185results about How to "Reduce design cost" patented technology

The invention provides an allopatry collaborative design informatization platform based on Web, comprising a client, a Web server, a database server and network line thereof; the client accesses the Web browser by a common browser, the Web browser is in charge of processing request of user, the database server receives the request of the Web server and operates the server according to personal policy, and data is returned to the Web server and then is transmitted to the client through processing of the Web server. The software system thereof is composed of a supported website and a background database, comprising a user login and registration module, a user and character rights management module, a collaborative group distribution management module, a project workflow management function module, a resource information management module, a design data management module, an application program local calling module and a remote access super computer center module. The invention can collaborate and assist people to design and produce complex products, a plurality of associated design efforts can be completed efficiently, design efficiency is improved, and design cost is reduced.

The invention discloses a display panel and a display device. The display panel comprises a display area and a border area, wherein the display area comprises first signal lines and second signal lines; the border area comprises fan-shaped lines and a semiconductor chip; the fan-shaped lines comprise first fan-shaped lines and second fan-shaped lines; the semiconductor chip comprises first terminals and second terminals; the first terminals are located in the middle area of the semiconductor chip; the second terminals are located on two sides of the first terminals; the quantity of the first terminals is less than the quantity of the second terminals; one ends of the first fan-shaped lines are electrically connected with the first terminals and the other ends of the first fan-shaped lines are electrically connected with the first signal lines; and one ends of the second fan-shaped lines are electrically connected with the second terminals and the other ends of the second fan-shaped lines are electrically connected with the second signal lines. Through the structural design, the heights of the fan-shaped line areas of the display panel can be reduced, and the narrow-border design of the display panel is easy to realize.

An embodiment of the invention provides a DDS signal generator and a frequency hopping method. The DDS signal generator comprises a phase accumulator, an adder and a waveform memory. The DDS signal generator also comprises a frequency control word memory cell used for storing a frequency control word table which comprises a plurality of frequency control words which are calculated according to frequency set by a user and an acquisition point control unit which acquires a frequency control word from the frequency control word table according to a frequency hopping interval. Thus the DDS signal generator controls output frequency according to the frequency control word to realize frequency hopping. Through the embodiment, a frequency hopping function is realized on hardware resource of a present DDS signal generator, design cost is low, and the frequency hopping function has good extensible and upgradeable performance.

A motor train unit traction system powered up by a overhead contact system and a power pack in a combined mode is characterized by mainly comprising a traction transformer, the power pack, a traction converter, a traction motor and a braking resistor, wherein the overhead contact system is connected with a primary side of the traction transformer through a pantograph, two secondary side windings of the traction transformer are directly connected with the traction converter, the traction converter is connected with the traction motor, a diesel engine and a power generator form the power pack, and three-phase output of the power generator is directly connected with the traction converter. The motor train unit traction system powered up by the overhead contact system and the power pack in the combined mode can achieve overline operation and can meet different conveying requirements in different environments. At a non-electric railway section, a power pack power supplying mode is adopted, and normal operation under the condition without the overhead contact system is achieved. Due to the adoption of two sets of power systems, a motor train unit not only has the operating capacity at the non-electric railway section, but also has the functions of emergency rescue and war preparedness in special rainy or snowy weather or when the overhead contact system is damaged.

The invention provides an adjustable offshore large wind power blade lifting appliance and a lifting method thereof, and relates to the blade lifting appliance and the lifting method of an offshore large wind power generator set. According to the lifting method, the adjustable offshore large wind power blade lifting appliance is adopted, and the lifting appliance comprises a platform, a blade rootend clamp, a blade tip end clamp, a balance weight and a swing arm, wherein the swing arm is hinged to the upper surface of the platform, the lower clamping head I is carried out horizontal positioning control by utilizing the positioning hydraulic cylinder I of the lifting appliance, the lower clamping head II is carried out horizontal positioning control by utilizing the positioning hydraulic cylinder II, the upper clamping head I and the upper clamping head II is carried out fall control by utilizing the clamping hydraulic cylinder I and clamping hydraulic cylinder II respectively, the hydraulic cylinder is adjusted and the hydraulic cylinder can be used for performing lead hammer intersection angle control on blades installed in front of the impeller, and adjusting requirements of mounting angles of blades can be met; except rubber block I and rubber block II, other parts of the lifting appliance are not in make contact with the blades in the whole lifting process, and the clamping force can also be controlled by clamping hydraulic cylinder I and clamping hydraulic cylinder II, the surfaces of the blades cannot be damaged, and reliable lifting is carried out on the offshore large wind power blade.

