Preventing or reducing plant growth by biocementation

Abstract

The present invention mainly relates to the use of a mixture capable of biological cementation as a phytotoxicant for preventing or reducing the growth of plants, preferably of weeds. The present invention also relates to a method for preventing or reducing the growth of plants, preferably of weeds, on or in a substrate.

Description

[0001] This invention is a divisional application of the invention patent application filed on February 14, 2019, with application number 201980019812.1 (PCT / EP2019 / 053722) and titled "Placing or Reducing Plant Growth by Bio-adhesion". Technical Field

[0002] This invention primarily relates to the use of a biocementing mixture as an agent for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in a substrate. This invention also relates to a method for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in a substrate. Background Technology

[0003] Other aspects and preferred designs of the invention will be derived from the following description, the appended embodiments, and especially from the appended patent claims.

[0004] Uncontrolled weed growth is a persistent problem in agriculture, urban and municipal settings, and home gardening, as it causes yield losses in agriculture and is considered extremely annoying and unsightly along paths and on other surfaces. For this reason, weeds are combated and / or eradicated using thermal methods such as burning, manual weeding, or with the aid of various tools or chemical agents. However, increasing resistance to many existing products is observed, necessitating repeated use and further increasing their cost. Additionally, uncontrolled seed influx rapidly leads to re-propagation on treated surfaces. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Therefore, the main objective of this invention is to provide an agent for preventing or reducing undesirable plant growth, which overcomes the aforementioned problems.

[0006] According to the invention, this main objective is achieved by using a mixture capable of bio-binding as an agent for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth (each through a bio-binding process).

[0007] Within the scope of this document, the term biocementation refers to the substantially natural solidification and / or hardening of (permeable) substrate (as will be defined hereinafter within the scope of the method according to the invention). This prevents or reduces plant growth on / in these substrates. Within the scope of this document, biocement is the product of biocementation as defined herein.

[0008] According to a preferred embodiment, the substantially natural curing and / or hardening is a process in which multiple portions of the substrate on which plant growth should be reduced or prevented are joined together by one or more adhesives contained in and / or composed of components thereof according to the invention, and in this way affect the curing and / or hardening (bio-binding) of the substrate or portions thereof. According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the natural curing and / or hardening is a process in which (living) organisms, their portions, or enzymes preferably obtained from and / or produced therefrom are used to form carbonates, induce carbonate formation, and / or catalyze carbonate formation. The formed carbonates connect multiple portions of the substrate on which plant growth should be reduced or prevented, thereby causing the curing and / or hardening of the substrate or portions thereof. Therefore, within the scope of this document, the formed carbonates are preferably the smallest component of the bio-binding material. Optionally or alternatively, by adding specific additives (as defined below), it is possible to (additionally) solidify and / or harden the substrate or multiple portions thereof on which plant growth should be reduced or prevented. Thus, according to another embodiment, the bio-cement can also be composed of or contain the additives or substances obtained therefrom (as defined below) to be used according to the invention.

[0009] Therefore, according to a preferred embodiment, removing plant growth on / among the substrate, preferably weed growth should be reduced or prevented, is unnecessary for preventing or reducing plant growth and is therefore preferably not a component of the use according to the invention, especially since the solidification and / or hardening of the substrate (by bio-binding processes, respectively) prevents or reduces plant growth, preferably weed growth.

[0010] According to another preferred embodiment, after the substrate on which plants grow, preferably where weed growth should be reduced or prevented, is removed from its original location, the substrate is mixed with a bio-glued mixture (as described herein) at another location (e.g., in a mixing apparatus) and the resulting mixture is (again) applied to the original location where bio-gluing should take place (or alternatively at another location).

[0011] Furthermore, within the scope of the invention, as described herein, it is advantageous that the prevention or reduction of plant growth, preferably weed growth, is not achieved by compacting a substrate on which plant growth should be reduced or prevented, or by compacting a mixture or bio-aggregate layer consisting of a substrate and a mixture capable of bio-aggregation (as described herein), and is therefore preferably not part of the invention.

[0012] Within the scope of this article, the term "plant" refers to terrestrial plants, specifically the monophyletic group of embryophytes characterized by a complex of features consisting of multiple synapomorphic traits that require functional understanding. The most important groups are: bryophytes (Marchantiopsida); hornworts (Anthocerotopsida) and bryopsida (Bryopsida), which are usually classified as paraphyletic bryophytes; lycopsida; equisetopsida and ferns (Filicopsida); and monophyletic seed plants (Spermatophyta) with distinct developmental lines from angiosperms to gymnosperms.

[0013] Within the scope of this document, the term "weeds" refers to all plants (including mosses and ferns) that spontaneously or unintentionally accompany vegetation in cultivated plants, meadows, or (home) gardens, developing from the seed potential of the soil (as first buds or sprouts) through the influx of roots, plant parts, or seeds, and preferably not intentionally cultivated in that location. Synonyms for weeds are wild grasses, weeds, and wild plants. Within the scope of this document, the term "cultivated plants" refers to plants that are desired to grow.

[0014] For example, a method for microbial cementation is described in publication WO 2006 / 066326 A1. This publication discloses a method for forming a high-strength biocement in a permeable starting material, wherein the starting material is incorporated with effective amounts of (i) urease-producing microorganisms, (ii) urea, and (iii) calcium ions. The starting material is solidified by converting urea into carbonate ions via urease catalysis and reacting it with the provided calcium ions to produce calcium carbonate. The method disclosed herein is particularly described as suitable for applications in mining, civil engineering, or the supply of specialty materials.

[0015] WO 2016 / 010434 A1 describes a method for manufacturing a self-healing cementitious material, comprising mixing a cementing initiator, a repairing substance, and a fibrous reinforcing material, wherein the repairing substance comprises bacterial material and the fibrous reinforcing material comprises a biodegradable polymer. According to one embodiment, the bacteria used herein are capable of providing carbonate or phosphate and can be denitrifying bacteria.

[0016] The solution of the present invention is based on the mechanical inhibition, i.e., prevention or reduction of plant growth, preferably weed growth, through the bio-stabilization of a substrate on which / among which plants grow. Therefore, the mixture to be used according to the present invention is referred to below as a weed inhibitor. In relation to the various components of the mixture to be used according to the present invention (see below), in addition to mechanical inhibition, i.e., prevention or reduction of plant growth, other processes (described below) can also play a role in inhibiting plant growth.

[0017] According to one embodiment, the use of the mixture as described herein according to the invention is possible in a locally confined area, such that artificially cultivated plants can be (continued) cultivated in areas not treated with the mixture (as described herein), in which the substrate on which the plants grow does not solidify and / or harden.

[0018] According to another embodiment, it is conceivable to treat the substrate on which the plant to be treated grows with a mixture of a certain amount or type (as described herein), such that the resulting solidification and / or hardening of the substrate enables the growth of the cultivated plant, but prevents or reduces the growth of weeds. In this case—but generally also relevant to the present invention—the mixture to be used according to the invention can also contain fertilizers that stimulate the growth of the cultivated plant.

[0019] Therefore, a preferred embodiment refers to the use of the mixture according to the invention as described herein, wherein the solidification and / or hardening of the substrate on which plants grow or in which they grow enables the growth of one or more artificially cultivated plants, but prevents or reduces the growth of weeds.

[0020] In an exemplary experiment, a field with arable soil was plowed and fertilized, and bulb broccoli seedlings were inserted into the arable soil and intensively watered. The following day, a bio-binding mixture (as described herein, see, for example, the Examples section below) was applied to the arable soil either as a solid mixture by hand or as a liquid mixture using a crop protection sprayer. In contrast to a control in which only water was applied without the bio-binding mixture (as described herein), good weed suppression with only sporadic germination of weeds was produced during the continued growth of the cultivated plants (bulb broccoli).

[0021] Advantageously, the use of the mixture according to the invention results in a bio-cemented layer thickness suitable for the purposes described herein. In this case, it is preferable to obtain a bio-cemented layer with a thickness of at least 1 mm, preferably at least 3 mm, and more preferably at least 10 mm. Further preferably, the layer thickness is at most 100 mm, preferably at most 50 mm, even more preferably at most 35 mm, and even more preferably at most 30 mm. Thus, it is particularly preferred that the overall thickness of the formed bio-cemented layer is in the range of 1 mm to 100 mm, preferably 10 mm to 50 mm, more preferably 10 mm to 35 mm, and even more preferably 10 mm to 30 mm. The thickness of the bio-cemented layer includes the area of ​​the substrate cured by adding the mixture. The thickness of the bio-cemented layer can be determined by manual measurement using a caliper after mechanically breaking the layer. Alternatively, different (non-destructive) measurement methods from construction, agriculture, geology, or other applications (e.g., the handheld instrument MIT-SCAN-T2) can be used depending on the cured thickness.

[0022] According to a preferred embodiment, the mixture described herein, for its use according to the invention, results in a water-permeable biocementing layer, i.e., a permeable or semi-permeable biocementing layer. This is particularly advantageous because, for example, rainwater can infiltrate into and flow out of the biocementing layer unimpeded, even in areas of biocementation, outdoors. The water permeability of a sample is typically described as the flow of water through the sample over a defined time period. It can be expressed as permeability (in cm / hour, mm / hour, or cm / day) or alternatively as permeability coefficient (in m / s). The description of the permeability coefficient enables the classification of the sample, preferably a soil sample, into categories such as permeable, semi-permeable, and impermeable.

[0023] Within the scope of this article, the term "permeable biocementing layer" refers to a (water) permeability coefficient greater than 10. -5 Biocemented layers with a permeability of up to 100 m / s, and the term "semi-permeable biocemented layer" represents a (water) permeability coefficient greater than 10. -9 Up to 10 -5 A bio-cemented layer with a permeability of m / s, and the term "impermeable bio-cemented layer" represents a (water) permeability coefficient of 10⁻¹¹ (or less) to 10⁻¹⁰. -9 The biocemented layer has a permeability of m / s. Common methods for determining the permeability coefficient include laboratory methods (e.g., percussion drilling to obtain soil cores in the laboratory and subsequently determining the water saturation permeability) and field methods (e.g., determining the infiltration rate using a double-ring permeameter).

[0024] A preferred embodiment relates to the use of the mixture as defined herein, wherein the (water) permeability coefficient of the formed biocement layer is greater than 10. -9 Up to 100 m / s, preferably greater than 10 -9 Up to 10 -3 m / s, more preferably greater than 10 m / s -8 Up to 10 -3 m / s.

[0025] The use according to the invention demonstrates robust performance under real (environmental) conditions, is easy to apply (typically with a single application), and enables the abandonment or reduction of (multiple) chemical herbicides. Furthermore, it can also be used in combination with existing products or methods to combat weeds. Advantageously, the use according to the invention is also reversible, i.e., when needed, the biocementation of the substrate or a portion thereof can be reversed again, for example, by applying a suitable acid or by mechanical breakage and by weathering and natural degradation. In this way, the substrate or a portion thereof can be reused for the cultivation of cultivars.

[0026] Therefore, a preferred embodiment relates to the use of mixtures as defined herein, wherein the biobinding of the substrate or a portion thereof is reversible or preferably reversed.

[0027] Another preferred embodiment relates to the use of mixtures as defined herein, wherein the mixture comprises or is composed of one or more organisms and / or enzymes. Preferably, the use according to the invention relates to the use as described above, wherein the mixture comprises or is composed of the following components:

[0028] (i) One or more organisms and / or enzymes capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation,

[0029] (ii) One or more substances used to form carbonates,

[0030] (iii) Optionally: one or more cation sources; and

[0031] (iv) Optionally: one or more additives.

[0032] According to a preferred embodiment, when performing Experiment A, which includes the following steps, one or more organisms in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention are organisms that cause urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation to be determined in step (iv), preferably—if a substrate has been provided—to determine biocementation, preferably sufficient to prevent or reduce plant growth, preferably biocementation of weeds (see the Examples section below for details on control groups for preventing or reducing plant growth):

[0033] Experiment A

[0034] (i) Providing an organism or mixture of organisms to be characterized, one or more substances (and optionally other substances) for forming carbonates, and optionally a substrate, and contacting them,

[0035] (ii) Provide reagents for determining urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation,

[0036] (iii) Combining the mixture produced in step (i) with the reagent from step (ii), and

[0037] (iv) Determine whether urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are present based on the reagent from step (ii).

[0038] Advantageously, during Experiment A, it is possible to study the capacity for adequate biobinding in organisms that are both urea-decomposed and non-urea-decomposed.

[0039] The following detailed explanation will help in selecting suitable organisms within the scope of the uses according to the invention.

[0040] The following further defines, with the aid of selected and preferred examples, step (i) of Experiment A as defined herein, the provision of (multiple) substances for carbonate formation and optionally a substrate to be solidified or hardened by bio-binding. Optional other substances may include, for example, nutrient agents, nutrient sources, cation sources (as further described below), and / or additives (as further described below).

[0041] In step (i) of Experiment A as defined herein, for example, a pure culture of the organism to be characterized (e.g., from a strain collection) and / or the organism to be characterized or a mixture of organisms to be characterized can be isolated from a suitable sample (e.g., a soil sample) using a nutrient medium (e.g., Christensen's urea agar, B4 medium, or M-3P medium) and cultured to a cell culture suitable for further study. The nutrient medium used for isolation and culture can be liquid or solid. Those skilled in the art know that the nutrient medium can be varied according to the needs of one or more organisms. Preferably, one or more organisms are cultured to a cell density of 1 × 10⁻⁶ cells / year. 7 Up to 1×10 12 Cells / ml. Those skilled in the art know that, for example, the culture temperature and culture medium composition are selected according to the needs of the organism or mixture of organisms. The provided or prepared cell culture is then contacted with one or more substances (and optionally other substances) for carbonate formation and optionally with a substrate to obtain a mixture, which is then combined in step (iii) with the reagent from step (ii).

[0042] As defined herein, the agents used in step (ii) of Experiment A to determine urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are, for example, a pH indicator, a device for measuring urease activity and / or one or more substances, a device for measuring the amount of carbonate formed by bio-aggregation and / or one or more substances, or a device for measuring the degree of solidification of the substrate (caused by bio-aggregation).

[0043] In step (iv) of Experiment A as defined herein, it is determined whether urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are present, and in particular, biocementation is determined, preferably biocementation sufficient to prevent or reduce plant growth, preferably weed growth, which can be performed qualitatively or quantitatively.

[0044] A preferred method for determining this is, for example, adding a suitable pH indicator (e.g., phenol red, preferably at a concentration of 15 mg / L) to the mixture produced in step (i). In the presence of urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, the pH of the mixture is increased, which causes a color change in the indicator (e.g., turning pink in the case of phenol red).

[0045] If a cationic source, preferably a calcium source, is added to the mixture given from step (i) (in addition to one or more substances for carbonate formation), then in a solid culture medium, in the presence of urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, a lime shell typically forms around or on the colonies of one or more organisms. In the case of a liquid culture medium, when a cationic source, preferably a calcium source (e.g., CaCl2), and a carbonate source (e.g., urea) are sufficiently available, lime precipitation typically occurs. This lime shell or lime precipitation can also be used as visual evidence of urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, or can be determined qualitatively and / or quantitatively by means of the analysis of said lime shell formation or lime precipitation, preferably by means of Scheibler’s (semi-)quantitative carbonate determination or a modified form of the method (e.g., as described in Horváth, B. et al., A Simple Method for Measuring the Carbonate Content of Soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal 2005, 69, 1066-1068).

[0046] Another preferred method for determining this is, for example, measuring the urease activity of an organism or mixture of organisms. Here, the organism to be analyzed or mixture of organisms to be analyzed is mixed, particularly with buffered urea (e.g., 1.5 M urea in 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5), and the formation of the resulting ammonium ions is measured as a measurement signal over time in a manner that measures conductivity, and the urease activity is calculated (as described, for example, in VS Whiffin, Microbial CaCO3 Precipitation for the production of Biocement, Dissertation, 2004, Murdoch University, Western Australia). The urease activity is preferably at 1 × 10⁻⁶. -7 and 1×10 -11 The values ​​are between mM hydrolyzed urea / min / cm / cell / ml, and preferably between 1×10⁻⁶. -8 and 1×10 -10 The values ​​are between mM hydrolyzed urea / min / cm / cell / ml, with a further preference for 1×10⁻⁶ mM / min / cm / cell / ml. -8 and 1×10 -9 The values ​​are between mM hydrolyzed urea / min / cm / cell / ml. Depending on the number of cells used, the former corresponds approximately to a urea hydrolysis rate of 0 to 300 mM hydrolyzed urea / min. Another preferred method for this determination is, for example, measuring the amount of carbonate formed by bioaggregation, preferably by means of (semi-)quantitative carbonate determination according to Scheibler. The mixture to be studied is preferably open-cultured at room temperature (25°C) for 48 hours. The precipitate can then be obtained by centrifugation and drying for further use. The calcium carbonate formed can be (semi-)quantitatively demonstrated by means of the dried precipitate, preferably by means of carbonate determination according to Scheibler. Optionally, the dried precipitate can be weighed in advance and the precipitation efficiency can be calculated. Optionally, an additional qualitative determination can be performed simultaneously: whether urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are present. For this purpose, phenol red (15 mg / L) can be added to the mixture given from step (i). Thus, in the presence of urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, the supernatant to be discarded when obtaining the precipitate is typically pink.

