectively marking an influenza A virus monoclonal antibody 1, an influenza B virus monoclonal antibody 1 and a chicken IgY antibody; optimized colloidal gold labeled reconstitution fluid is mixed and then sprayed on the combination pad, and meanwhile, a corresponding capture antibody and a goat anti-chicken IgY antibody are respectively sprayed on the nitrocellulose membrane to form a detection line and a quality control line. Through the synergistic effect of the high-concentration colloidal gold mark, the optimized sample pad / combination pad treating fluid and the special sample diluent, the detection sensitivity is remarkably improved, the false negative rate is effectively reduced, and rapid, high-sensitivity and high-specificity field detection on influenza A and B viruses is realized.

The invention discloses a dry-type electrochemical luminescence (ECL) lateral flow chip and application thereof in CRISPR-Cas detection. The dry-type ECL lateral flow chip comprises a lateral flow test strip and an electrode plate, the lateral flow test strip comprises more than one detection test strip, one electric connection test strip and at least one quality control test strip; the test strip sequentially comprises an activation sheet, a combination sheet, a detection sheet, an absorption sheet and a common sample sheet, the test strip forms radial branches taking the sample piece as the center; the electrode plate comprises an integrated closed bipolar electrode and a driving electrode; the shape of the integrated closed bipolar electrode is the same as that of the lateral flow test strip. According to the invention, the CRISPR-Cas system is freeze-dried on the test strip, so that accurate multiple detection of pathogens can be realized; according to the method, the operation process is simplified, the detection time is greatly shortened, the operation error is reduced, the mutual interference among multiple detections is reduced, and the generation of false positive results is avoided.

The invention discloses a preparation method and application of an HPV16 / 18 type E6 / E7 protein multi-target detection test strip, and belongs to the technical field of biological immunodetection analysis. The detection test strip comprises a back plate, a sample pad, a combination pad, a nitrocellulose membrane and an absorption pad, AIE fluorescent microsphere labeled probes are distributed on the combination pad, and a capture antibody and an AIE solution are distributed on the nitrocellulose membrane. The preparation method comprises the following three steps: preparation of the nitrocellulose membrane, preparation of the combination pad and assembly of the test strip. The detection test strip can synchronously and quantitatively detect PV16 E6, HPV16 E7, HPV18 E6 and HPV18 E7, each target corresponds to four signal points, multi-target synchronous rapid detection is achieved, the linear range is wide, the detection limit is low, operation is easy and convenient, cost is low, and the detection test strip is expected to become a novel efficient and reliable on-site screening tool for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.

The invention relates to a dual ERA-LFD kit for visually and rapidly detecting salmonella typhimurium or a single-phase variant thereof, a primer group and application of the dual ERA-LFD kit and the primer group, and aims at solving the problems that an existing detection method is complex in operation, long in time consumption and depends on professional equipment, and primer cross interference, high false positive rate and incapability of distinguishing the single-phase variant caused by the fact that dual ERA primer design is not standard. Screening to obtain a specific primer probe combination aiming at the fljB gene deletion region and the STM4495 gene; a dual ERA-LFD detection system is constructed, and double targets are synchronously amplified under a constant temperature condition; visual interpretation is realized through a double-detection-line color development mode of the transverse flow test strip. The detection specificity can be remarkably improved, and false positive is effectively avoided; the accurate distinguishing between the salmonella typhimurium and the single-phase variants is realized; the detection process is rapid and simple, does not need professional instruments and personnel, and is suitable for on-site rapid screening; the detection cost is obviously reduced and the basic application feasibility is improved.

A point-of-care device and method for simultaneously and quantitatively assessing a magnetically-labelled analyte immobilised on a lateral flow test strip are provided. The method comprises the steps of sensing a magnetic signal from the magnetically-labelled analyte on the test strip and converting the magnetic signal into an electric signal; processing the electric signal to obtain a quantitative value of the amount of analyte; and processing the values to provide a differential assessment between the magnetically-labelled analyte. The device includes a magnetic reader with at least one magnetic sensor, such as a giant magnetoresistive sensor. The magnetic sensor can be directly or indirectly coupled to a lock-in amplifier configured to perform phase-sensitive detection and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of weak magnetic signals. A system, microfluidics device, lateral flow immunoassay test strip and kit are also provided.