The invention provides a system and a method for testing a parasitic inductance value. The system comprises a circuit to be tested, a driving device and a test device, wherein a direct current source supplies power to an inversion bridge arm of the circuit to be tested; the driving device is electrically connected to a control electrode of each switch body in the inversion bridge arm; the test device is used for testing an inversion bridge arm voltage which is carried by a switch body to be tested in the inversion bridge arm during instant turning-off and the change rate of a current which flows through the inversion bridge arm; and according to voltages of the switch body and the direct current source and the change rate of the current which flows through the inversion bridge arm, the parasitic inductance value is obtained by calculation. By adoption of the invention, under the control of the driving device, an upper bridge arm switch body keeps turned on, and a lower bridge arm switch body is turned on and turned off; and the test device tests a bridge arm voltage which is carried by the lower bridge arm switch body and the change rate of the current which flows through the lower bridge arm switch body, the parasitic inductance value is obtained by calculation, and quantization basis is provided for selection of design parameters of an absorption circuit, so that the reliability of an inverter is optimized, and the design cost of a product can be reduced.

The invention discloses a multi-material continuum structure topology optimization design method based on an independent continuous mapping method. The multi-material continuum structure topology optimization design method comprises the following steps: (1) determining continuum structure design parameters including a design domain size, a structure boundary condition and an actual bearing condition; And (2) establishing an optimization model, wherein the optimization model comprises determination of an optimization target, a displacement constraint condition and a convergence criterion initial preset condition. (3) establishing a relationship between the independent topological variables and the constraint conditions and the optimization target, and performing standardization processing on the optimization equation; (4) solving the optimization equation, and updating the optimization column form based on a set iterative loop system and a set convergence condition; And (5) outputting an optimization result to obtain a multi-material structure optimal topological configuration and a structure weight fraction iteration curve. The invention provides a practical multi-material continuum structure design method, and aims to achieve the purpose of lightest structure weight under the condition of meeting the constraint condition of structure displacement. The method is of great significance in engineering practice.

The invention relates to a method for analyzing a fatigue strength of a brake control device on the basis of a finite element. The method comprises the following steps of: extracting a middle plane of an air cylinder hanger, setting a thickness and then carrying out finite element meshing on each part of the brake control device; carrying out welding binding constraint on the air cylinder hanger and an air cylinder; applying masses to mass centers of the air cylinder and a gas circuit board and carrying out mass center coupling; modeling, setting boundary conditions, applying a load and carrying out vibration shock simulating calculation; and carrying out fatigue calculation and converting recycling times into a service life. The invention not only considers a welding method and a processing mode of the brake control device, but also considers the direction and the order of magnitude, of the applied vibration shock, and is based on a vibration shock outline standard; on one hand, the service life of the brake control device can be precast according to a simulation result, so that the structure of the brake control device is optimally designed; and on the other hand, a variation model of performance parameters can be established on the basis of the simulation result, and the design period and the design cost of the brake control device can be reduced.

The invention provides a design method of a vehicle permanent-magnet synchronous motor. According to the design method, a motor structure parameter such as a stator inner diameter, a rotor outer diameter, an air gap length and an armature calculation length can be determined according to actual performance of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor, the output performance of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor also can be simulated and analyzed by a computer simulation method, the motor structure parameter determined by the method is analyzed and verified, the probability that aspects such asperformance output quantity, dynamic characteristic and working efficiency of an experiment sample do not conform to design requirement is reduced, so that the design cost of the permanent-magnet synchronous motor is reduced, and the design period is reduced.