[0047] Another preferred method for determining this is, for example, measuring the degree of solidification of the substrate (by the carbonates produced during biocementation). Suitable substrates for this purpose are, for example, quartz sand, preferably with a particle size of 0 to 2 mm (as a model substrate). The remaining components from the mixture of step (i) are preferably at 5 l / m of the resulting mixture. 2The amount is applied to or introduced into the substrate (in the case of a liquid mixture). Subsequent cultivation should be carried out in an open environment at or above room temperature for at least 2 days (preferably at least 10 days). The strength of the formed biocement layer is then determined by mechanical analysis of the crushing force using a digital (crushing) force meter, according to DIN EN 196-1:2005-05. A difference of ≥ 3 N (or ≥ 0.01 MPa), preferably ≥ 30 N (or ≥ 0.1 MPa), should be detectable compared to the control group (a control mixture containing one or more organisms applied to the substrate).

[0048] Within the scope of Experiment A, the thickness of the bio-adhesive layer can also be determined using a diameter gauge; in the case of successful curing, the thickness should preferably have an average of ≥ 3 mm in the studied area.

[0049] According to a preferred embodiment, one or more organisms in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention are one or more organisms that, in step (iv) of Experiment A as defined herein, result in the determination of urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, preferably the determination of bioclinker, preferably sufficient to prevent or reduce plant growth, preferably bioclinker of weed growth (for details on control groups for preventing or reducing plant growth, see the Examples section below).

[0050] The preferred use is as described above, wherein the mixture exists in liquid form, as a gel, paste, or powder.

[0051] According to the invention, the mixture to be used can be in the form of a liquid, gel, paste or powder mixture, or in the form of two, three, four or more separate liquid and / or gel and / or paste and / or powder premixes, which are mixed with each other before or during use.

[0052] In particular, in powder form, mixtures or premixes, they have an advantageously long storage stability, preferably at least 12 to 24 months.

[0053] The powder form of the mixture or premix can be obtained by standard methods known to those skilled in the art, such as spray drying, freeze drying, (low temperature) vacuum drying, fluidized bed drying and / or with the aid of filtration using filter aids.

[0054] Within the scope of this document, "powder" means that, based on the total weight of the mixture or premixture to be used according to the invention, the liquid component in the mixture, preferably water, is 10% by weight or less, preferably 5% by weight or less, preferably 2.5% by weight or less, more preferably 1.0% by weight or less, and most preferably 0.1% by weight or less.

[0055] The content of the liquid component, preferably water, in the mixture or premixture can be determined using standard methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, the weight determination of the liquid component can be performed by weighing a sample, then heating it for a sufficient period to dry it to a temperature above the boiling point of the liquid component, and then weighing it again. Based on the weight difference before and after drying, the content of the liquid component, preferably water, in weight percent can be determined.

[0056] According to another embodiment, the mixture to be used according to the invention can also be present or used in the form of a gel or paste mixture or in the form of two, three, four or more separate solid and / or liquid and / or gel and / or paste premixtures, which are mixed with each other before or during use.

[0057] Preferred is the use as described above, wherein one or more or all of the organisms are selected from microorganisms, preferably from the following: Firmicutes, preferably Bacilli, preferably Bacillale, preferably Plantococciaceae or Bacillaceae, preferably Sporosarcina, Lysinibacillus or Bacillus, preferably from the following species: Sporosarcina pasteurii, Sporosarcinaureae, Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Bacillus megaterium, Lysinibacillus sp., Bacillus pseudostrongylus. pseudofirmus, salt-tolerant Bacillus halodurans, or Bacillus cohnii.And the following microorganisms: Proteobacteria, preferably Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, or Epsilonproteobacteria, preferably Enterobacteriales, Myxococcales, Campylobacterales, Pseudomonadales, or Cauliformes. lobacterales, preferably Enterobacteriacea, Myxococcaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, or Caurolobacteraceae, preferably Proteus, Myxococcus, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, or Brevundimonas, and preferably selected from the following species: Proteus *Proteus vulgaris*, *Proteus mirabilis*, *Myxococcus xanthus*, *Helicobacter pylori*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, or *Brevundimonas diminuta*; and the following microorganisms: phylum Actinobacteria, preferably class Actinobacteria, preferably order Actinomycetales, preferably family Brevibacteriaceae or suborder Micrococcineae, preferably genus Brevibacterium or family Micrococcaceae, preferably selected from the following species: *Brevibacterium linens* or *Arthrobacter crystallopoietes*.And the following microorganisms: phylum Cyanobacteria, preferably class Cyanobacteria, preferably order Synechococcales, preferably family Synechococcaceae, preferably genus Synechococcus, preferably species Synechococcus; and aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobes and their intermediates.

[0058] This includes all variants, serotypes, mutants, and spores, as well as genetically modified microorganisms from any source.

[0059] One or more of the aforementioned organisms, preferably microorganisms, are capable of existing (commonly or separately) in liquids, such as buffer solutions, solvents, culture media and / or mixtures thereof, wherein the mixtures are also capable of being deep-frozen or existing in powder form.

[0060] According to the present invention, one or more organisms capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation are components of the mixture used.

[0061] Alternatively, and within the scope of this document, it is possible to consider (inherent) organisms present in or on a substrate in which / on which plants grow, preferably in soil or isolated from said substrate, cultivated in a laboratory and subsequently reintroduced onto / into the substrate, capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation. In this case, alternative or equivalent embodiments are possible (and are accordingly included herein as part of the invention), wherein the organisms of the mixture to be used according to the invention co-form carbonates, induce and / or catalyze carbonate formation with (inherent) organisms in / on the substrate, or wherein the mixture to be used itself does not contain any organisms capable of forming carbonates, inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation. According to a preferred embodiment, component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention comprises or is composed of one or more organisms capable of forming carbonates, inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation, and a combination of organisms not capable of forming carbonates, inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation.

[0062] According to a preferred embodiment, the component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention comprises or is composed of a combination of aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria and / or facultative anaerobic bacteria and / or intermediates thereof.

[0063] According to another preferred embodiment, the component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention comprises or is composed of: one or more organisms capable of decomposing urea to form carbonates, inducing and / or catalyzing the formation of carbonates by urea decomposition, and a combination of organisms that cannot decompose urea or cannot form carbonates at all and / or induce and / or catalyze the formation of carbonates.

[0064] It is known to those skilled in the art that, when using mixtures (as defined herein) according to the invention, bio-binding (as defined herein) occurs particularly effectively within a specific cell number spectrum of the organisms used. Based on its own research, the cell number of one or more organisms in the mixture to be used according to the invention is preferably at least 10. 7 cells / mL, more preferably at least 10 8 cells / mL, and / or preferably up to 10 12 cells / mL, preferably up to 10 10 cells / mL, more preferably up to 10 9 Cells / mL. According to a preferred embodiment, the number of cells from one or more organisms in the mixture to be used according to the invention is 10. 8 Up to 10 9 Cells / mL.

[0065] Preferred uses are those described above, wherein one or more enzymes or all of the enzymes are selected from urease, asparaginase, carbonic anhydrase, and metabolic enzymes.

[0066] Metabolic enzymes within the scope of this document are preferably enzymes involved in the metabolism of one or more (micro)organisms as described herein, which are capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation, for example, through the conversion of acetate and / or lactate. Preferably, one or more organisms (as defined above) can be used in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention, which are capable of producing one or more of the above-described enzymes, or preferably, the enzymes are obtained or released from the organisms described above.

[0067] If one or more organisms used are pathogenic organisms, then within the scope of this document it is preferred that only non-pathogenic enzymes obtained from or released by said pathogenic organisms be used in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention.

[0068] According to another preferred embodiment, a combination of enzymes obtained or released from the aforementioned organisms and enzymes of non-microbial origin (e.g., plant enzymes) can be used in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention. Urease, for example, can be obtained from soybeans and used according to the invention.

[0069] According to another preferred embodiment, in component (i) of the mixture to be used according to the invention, a combination of one or more of the above-mentioned organisms capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation and one or more of the above-mentioned enzymes capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation can be used.

[0070] With the aid of the aforementioned enzymes, carbonates can be produced through various metabolic processes. For example, ammoniation can occur through aerobic metabolism of organic carbon sources (e.g., asparaginase) or heterotrophic metabolism of organic carbon sources (e.g., calcium lactate or calcium acetate). Both processes provide carbonates. Aerobic and anaerobic photosynthesis can also be used to form carbonates, as in anaerobic denitrification, anaerobic sulfate reduction, and aerobic methane oxidation.

[0071] Therefore, the bio-binding of the mixture to be used according to the present invention can be based on one or more of the above-described metabolic processes.

[0072] Therefore, the preferred uses are those described above, wherein one or more substances or all of the substances used to form carbonates are selected from: urea and its salts; organic acids such as lactic acid, and its salts preferably carboxylates and their esters; gluconic acid, and its salts preferably carboxylates and their esters; acetic acid, and its salts preferably carboxylates and their esters; formic acid, and its salts preferably carboxylates and their esters; peptides, preferably containing asparagine, glutamine and / or glutamic acid; amino acids, preferably asparagine, glutamine and glutamic acid, and their salts preferably carboxylates and their esters; plant and animal complex substrates, especially peptones, yeast extracts, meat extracts, nutrient broths and casein amino acids; industrial waste streams, especially corn steep liquor and lactose mother liquor; protein lysates, preferably from peas, meat or tomatoes; anaerobic substrates, preferably carbon dioxide and methane.

[0073] Furthermore, in preferred applications as described above, one or more or all of the cation sources are selected from: organic and inorganic calcium salts, preferably calcium nitrate, calcium acetate, calcium lactate and calcium chloride; magnesium salts; manganese salts; zinc salts; cobalt salts; nickel salts; copper salts; lead salts; iron salts; cadmium salts; polymers, preferably cationic polymers; heavy metal cations; light metal cations; radioactive cations and mixtures thereof.

[0074] According to the invention, (multiple) cation sources may or may not be included in the mixture to be used according to the invention. If they are not included in the mixture, they may be present on / in / within a substrate on which plants grow or added to said substrate in order to achieve biobinding.

[0075] Also preferred are the uses described above, wherein one or more or all of the additives are selected from the following substances / mixtures of substances (preferably provided they are not already included in component (ii)): nutrients; (bio)polymers, preferably polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polylactide (PLA), polysuccinate (PBS), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), polystyrene Polyenes (PS), polyamides, copolymers, polyamino acids; cellulose and its derivatives; starch and its derivatives; lignin and its derivatives; pectin and its derivatives; natural adhesives, especially gum arabic, latex, rubber and its derivatives; chitin and its derivatives; chitosan and its derivatives; cyclohexane and its derivatives; agar and its derivatives; hydrogel forming agents, preferably xanthan gum, alginate and agar; cold-soluble and / or warm-soluble (plant) gums; calcium carbonate and mixtures containing calcium carbonate, preferably mother-of-pearl, amorphous calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, aragonite, calcite, aragonite and mixtures and derivatives thereof; polysaccharides and extracellular polymers ( EPS, preferably microbial extracellular polysaccharides, preferably composed of or consisting of maleic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose and / or inulin; protein sources; fibers and fibrous materials, preferably casein, albumin, yeast extract, peptone, cellulose fibers, lignocellulose fibers, lignocellulose fibers; residues and industrial materials, preferably corn steep liquor, lactose mother liquor, protein lysates, molasses; protein waste, preferably from yeast production, meat production, dairy industry and paper production; silicates and their derivatives; acrylates and their derivatives; water glass and water glass-like adhesives; cements and cement additives. Preferred ingredients include sand, lime and its derivatives, alumina, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ash, preferably fly ash and bone ash, silica powder, kaolin, and bentonite; filler materials, preferably quicklime (hydrate), limestone crushed sand, and limestone powder; resins and epoxides; natural and chemical herbicides; fungicides; molluscicides; insecticides; hydrophobic agents and wax emulsions; emulsifiers; adhesives; thixotropic agents; crystal nuclei and crystallization regulators; fatty acids; minerals and trace elements; salts, preferably phosphates and sulfates; rocks, preferably pumice and slate powder; bacteria capable of forming polymers; and substances that alter biocementation.

[0076] Within the scope of this invention, the one or more additives are preferably substances that affect the biocementing process itself (e.g., nutrients), substances that affect the properties of the biocement produced by biocementation (e.g., its water resistance), or substances that affect plants whose growth is inhibited (e.g., herbicides).

[0077] Examples of substances capable of influencing the properties of biocement are preferably additives according to the invention that are capable of (additionally) solidifying and / or hardening the substrate or a portion thereof in which plant growth should be reduced or prevented. This can, for example, involve sugar molecules (as defined above) or polymers formed by bacteria. As mentioned above, in this case, the additive according to the invention is, optionally, the only—component (alternative to or supplemented to) the biocement (often formed of various) carbonates).

[0078] According to the invention, one or more additives may be present in the mixture to be used according to the invention (i.e., a component of the mixture to be used), or may be contained in the substrate on which plant growth occurs. Alternatively, they may not be present.

[0079] Within the scope of this document, the monomers of the aforementioned additives, particularly the monomers of the (bio)polymers mentioned, are also suitable as additives to be used according to the present invention.

[0080] Those skilled in the art will know that the amount and mode of action of one or more additives are strongly dependent on their own characteristics or the characteristics of other components of the mixture to be used according to the invention or the characteristics of the substrate, and accordingly select a suitable combination and amount of one or more additives.

[0081] Also preferred are the uses described above, wherein the plant or weed is selected from dicotyledonous plants of the following genera: *Abutilon*, *Aegopodium*, *Aethusa*, *Amaranthus*, *Ambrosia*, *Anachusa*, *Anagallis*, *Anoda*, *Anthemis*, *Aphanes*, *Arabidopsis*, *Atriplex*, *Barbarea*, *Bellis*, and *Bidens*. ns), Bunias, Capsella, Carduus, Cassia, Centaurea, Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cirsium, Conium, Conyza, Consolidida, Convolvulus, Datura, Descurainia, Desmodium, Emex, Equisetum *Erigeron*, *Erodium*, *Erysimum*, *Euphorbia*, *Fumaria*, *Galeopsis*, *Galinsoga*, *Galium*, *Geranium*, *Heracleum*, *Hibiscus*, *Ipomoea*, *Kochia*, *Lamium*, *Lapsana*, *Lathyrus*, *Lepidium*, *Lithospermum* The genera *Lithoserpermum*, *Linaria*, *Lindernia*, *Lycopsis*, *Malva*, *Matricaria*, *Mentha*, *Mercurialis*, *Mullugo*, *Myosotis*, *Papaver*, *Pharbitis*, *Plantago*, *Polygonum*, *Portulaca*, *Ranunculus*, and *Raphanus* are all genera related to daisy or wild daisy.Genuses: Rorippa, Rotala, Rumex, Salsola, Senecio, Sesbania, Sida, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Sonchus, Sphenoclea, Stachys, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Tussaligo ), *Urtica*, *Veronica*, *Viola*, *Xanthium*; Dicotyledonous genera: *Arachis*, *Beta*, *Brassica*, *Cucumis*, *Cucurbita*, *Helianthus*, *Daucus*, *Glycine*, *Gossypium*, *Ipomoea*, *Lactuca*, *Linum*, *Lycopersicon*, *Nicotiana* ana), Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Vicia; Monocotyledonous genera: Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Commelina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactyloctenoides The genera *Echinochloa*, *Eleocharis*, *Eleusine*, *Eragrostis*, *Eriochloa*, *Festuca*, *Fimbristylis*, *Heteranthera*, *Imperata*, *Ischaemum*, *Juncus*, *Leptochloa*, *Lolium*, *Monochoria*, and *Panicum* are all related to millet.The genera *Paspalum*, *Phalaris*, *Phleum*, *Poa*, *Rottboellia*, *Sagittaria*, *Scirpus*, *Setaria*, and *Sorghum*; and monocotyledonous genera: *Allium*, *Ananas*, *Asparagus*, *Avena*, and *Hord*. The genera *Oryza*, *Panicum*, *Saccharum*, *Secale*, *Sorghum*, *Triticale*, *Triticum*, and *Zea* are included; bryophytes (including *Mimosa*, *Hornweed*, and *Bryophytum*) are included; preferably, the growth of at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, or all of these plants is prevented or reduced.