The invention discloses an immunochromatography test strip based on a nano-robot as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The immunochromatography test strip comprises a bottom plate, and a sample pad, filter paper, a nitrocellulose membrane and absorbent paper which are sequentially overlapped and adhered to the bottom plate, when in use, an FPSN (at) Ab buffer solution is dropwise added on the surface of the sample pad; the FPSN (at) Ab buffer solution is prepared from Fe3O4 (at) mPDAamp; the preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing an mSiO2 (at) Nanozyme nano composite material and an antibody to be marked; the Fe3O4 (at) is mPDAamp; the mSiO2 (at) Nanozyme nano composite material is nano particles with an asymmetric structure, one end of the asymmetric structure is a core-shell structure, the core is Fe3O4, the shell is mesoporous polydopamine particles, the other end is rod-like mesoporous SiO2, and noble metal nano particles are loaded on the surfaces of Fe3O4 and mesoporous SiO2; according to the invention, the nano-robot is used as the probe to construct the immunochromatography test strip, so that the detection sensitivity and the detection speed of the test strip are improved, the binding efficiency between the probe and the to-be-detected object is optimized, and the problem that in the prior art, accurate detection of disease markers is difficult to realize under the conditions of small sample size and low concentration is solved.

The invention relates to the technical field of allergy detection, in particular to an inhalation allergen specific IgE antibody detection kit and application thereof. The kit is a colloidal gold detection kit. The detection objects are pollen, dust mites and animal scurf; the kit comprises a colloidal gold labeled mouse anti-human IgE antibody arranged on a test strip combination pad; the pollen antigens (Art v1, Amb a1 and Bet v2), the dust mite antigens (Der f1 and Der p1) and the animal scurf antigen (Can f1) are arranged on a nitrocellulose membrane of the test strip. The kit provided by the invention can be used for rapidly identifying the allergen of the inhalation allergy symptom and classifying the severity of the allergy symptom, and the identification result has relatively high accuracy.

The invention provides a test paper identification and result interpretation method and system based on a multi-wavelength light source and a medium. Firstly, coordinate positions of a type identification area, a control line area and a detection line area on test paper are accurately positioned; irradiating the type identification area according to a preset sequence, calculating a reflected light ratio and a difference value of a specific wavelength combination, and comparing the reflected light ratio and the difference value with a preset threshold value to automatically judge the type of the test paper; selecting a corresponding wavelength light source to irradiate a control line region according to the type of the test paper, and starting multi-wavelength scanning to generate a dynamic judgment threshold when the intensity of reflected light is lower than a preset first reflected light threshold; and finally, detecting the detection line area by adopting a type adaptive wavelength, and outputting a final interpretation result by comparing the reflected light intensity with a dynamic threshold value. Through the multi-wavelength optical feature recognition and dynamic threshold technology, automatic distinguishing of test paper types and accurate interpretation of detection results are achieved, and the adaptability, accuracy and reliability of a detection system are improved.

This invention provides a detection system and method using immunochromatography. The detection system includes a laterally flowing test strip and an incubation tube, the incubation tube containing a marker that specifically binds to the analyte. The detection system and method of this invention can improve product sensitivity and operating range, and can achieve multiplex detection.

The invention discloses a testing device which comprises a cavity used for receiving a liquid sample, a cover body, the cover body is used for sealing the cavity, the cover body further comprises a carrier with a groove, the carrier is used for receiving and holding a test strip, the cover body further comprises a hole, the hole is communicated with the groove, and the hole is communicated with the groove. The cover body is provided with a mark, the connecting line between the mark and the hole is the shortest distance, and when a test is carried out, the mark is set to indicate an inclined direction, so that a liquid sample is in contact with a test area of the test strip in the groove, and by adopting the device, the test can be rapidly carried out, the operation is simple and convenient, and the test efficiency is improved. And the test result is more accurate.

The present invention relates to a method and a dual-color detection kit for the rapid and simultaneous detection of MS-222 and malachite green, and a technology for the rapid detection of veterinary drug residues in aquatic products. The invention utilizes red and blue colloidal gold with different particle sizes, combined with specific antibodies to construct different red and blue probes, respectively. The invention utilizes the principle that MG-BSA complete antigen and 3-aminobenzoic acid-BSA antigen coated on the T1 line and the T2 line, respectively, can compete with MG and MS-222 in the sample for binding to the blue probe and the red probe, thereby constructing a dual-color rapid detection test strip for MS-222 and malachite green that is clearly distinguishable to the naked eye and simple to operate.

This invention belongs to the field of microcystin-LR detection technology, providing anti-microcystin-LR nanobodies and their applications. The anti-microcystin-LR nanobodies have amino acid sequences as shown in SEQ ID NO.1, SEQ ID NO.2, or SEQ ID NO.3. This invention uses phage display technology to screen for nanobodies with high affinity and high specificity for recognizing microcystin-LR, exhibiting advantages such as strong stability and ease of large-scale expression. Various detection tools can be designed based on anti-microcystin-LR, including test strips, immunoassay kits, immunoaffinity columns, biosensor detection chips, or detection probes. This provides novel antibody resources for rapid monitoring of microcystin-LR and lays a material foundation for developing low-cost, high-performance immunoassay technologies, which is of great significance for promoting the monitoring and control of microcystin-LR pollution.