The invention discloses a polarization maintaining optical fiber beat length measuring apparatus, which comprises an optical path system, a force application device and a data acquisition and processing system. The optical path system containing a light source, a crystal polarizer, a focusing lens and a crystal polarization analyzer has the function of providing linearly polarized light for measurement; the force application device which adopts a travel mechanism with a high-precision bidirectional step motor, a clamp mechanism with protective measures, and a force application mechanism with a micrometer has the function of fixing a polarization maintaining optical fiber to be measured, applying a due radial pressure along the length direction of the polarization maintaining optical fiber to be measured in a mobile mode to enable the output optical power which has passed through the polarization maintaining optical fiber to be measured to have a periodical variation; the data acquisition and processing system picks up the optical power outputted by the measured optical fiber through an optical power meter and obtains the average beat length of the measured polarization maintaining optical fiber and the optical power variation curve with the acquisition time after a computer carries out corresponding processing and computation of the output of the optical power meter. The polarization maintaining optical fiber beat length measuring apparatus has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation and high measurement precision.

The invention discloses a silicon steel sheet automatic stacking production system and method, and belongs to the field of transformer automatic production. A material box pushing rod is arranged above a front section of a logistics transmission mechanism; a dual-workstation exchanging rotation platform mechanism is arranged on the front of the material box pushing rod; an automatic stacking mechanism and a material releasing mechanism are arranged on a side of a front end of the logistics transmission mechanism; the transmission mechanism can convey silicon steel sheets placed in the materialboxes to the dual-workstation exchanging rotation platform to achieve dual-workstation exchanging, the material boxes with the silicon steel sheets can rotate under suckers of the automatic stackingmechanism, the silicon steel sheets can be lifted to the top of the material boxes under lifting of screw nut mechanisms, the suckers can suck the silicon steel sheets tightly, the silicon steel sheets are rotated, the silicon steel sheets reach above the material releasing mechanism and fall to the material releasing mechanism, and automatic stacking of the silicon steel sheets of a transformercan be achieved through repeated suction and placement actions. The a silicon steel sheet automatic stacking production system can automatically and rapidly convey the silicon steel sheets, lift and transmit materials, suck the silicon steel sheets, and stack the silicon steel sheets, is compact in structure, is easy to operate, and can improve the processing precision.

The invention relates to a synchronous rectification circuit, a wireless charging system and a synchronous rectification method. The synchronous rectification circuit comprises: a zero-crossing comparator, used for processing a signal obtained from a coil to obtain a first alternating-current signal and a second alternating-current signal; an FPGA module, used for obtaining dead zone protection time according to the first alternating-current signal and the second alternating-current signal; an MOS transistor driving module, used for forming a driving signal of an MOS transistor rectification module according to the dead zone protection time obtained by the FPGA module; and the MOS transistor rectification module, used for realizing synchronous rectification according to the driving signal and outputting a signal after synchronous rectification to a load. With the adoption of the synchronous rectification circuit, the wireless charging system and the synchronous rectification method, on the basis of ensuring synchronous rectification efficiency, the requirement of real-time control on a time sequence in synchronous rectification is lowered, the corresponding dead zone time can be set by adaptively following alternating-current signals of different frequencies, and the design cost of synchronous rectification control is reduced.

The invention relates to a domestic intelligent fire engine control system comprising a tracking module, a fire searching module, a fire extinguishing module, an alarm module, a motor driving module, and a micro control unit (MCU) control module, wherein the tracking module is connected with the MCU control module and the motor drive module separately, the fire searching module is connected with the MCU control module which is respectively connected with the fire extinguishing module, the alarm module, and the motor driving module; the motor driving module is connected with a driving motor of a fire engine; the fire searching module recognizes flames and sends signals to the MCU control module; the fire searching module recognizes a barrier and the ignition location, performs comparison and sends signals to the MCU control system; the MCU control controls the driving motor of the fire engine through the motor driving module, simultaneously controls the alarm module to sound alarms, and the fire extinguishing module extinguishes a fire. Compared with the prior art, under the control of the control system disclosed by the invention, the fire engine can automatically find the fire source, track, alarm and extinguish.

The invention provides an intelligent interaction doll and system. All body parts of the doll are fixedly connected, and a central control element, a human body detector, a displayer, a storage device and a voice player are arranged on the intelligent interaction doll. When the human body detector detects a user, an indication signal is transmitted to the central control element. The central control element then obtains a preset display image and a voice corresponding to the preset display image from the storage device, transmits the preset display image to the displayer and transmits the voice to the voice player. The displayer displays the preset display image. The voice player plays the voice. No movable connection parts are arranged among any of the body parts of the doll, and therefore the designing cost and complexity are lowered; when it is detected that a person approaches, the displayer is controlled to display preset doll actions or expression images, the voice player is controlled to play corresponding voices, vividness is achieved, and the intelligent interaction doll has a good interaction function and a good interaction effect.