[0082] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, one, several, or all of the plants are selected from one or more of the following genera of bryophytes: *Acolea*, *Acrobolbus*, *Acrochila*, *Acromastigum*, *Acroscyphella*, *Acroscyphus*, *Acrostolia*, *Adelocolia*, *Aitchisoniella*, *Alicularia*, *Allisonia*, *Allisoniella*, and *Alobiella*. The genera *Alobiellopsis*, *Amazoopsis*, *Amphicephalozia*, *Amphilophocolea*, *Andrewsianthus*, *Aneura*, *Anomacaulis*, *Anomoclada*, *Anomylia*, *Anthelia*, *Anthelis*, *Aphanolejeunea*, *Aplozia*, *Apomarsupella*, *Apometzgeria*, and *Apotreubia* are all genera of the same species. Arachniopsis, Arctoscyphus, Arnellia, Ascidiota, Asterella, Athamamia, Austrofossombronia, Austrolembidium, Austrolophozia, Austrometzgeria, Austroscyphus, Balantiopsis, Bazzania, Blasia, Blepharidophyllum, Blepharidophyllum oma), Brevianthus, Calycularia, Calypogeia, Calyptrocolea, Campanocolea, Castanoclobos, Cavicularia, Cephalojonesia, Cephalolobus, Cephaomitrion, Cephaozia, Cephaloziella, Cephaoziopsis, Ceatolejeunea, CesiusChaetophyllopsis, Chiastocaulon, Chiloscyphus, Chloranthelia, Chonecolea, Cladomastigum, Cladopodiella, Clandarium, Clasmatocolea, Cololejeunea, Colura, Conocephalum, Conoscyphus, Corsinia, Cronisia, Crosso gyna, Cryptoochila, Cryptocolea, Cryptocoleopsis, Cryptomitrium, Cryptostipula, Cryptothallus, Cuspidatula, Cyanolophocolea, Cyathodium, Cylindrocolea, Delavayella, Dendrobazzania, Dendromastigophora, Denotarisia, Di chiton, Dinckleria, Diplocolea, Diplophyllum, Douinia, Drepanolejeunea, Drucella, Dumortiera, Dumortieropsis, Enigmella, Eocalypogeia, Eoisotachis, Eopleurozia, Eotrichocolea, Eremonotus, Eucalyx, Evansia, Evansianthus, and Short-stemmed Moss Genus (Exormotheca), *Fossombronia*, *Frullania*, *Fuscocephaloziopsis*, *Gackstroemia*, *Geocalyx*, *Geothallus*, *Gerhildiella*, *Goebeliella*, *Goebelobryum*, *Gongylanthus*, *Gottschea*, *Gottschelia*, *Greeneothallus*, *Grollea*, *Gymnanthe*, *Gymnocoleopsis*,The genera *Gymnomitrion*, *Gymnoscyphus*, *Gyrothyra*, *Haesselia*, *Haplomitrium*, *Harpalejeunea*, *Harpanthus*, *Hattoria*, *Hattorianthus*, *Hattoriella*, *Hepatostolonophora*, *Herbertus*, *Herpetium*, *Herpocladium*, *Herzogianthus*, *Herzogobryum*, *Heterogemma*, and *Heterogemma* are all related to the genera *Gymnomitrion*, *Gymnoscyphus*, *Gyrothyra*, *Haesselia*, *Haplomitrium*, *Harpalejeunea*, *Harpanthus*, *Hattoria*, *Hattorianthus*, *Hattoriella*, *Hepatostolonophora*, *Herbertus*, *Herpetium*, *Herpocladium*, *Herzogianthus*, *Herzogobryum*, and *Heterogemma*. Heteroscyphus), Horikawaella, Hyalolepidozia, Hygrobiella Iwatsukia, Hygrolembidium, Hygrophila, Hymenophyton, Hypoisotachis, Isolembidium, Isotachis, Jamesoniella, Jensonia, Jubula, Jubulopsis, Jungermannia, Jungermannites, Krunodi plophyllum, *Kurzia*, *Kymatocalyx*, *Lamellocolea*, *Leiocolea*, *Leiomitra*, *Leiomylia*, *Leioscyphus*, *Lejeunea*, *Lembidium*, *Lepidogyna*, *Lepidolaena*, *Lepidozia*, *Leptolejeunea*, *Leptophyllopsis*, *Leptoscyphopsis*, *Leptoscyphus*, *Letho* * *colea*, *Liochlaena*, *Lobatiriccardia*, *Lophocolea*, *Lophonardia*, *Lophozia*, *Lophoziopsis*, *Lunularia*, *Macrodiplophyllum*, *Maculia*, *Makinoa*, *Mannia*, *Marchantia*, *Marchesinia*, *Marsupella*, *Marsupidium*, *Massula*Massularia, Mastigobryum, Mastigopelma, Mastigophora, Mastigopsis, Mesoptychia, Metacalypogeia, Metahygrobiella, Metzgeria, Metzgeriopsis, Micrisophylla, Microlejeunea, Microlepidozia, Micropterygium, Mizutania, Mnioloma, Moerckia Monocarpus, Monoclea, Monodactylopsis, Monosolenium, Mytilopsis, Nanomarsupella, Nardia, Neesioscyphus, Neogrollea, Neohodgsonia, Neotrichocolea, Noteroclada, Nothogymnomitrion, Nothostrepta, Notoscyphus, Nowellia, O btusifolium), Odontolejeunea, Odontoschisma, Oleoophozia, Oxymitra, Pachyglossa, Pachyschistochila, Pallavicinia, Paracromastigum, Paraschistochila, Patarola, Pedinophyllopsis, Pedinophyllum, Pellia, Peltolepsis, Perdusenia, oyster leaf Genus *Perssoniella*, *Petalophyllum*, *Phycolepidozia*, *Phyllothallia*, *Physiotium*, *Physotheca*, *Pisanoa*, *Plagiochasma*, *Plagiochila*, *Plagiochilidium*, *Plagiochilion*, *Platycaulis*, *Plectocolea*, *Pleuranthe*, *Pleuroclada*, *Pleurocladopsis**Pleurocladula*, *Pleurozia*, *Podanthe*, *Podomitrium*, *Porella*, *Prasanthus*, *Preissia*, *Prionolobus*, *Protolophozia*, *Protomarsupella*, *Protosyzgiella*, *Protosyzygiella*, *Pseudocephalozia*, *Pseudocephaloziella*, *Pseudolophocole* a) Genus *Pseudolophozia*, *Pseudomarsupidium*, *Pseudoneura*, *Pseudotritomaria*, *Psiloclada*, *Pteropsiella*, *Ptilidium*, *Radula*, *Reboulia*, *Rhizocaulia*, *Rhodoplagiochila*, *Riccardia*, *Riccia*, *Ricciella*, *Ricciocarpos* The genera *Riella*, *Roivainenia*, *Ruizanthus*, *Ruttnerella*, *Saccobasis*, *Saccogyna*, *Sandeothallus*, *Sarcocyphos*, *Sarcomitrium*, *Sauteria*, *Scapania*, *Scaphophyllum*, *Schiffneria*, *Schisma*, *Schistochila*, *Schistochilaster*, and *Schistochi* are mentioned. lopsis), Schofieldia, Sendtnera, Seppeltia, Sewardiella, Simodon, Solenostoma, Southbya, Sphaerocarpos, Sphagnoecetis, Sprecella, Steereella, Steereocolea, Stenorhipis, Stephandium, Stephaniella, Stephaniellidium, Stephensoniella, SymphonygynaSymphyogynopsis, Symphyomitra, Synhymenium, Syzygiella, Taeniolejeunea, Targionia, Tegulifolium, Telaraenaa, Thallocarpus, Treubia, Triandrophyllum, Trichocolea, Trichoocoleopsis, Trichoostylium, Trichotemnoma, Trilophozia, Tritomaria, Tylimanthus, Vanea, Vandiemenia, Verdoornia, Vetaforma, Wettsteinia, Wiesnerella, Xenochila, Xenothallus, Zoopsidella, Zoopsis.

