The invention relates to the ventilation system field, in particular to an efficient automatic dust-removing and intelligent ventilation system and an automatic dust-removing method. The system comprises an intelligent energy-saving ventilation system housing component and a fan, wherein the intelligent energy-saving ventilation system housing component comprises a dual duct, a dust-discharging duct, a throttle actuating mechanism, a dust screen, a temperature and humidity sensor and a distributed pressure sensor, wherein the temperature and humidity sensor and the distributed pressure sensor are connected with a control system, and the control system drives the throttle actuating mechanism to realize time-sharing and smooth transition of the dual duct and the dust-discharging duct. The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the fans of the air feeder unit can be used for several purposes such as air supply and dust removing, thus reducing the equipment cost; the self-cleaning of the filtering screen can be realized, thus prolonging the service life of the filtering screen, reducing replacement frequency and lowering maintenance cost; and by turning on/off the automatic dust-removing and intelligent ventilation system, the normal operation of the devices in an equipment room can be ensured.