The invention, which is applied to the technical field of network communication, discloses a multicast message processing method and switch chip in a distributed link aggregation network. The method comprises: a multicast message is copied to a switch chip of each switch with a multicast group member port; the switch chips copy the multicast message to the multicast group member ports in the switches; a port convergence group in the multicast group is configured to each switch with the multicast group member port, wherein the member port configuration sequences of the port convergence groups are kept to be consistent and selection strategies of the member ports in the port convergence groups are kept to be consistent; and whether the selected member ports in the port convergence groups are ones of the switch chips; if so, the multicast message is forwarded; and if not, the multicast message is abandoned. Therefore, effects of reducing the design cost of the switch chip and lowering the maintenance cost can be realized.

The invention provides a design method of woven fabric composite material properties based on controllable microstructure. The design method utilizes universal single-cell thought and establishes mesoscopic/ macroscopic heat transfer/ mechanical an analysis model; based on mesh deformation method, through the meso-scale of typical periodic cell elements and the change in the form of the cell, and combined with multiscale analysis and multi-objective optimization, the design method is capable of quickly effectively meeting the requirements of targeted design and the 'lightweight' pursuit. The technology has the advantages of being low in cost and short in design period to gain physical property parameter which suits the need of 2D, 2.5D, 5D, and 3D woven fabric composite material.

The invention relates to an area array CMOS optical camera-based satellite-borne super-resolution reconstruction method. The method includes the following steps that: step 1, K multi-temporal low-resolution image sequences to be processed in the same scene are obtained through an array CMOS detector; step 2, as for a non-geostationary orbit optical remote sensing satellite, the number P of offsetpixels is calculated according to satellite orbital parameters; step 3, a degenerate model is constructed; step 4, the parameters of the degenerate model are obtained through calculation; step 5, theimages of a region of interest are preprocessed, and preprocessing includes sequence image registration area interception and image de-blurring; step 6, a position dislocated and geometrically deformed matrix is obtained through image registration; step 7, reconstruction is performed through using a super-resolution reconstruction algorithm; and step 8, operation in step 6 to step 7 is performed repeatedly on the remaining images of the region of interest until the reconstruction of the entire ROI is completed, and an entire super-resolution image is obtained through image splicing.

The invention relates to a broadband adaptive adjustment device and method for the coupling amount of a resonant cavity. According to the invention, a first coupling device used for receiving the coupling amount of the resonant cavity and at least two second coupling devices used for resonant excitation are inserted into different positions of the resonant cavity, a network analyzer receives the coupling amount of the resonant cavity transmitted by the first coupling device and transmits the coupling amount to an upper computer, and the upper computer generates a control signal to control thedisplacement and the angle of the first coupling device and the second coupling devices through a data acquisition device, so that the coupling amount under a resonant working mode is adaptively adjusted; the upper computer is further used for generating a control signal of a microwave switch and controlling the microwave signal to be transmitted to one of the second coupling devices through the microwave switch, so that the switching of different resonant working modes is realized, the adaptive adjustment of the coupling amount of multiple resonant working modes of the single resonant cavityunder broadband is realized, the interference parasitic modes are reduced, the design cost is effectively reduced, the cavity design efficiency is improved, and the test precision of dielectric parameters of materials under broadband is improved.

The invention relates to a capacitive sensing touch control key. The capacitive sensing touch control key includes a micro-control unit provided with a timer, and the micro-control unit includes a GPIO port and also includes a capacitor and a pull-up resistor; one end of the pull-up resistor is connected with the GPIO port, and the other end is connected with a high level; one end of the capacitor is connected with the GPIO port, and the other end is connected to the ground; and a common point of connection of the pull-up resistor, the capacitor and the GPIO port is connected with a capacitor key. The invention provides a capacitive sensing touch control circuit which occupies few hardware resources, has a strong anti-interference capability, and is convenient to control, relatively low in power consumption and relatively low in cost.