[0083] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant, one plant, several plants, or all plants are selected from one or more mosses of the following genera: *Abietinella*, *Acanthocladiella*, *Acanthocladium*, *Acanthodium*, *Acanthorrhynchium*, *Acaulon*, *Acaulonopsis*, *Achrophyllum*, *Acidodontium*, *Acrocladium*, *Acroporium*, *Acroschisma*, etc. *Actinodontium*, *Actinothuidium*, *Adelothecium*, *Aequatoriella*, *Aerobryidium*, *Aerobryopsis*, *Aerobryum*, *Aerolindigia*, *Algaria*, *Aligrimmia*, *Alleniella*, *Allioniellopsis*, *Aloina*, *Aloinella*, *Alophosia*, *Alsia*, *Amblyodon*, *A...* mblyodum, Amblystegiella, Amblystegium, Amblytropis, Ambuchanania, Amphidium, Amphoridium, Amphoritheca, Anacalypta, Anacamptodon, Anacolia, Ancistrodes, Andoa, Andreaea, Andreaeobryum, Anictangium, Anisothecium, Anodo n. *Anodontium*, *Anoectangium*, *Anomobryum*, *Anomodon*, *Antitrichia*, *Aongstroemia*, *Aongstroemiopsis*, *Apalodium*, *Aphanorrhegma*, *Apiocarpa*, *Aplodon*, *Apterygium*, *Aptychella*, *Aptychopsis*, *Aptychus*, *Arbuscula*, *Arbusculohypopterygium*Archephemeropsis, Archidium, Arctoa, Argyrobryum, Arthrocormus, Aschisma, Aschistodon, Asteriscium, Astomiopsis, Astomum, Astrodontium, Astrophyllum, Atractylocarpus, Atrichopsis, Atrichum, Aulacomitrium, Aul *Acomnium*, *Aulacopilum*, *Austinella*, *Austrohondaella*, *Austrophilibertiella*, *Baldwiniella*, *Barbella*, *Barbellopsis*, *Barbula*, *Bartramia*, *Beeveria*, *Bellibarbula*, *Bnitotania*, *Bestia*, *Bissetia*, *Blindia*, *Boulaya*, *Brac* *Helyma*, *Brachydontium*, *Brachymenium*, *Brachymitrion*, *Brachyodus*, *Brachysteleum*, *Brachytheciastrum*, *Brachytheciella*, *Brachythecium*, *Brachytrichum*, *Braithwaitea*, *Braunfelsia*, *Braunia*, *Breidleria*, *Breutelia*, *Broth* *Brotherella*, *Brotherobryum*, *Bruchia*, *Bryhnia*, *Brymela*, *Bryoandersonia*, *Bryobeckettia*, *Bryobrittonia*, *Bryobrothera*, *Bryoceuthospora*, *Bryochenea*, *Bryocrumia*, *Bryodixonia*, *Bryodusenia*, *Bryoerythrophyllum*, *Bryohaplocladium*, *Bryohumbertia*.*Bryomaltaea*, *Bryomanginia*, *Bryomnium*, *Bryonoguchia*, *Bryonorrisia*, *Bryophixia*, *Bryosedgwickia*, *Bryostreimannia*, *Bryotestua*, *Bryum*, *Buckiella*, *Bucklandiella*, *Burnettia*, *Buxbaumia*, *Callialaria*, *Callicladium*, *Callicosta*, *Ca* *Callicostella*, *Callicostellopsis*, *Calliergidium*, *Calliergon*, *Calohypnum*, *Calymperastrum*, *Calymperes*, *Calymperidium*, *Calymperopsis*, *Calyptopogon*, *Calyptothecium*, *Calyptrochaeta*, *Camptochaete*, *Camptodontium*, *Camptothecium*, *C.* (ampyliadelphus), Campylidium, Campylium, Campylodontium, Campylophyllum, Campylopodiella, Campylopodium, Campylopus, Campylostelium, Canalohypopterygium, Cardotia, Cardotiella, Caribaeeohypnum, Catagoniopsis, Catagonium, Cathari nea, Catharinella, Catharomnion, Catoscopium, Cecalyphum, Ceratodon, Ceuthospora, Ceuthotheca, Chaetomitrella, Chaetomitriopsis, Chaetomitrium, Chaetophora, Chamaebryum, Chamberlainia, Chameleion, Cheilothela, Chenia, Chileobryon,Chionoloma, *Chionostomum*, *Chorisodontium*, *Chryso-hypnum*, *Chrysoblastella*, *Chrysocladium*, *Chrysohypnum*, *Cinclidium*, *Circulifolium*, *Cirriphyllum*, *Cladastomum*, *Cladomnion*, *Cladophascum*, *Cladopodanthus*, *Cladopodanthus*, *Claopodium*, C lasmatodon, *Clastobryella*, *Clastobryophilum*, *Clastobryopsis*, *Clastobryum*, *Clavitheca*, *Cleistocarpidium*, *Cleistostoma*, *Climacium*, *Cnestrum*, *Codonoblepharon*, *Codonoblepharum*, *Codriophorus*, *Coelidium*, *Coleochaetium*, *Colobodontium*, *Crepeia* Genus *Conardia*, *Conomitrium*, *Conostomum*, *Coscinodon*, *Coscinodontella*, *Costesia*, *Craspedophyllum*, *Cratoneurella*, *Cratoneuron*, *Cratoneuropsis*, *Crosbya*, *Crossidium*, *Crossomitrium*, *Crumia*, *Crumuscus*, *Cryhphaea*, *Cryphaeadelphus*, *Cryptocarpon*, *Cryptodicran* Cryptogonium, Cryptoleptodon, Cryptotopapillaria, Cryptotopodia, Cryptotopodium, Cryptotheca, Ctenidia delphus, Ctenidium, Ctenium, Cupressina, Curvicladium, Curviramea, Cyathophorella, Cyathophorum, Cyclodictyon, CygniellaCylicocarpus, Cynodon, Cynodontiella, Cynodontium, Cynontodium, Cyrto-hypnum, Cyrtomnium, Cyrtopodendron, Daltonia, Dasymitrium, Dawsonia, Dendro-hypnum, Dendroalsia, Dendrocyathophorum, Dendrohypopterygium, Dendro *Oligtrichum*, *Dermatodon*, *Desmatodon*, *Desmotheca*, *Dialytrichia*, *Diaphanophyllum*, *Dichelodontium*, *Dichelyma*, *Dichodontium*, *Dicladiella*, *Dicnemoloma*, *Dicranella*, *Dicranodon*, *Dicranodontium*, *Dicranoloma*, *Dicranoweisia*, *Di...* cranum), Didymodon, Dimerodontium, Dimorphocladon, Diobelon, Diobelonella, Diphascum, Diphyscium, Diplocomium, Diploneuron, Diplostichum, Discelium, Discophyllum, Dissodon, Distichia, Distichium, Distichophyllidium, Distichophyllum Genus *Ditrichopsis*, *Ditrichum*, *Dixonia*, *Dolichomitra*, *Dolichomitriopsis*, *Dolotortula*, *Donnellia*, *Donrichardsia*, *Dorcadion*, *Dozya*, *Drepanium*, *Drepano-hypnum*, *Drepanocladus*, *Drepanophyllaria*, *Drepanophyllum*, *Drummondia*, *Dryptodon*Dusenia, *Duthiella*, *Eccremidium*, *Echinodiopsis*, *Echinodium*, *Echinophyllum*, *Ectropotheciella*, *Ectropotheciopsis*, *Ectropothecium*, *Eleutera*, *Elharveya*, *Elmeriobryum*, *Elodium*, *Encalypta*, *Endotrichella*, *Endotrichellopsis*, E ndotrichum, Entodon, Entosthodon, Entosthymenium, Eobruchia, Eohypopterygiopsis, Eoleucodon, Eosphagnum, Ephemerella, Ephemerella, Ephemeropsis, Ephemerum, Epiptterygium, Eremodon, Eriodon, Eriopus, Erpodium, Erythrobarbula, Ery throdontium, Erythrophyllastrum, Erythrophyllopsis, Erythrophyllum, Esenbeckia, Eucamptodontopsis, Eucatagonium, Eucladium, Euphemerum, Eumyurium, Euptychium, Eurhynchiadelphus, Eurhynchiastrum, Eurhynchiella, Eurhynchium, Eurohypnum Eustichia, Euzygodon, Exodictyon, Exostratum, Exsertotheca, Fabroleskea, Fabronia Ischyrodon, Fabronidium, Fallaciella, Fauriella, Felipponea, Fiedleria, Fifea Isothecia delphus, Fissidens, Flabellidium, FleischerobryumThe genera *Floribundaria*, *Florschuetziella*, *Flowersia*, *Fontinalis*, *Foreauella*, *Forsstroemia*, *Frahmiella*, *Funaria*, *Funariella*, *Gammiella*, *Ganguleea*, *Garckea*, *Garovaglia*, *Gasterogrimmia*, *Geheebia*, *Gemmabryum*, *Georgia*, *Gertrudia*, and *Ger* are all related to the moths *Floribundaria*. Trutilella, Gigaspermum, Giraldiella, Globulina, Globulinella, Glossadelphus, Glyphomitrium, Glyphothecium, Glyptothecium, Gollania, Gongronia, Goniobryum, Goniomitrium, Gradsteinia, Grimmia, Groutiella ), Guembelia, Guerramontesia, Gymnostomiella, Gymnostomum, Gyroweisia, Habrodon, Habrodon Ishibaea Iwatsukiella, Hageniella, Hamatocaulis, Hampeella, Hampeohypnum, Handeliobryum, Haplocladium, Haplodon, Haplodonti um, genera *Haplohymenium*, *Haptymenium*, *Harpidium*, *Harpophyllum*, *Harrisonia*, *Harveya*, *Hebantia Itatiella*, *Hedenaesia*, *Hedenasiastrum*, *Hedwigia*, *Hedwigidium*, *Helicoblepharum*, *Helicodontia delphus*, *Helicodontium*, *Heliconema*, *Helicophyllum*The genera *Helodium*, *Hemiragis*, *Henicodium*, *Hennediella*, *Herpetineuron*, *Herzogiella*, *Heterocladium*, *Heterodon*, *Heterophyllium*, *Hildebrandtiella*, *Hilpertia*, *Himantocladium*, *Holoblepharum*, *Holodontium*, *Holomitriopsis*, and *Holomi* are all related to the moss species *Helodium*. *Homalia*, *Homalia delphus*, *Homaliodendron*, *Homaliopsis*, *Homalotheciella*, *Homalothecium*, *Homomallium*, *Hondaella*, *Hookeria*, *Hookeriopsis*, *Horikawaea*, *Horridohypnum*, *Husnotiella*, *Hyalophyllum*, *Hydrocr* yphaea Isodrepanium, Hydrogonium, Hydrogon, Hydrogonella, Hygroamblystegium, Hygrodicranum, Hygrohypnella, Hygrohypnum, Hylocomiadelphus, Hylocomiastrum, Hylocomiopsis, Hylocomium, Hymenodon, Hymenodonto psis, Hymenoloma, Hymenostomum, Hymenostyliella, Hymenostylium, Hycomium, Hyophila, Hyophiladelphus, Hyophilopsis, Hypnella, Hypnites, Hypnobartlettia, Hypnodendron, Hypnum, Hypodontium, Hypopterygium, Imbribryum, Indopottia*Indothuidium*, *Indusiella*, *Inouethuidium*, *Isopterygiopsis*, *Isopterygium*, *Isotheciopsis*, *Isothecium*, *Jaegerina*, *Jaegerinopsis*, *Jaffueliobryum*, *Juratzkaeella*, *Kiaeria*, *Kindbergia*, *Kleioweisiopsis*, *Kopone* nia, Kurohimehypnum, Lamprophyllum, Leersia, Leiodontium, Leiomela, Leiomitrium, Leiotheca, Leembophyllum, Lepidopilidium, Lepidopilum, Leptangium, Leptobarbula, Leptobryum, Leptocladiella, Leptocladium, Leptodictyum, Lepto dontiella, Leptodontiopsis, Leptodontium, Leptohymenium, Leptophascum, Leptopterigynandrum, Lepostomopsis, Lepostomum, Leptotheca, Lepotrichella, Leptotrichum, Lepyrodon, Lepyrodontopsis, Leratia, Leratiella, Lescuraea, Leskea *Leskeadelphus*, *Leskeella*, *Leskeodon*, *Leskeodontopsis*, *Lesquereuxia*, *Leucobryum*, *Leucodon*, *Leucodontella*, *Leucolepis*, *Leucoloma*, *Leucomium*, *Leucoperichaetium*, *Leucophanella*, *Leucophanes*, *Levierella*, *Limbella*, *Limnobium*Limprichtia, Lindbergia, Lindigia, Loeskeobryum, Loeskypnum, Loiseaubryum, Looseria, Loophiodon, Lopidium, Lorentzia, Lorentziella, Loxotis, Ludorugbya, Luisierella, Lyellia, Macgregorella, Macouniella, Macrocoma, Macrodictyum, Macrohymeni um, Macromitrium, Macrosporiella, Macrothamniella, Macrothamnium, Mamillariella, Mandoniella, Maschalanthus, Maschalocarpus, Mastopoma, Matteria, Meesia, Meiotheciella, Meiotheciopsis, Meiothecium, Meiotrichum, Merceya, Merceyo psis), Mesochaete, Mesonodon, Mesotus, Metadistichophyllum, Metaneckera, Meteoridium, Meteoriella, Meteoriopsis, Meteorium, Metzlerella, Metzleria, Micralsopsis, Microbryum, Microcampylopus, Microcrossidium, Microctenidium ), Microdus, Microeurhynchium, Micromitrium, Micropoma, Microthamnium, Microtheciella, Microthuidium, Miehea, Mielichhoferia, Mildea, Mildeella, Mironia, Mitrobryum, Mittenia, Mittenothamnium, Mitthyridium, Miyabea, Mniadelphus, MniobryumMniodendron, Mniomalia, Mnium, Moenkemeyera, Molendoa, Mollia, Morinia, Moseniella, Muelleriella, Muellerobryum, Muscoflorschuetzia, Muscoherzogia, Myrinia, Myurella, Myuriopsis, Myurium, Myuroclada, Nanobryum, Nan omitriopsis, Nanomitrium, Neckera, Neckeradelphus, Neckerites, Neckeropsis, Nematocladia, Neobarbella, Neocardotia, Neodicladiella, Neodolichomitra, Neohyophila, Neolescuraea, Neolindbergia, Neomacounia, Neomeesia, Neonogu *C. chia*, *Neophoenix*, *Neorutenbergia*, *Neosharpiella*, *Niphotrichum*, *Nobregaea*, *Nogopterium*, *Noguchiodendron*, *Notoligotrichum*, *Ochiobryum*, *Ochrobryum*, *Ochyraea*, *Octodiceras*, *Oedicladium*, *Oedipodiella*, *Oedipodium*, *Okamuraea*, *Oligotrichum* The genera *Oncophorus*, *Oreas*, *Oreoweisia*, *Orontobryum*, *Orthoamblystegium*, *Orthodicranum*, *Orthodon*, *Orthodontium*, *Orthodontopsis*, *Orthogrimmia*, *Orthomitrium*, *Orthomnion*, *Orthomniopsis*, *Orthopus*, and *Orthopyxis* are mentioned.Orthorrhynchidium, Orthorrhynchium, Orthostichella, Orthostichidium, Orthostichopsis, Orthotheciella, Orthothecium, Orthothuidium, Orthotrichum, Osterwaldiella, Oticodium, Oxyrrhynchium, Oxystegus, Pachyneuropsi s. Genus Pachyneurum, Palaeocampylopus, Palamocladium, Palisadula, Paludella, Palustriella, Panckowia, Pancovia, Papillaria, Papillidiopsis, Paraleucobryum, Paramyurium, Pararhacocarpus, Parisia, Pelekium, Pendulot hecium, Pentastichella, Penzigiella, Peromnion, Pharomitrium, Phasconica, Phascopsis, Phascum, Philibertiella, Philonotis, Philophyllum, Photinophyllum, Phyllodon, Phyllodrepanium, Phyllogonium, Physcomitrella, Physcomitrium, Phys Picobryum, Pictus, Piloecium, Pilopogon, Pilopogonella, Pilopogon, Piloseriopus, Pilotrichella, Pilotrichidium, Pilotrichum, Pinnatella, Pirea, Pireella, Plagiobryoides, Plagiobryum, Plagiomnium, Plagiopus, Plagioracelopus,Genus Plagiothecium, Plasteurhynchium, Platydictya, Platygyriella, Platygyrium, Platyhypnidium, Platyhypnum, Platyyloma, Platyylomella, Platyneuron, Plaubelia, Pleuriditrichum, Pleuridium, Pleurochaete, Pleurophascum, and others. Genus Pleurropus, Pleurorthotrichum, Pleuroweisia, Pleurozium, Pleurozygodon, Pocsiella, Podperaea, Poecilophyllum, Pogonatum, Pohlia, Polla, Polymerodon, Polypodiopsis, Polytrichadelphus, Polytrichastrum, Polytrichites The genera *Polytrichum*, *Porothamnium*, *Porotrichella*, *Porotrichodendron*, *Porotrichopsis*, *Porotrichum*, *Potamium*, *Pottia*, *Pottiopsis*, *Powellia*, *Powelliopsis*, *Pringleella*, *Prionidium*, *Prionodon*, *Pseudatrichum*, *Pseudephemerum*, *Pseudisothe* *Pseudo*, ...*Pseudohygrohypnum*, *Pseudohyophila*, *Pseudohypnella*, *Pseudoleskea*, *Pseudoleskeella*, *Pseudoleskeopsis*, *Pseudopiloecium*, *Pseudopilotrichum*, *Pseudopleuropus*, *Pseudopohlia*, *Pseudopterobryum*, *Pseudoracelopus*, *Pseudorhypnum* nchostegiella, Pseudoscleropodium, Pseudosymblepharis, Pseudotimmiella, Pseudotrismegistia, Psilopilum, Pterigynandrum, Pterobryella, Pterobryidium, Pterobryon, Pterobryopsis, Pterogonia delphus, Pterogonidium, Pterogoniell a. Genus *Pterogonium*, *Pterygoneurum*, *Pterygophyllum*, *Ptilium*, *Ptychodium*, *Ptychomitriopsis*, *Ptychomitrium*, *Ptychomniella*, *Ptychomnion*, *Ptychostomum*, *Puiggaria*, *Puiggariella*, *Puiggariopsis*, *Pulchrinodus*, *Pungentella*, *Pursellia*, *Pylaisi* a) Genus *Pylaisia ​​delpha*, *Pylaisiella*, *Pylaisiobryum*, *Pyramidula*, *Pyramitrium*, *Pyromitrium*, *Pyrrhobryum*, *Quaesticula*, *Racelopodopsis*, *Racelopus*, *Racomitrium*, *Racopilum*, *Radulina*, *Raineria*, *Rauia*, *Rauiella*.*Regmatodon*, *Reimersia*, *Remyella*, *Renauldia*, *Rhabdodontium*, *Rhabdoweisia*, *Rhacocarpus*, *Rhacopilopsis*, *Rhamphidium*, *Rhaphidorrhynchium*, *Rhaphidostegium*, *Rhaphidostichum*, *Rhexophyllum*, *Rhizofabronia*, *Rhizogonium*, *Rhi* zohypnum, Rhizomnium, Rhizopelma, Rhodobryum, Rhyncho-hypnum, Rhynchostegiella, Rhynchostegiopsis, Rhynchostegium, Rhystophyllum, Rhytidiadelphus, Rhytidiastrum, Rhytidiopsis, Rhytidium, Richardsiopsis, Rigodiadelphus, Roellia, R osulabryum, Rotttleria, Rutenbergia, Saelania, Sagenotortula, Saintelenia, Saitoa, Saitoobryum, Saitoella, Sanionia, Saproma, Sarconeurum, Sarmentypnum, Sasaokaea, Sauloma, Scabridens, Schimperella, Schimperobryum, Schistomi trium, Schistophyllum, Schistostega, Schizomitrium, Schizymenium, Schliephackea, Schlotheimia, Schraderobryum, Schwetschke a), Schwetschkeopsis, Sciadocladus, Sciaromiella, Sciaromiopsis, Sciarodontium, Sciuro-hypnum, Sclerodontium, Sclerohypnum,Scleropodiopsis, Scleropodium, Scorlophila, Scorpidium, Scorpiurium, Scouleria, Scytalina, Sebillea, Sehnemobryum, Sekra, Seligeria, Sematophyllites, Sematophyllum, Semibarbula, Serpoleskea, Serpotortella, Sharpiella, Bright *Shevockia*, *Sigmatella*, *Simophyllum*, *Simplicidens*, *Sinocalliergon*, *Sinskea*, *Skitophyllum*, *Skottsbergia*, *Solmsia*, *Solmsiella*, *Sorapilla*, *Sphaerangium*, *Sphaerocephalus*, *Sphaerothecium*, *Sphagnum*, *Spiridentopsis*, *Spirula*, *Splachnum*, *Hymenopus* Genus *Sporledera*, *Spruceella*, *Squamidium*, *Stableria*, *Steerecleus*, *Steereobryon*, *Stegonia*, *Stellariomnium*, *Stenocarpidiopsis*, *Stenodesmus*, *Stenodictyon*, *Stenotheciopsis*, *Stenothecium*, *Steppomitra*, *Stereodon*, *Stereodontopsis*, *Stereohypnum*, *Steyermark* iella, Stokesiella, Stonea, Stoneobryum, Straminergon, Straminergon, Streblopilum, Streblotrichum, Streimannia, Strephedium, Streptocalypta, Streptocolea, Streptopogon, Streptotrichum, Stroemia, Strombulidens, Struckia, Stylocomium*Swartzia*, *Symblepharis*, *Symphyodon*, *Symphysodon*, *Symphysodontella*, *Syntrichia*, *Syrrhopodon*, *Systegium*, *Taiwanobryum*, *Takakia*, *Tamariscella*, *Taxicaulis*, *Taxiphyllum*, *Taxithelium*, *Tayloria*, *Teichodon* tium, Teniolophora, Teretidens, Terrestria, Tetracoscinodon, Tetraphidopsis, Tetraphis, Tetraplodon, Tetrapterum, Tetrastichium, Tetrodontium, Thamniella, Thamniopsis, Thamnium, Thamnobryum, Thamnomalia, Thelia, Thiemea, Thuidiops *is*, *Thuidium*, *Thyridium*, *Thysanomitrion*, *Timmia*, *Timmiella*, *Timokoponenia*, *Toloxis*, *Tomentypnum*, *Tortella*, *Tortula*, *Touwia*, *Touwiodendron*, *Trachybryum*, *Trachycarpidium*, *Trachycladiella*, *Trachycystis*, *Trachylom* a) *Trachymitrium*, *Trachyodontium*, *Trachyphyllum*, *Trachythecium*, *Trachyxiphium*, *Trematodum*, *Trichodon*, *Trichodontium*, *Tricholepis*, *Trichosteleum*, *Trichostomopsis*, *Trichostomum*, *Tridontium*, *Trigonodictyon*, *Tripterocladium*Triquetrella, Trismegistia, Trisistichium, Tuerckheimia, Uleastrum, Uleobryum, Ulota, Unclejackia, Valdonia, Venturiella, Verrucidens, Vesicularia, Vesiculariopsis, Vetiplanaxis, Viridivellus, Vittia, Voitia, Vrolijkhei *Dia*, *Warburgiella*, *Wardia*, *Warnstorfia*, *Webera*, *Weisiodon*, *Weisiopsis*, *Weissia*, *Weissiodicranum*, *Werneriobryum*, *Weymouthia*, *Wijkia*, *Wildia*, *Willia*, *Wilsoniella*, *Yunnanobryon*, *Zelometeorium*, *Zygodon*, *Zygotrichia*.

[0084] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the plant, multiple plants, or all plants are selected from one or more of the following genera of hornworts: *Anthoceros*, *Dendroceros*, *Folioceros*, *Hattorioceros*, *Leiosporoceros*, *Megaceros*, *Mesoceros*, *Nothoceros*, *Notothylas*, *Parphymatoceros*, *Phaeoceros*, *Phaeomegaceros*, *Phymatoceros*, and *Sphaerosporoceros*.

[0085] One preferred embodiment relates to the use as described herein, wherein the biogelling reaction is not an exothermic reaction. Within the scope of this document, an exothermic reaction is one in which energy is released into the environment as heat under constant pressure, preferably one in which, under constant pressure, the temperature of the precursor, intermediate, and / or product increases by more than 5°C, more preferably by more than 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, or 100°C (relative to the initial temperature before the start of the biogelling reaction).