The invention relates to a gingival crevicular fluid collection device and method and a manufacturing method of a sampling probe, and belongs to the field of gingival crevicular fluid collection. The gingival crevicular fluid collection device comprises the sampling probe, and the sampling probe comprises a needle body matched with the extension form of a gingival crevicular bottom; the sampling test paper covers the needle body; when the sampling probe enters the gingival sulcus bottom, the sampling test paper absorbs liquid in the gingival sulcus bottom. According to the invention, the sampling probe fitting the trend of the gingival sulcus is adopted, and the range of the probe extends from the proximal middle to the distal middle of the cheek (tongue) side, so that an operator can simultaneously collect a plurality of sites, the gingival sulcus epithelium is not easy to puncture, non-specific exudation is reduced, and the accuracy and efficiency of gingival sulcus fluid collection are improved.

The utility model discloses a detector test strip fixing module convenient for non-professionals to use, which relates to the technical field of fast detection detectors and comprises a base and an insertion piece. When the kit is used, the bottom end of a reagent strip is fixed in the fixing groove and is matched with the fixing block to fix the reagent strip, and during detection, the sampling rod punctures the thin sheet A between the solution cavity and the communication cavity from top to bottom, so that a diluent with a sample enters the communication cavity and reaches the other side of the insertion sheet through the through hole; due to the fact that the bottom of the reagent strip is fixed in the fixing groove and makes contact with the diluent passing through the through hole, detection is achieved, the diluent is blocked below the first water blocking baffle and does not make direct contact with other parts of the reagent strip, and the purpose that the diluent gradually seeps to the top of the reagent strip is achieved; and therefore, the operation convenience and the accuracy of a detection result during detection by a non-professional user are further improved.

This invention provides an assembled high-throughput immunochromatographic test strip array sample application device, comprising a 96-well plate fixing bracket (1) and a test strip support plate (2); immunochromatographic test strips (3) are arranged and fixed by slots (4) and limiting blocks (5) on the test strip support plate (2), with their sample application areas (6) protruding from the test strip support plate (2); multiple test strip support plates (2) are inserted into the slots (7) of the 96-well plate fixing bracket (1) to form a multi-channel immunochromatographic test strip array sample application device. This device can be used for high-throughput sample application in immunochromatographic detection.

The utility model discloses a blood detection device. The blood detection device comprises a shell, test paper and a cap, the shell comprises an upper shell and a lower shell which are fixedly connected, a containing cavity is formed between the upper shell and the lower shell, the test paper is located in the containing cavity, a blood sampling head is formed at the front end of the shell, a liquid inlet is formed in the blood sampling head, and the liquid inlet is communicated with the containing cavity through a capillary structure and a premixing cavity in sequence; a hydrophobic coating belt arranged in the left-right direction is arranged on the front cavity wall of the premixing cavity, and an air hole communicated with the containing cavity is formed in the rear end of the shell; the front end of the shell is sleeved with the cap, a liquid storage bag is arranged at the bottom in the cap, and buffer liquid is stored in the liquid storage bag. The blood detection device can realize integration of sample collection and sample treatment, and has the advantages of simple structure, low manufacturing cost, convenience in use, high detection success rate, high detection accuracy and the like.

Various examples are provided related to functionalization for sensing of antibodies. In one example, a method for functionalizing a test strip includes cleaning a gold surface of an electrode of a test strip; submerging the cleaned gold surface in a 3-Mercaptopropanyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester solution; cleaning channels of the test strip; injecting an antibody into the channels; sealing the injected antibody in the test strip; storing the sealed test strip at a controlled temperature; and deactivating unfunctionalized groups. In another example, a method includes connecting a functionalized test strip to a strip connector; generating a test pattern that is passed through the functionalized test strip and input into a gate terminal of a MOSFET in a readout block; converting a readout signal into a frequency signal; and counting the frequency signal at fixed intervals to generate a counter output, and displaying a sample concentration based upon the counter output.