The invention provides an auxiliary inverter power source. The auxiliary inverter power source comprises an input switch unit, a DC/DC unit and an auxiliary inverter unit, wherein the input switch unit, the DC/DC unit and the auxiliary inverter unit are sequentially connected. The input switch unit comprises a contactor K1, a resistor R1 and a contactor K2 connected with a pre-charging loop in parallel, wherein the contactor K1 and the resistor R1 serve as the pre-charging loop and are connected in series; the DC/DC unit comprises an input filter loop, a transformer and an output rectification loop, wherein the input filter loop, the transformer and the output rectification loop are sequentially connected; the auxiliary inverter unit comprises an inverter loop and a three-phase filter loop. According to the auxiliary inverter power source, an auxiliary inverter power source of a traditional industrial frequency transformer is replaced with a medium frequency transformer, the voltage grade of an input power source is reduced, the using number of a high-voltage IGBT is reduced, the design cost and the total weight are reduced, the conversion efficiency of energy is greatly improved, and the auxiliary inverter power source has the high energy-saving benefits.

The invention discloses a global simulation performance predication method based on data digging. The method includes the steps that1, in a historical model file database, concerned design parameters and performance parameters are extracted to serve as an original simulation data set; 2, the original simulation data set is pretreated and converted into a fixed format capable of being processed by a data digging algorithm; 3, targeted to the pretreatment result, a global simulation performance predication algorithm based on a nonlinear prediction model is utilized, and the nonlinear prediction model for representing the relation between key design parameters and global simulation performance parameters is established; 4, when the design parameters are changed, a global performance evaluation index is constructed for the obtained new design model, and the global simulation performance of a product is predicted through the nonlinear prediction model. By means of the global simulation performance predication method, on the premise of reducing actual simulation times, product performance is predicted rapidly, accordingly the design cost is saved, and design efficiency is improved.

A design method for civil engineering of reality scenery includes: selecting at least a reference point at a construction site, having a coordinate of the construction site defined as an absolute coordinate, establishing a three-dimensional (3D) model of a real scene, having a coordinate of the 3D model defined as a relative coordinate relative to the absolute coordinate of the construction site, calibrating the relative coordinate corresponding to the absolute coordinate and converting the relative coordinate into the absolute coordinate, incorporating virtual 3D objects into the 3D model, synchronously displaying the projected view of the 3D model as observed through a specific viewing angle, on a display device, and setting up a statistic database for synchronously recording the virtual 3D object as input into the 3D model or objects as removed from the 3D model, and outputting the statistic data from the statistic database through an output device.

The invention provides a wireless communication device. The wireless communication device comprises a circuit board, a metal plate and a liquid crystal display module. The metal plate is arranged on the circuit board, the liquid crystal display module is arranged on the metal plate, the metal plate carries the liquid crystal display module, the circuit board is provided with a feed-in point and a grounding point, one end of the metal plate extends to form two metal segments, and the two metal segments are electrically connected with the feed-in point and the grounding point on the circuit board. According to the wireless communication device, the two metal segments of the metal plate carrying the liquid crystal display module serve as antennas, the occupied space of the antennas is saved, and design cost is saved.

The invention relates to the technology of modeling, and discloses an automatic arch dam pouring block plotting method, and solves the problems of heavy workload, high difficulty and prone errors caused by manual drawing in the prior art. The technical scheme comprises the main points that: the arch dam pouring block plotting method comprises the following steps of: a. constructing a basic database including arch dam modeling-related data information; b. establishing a three-dimensional model of an overall arch dam; c. inputting the information of a pouring block which needs to be plotted, and extracting the three-dimensional structural information of the pouring block from the three-dimensional model of the overall arch dam; d. outputting the acquired three-dimensional structural information of the pouring block, and generating two-dimensional drawing paper through a two-dimensional plotting module; and e. marking the generated two-dimensional drawing paper and counting basic information, and indicating on a drawing. In addition, the invention also discloses an automatic arch dam pouring block plotting device. The method and the device realize automatic arch dam pouring block plotting, speed up a design schedule, reduce design cost, reduce error rate, improve production efficiency and are suitable for planning to build an arch dam.