[0086] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in a substrate, comprising or including the following steps:

[0087] (a) Identify the substrate to be treated, on which / among which plant growth, preferably weed growth, should be prevented or reduced.

[0088] (b) Provide a mixture (as defined above).

[0089] (c) Apply and / or introduce the mixture provided in step (b) in an amount sufficient to achieve biocementation onto / into the substrate to be treated, and

[0090] (d) To form a bio-adhesive layer (as defined above) that prevents or reduces plant or weed growth on or in the substrate.

[0091] According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, in step (c) the application of the mixture provided in step (b) onto / into the substrate to be treated is performed (only). According to another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, in step (c) the application of the mixture provided in step (b) onto / into the substrate to be treated and subsequent introduction (e.g., by mixing) are performed.

[0092] According to another preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the mixture provided in step (b) is introduced onto / into the substrate to be treated in step (c) only.

[0093] According to another preferred embodiment of the method of the invention, the substrate or a portion thereof identified in step (a) is removed from its original location and mixed with the mixture provided in step (b) in an amount sufficient to achieve biocementation (e.g., in a mixing apparatus). The resulting mixture is then returned to the original location of the substrate (or alternatively, sent to another location where the biocemented layer should form), followed by step (d) as described herein. In such a preferred embodiment, step (c) as described herein is omitted.

[0094] The application and / or introduction in step (c) can be performed in different ways depending on the form (solid, powder, liquid, gel, or paste) of the mixture provided in step (b) of the method according to the invention (refer to the explanation above). For example, a powdered mixture can be sprinkled onto and / or incorporated into the substrate to be treated. For example, a liquid mixture can be poured or sprayed onto the substrate to be treated and optionally subsequently incorporated into the substrate. Advantageously, applying and / or introducing the mixture provided in step (b) onto / into the substrate to be treated once is usually sufficient to form the bio-adhesive layer as defined in step (d) of the method according to the invention. Preferably, applying the mixture provided in step (b) onto / into the substrate to be treated once is sufficient to form the bio-adhesive layer as defined in step (d) of the method according to the invention.

[0095] It is known to those skilled in the art that, at specific amounts or concentrations of the mixture from step (b), bio-binding (as defined herein) is particularly effective in the method according to the invention (see also the preferred cell number of one or more organisms in the mixture to be used according to the invention, as defined above). Based on its own research, the preferred volume of the mixture to be used according to the invention (as defined above) is at least 0.1 l / m³. 2 More preferably at least 0.5 l / m 2 More preferably at least 1.0 l / m 2 More preferably at least 2.0 l / m 2 At least 3.0 l / m 2 At least 4.0 l / m 2 Or at least 5.0 l / m 2 And / or preferably up to 20.0 l / m 2 More preferably up to 10.0 l / m 2 .

[0096] For an effective bio-binding process in step (d) of the method according to the invention, it is advantageous that the water content of the system consisting of the mixture to be used according to the invention and the substrate (as defined herein) is more than 10% by weight of the total weight of the system. If the mixture to be used according to the invention is used in step (b) of the method according to the invention in powder form (as defined above), and if the substrate in step (a) or (c) of the method according to the invention is also substantially water-free, such that the system produces 10% by weight or less of water content based on the total weight of the system, then it is advantageous that the method according to the invention includes an additional step in which sufficient water or an aqueous solution is added to the mixture either before or after the mixture from step (b) of the method is applied to or introduced into the substrate to be treated, such that the water content of the system is more than 10% by weight of the total weight of the system. Alternatively or simultaneously, a corresponding amount of water or an aqueous solution is added to the substrate to be treated before or after the mixture provided in step (b) of the method according to the invention is applied to or introduced into the substrate to be treated.

[0097] Furthermore, when using the method according to the invention outdoors, it is advantageous not to perform the method in situations such as heavy rain or strong winds. Heavy rain or strong winds may have already caused loss or significant dilution of the mixture to be used according to the invention before the formation of the bio-cementing layer (step (d)), which may prevent the formation of the bio-cementing layer and / or negatively affect its strength and / or thickness. After the mixture provided in step (b) of the method according to the invention is applied or introduced onto / into the substrate to be treated (i.e., in step (d) of the method according to the invention), the formation of the bio-cementing layer is preferably carried out over a cultivation period of at least 6 hours, preferably at least 24 hours, more preferably at least 48 hours, wherein preferably no amount of rain, wind, or artificial irrigation occurs that would cause significant loss of the mixture to be used according to the invention. The cultivation period required to form the bio-cementing layer in step (d) of the method according to the invention varies with different environmental parameters, such as room temperature or outdoor temperature and humidity, and the volume of the mixture used. If, during a cultivation period of at least 6 hours, preferably at least 24 hours, more preferably at least 48 hours, rain or wind will cause significant loss of the mixture to be used according to the invention, it is advantageous to repeat steps (b) to (d) of the method according to the invention as needed, preferably once, twice, three times or more, until sufficient thickness and strength of the bio-cementing layer for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in the substrate is achieved. Furthermore or alternatively, it can be proven advantageous if the thickness and / or strength of the bio-cementing layer formed on / in the substrate decreases over time due to weathering and / or natural degradation and is no longer sufficient to prevent or reduce plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in the substrate, then steps (b) to (d) of the method according to the invention are repeated, preferably once, twice, three times or more.

[0098] The thickness of the bio-cemented layer can be determined manually using a caliper after the layer has been mechanically broken up. Alternatively, depending on the cured thickness, various (non-destructive) measurement methods from construction, agriculture, geology, or other applications can be used (e.g., the handheld device MIT-SCAN-T2). The thickness of the bio-cemented layer includes the area of ​​the substrate that has been cured by adding the mixture.

[0099] The strength of the bio-cementing layer corresponds to the breaking force (in Newtons (N)) required to break it. Breakage of the bio-cementing layer occurs when no further (plastic) deformation of the layer occurs under force, resulting in complete fracture of the (bio-cementing) layer. Breakage is identified by reducing the measured force. The breaking force (the maximum value of the force measurement) can be determined by a method based on the standard test method used for strength testing in DIN EN 196-1:2005-05 for cemented materials. The breaking force is measured using a digital (breaking) force measuring instrument according to the manufacturer's instructions. The test specimen is pressed into the sample (until it breaks) using a crank test bench, and the applied force is continuously measured. The average breaking force is calculated from multiple measurements (>3). The average breaking force is preferably between 0.5 and 1000 N, and more preferably between 3 and 300 N.

[0100] It is also preferred that the method described herein is wherein the (water) permeability coefficient of the bio-cemented layer formed (in step (d) of the method according to the invention) is greater than 10. -9 Up to 100 m / s, preferably greater than 10 -9 Up to 10 -3 m / s, preferably greater than 10 -8 Up to 10 -3 m / s.

[0101] Optionally, after step (d) of the method according to the invention, another step (e) can be performed, which includes or consists of: controlling plant growth, preferably whether weed growth has been prevented or reduced. The control can be performed, for example, by determining the coverage of plant or weed growth through manual visual assessment as described in the following embodiments. If necessary, step (e) of the method according to the invention can be repeated at regular intervals, for example, every 24 or 48 hours.

[0102] The preferred method is as described above, wherein the substrate is selected from: sand, soil, preferably forest soil and planted soil, humus, gravel, pebbles, mud, clay, silt, sawdust, paper, cardboard, particleboard, softwood, limestone, coal and mixtures thereof.

[0103] More preferably, the substrate used in the method according to the invention is selected from organic and inorganic materials and mixtures thereof from which plants can grow, preferably cable sand (Kabelsand), fine sand, natural sand, quartz sand, crystalline quartz sand, bird sand, crushed gravel sand, joint sand, broken sand, quartz powder, mineral mixtures (stone, debris, gravel), triple hell, Savonniere stone powder, gypsum, loess, topsoil, limestone crushed sand, limestone powder, calcium carbonate (including polycrystalline, derivative and mixed forms, as well as natural-based (GCC ground calcium carbonate) and synthetic PCC (precipitated calcium carbonate)), talc, dolomite, quicklime (hydrate), volcanic soil, cement and mixtures, microsilicates, chalk (mixtures), marble, perlite, overburden, burial material, hematite, laterite, magnesite, iron ore, block talc, soapstone, kaolin, marl, bauxite, attapulgite, clay Soil minerals, bentonite, zeolite, (calcium) mud, gravel (decomposition products), glass powder, alumina, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesite, slate powder, pumice, quartz (sand), Roman cement, bauxite, pyrite, sphalerite, silicates, oxides, carbonates, wood (fragments), root protection materials, alluvial soils, laterite, hematite, ash (wood ash, fly ash, bone ash), (pig) farm soils, LUFA standard soils (see, for example, http: / / www.lufa-speyer.de / ) or mixtures thereof.

[0104] The method described above is also preferred, wherein the substrate is ground or usable area, preferably ground or usable area in an open garden, such as (family) garden area, terrace area, or entrance and exit, arable land, orchard, vineyard, tree nursery, park, developed land or part of an urban area, road, street, sidewalk, railway line or industrial land.

[0105] In relation to the characteristics of the substrate to be treated, it can be advantageous to incorporate one or more of the aforementioned additives into the substrate (or components (i), (ii), and / or (iii)) of the mixture provided in step (b) to, for example, improve the reactivity of the substrate with the biocementate formed during the method according to the invention. This advantageously results in a particularly hard or stable biocementate layer that is particularly effective in suppressing weed growth.

[0106] The method according to the invention, for example, achieves the effective suppression of plant growth, preferably weed growth, in / on these substrates by means of bio-binding to seal and / or harden the joint areas, entrances and exits, driveways, roads or sidewalks or open areas. The method according to the invention can also be applied to agriculture, for example, weed suppression on agricultural land used for grain or fruit cultivation.

[0107] Therefore, a preferred embodiment involves the method according to the invention as described herein, wherein the bio-adhesive layer formed in step (d) enables (further) growth of the cultivated plants, but prevents or reduces the growth of new weeds.

[0108] Preferred is the method described above, wherein the plant or weed is selected from dicotyledonous plants of the following genera: *Abutilon*, *Aegopodium*, *Aethusa*, *Amaranthus*, *Ambrosia*, *Anachusa*, *Anagallis*, *Anoda*, *Anthemis*, *Aphanes*, *Arabidopsis*, *Atriplex*, *Barbarea*, *Bellis*, and *Bidens*. The genera *Bunias*, *Capsella*, *Carduus*, *Cassia*, *Centaurea*, *Chenopodium*, *Chrysanthemum*, *Cirsium*, *Conium*, *Conyza*, *Consolida*, *Convolvulus*, *Datura*, *Descurainia*, *Desmodium*, *Emex*, and *Equisetum*. *Erigeron*, *Erodium*, *Erysimum*, *Euphorbia*, *Fumaria*, *Galeopsis*, *Galinsoga*, *Galium*, *Geranium*, *Heracleum*, *Hibiscus*, *Ipomoea*, *Kochia*, *Lamium*, *Lapsana*, *Lathyrus*, *Lepidium*, *Lithospermum* The genera *Lithoserpermum*, *Linaria*, *Lindernia*, *Lycopsis*, *Malva*, *Matricaria*, *Mentha*, *Mercurialis*, *Mullugo*, *Myosotis*, *Papaver*, *Pharbitis*, *Plantago*, *Polygonum*, *Portulaca*, *Ranunculus*, and *Raphanus* are all genera related to daisy or wild daisy.Genuses: Rorippa, Rotala, Rumex, Salsola, Senecio, Sesbania, Sida, Sinapis, Sisymbrium, Solanum, Sonchus, Sphenoclea, Stachys, Stellaria, Taraxacum, Thlaspi, Trifolium, Tussaligo ), *Urtica*, *Veronica*, *Viola*, *Xanthium*; Dicotyledonous genera: *Arachis*, *Beta*, *Brassica*, *Cucumis*, *Cucurbita*, *Helianthus*, *Daucus*, *Glycine*, *Gossypium*, *Ipomoea*, *Lactuca*, *Linum*, *Lycopersicon*, *Nicotiana* ana), Phaseolus, Pisum, Solanum, Vicia; Monocotyledonous genera: Aegilops, Agropyron, Agrostis, Alopecurus, Apera, Avena, Brachiaria, Bromus, Cenchrus, Commelina, Cynodon, Cyperus, Dactyloctenoides The genera *Echinochloa*, *Eleocharis*, *Eleusine*, *Eragrostis*, *Eriochloa*, *Festuca*, *Fimbristylis*, *Heteranthera*, *Imperata*, *Ischaemum*, *Juncus*, *Leptochloa*, *Lolium*, *Monochoria*, and *Panicum* are all related to millet.Genera including *Paspalum*, *Phalaris*, *Phleum*, *Poa*, *Rottboellia*, *Sagittaria*, *Scirpus*, *Setaria*, and *Sorghum*; as well as monocotyledonous genera: *Allium*, *Ananas*, *Asparagus*, *Avena*, *Hordeum*, *Oryza*, *Panicum*, *Saccharum*, *Secale*, *Sorghum*, *Triticale*, *Triticum*, and *Zea*; and phylogenetic mosses (Mimosas, Hornworts, and Bryophytes).