The invention relates to a detection test strip selecting and overturning device which comprises a rack, a roller, a CIS sensor and a discharging mechanism. The roller is rotatably mounted in the rack, and a clamping groove for only taking out one detection test strip from the test strip storage bin at a time is formed in the roller; the CIS sensor is used for judging whether the front side or the back side of the detection test strip faces the outer side of the roller; the discharging mechanism pulls out the detection test strips with the front faces facing the outer side of the roller from the clamping grooves and then conveys the detection test strips downwards to the conveying platform, or the discharging mechanism pulls out the detection test strips with the back faces facing the outer side of the roller from the clamping grooves, turns over the detection test strips and then conveys the detection test strips downwards to the conveying platform. According to the invention, the turnover / turn-over function of the test strip is realized, the hidden danger caused by the damage or fault of the test strip in the turnover process is reduced, the operation continuity is great, the overall structure is relatively simple and compact, the working efficiency and reliability are improved, and the market competitiveness of the product in similar products can be improved.

The invention discloses a swelling microneedle patch and a preparation method thereof. The swelling microneedle patch comprises a backing and a swelling microneedle array adhered to the backing, the swelling microneedle array comprises a plurality of microneedles; the microneedle is in the shape of a cone or a rectangular pyramid; the height of the microneedle is 100 to 1000 [mu] m; the diameter of the tip end of the microneedle is 5-30 microns; the diameter of the bottom of the microneedle is 50-500 [mu] m; and the center-to-center distance between every two adjacent microneedles is 50-2000 microns. The swelling microneedle patch provided by the invention can overcome the barrier action of cuticle to penetrate subcutaneously and absorb subcutaneous tissue interstitial fluid, and is simple in preparation process, low in cost and high in universality. The patch is combined with a colloidal gold lateral chromatography test strip, so that the limitations that in-vitro diagnosis of infectious diseases depends on a blood sample, professional medical personnel are needed for operation, the subject compliance is poor and the like can be solved, and the patch is suitable for rapid screening and diagnosis of the infectious diseases.

The utility model belongs to the technical field of non-woven fabrics, and particularly relates to a non-woven fabric with tearing notches, which comprises a non-woven fabric wiping towel, the non-woven fabric wiping towel comprises an upper non-woven fabric layer and a lower non-woven fabric layer, a plurality of groups of upper tearing grooves are equidistantly formed in the upper surface of the upper non-woven fabric layer, and a plurality of groups of lower tearing grooves are equidistantly formed in the a lower tearing groove is formed in the position, corresponding to the upper tearing groove, of the lower surface of the lower non-woven fabric layer, a plurality of sets of through grooves are formed in the upper tearing groove and the lower tearing groove at equal intervals respectively, the through grooves penetrate through the cavity walls of the upper non-woven fabric layer and the lower non-woven fabric layer respectively, and PH test paper is arranged on the lower surface of the non-woven fabric wiping towel at equal intervals. According to the novel non-woven fabric wiping towel, the tearing groove in the non-woven fabric wiping towel can be torn through the tearing notch, the connecting area of the two sides of the tearing groove can be reduced through the penetrating groove, rapid tearing of the non-woven fabric wiping towel is achieved, the PH test paper changes color after making contact with a wiping solution, and the pH value of the wiping solution can be measured through the color of the PH test paper; strong acid or strong alkali solutions are avoided during wiping, and the safety during waste liquid wiping can be improved.

This application discloses a sample analyzer and its control method. The analyzer includes a test strip providing device, a test strip transferring device, a sample application device, an information acquisition device, and a controller. The test strip includes a substrate, a detection area disposed on the substrate for dry chemical detection of the sample, a first identifier indicating manufacturer information, and a second identifier indicating test strip specifications. The controller controls the sample application device to apply the sample to the detection area of ​​the test strip for a dry chemical reaction, and controls the information acquisition device to acquire the detection information of the detection area, the manufacturer information of the first identifier, and the test strip specifications of the second identifier after the dry chemical reaction is completed. Based on the detection information, manufacturer information, and test strip specifications, the controller obtains and outputs the detection results, ensuring that each entered test strip information corresponds one-to-one with the currently used test strip, thus improving the accuracy of the detection results.

The present disclosure relates to a device for lateral flow testing of a liquid sample, the device comprising: a test strip comprising: a membrane having a first capture reagent disposed on a first surface at a test location, the first capture reagent configured to capture an analyte in the liquid sample; a sample pad disposed on the first surface at a first end of the membrane spaced apart from the test location, the sample pad configured to receive a liquid sample; and a conjugate pad disposed on the first surface between the sample pad and the test location, the conjugate pad having deposited thereon a catalytic labeling reagent configured to chemically bind to an analyte; an activation layer disposed over the membrane, arranged to contact the first surface upon activation, the activation layer having deposited thereon at least one component of a catalyst substrate capable of chemically reacting with a catalytic labeling reagent upon activation; and a support structure configured to attach the test strip and the active layer when the device is in an inactive state such that the active layer is separated from the membrane.