The invention relates to a mobile terminal and discloses a communication system and method on the basis of a double-speed synchronous dynamic random access memory interface. A master controller of the communication system is communicated with a slave controller through the simple double-speed synchronous dynamic random access memory interface. The double-speed synchronous dynamic random access memory interface comprises six signal lines, chip-selection signals (CS#), positive time clock signals (CK), negative clock signals (CK#), read-write selection signals (WE#) are output signals in the master controller and input signals in the slave controller, digital signals (DQ) and data strobe pulse signals (DQS) are input and output signals, the DQS and the CK are same in frequency, and the upper and lower edges of the DQS are used for data transmission. High-speed data transmission can be realized by only six signals lines, the master controller and the slave controller are respectively used for a baseband communication processor and an application processor, and the problems that a conventional UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter) interface is low in transmission speed and USB (universal serial bus) software development and transplant are too complicated are solved.

A control device of a power conversion circuit and a control method thereof are disclosed. The control method of the power conversion circuit includes the following steps: generating a first control signal and a second control signal; adjusting the first control signal according to the output voltage of the power conversion circuit; inspecting the output voltage of the power conversion circuit so as to obtain an inspecting result; the second control signal controlling the power conversion circuit if the result displays that the input voltage of the power conversion circuit is lower than the common operating standard position; the first control signal controlling the power conversion circuit if the result displays that the input voltage of the power conversion circuit is higher than the common operating standard position, wherein the working period of the first control signal is longer than the working period of the second control signal. The invention can obtain the input voltage standard position by inspecting the output voltage of the power conversion circuit; moreover, when the control device is installed on an integrated circuit, an extra foot position is not needed to be added for carrying out input voltage inspection, and the quantity of the foot position of the integrated circuit is reduced.

The invention relates to a mechanical environment prediction method of lunar probe soft landing impact, and belongs to the technical field of deep space exploration. According to the method, a non-linear finite element model of probe lunar surface soft landing is established, model reduction is conducted on a probe according to the generalized dynamic condensation method, and therefore the purpose of improving the solving efficiency is achieved; then, non-linear finite element solving is conducted on the reduced model to obtain a dynamic response of the structure of the probe; after an acceleration speed response at a concerted position is obtained, the shock spectrum of the acceleration speed response of the structure is calculated according to a recursion digital filtering method, wherein the shock spectrum is used for describing the dynamic environment of probe landing impact; at last, a maximum expected environment is obtained by the adoption of a spectrum enveloping method, wherein the maximum expected environment is used for setting the designing and testing conditions of equipment. By means of the mechanical environment prediction method, the solving efficiency is improved and the product designing period is shortened.

The invention discloses a curved surface printing system. The curved surface printing system comprises a circulating conveying track, a product aligning device, a printing device, a product taking-outdevice and a cleaning device are sequentially arranged on the conveying track, the conveying track is provided with a movable carrying table, and the printing device comprises a gravure rolling wheeland a soft transfer printing rolling wheel. According to the printing system, a curved surface product can be quickly printed, the printing quality is high, and the efficiency is high.

The invention relates to an embedded sensor network terminal evaluation system and method. The system is the combination of one or more a 32-bit embedded core system, a sensor signal conditioning circuit module, a sensor simulation signal source, and a sensor network terminal transmission bus interface module. The sensor signal conditioning circuit module comprises a switch quantity conditioning circuit and a gain conditioning circuit; and the sensor network terminal transmission bus interface module comprises a digital quantity sensor interface, a switch quantity sensor interface, an analog quantity sensor interface, a local communication interface, and a network communication interface. The embedded sensor network terminal evaluation method includes the evaluation method of the embedded core system, the evaluation method of signal collection and processing of the sensor, and the evaluation method of the local communication interface and the network communication interface. Before manufacturing the chip, the invention can subject hardware and software to reasonable configuration and regulation according to the design requirement, thereby improving the success ratio of the system design. The invention can be widely applied in information technology field.

Electric vehicles with easily configurable and detachable battery modules are disclosed. An electric vehicle may include a battery module that includes a plurality of modular battery packs, each of which can be detached without affecting the normal functions of the electric vehicle. The number of modular battery packs installed on the electric vehicle can be configured by the manufacturer, retailer, and/or customer based on the customer's needs. Systems and methods of servicing electric vehicles with modular battery packs are also disclosed. Battery swapping and/or renting stations allows electric vehicle users to swapping batteries whose charges run low with fully charged batteries and/or to rent additional batteries to temporary use. A centralized or distributed data system may be used to track each modular battery pack's conditions such use history, capacity degrade, charge cycles, etc. The costs battery swapping and/or renting can be based conditions of the battery packs.