[0109] According to a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, the plant, multiple plants, or all plants are selected from one or more of the following genera of bryophytes: *Acolea*, *Acrobolbus*, *Acrochila*, *Acromastigum*, *Acroscyphella*, *Acroscyphus*, *Acrostolia*, *Adelocolia*, *Aitchisoniella*, *Alicularia*, *Allisonia*, *Allisoniella*, and *Alobiella*. The genera *Alobiellopsis*, *Amazoopsis*, *Amphicephalozia*, *Amphilophocolea*, *Andrewsianthus*, *Aneura*, *Anomacaulis*, *Anomoclada*, *Anomylia*, *Anthelia*, *Anthelis*, *Aphanolejeunea*, *Aplozia*, *Apomarsupella*, *Apometzgeria*, and *Apotreubia* are all genera of the same species. Arachniopsis, Arctoscyphus, Arnellia, Ascidiota, Asterella, Athamamia, Austrofossombronia, Austrolembidium, Austrolophozia, Austrometzgeria, Austroscyphus, Balantiopsis, Bazzania, Blasia, Blepharidophyllum, Blepharidophyllum oma), Brevianthus, Calycularia, Calypogeia, Calyptrocolea, Campanocolea, Castanoclobos, Cavicularia, Cephalojonesia, Cephalolobus, Cephaomitrion, Cephaozia, Cephaloziella, Cephaoziopsis, Ceatolejeunea, CesiusChaetophyllopsis, Chiastocaulon, Chiloscyphus, Chloranthelia, Chonecolea, Cladomastigum, Cladopodiella, Clandarium, Clasmatocolea, Cololejeunea, Colura, Conocephalum, Conoscyphus, Corsinia, Cronisia, Crosso gyna, Cryptoochila, Cryptocolea, Cryptocoleopsis, Cryptomitrium, Cryptostipula, Cryptothallus, Cuspidatula, Cyanolophocolea, Cyathodium, Cylindrocolea, Delavayella, Dendrobazzania, Dendromastigophora, Denotarisia, Di chiton, Dinckleria, Diplocolea, Diplophyllum, Douinia, Drepanolejeunea, Drucella, Dumortiera, Dumortieropsis, Enigmella, Eocalypogeia, Eoisotachis, Eopleurozia, Eotrichocolea, Eremonotus, Eucalyx, Evansia, Evansianthus, and Short-stemmed Moss Genus (Exormotheca), *Fossombronia*, *Frullania*, *Fuscocephaloziopsis*, *Gackstroemia*, *Geocalyx*, *Geothallus*, *Gerhildiella*, *Goebeliella*, *Goebelobryum*, *Gongylanthus*, *Gottschea*, *Gottschelia*, *Greeneothallus*, *Grollea*, *Gymnanthe*, *Gymnocoleopsis*,The genera *Gymnomitrion*, *Gymnoscyphus*, *Gyrothyra*, *Haesselia*, *Haplomitrium*, *Harpalejeunea*, *Harpanthus*, *Hattoria*, *Hattorianthus*, *Hattoriella*, *Hepatostolonophora*, *Herbertus*, *Herpetium*, *Herpocladium*, *Herzogianthus*, *Herzogobryum*, *Heterogemma*, and *Heterogemma* are all related to the genera *Gymnomitrion*, *Gymnoscyphus*, *Gyrothyra*, *Haesselia*, *Haplomitrium*, *Harpalejeunea*, *Harpanthus*, *Hattoria*, *Hattorianthus*, *Hattoriella*, *Hepatostolonophora*, *Herbertus*, *Herpetium*, *Herpocladium*, *Herzogianthus*, *Herzogobryum*, and *Heterogemma*. Heteroscyphus), Horikawaella, Hyalolepidozia, Hygrobiella Iwatsukia, Hygrolembidium, Hygrophila, Hymenophyton, Hypoisotachis, Isolembidium, Isotachis, Jamesoniella, Jensonia, Jubula, Jubulopsis, Jungermannia, Jungermannites, Krunodi plophyllum, *Kurzia*, *Kymatocalyx*, *Lamellocolea*, *Leiocolea*, *Leiomitra*, *Leiomylia*, *Leioscyphus*, *Lejeunea*, *Lembidium*, *Lepidogyna*, *Lepidolaena*, *Lepidozia*, *Leptolejeunea*, *Leptophyllopsis*, *Leptoscyphopsis*, *Leptoscyphus*, *Letho* * *colea*, *Liochlaena*, *Lobatiriccardia*, *Lophocolea*, *Lophonardia*, *Lophozia*, *Lophoziopsis*, *Lunularia*, *Macrodiplophyllum*, *Maculia*, *Makinoa*, *Mannia*, *Marchantia*, *Marchesinia*, *Marsupella*, *Marsupidium*, *Massula*Massularia, Mastigobryum, Mastigopelma, Mastigophora, Mastigopsis, Mesoptychia, Metacalypogeia, Metahygrobiella, Metzgeria, Metzgeriopsis, Micrisophylla, Microlejeunea, Microlepidozia, Micropterygium, Mizutania, Mnioloma, Moerckia Monocarpus, Monoclea, Monodactylopsis, Monosolenium, Mytilopsis, Nanomarsupella, Nardia, Neesioscyphus, Neogrollea, Neohodgsonia, Neotrichocolea, Noteroclada, Nothogymnomitrion, Nothostrepta, Notoscyphus, Nowellia, O btusifolium), Odontolejeunea, Odontoschisma, Oleoophozia, Oxymitra, Pachyglossa, Pachyschistochila, Pallavicinia, Paracromastigum, Paraschistochila, Patarola, Pedinophyllopsis, Pedinophyllum, Pellia, Peltolepsis, Perdusenia, oyster leaf Genus *Perssoniella*, *Petalophyllum*, *Phycolepidozia*, *Phyllothallia*, *Physiotium*, *Physotheca*, *Pisanoa*, *Plagiochasma*, *Plagiochila*, *Plagiochilidium*, *Plagiochilion*, *Platycaulis*, *Plectocolea*, *Pleuranthe*, *Pleuroclada*, *Pleurocladopsis**Pleurocladula*, *Pleurozia*, *Podanthe*, *Podomitrium*, *Porella*, *Prasanthus*, *Preissia*, *Prionolobus*, *Protolophozia*, *Protomarsupella*, *Protosyzgiella*, *Protosyzygiella*, *Pseudocephalozia*, *Pseudocephaloziella*, *Pseudolophocole* a) Genus *Pseudolophozia*, *Pseudomarsupidium*, *Pseudoneura*, *Pseudotritomaria*, *Psiloclada*, *Pteropsiella*, *Ptilidium*, *Radula*, *Reboulia*, *Rhizocaulia*, *Rhodoplagiochila*, *Riccardia*, *Riccia*, *Ricciella*, *Ricciocarpos* The genera *Riella*, *Roivainenia*, *Ruizanthus*, *Ruttnerella*, *Saccobasis*, *Saccogyna*, *Sandeothallus*, *Sarcocyphos*, *Sarcomitrium*, *Sauteria*, *Scapania*, *Scaphophyllum*, *Schiffneria*, *Schisma*, *Schistochila*, *Schistochilaster*, and *Schistochi* are mentioned. lopsis), Schofieldia, Sendtnera, Seppeltia, Sewardiella, Simodon, Solenostoma, Southbya, Sphaerocarpos, Sphagnoecetis, Sprecella, Steereella, Steereocolea, Stenorhipis, Stephandium, Stephaniella, Stephaniellidium, Stephensoniella, SymphonygynaSymphyogynopsis, Symphyomitra, Synhymenium, Syzygiella, Taeniolejeunea, Targionia, Tegulifolium, Telaraenaa, Thallocarpus, Treubia, Triandrophyllum, Trichocolea, Trichoocoleopsis, Trichoostylium, Trichotemnoma, Trilophozia, Tritomaria, Tylimanthus, Vanea, Vandiemenia, Verdoornia, Vetaforma, Wettsteinia, Wiesnerella, Xenochila, Xenothallus, Zoopsidella, Zoopsis.

[0110] According to another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, the plant, multiple plants, or all plants are selected from one or more mosses of the following genera: *Abietinella*, *Acanthocladiella*, *Acanthocladium*, *Acanthodium*, *Acanthorrhynchium*, *Acaulon*, *Acaulonopsis*, *Achrophyllum*, *Acidodontium*, *Acrocladium*, *Acroporium*, *Acroschisma*, *Acti*. *Nodontium*, *Actinothuidium*, *Adelothecium*, *Aequatoriella*, *Aerobryidium*, *Aerobryopsis*, *Aerobryum*, *Aerolindigia*, *Algaria*, *Aligrimmia*, *Alleniella*, *Allioniellopsis*, *Aloina*, *Aloinella*, *Alophosia*, *Alsia*, *Amblyodon*, *Amblyodum*, *Green Willow* Genus *Amblystegiella*, *Amblystegium*, *Amblytropis*, *Ambuchanania*, *Amphidium*, *Amphoridium*, *Amphoritheca*, *Anacalypta*, *Anacamptodon*, *Anacolia*, *Ancistrodes*, *Andoa*, *Andreaea*, *Andreaeobryum*, *Anictangium*, *Anisothecium*, *Anodon*, *Anodontium*, etc. Genus Anoectangium, Genus Anomobryum, Genus Anomodon, Genus Antitrichia, Genus Aongstroemia, Genus Aongstroemiopsis, Genus Apalodium, Genus Apanorrhegma, Genus Apiocarpa, Genus Aplodon, Genus Apterygium, Genus Aptychella, Genus Aptychopsis, Genus Aptychus, Genus Arbuscula, Genus Arbusculohypopterygium, Genus Archephemeropsis.*Archidium*, *Arctoa*, *Argyrobryum*, *Arthrocormus*, *Aschisma*, *Aschistodon*, *Asteriscium*, *Astomiopsis*, *Astomum*, *Astrodontium*, *Astrophyllum*, *Atractylocarpus*, *Atrichopsis*, *Atrichum*, *Aulacomitrium*, *Aulacomnium*, *Aul* acopilum), Austinella, Austrohondaella, Austrophilibertiella, Baldwiniella, Barbella, Barbellopsis, Barbula, Bartramia, Beeveria, Bellibarbula, Benitotania, Bestia, Bissetia, Blindia, Boulaya, Brachelyma, Brachy *Brachymenium*, *Brachymitrion*, *Brachyodus*, *Brachysteleum*, *Brachytheciastrum*, *Brachytheciella*, *Brachythecium*, *Brachytrichum*, *Braithwaitea*, *Braunfelsia*, *Braunia*, *Breidleria*, *Breutelia*, *Brothera*, *Brotherel* *Brotherobryum*, *Bruchia*, *Bryhnia*, *Brymela*, *Bryoandersonia*, *Bryobeckettia*, *Bryobrittonia*, *Bryobrothera*, *Bryoceuthospora*, *Bryochenea*, *Bryocrumia*, *Bryodixonia*, *Bryodusenia*, *Bryoerythrophyllum*, *Bryohaplocladium*, *Bryohumbertia*, *Bryomaltaea**Bryomnium*, *Bryonoguchia*, *Bryonorrisia*, *Bryophxia*, *Bryosedgwickia*, *Brystreimannia*, *Brytestua*, *Bryum*, *Buckiella*, *Bucklandiella*, *Burnettia*, *Buxbaumia*, *Callialaria*, *Callicladium*, *Callicosta*, *Calliccostella*, *Callica* costellopsis, Calliergidium, Calliergon, Calohypnum, Calymperastrum, Calymperes, Calymperidium, Calymperopsis, Calyptopogon, Calyptothecium, Calyptrochaeta, Camptochaete, Camptodontium, Camptothecium, Camppyliadelphus Campylidium, Campylium, Campylodontium, Campylophyllum, Campylopodiella, Campylopodium, Campylopus, Campylostelium, Canalohypopterygium, Cardotia, Cardotiella, Caribaeeohypnum, Catagoniopsis, Catagonium, Catharinea, Catharine la, Catharomnion, Catoscopium, Cecalyphum, Ceratodon, Ceuthospora, Ceuthotheca, Chaetomitrella, Chaetomitriopsis, Chaetomitrium, Chaetophora, Chamaebryum, Chamberlainia, Chameleion, Cheilothela, Chenia, Chileobryon, ChionolomaThe genera *Chionostomum*, *Chorisodontium*, *Chryso-hypnum*, *Chrysoblastella*, *Chrysocladium*, *Chrysohypnum*, *Cinclidium*, *Circulifolium*, *Cirriphyllum*, *Cladastomum*, *Cladomnion*, *Cladophascum*, *Cladopodanthus*, *Cladopodanthus*, *Claopodium*, *Clasmatodon* Genus *Clastobryella*, *Clastobryophilum*, *Clastobryopsis*, *Clastobryum*, *Clavitheca*, *Cleistocarpidium*, *Cleistostoma*, *Climacium*, *Cnestrum*, *Codonoblepharon*, *Codonoblepharum*, *Codriophorus*, *Coelidium*, *Coleochaetium*, *Colobodontium*, *Conardia* , Conomitrium, Conostomum, Coscinodon, Coscinodontella, Costesia, Craspedophyllum, Cratoneurella, Cratoneuron, Cratoneuro psis, Crosbya, Crossidium, Crossomitrium, Crumia, Crumuscus, Cryhphaea, Cryphaeadelphus, Cryptocarpon, Cryptodicranum, Cryptogon Cryptopettodon, Cryptotopapillaria, Cryptotopodia, Cryptotopodium, Cryptotheca, Ctenidia delphus, Ctenidium, Ctenium, Cupressina, Curvicladium, Curviramea, Cyathophorella, Cyathophorum, Cyclodictyon, Cygniella, CylicocarpusThe genera *Cynodon*, *Cynodontiella*, *Cynodontium*, *Cynontodium*, *Cyrto-hypnum*, *Cyrtomnium*, *Cyrtopodendron*, *Daltonia*, *Dasymitrium*, *Dawsonia*, *Dendro-hypnum*, *Dendroalsia*, *Dendrocyathophorum*, *Dendrohypopterygium*, and *Dendroligotrichum* are all mentioned. *Dermatodon*, *Desmatodon*, *Desmotheca*, *Dialytrichia*, *Diaphanophyllum*, *Dichelodontium*, *Dichelyma*, *Dichodontium*, *Dicladiella*, *Dicnemoloma*, *Dicranella*, *Dicranodon*, *Dicranodontium*, *Dicranoloma*, *Dicranoweisia*, *Dicranum*, *Dermatodon* Genus *Didymodon*, *Dimerodontium*, *Dimorphocladon*, *Diobelon*, *Diobelonella*, *Diphascum*, *Diphyscium*, *Diplocomium*, *Diploneuron*, *Diplostichum*, *Discelium*, *Discophyllum*, *Dissodon*, *Distichia*, *Distichium*, *Distichophyllidium*, *Distichophyllum*, *Dit* The genera *Richopsis*, *Ditrichum*, *Dixonia*, *Dolichomitra*, *Dolichomitriopsis*, *Dolotortula*, *Donnellia*, *Donrichardsia*, *Dorcadion*, *Dozya*, *Drepanium*, *Drepano-hypnum*, *Drepanocladus*, *Drepanophyllaria*, *Drepanophyllum*, *Drummondia*, *Dryptodon*, *Dusenia**Ectophiella*, *Eccremidium*, *Echinodiopsis*, *Echinodium*, *Echinophyllum*, *Ectropotheciella*, *Ectropotheciopsis*, *Ectropothecium*, *Eleutera*, *Elharveya*, *Elmeriobryum*, *Elodium*, *Encalypta*, *Endotrichella*, *Endotrichellopsis*, *Endotri* chum, *Entodon*, *Entosthodon*, *Entosthymenium*, *Eobruchia*, *Eohypopterygiopsis*, *Eoleucodon*, *Eosphagnum*, *Ephemerella*, *Ephemeridium*, *Ephemeropsis*, *Ephemerum*, *Epipterygium*, *Eremodon*, *Eriodon*, *Eriopus*, *Erpodium*, *Erythrobarbula*, *Erythro* dontium, Erythrophyllastrum, Erythrophyllopsis, Erythrophyllum, Esenbeckia, Eucamptodontopsis, Eucatagonium, Eucladium, Euphemerum, Eumyurium, Euptychium, Eurhynchiadelphus, Eurhynchiastrum, Eurhynchiella, Eurhynchium, Eurohypnum, Eu *Stichia*, *Euzygodon*, *Exodictyon*, *Exostratum*, *Exsertotheca*, *Fabroleskea*, *Fabronia Ischyrodon*, *Fabronidium*, *Fallaciella*, *Fauriella*, *Felipponea*, *Fiedleria*, *Fifea Isothecia delphus*, *Fissidens*, *Flabellidium*, *Fleischerobryum*The genera *Floribundaria*, *Florschuetziella*, *Flowersia*, *Fontinalis*, *Foreauella*, *Forsstroemia*, *Frahmiella*, *Funaria*, *Funariella*, *Gammiella*, *Ganguleea*, *Garckea*, *Garovaglia*, *Gasterogrimmia*, *Geheebia*, *Gemmabryum*, *Georgia*, *Gertrudia*, and *Ger* are all related to the moths *Floribundaria*. Trutilella, Gigaspermum, Giraldiella, Globulina, Globulinella, Glossadelphus, Glyphomitrium, Glyphothecium, Glyptothecium, Gollania, Gongronia, Goniobryum, Goniomitrium, Gradsteinia, Grimmia, Groutiella ), Guembelia, Guerramontesia, Gymnostomiella, Gymnostomum, Gyroweisia, Habrodon, Habrodon Ishibaea Iwatsukiella, Hageniella, Hamatocaulis, Hampeella, Hampeohypnum, Handeliobryum, Haplocladium, Haplodon, Haplodonti um, genera *Haplohymenium*, *Haptymenium*, *Harpidium*, *Harpophyllum*, *Harrisonia*, *Harveya*, *Hebantia Itatiella*, *Hedenaesia*, *Hedenasiastrum*, *Hedwigia*, *Hedwigidium*, *Helicoblepharum*, *Helicodontia delphus*, *Helicodontium*, *Heliconema*, *Helicophyllum*The genera *Helodium*, *Hemiragis*, *Henicodium*, *Hennediella*, *Herpetineuron*, *Herzogiella*, *Heterocladium*, *Heterodon*, *Heterophyllium*, *Hildebrandtiella*, *Hilpertia*, *Himantocladium*, *Holoblepharum*, *Holodontium*, *Holomitriopsis*, and *Holomi* are all related to the moss species *Helodium*. *Homalia*, *Homalia delphus*, *Homaliodendron*, *Homaliopsis*, *Homalotheciella*, *Homalothecium*, *Homomallium*, *Hondaella*, *Hookeria*, *Hookeriopsis*, *Horikawaea*, *Horridohypnum*, *Husnotiella*, *Hyalophyllum*, *Hydrocr* yphaea Isodrepanium, Hydrogonium, Hydrogon, Hydrogonella, Hygroamblystegium, Hygrodicranum, Hygrohypnella, Hygrohypnum, Hylocomiadelphus, Hylocomiastrum, Hylocomiopsis, Hylocomium, Hymenodon, Hymenodonto psis, Hymenoloma, Hymenostomum, Hymenostyliella, Hymenostylium, Hycomium, Hyophila, Hyophiladelphus, Hyophilopsis, Hypnella, Hypnites, Hypnobartlettia, Hypnodendron, Hypnum, Hypodontium, Hypopterygium, Imbribryum, Indopottia*Indothuidium*, *Indusiella*, *Inouethuidium*, *Isopterygiopsis*, *Isopterygium*, *Isotheciopsis*, *Isothecium*, *Jaegerina*, *Jaegerinopsis*, *Jaffueliobryum*, *Juratzkaeella*, *Kiaeria*, *Kindbergia*, *Kleioweisiopsis*, *Kopone* nia, Kurohimehypnum, Lamprophyllum, Leersia, Leiodontium, Leiomela, Leiomitrium, Leiotheca, Leembophyllum, Lepidopilidium, Lepidopilum, Leptangium, Leptobarbula, Leptobryum, Leptocladiella, Leptocladium, Leptodictyum, Lepto dontiella, Leptodontiopsis, Leptodontium, Leptohymenium, Leptophascum, Leptopterigynandrum, Lepostomopsis, Lepostomum, Leptotheca, Lepotrichella, Leptotrichum, Lepyrodon, Lepyrodontopsis, Leratia, Leratiella, Lescuraea, Leskea *Leskeadelphus*, *Leskeella*, *Leskeodon*, *Leskeodontopsis*, *Lesquereuxia*, *Leucobryum*, *Leucodon*, *Leucodontella*, *Leucolepis*, *Leucoloma*, *Leucomium*, *Leucoperichaetium*, *Leucophanella*, *Leucophanes*, *Levierella*, *Limbella*, *Limnobium*Limprichtia, Lindbergia, Lindigia, Loeskeobryum, Loeskypnum, Loiseaubryum, Looseria, Loophiodon, Lopidium, Lorentzia, Lorentziella, Loxotis, Ludorugbya, Luisierella, Lyellia, Macgregorella, Macouniella, Macrocoma, Macrodictyum, Macrohymeni um, Macromitrium, Macrosporiella, Macrothamniella, Macrothamnium, Mamillariella, Mandoniella, Maschalanthus, Maschalocarpus, Mastopoma, Matteria, Meesia, Meiotheciella, Meiotheciopsis, Meiothecium, Meiotrichum, Merceya, Merceyo psis), Mesochaete, Mesonodon, Mesotus, Metadistichophyllum, Metaneckera, Meteoridium, Meteoriella, Meteoriopsis, Meteorium, Metzlerella, Metzleria, Micralsopsis, Microbryum, Microcampylopus, Microcrossidium, Microctenidium ), Microdus, Microeurhynchium, Micromitrium, Micropoma, Microthamnium, Microtheciella, Microthuidium, Miehea, Mielichhoferia, Mildea, Mildeella, Mironia, Mitrobryum, Mittenia, Mittenothamnium, Mitthyridium, Miyabea, Mniadelphus, MniobryumMniodendron, Mniomalia, Mnium, Moenkemeyera, Molendoa, Mollia, Morinia, Moseniella, Muelleriella, Muellerobryum, Muscoflorschuetzia, Muscoherzogia, Myrinia, Myurella, Myuriopsis, Myurium, Myuroclada, Nanobryum, Nan omitriopsis, Nanomitrium, Neckera, Neckeradelphus, Neckerites, Neckeropsis, Nematocladia, Neobarbella, Neocardotia, Neodicladiella, Neodolichomitra, Neohyophila, Neolescuraea, Neolindbergia, Neomacounia, Neomeesia, Neonogu *C. chia*, *Neophoenix*, *Neorutenbergia*, *Neosharpiella*, *Niphotrichum*, *Nobregaea*, *Nogopterium*, *Noguchiodendron*, *Notoligotrichum*, *Ochiobryum*, *Ochrobryum*, *Ochyraea*, *Octodiceras*, *Oedicladium*, *Oedipodiella*, *Oedipodium*, *Okamuraea*, *Oligotrichum* The genera *Oncophorus*, *Oreas*, *Oreoweisia*, *Orontobryum*, *Orthoamblystegium*, *Orthodicranum*, *Orthodon*, *Orthodontium*, *Orthodontopsis*, *Orthogrimmia*, *Orthomitrium*, *Orthomnion*, *Orthomniopsis*, *Orthopus*, and *Orthopyxis* are mentioned.Orthorrhynchidium, Orthorrhynchium, Orthostichella, Orthostichidium, Orthostichopsis, Orthotheciella, Orthothecium, Orthothuidium, Orthotrichum, Osterwaldiella, Oticodium, Oxyrrhynchium, Oxystegus, Pachyneuropsi s. Genus Pachyneurum, Palaeocampylopus, Palamocladium, Palisadula, Paludella, Palustriella, Panckowia, Pancovia, Papillaria, Papillidiopsis, Paraleucobryum, Paramyurium, Pararhacocarpus, Parisia, Pelekium, Pendulot hecium, Pentastichella, Penzigiella, Peromnion, Pharomitrium, Phasconica, Phascopsis, Phascum, Philibertiella, Philonotis, Philophyllum, Photinophyllum, Phyllodon, Phyllodrepanium, Phyllogonium, Physcomitrella, Physcomitrium, Phys Picobryum, Pictus, Piloecium, Pilopogon, Pilopogonella, Pilopogon, Piloseriopus, Pilotrichella, Pilotrichidium, Pilotrichum, Pinnatella, Pirea, Pireella, Plagiobryoides, Plagiobryum, Plagiomnium, Plagiopus, Plagioracelopus,Genus Plagiothecium, Plasteurhynchium, Platydictya, Platygyriella, Platygyrium, Platyhypnidium, Platyhypnum, Platyyloma, Platyylomella, Platyneuron, Plaubelia, Pleuriditrichum, Pleuridium, Pleurochaete, Pleurophascum, and others. Genus Pleurropus, Pleurorthotrichum, Pleuroweisia, Pleurozium, Pleurozygodon, Pocsiella, Podperaea, Poecilophyllum, Pogonatum, Pohlia, Polla, Polymerodon, Polypodiopsis, Polytrichadelphus, Polytrichastrum, Polytrichites The genera *Polytrichum*, *Porothamnium*, *Porotrichella*, *Porotrichodendron*, *Porotrichopsis*, *Porotrichum*, *Potamium*, *Pottia*, *Pottiopsis*, *Powellia*, *Powelliopsis*, *Pringleella*, *Prionidium*, *Prionodon*, *Pseudatrichum*, *Pseudephemerum*, *Pseudisothe* *Pseudo*, ...*Pseudohygrohypnum*, *Pseudohyophila*, *Pseudohypnella*, *Pseudoleskea*, *Pseudoleskeella*, *Pseudoleskeopsis*, *Pseudopiloecium*, *Pseudopilotrichum*, *Pseudopleuropus*, *Pseudopohlia*, *Pseudopterobryum*, *Pseudoracelopus*, *Pseudorhypnum* nchostegiella, Pseudoscleropodium, Pseudosymblepharis, Pseudotimmiella, Pseudotrismegistia, Psilopilum, Pterigynandrum, Pterobryella, Pterobryidium, Pterobryon, Pterobryopsis, Pterogonia delphus, Pterogonidium, Pterogoniell a. Genus *Pterogonium*, *Pterygoneurum*, *Pterygophyllum*, *Ptilium*, *Ptychodium*, *Ptychomitriopsis*, *Ptychomitrium*, *Ptychomniella*, *Ptychomnion*, *Ptychostomum*, *Puiggaria*, *Puiggariella*, *Puiggariopsis*, *Pulchrinodus*, *Pungentella*, *Pursellia*, *Pylaisi* a) Genus *Pylaisia ​​delpha*, *Pylaisiella*, *Pylaisiobryum*, *Pyramidula*, *Pyramitrium*, *Pyromitrium*, *Pyrrhobryum*, *Quaesticula*, *Racelopodopsis*, *Racelopus*, *Racomitrium*, *Racopilum*, *Radulina*, *Raineria*, *Rauia*, *Rauiella*.*Regmatodon*, *Reimersia*, *Remyella*, *Renauldia*, *Rhabdodontium*, *Rhabdoweisia*, *Rhacocarpus*, *Rhacopilopsis*, *Rhamphidium*, *Rhaphidorrhynchium*, *Rhaphidostegium*, *Rhaphidostichum*, *Rhexophyllum*, *Rhizofabronia*, *Rhizogonium*, *Rhi* zohypnum, Rhizomnium, Rhizopelma, Rhodobryum, Rhyncho-hypnum, Rhynchostegiella, Rhynchostegiopsis, Rhynchostegium, Rhystophyllum, Rhytidiadelphus, Rhytidiastrum, Rhytidiopsis, Rhytidium, Richardsiopsis, Rigodiadelphus, Roellia, R osulabryum, Rotttleria, Rutenbergia, Saelania, Sagenotortula, Saintelenia, Saitoa, Saitoobryum, Saitoella, Sanionia, Saproma, Sarconeurum, Sarmentypnum, Sasaokaea, Sauloma, Scabridens, Schimperella, Schimperobryum, Schistomi trium, Schistophyllum, Schistostega, Schizomitrium, Schizymenium, Schliephackea, Schlotheimia, Schraderobryum, Schwetschke a), Schwetschkeopsis, Sciadocladus, Sciaromiella, Sciaromiopsis, Sciarodontium, Sciuro-hypnum, Sclerodontium, Sclerohypnum,Scleropodiopsis, Scleropodium, Scorlophila, Scorpidium, Scorpiurium, Scouleria, Scytalina, Sebillea, Sehnemobryum, Sekra, Seligeria, Sematophyllites, Sematophyllum, Semibarbula, Serpoleskea, Serpotortella, Sharpiella, Bright *Shevockia*, *Sigmatella*, *Simophyllum*, *Simplicidens*, *Sinocalliergon*, *Sinskea*, *Skitophyllum*, *Skottsbergia*, *Solmsia*, *Solmsiella*, *Sorapilla*, *Sphaerangium*, *Sphaerocephalus*, *Sphaerothecium*, *Sphagnum*, *Spiridentopsis*, *Spirula*, *Splachnum*, *Hymenopus* Genus *Sporledera*, *Spruceella*, *Squamidium*, *Stableria*, *Steerecleus*, *Steereobryon*, *Stegonia*, *Stellariomnium*, *Stenocarpidiopsis*, *Stenodesmus*, *Stenodictyon*, *Stenotheciopsis*, *Stenothecium*, *Steppomitra*, *Stereodon*, *Stereodontopsis*, *Stereohypnum*, *Steyermark* iella, Stokesiella, Stonea, Stoneobryum, Straminergon, Straminergon, Streblopilum, Streblotrichum, Streimannia, Strephedium, Streptocalypta, Streptocolea, Streptopogon, Streptotrichum, Stroemia, Strombulidens, Struckia, Stylocomium*Swartzia*, *Symblepharis*, *Symphyodon*, *Symphysodon*, *Symphysodontella*, *Syntrichia*, *Syrrhopodon*, *Systegium*, *Taiwanobryum*, *Takakia*, *Tamariscella*, *Taxicaulis*, *Taxiphyllum*, *Taxithelium*, *Tayloria*, *Teichodon* tium, Teniolophora, Teretidens, Terrestria, Tetracoscinodon, Tetraphidopsis, Tetraphis, Tetraplodon, Tetrapterum, Tetrastichium, Tetrodontium, Thamniella, Thamniopsis, Thamnium, Thamnobryum, Thamnomalia, Thelia, Thiemea, Thuidiops *is*, *Thuidium*, *Thyridium*, *Thysanomitrion*, *Timmia*, *Timmiella*, *Timokoponenia*, *Toloxis*, *Tomentypnum*, *Tortella*, *Tortula*, *Touwia*, *Touwiodendron*, *Trachybryum*, *Trachycarpidium*, *Trachycladiella*, *Trachycystis*, *Trachylom* a) *Trachymitrium*, *Trachyodontium*, *Trachyphyllum*, *Trachythecium*, *Trachyxiphium*, *Trematodum*, *Trichodon*, *Trichodontium*, *Tricholepis*, *Trichosteleum*, *Trichostomopsis*, *Trichostomum*, *Tridontium*, *Trigonodictyon*, *Tripterocladium*Triquetrella, Trismegistia, Trisistichium, Tuerckheimia, Uleastrum, Uleobryum, Ulota, Unclejackia, Valdonia, Venturiella, Verrucidens, Vesicularia, Vesiculariopsis, Vetiplanaxis, Viridivellus, Vittia, Voitia, Vrolijkhei *Dia*, *Warburgiella*, *Wardia*, *Warnstorfia*, *Webera*, *Weisiodon*, *Weisiopsis*, *Weissia*, *Weissiodicranum*, *Werneriobryum*, *Weymouthia*, *Wijkia*, *Wildia*, *Willia*, *Wilsoniella*, *Yunnanobryon*, *Zelometeorium*, *Zygodon*, *Zygotrichia*.

[0111] According to another preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention, the plant, multiple plants, or all plants are selected from one or more of the following genera of hornworts: Anthoceros, Dendroceros, Folioceros, Hattorioceros, Leiosporoceros, Megaceros, Mesoceros, Nothoceros, Notothylas, Parphymatoceros, Phaeomegaceros, Phymatoceros, and Sphaerosporoceros.

[0112] Also preferred is the method described above, wherein the mixture is present in liquid form, as a gel, paste, or powder (see above).

[0113] Therefore, the mixture provided in step (b) of the method according to the invention can be in the form of a mixture, preferably in the form of a powder, or in the form of two, three, four or more premixtures that are separate from each other in liquid and / or gel and / or paste and / or powder form, which are mixed with each other in step (c) before or during application to or introduction into the substrate to be treated.

[0114] Advantageously, performing steps (b) to (d) of the method according to the invention once is usually sufficient to ensure satisfactory weed suppression.

[0115] However, according to another embodiment, steps (b) to (d) or (b) and (c) can be repeated once, twice, three times or more as needed to ensure particularly effective biobinding of the substrate to be treated, thereby ensuring particularly effective weed suppression.

[0116] Optionally, according to another embodiment, one or more other method steps can be performed before applying or introducing the mixture provided in step (b) onto / into the substrate to be treated (as identified in step (a) of the method according to the invention), such as burning plants, preferably weeds, located on / into the substrate; manually removing (eradicating) plants, preferably weeds, located on / into the substrate; and / or treating plants, preferably weeds, located on / into the substrate with chemical weed control agents. These upstream steps can also be repeated once, twice, three times or more, respectively.

[0117] A preferred embodiment involves the method as described herein, wherein the formation of the bio-adhesive layer in step (d) of the method does not involve an exothermic reaction (as defined herein).

[0118] According to a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, the step of removing the substrate identified in step (a) that should prevent or reduce plant growth, preferably weed growth, on or in it is not necessary for preventing or reducing plant growth, and is therefore preferably not part of the method according to the invention, especially since the solidification and / or hardening of the substrate during the formation of the bio-cementing layer in step (d) of the method just causes the prevention or reduction of plant growth, preferably weed growth.

[0119] Furthermore, within the scope of the method according to the invention as described herein, it is advantageous that the step of compacting a substrate or bio-aggregate layer on or within which plant growth should be reduced or prevented is not required to achieve the prevention or reduction of plant growth, preferably weed growth, and thus is preferably not part of the method according to the invention.

[0120] The description herein relating to the intended use of the invention also applies to the method of the invention as described herein, and vice versa. This is particularly applicable to (preferred) embodiments of the intended use of the invention, which correspond to (preferred) embodiments of the method of the invention, or which can be derived from these embodiments, and vice versa.

[0121] The invention is described in more detail below with reference to selected examples. Unless otherwise stated, all descriptions refer to weight. Attached Figure Description

[0122] Figure 1 This diagram illustrates the effect of non-urea-degrading biogels derived from the strain *Bacillus pseudofirmus* on weed growth inhibition in both monocotyledonous (annual meadow grass) and dicotyledonous (plantain). The average weed cover during the 42-day recording period is shown in the weekly control group (top) relative to the sample treated with biogel mixture 1 (middle). A visual view (bottom) of weed growth in the control application (bottom left) after 42 days of growth, compared to the treatment with biogel mixture 1 (bottom right).

[0123] Figure 2 This study demonstrates the effects of non-urea-degrading biocementation of weeds by means of strains *A. crystallopoietes*, *B. cohnii*, *B. halodurans*, and *B. alkaliphile* on monocotyledonous (annual meadow grasses) and dicotyledonous (plantain). The mean weed cover was measured weekly relative to the control group treated with biocementation mixture 1 over a 42-day recording period.

[0124] Figure 3 This diagram illustrates the effect of using urea-decomposing biocementing with *Bacillus sphaericus* (L. sphaericus) to suppress weed growth in quartz sand: on monocotyledonous (annual meadow grass) and dicotyledonous (plantain) weeds. The average weed cover during the 42-day recording period (top) is shown when assessed weekly relative to the control groups of biocementing mixtures 2 and 3. A visual view (middle) of weed growth in the control application (middle left) after 42 days of growth in the laboratory, compared to the treatments using biocementing mixtures 2 (middle center) and 3 (middle right). The solidification of the biocemented layer is graphically represented by the average breaking force of the studied samples (bottom).

[0125] Figure 4This diagram illustrates the effect of applying urea-decomposed biocementing via *Bacillus spheroides* to suppress weed growth in woodland soils: on monocotyledonous (annual meadow grass) and dicotyledonous (plantain) weeds. The average weed cover during a 42-day recording period is shown (top) when assessed weekly relative to the control groups of biocementing mixtures 2 and 3. A visual view (middle) of weed growth in the control application (middle left) after 42 days of growth in the laboratory, compared to treatments using biocementing mixtures 2 (middle center) and 3 (middle right). The solidification of the biocemented layer is graphically represented by the average breaking force of the studied samples (bottom).

[0126] Figure 5 This diagram illustrates the effect of using urea-decomposed bio-aggregates with *Sp. pasteurii* to suppress weed growth in quartz sand: on both monocotyledonous (annual meadow grass) and dicotyledonous (plantain) weeds. The average weed cover (top) during a 42-day recording period is shown in the weekly assessment relative to the control groups of bio-aggregate mixtures 4 and 5. A visual view (middle) of weed growth in the control application (middle left) after 42 days of growth in the laboratory, compared to the treatments using bio-aggregate mixtures 4 (middle center) and 5 (middle right). The solidification of the bio-aggregate layer is graphically represented by the average breaking force of the studied samples (bottom).

[0127] Figure 6 This diagram illustrates the effect of applying urea-decomposed biocementing by *Paecilomyces pasteurellii* to suppress weed growth in forest soils: on monocotyledonous (annual meadow grass) and dicotyledonous (plantain) weeds. The average weed cover during a 42-day recording period is shown (top) when assessed weekly relative to the control groups of biocementing mixtures 4 and 5. A visual view (middle) of weed growth in the control application (middle left) after 42 days of growth in the laboratory, compared to the treatments using biocementing mixtures 4 (middle center) and 5 (middle right). The solidification of the biocemented layer is graphically represented by the average breaking force of the studied samples (bottom).

[0128] Figure 7 This diagram illustrates the effect of applying bio-binding to suppress weed growth in bare land: on both undered and newly germinated weeds on agricultural land. The mean cover (top) of the water control group compared to the area treated with bio-binding mixture 6 (center) during a 42-day recording period, assessed weekly. A visual view of weed growth in the control application (bottom left) compared to the treatment with bio-binding mixture 6 (bottom right) after 42 days of outdoor growth.

[0129] Figure 8 This diagram illustrates the effect of applying bio-binding to suppress weed growth in bare soil: on both underted and newly germinated weeds in the cracks of paved surfaces. The mean cover (top) of the water control group compared to the area treated with bio-binding mixture 6 (center) during a 42-day recording period, assessed weekly. A visual view of weed growth in the control application (bottom left) compared to the treatment with bio-binding mixture 6 (bottom right) after 42 days of outdoor growth. Detailed Implementation

[0130] Example 1: Using alkalophilic Bacillus Non-urea-decomposing bioclinker - inhibits monocot and dicot weeds growth

[0131] Materials and methods :

[0132] The experiment was conducted in a laboratory with a volume of 450 cm³. 3 The cultivation was carried out in cultivation pots. The application area was 78.5 cm². 2 A total of 6 samples were processed.

[0133] The soil substrate used in the experiment consisted of quartz sand with a particle size of 0 to 2 mm. The sand was washed and dried by the manufacturer and used directly. 300 g of quartz sand was used as the soil substrate for each cultivation pot.

[0134] Prior to treatment, the quartz sand was free of weed growth and contained only local weed seeds or remnants of infiltrated seeds. However, this was insufficient to induce viable weed growth. Weeds were sown at 0.2 g of Plantago lanceolata (plantain) and 0.1 g of Poa annua (annual meadow grass) per container, respectively. For this purpose, the weed seeds were sown into the top soil layer at a depth of 2 to 4 mm.

[0135] A liquid bio-binding mixture 1 is used, which consists of the following components at the following concentrations:

[0136] 20.0g / L yeast extract

[0137] 0.2M calcium acetate

[0138] 0.2M calcium lactate

[0139] 6.0g / L urea

[0140] 5 × 10^8 cells / ml Bacillus alkalophilus

[0141] The mixture also contains trace elements and trace amounts of salts and sugars, for example (<1% by weight). In this reagent, urea is primarily used as a nitrogen source (rather than a carbonate source).

[0142] Except for the bacteria of the alkalophilic Bacillus strain, all components of the current mixture capable of biobinding are present in solid form. The bacteria are present as a liquid culture in a culture medium known from the prior art, such as described, for example, in Jonkers HM et al., Tailor Made Concrete Structures - Walraven & Stoelhorst (eds), 2008, Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-47535-8, Section 2.1, where 5 g / L yeast extract is used within the scope of this invention. The solid components and the bacteria in the liquid culture are mixed shortly before use to dissolve the solid components.

[0143] Three copies of both the bio-gluing mixture 1 and the water control group were applied to each experimental surface. The application rate was 5 liters per square meter for each copy. A pipette was used for application.

[0144] After applying the bio-binding mixture 1, the cells were incubated for 48 hours without irrigation. During this period, the minimum temperature was 14.2°C and the maximum temperature was 25.2°C.

[0145] Record weed growth for 42 days after application. The minimum and maximum temperatures during this period should be 10.7°C and 34.0°C, respectively. Water the containers once to three times a week as needed. Expose the pots to natural light with a diurnal rhythm.

[0146] Weed growth was recorded weekly. In this case, the biocementing layer (layer thickness, strength) and so-called cover were determined. Weed cover was determined by manual visual assessment of the cultivation pots at given time points. Cover was described as the percentage of area covered by weeds. This was then calculated based on Abbott's efficiency as follows:

[0147] Efficiency = (Coverage control group) 天 xy - Coverage products 天 xy ) / Coverage control group 天 xy

[0148] To verify carbonate formation, 10 ml of the biocementing mixture 1 was incubated in a reaction vessel at room temperature for 24 hours. The precipitate was then obtained by centrifugation and drying. Carbonate determination was performed on the dried precipitate according to Scheibler's method.

[0149] result :

[0150] Compared with the control group, weed growth was almost completely reduced ( Figure 1 After 42 days, the average coverage on the treated surface was 2%. Figure 1 (middle) while on the control surface it was 60% ( Figure 1 (Top). A bio-cemented layer is formed upon treatment with the bio-cementing mixture 1 given above. Weed growth mainly occurs in areas where the bio-cemented layer is damaged (e.g., dry cracks). A 42-day time process is able to Figure 1 This is as seen in the top and middle sections. The role of biocementation in weed control can be observed over time. Figure 1 The diagram illustrates a direct comparison between the control sample (bottom left) and the applied sample (bottom right) after 42 days of growth. The final efficiency of the biogel product was 96.7%.

[0151] This bio-binding mixture is advantageously similar in effect to many commercially available weed suppressants (data not shown), which avoid the various drawbacks of these weed suppressants.

[0152] Qualitative analysis of carbonate formation by Scheibler yielded a positive result for the biocemented mixture. The control group showed no carbonate formation (data not shown).

[0153] Similar effects on weed growth were achieved even with slight modifications to the formulation of bio-cementing mixture 1, which contained calcium acetate, calcium lactate, and / or calcium chloride at concentrations of 0.05 to 0.3 M, and the total calcium concentration in the mixture did not exceed 0.40 M (data not shown). Variations in urea concentration (0.0 to 0.2 M) or in yeast extract amount (0.1 to 30 g / L) also produced good efficiency. Weed inhibition was correlated with the concentrations of the components of the bio-cementing mixture used (data not shown).

[0154] The entire above experiment was alternatively conducted using weed seeds that had been germinated for 24 hours prior to being coated with the bio-binding mixture. Therefore, the bio-binding mixture was applied 1 to 24 hours after germination began. The results achieved were similar to those described in this embodiment, and the application of the mixture resulted in an almost complete reduction in weed growth (data not shown).

[0155] Furthermore, in the aforementioned bio-aggregated mixture 1, the strain *Bacillus alkalophilus* was replaced by *Bacillus corydalis*, *Bacillus halophilus*, or *Bacillus morphogeneticus* at the same cell number concentration, as described above. *Bacillus corydalis* and *Bacillus halophilus* were present in the same culture medium as *Bacillus alkalophilus* (see above), and *Bacillus morphogeneticus* was present in a known culture medium, such as Hamilton, RW et al., *Journal of Bacteriology* 1977, 129(2), 874-879 (see “Materials and Methods” section, pp. 874-875). The weed suppression test results using these alternative bio-aggregated mixtures were obtained in… Figure 2 As described in the text.

[0156] Example 2: Biobinding via urea decomposition by *Bacillus spheroidans* – Inhibition of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants growth of leafy weeds

[0157] Materials and methods :

[0158] In this experiment, two bio-aggregating mixtures, each using the same bacterial strain, were tested on two different soil substrates.

[0159] The experiment was conducted in a laboratory with a volume of 450 cm³. 3 The application was carried out in cultivation pots. The application area for each container was 78.5 cm². 2 A total of nine cultivation pots per soil substrate were treated with these two different bio-cementing mixtures (see below).

[0160] The first soil substrate in the experiment consisted of quartz sand with a particle size of 0 to 2 mm. The quartz sand was washed and dried by the manufacturer and used directly. 300 g of quartz sand was used as the soil substrate for each cultivation pot. In another row, sieved woodland soil was used as the second soil substrate. Here, 250 g of woodland soil was used per application container.

[0161] Neither of these soil substrates were weed-free prior to treatment. However, both soils contained local weed seeds or negligible residues from seed infiltration. However, these were insufficient to induce effective weed growth. Weeds were sown at 0.2 g of longleaf plantain (Plantago asiatica) and 0.1 g of Kentucky bluegrass (Annual meadow grass) per container, respectively. For this purpose, the weed seeds were sown into the top soil layer at a depth of 2 to 4 mm.

[0162] Two different liquid bio-binding mixtures were used in the experiment.

[0163] Mixture 2 consists of the following components at the following concentrations:

[0164] 20.0g / L yeast extract

[0165] 0.25M calcium chloride

[0166] 18.0g / L urea

[0167] 4 × 10^8 cells / ml Bacillus spheroidae

[0168] The mixture also contains trace elements, as well as trace amounts of salts and sugars, for example (<1%). In this agent, urea is primarily used as a source of carbonates and secondarily as a source of nitrogen.

[0169] In mixture 3, 50 ml / l of Silicade 8 (silica sol-acrylic dispersion) was additionally added as an additive. This additive was used to achieve longer-lasting stability of the bio-bonded layer.

[0170] The components (bacterial-free) of bio-gel mixtures 2 and 3 are present in solid form. The bacteria are present as liquid cultures in culture media known in the art, such as those described, for example, in Dick, J. et al., Biodegradation 2006, 17, 357-367 (see “Materials and Methods” section, page 359). The solid components and the bacteria in the liquid cultures are mixed separately shortly before use, wherein the solid components are dissolved. Silicade 8 is present in liquid form and is added only to mixture 3.

[0171] Biocement mixtures 2 and 3, as well as the water control group, were each replicated into triplicate and successively applied to both experimental soils. The application rate was 5 liters per square meter per replicate. A pipette was used for application.

[0172] After application of the bio-binding mixture, the cells were cultured for 48 hours without irrigation. During this period, the lowest temperature was 12.4°C and the highest temperature was 24.2°C.

[0173] Record weed growth for 42 days after application. The minimum and maximum temperatures during this period were 9.7°C and 27.9°C, respectively. Water the containers one to three times a week as needed. Expose the pots to natural light with a diurnal rhythm.

[0174] Weed growth was recorded weekly. The biocementing layer (layer thickness, strength) and so-called cover were determined. Weed cover was calculated by manual visual assessment of the cultivation pots at given time intervals. Cover was described as the percentage of area covered by weeds. This was then further calculated based on Abbott's efficiency:

[0175] Efficiency = (Coverage control group) 天xy - Coverage products 天xy) / Coverage control group 天xy

[0176] To verify carbonate formation, 10 ml of biocementing mixtures 2 and 3 were respectively incubated in reaction vessels at room temperature for 24 hours. Subsequently, the precipitates were obtained by centrifugation and drying. The dried precipitates were used for carbonate detection according to Scheibler.

[0177] result :

[0178] On quartz sand, compared with the control group, weed growth was completely reduced by means of biocementing mixtures 2 and 3. Figure 3 After 42 days, the average cover was 0% on the surface treated with biocementing mixture 2 and 0% on the surface treated with biocementing mixture 3, while the average cover was 31% on the control surface. A biocemented layer was formed in both treatments (using biocementing mixtures 2 and 3). Weed growth mainly occurred in areas where the biocemented layer was damaged (e.g., in dry cracks). The time progression within 42 days was able to be observed from... Figure 3 This was learned from (the top). Figure 3 The diagram illustrates the role of biocement in weed control (center), and provides a direct comparison between the control group (left side of center), biocement mixture 2 (middle center), and biocement mixture 3 (right side of center). The effects of both biocement mixtures were ultimately 100%. The strength of the biocemented layer was determined after 42 days (as described above). The biocemented sample with mixture 2 had a layer with an average breaking force of 4.3 N; however, this average breaking force was lower than the 19.1 N in the case of mixture 3 (see [reference]). Figure 3 (Below) By incorporating the additive Silicade 8 into the bio-cemented layer (through bio-cemented mixture 3), resistance to increased environmental parameters is achieved, thus enabling potentially longer predictive validity. No bio-cemented layer was present in the control sample.

[0179] In forest soils, weed growth was almost completely reduced compared to the control group. Figure 4 After 42 days, the average cover was 0% on the surface treated with bio-cementing mixture 2, 2% on the surface treated with bio-cementing mixture 3, and 50% on the control area. A bio-cemented layer was formed in both treatments (using bio-cementing mixtures 2 and 3). Weed growth mainly occurred in areas where the bio-cemented layer was damaged (e.g., in dry cracks). The time progression within 42 days was able to be observed from… Figure 4 This was learned from (the top). Figure 4The diagram illustrates the effect of biocementation on weed control (center), and provides a direct comparison between the control sample (center right), biocementation mixture 2 (center middle), and biocementation mixture 3 (center right). The effects of biocementation mixtures 2 and 3 were ultimately 100% and 96%, respectively. The strength of the resulting biocemented layer was determined after 42 days (as described above). The biocemented sample with mixture 2 had a layer with an average breaking force of 20.5 N, however, this average breaking force was lower than the 84.3 N in the case of mixture 3. The incorporation of the additive Silicade 8 into the biocemented layer (through biocementation mixture 3) enhances resistance to increased environmental parameters, thus enabling potentially longer-lasting effectiveness. No biocemented layer was present in the control sample.

[0180] Qualitative analysis of carbonate formation by Scheibler yielded a positive result for biocemented mixtures 2 and 3. The control group showed no carbonate formation (data not shown).

[0181] Similar effects on weed growth were achieved even with slight modifications to the formulations of biocementing mixtures 2 and 3, which contained calcium acetate, calcium lactate, and / or calcium chloride at concentrations of 0.05 to 0.3 M, respectively, and a total calcium concentration not exceeding 0.4 M (data not shown). Larger variations in urea concentration (e.g., 0.1 to 1.0 M) or yeast extract amount (e.g., 0.1 to 30 g / L) also produced good efficiency. Weed suppression was correlated with the concentrations of the components used in the respective biocementing mixtures (data not shown).

[0182] The entire above experiment was alternatively conducted using weed seeds that had been germinated for 24 hours prior to being coated with the bio-binding mixture. Therefore, the bio-binding mixture was applied 1 to 24 hours after germination began. The results achieved were similar to those described in this embodiment, and the application of the mixture resulted in an almost complete reduction in weed growth (data not shown).

[0183] Example 3: Biobinding via urea decomposition by *Pasteurella paisleyi* – Inhibition of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants growth of leafy weeds

[0184] Materials and methods :

[0185] In this experiment, two biocemented mixtures with the same bacterial strains were studied on two different soil substrates.

[0186] The experiment was conducted in a laboratory with a volume of 450 cm³. 3 The application was carried out in cultivation pots. The application area was 78.5 cm². 2A total of nine cultivation pots per soil substrate were treated using these two different bio-cementing mixtures (see below). The application area for each pot was 78.5 cm². 2 .

[0187] In the experiment, the first soil substrate consisted of quartz sand with a particle size of 0 to 2 mm. The quartz sand was washed and dried by the manufacturer and used directly. 300 g of quartz sand was used as the soil substrate for each cultivation pot. In another row, sieved woodland soil was used as the second soil substrate. Here, 250 g of woodland soil was used for each application container.

[0188] Both soil substrates were weed-free prior to treatment. Both soils contained local weed seeds or negligible residues from seed infiltration. However, these were insufficient to induce effective weed growth. Weeds were sown at 0.2 g of longleaf plantain (Plantago asiatica) and 0.1 g of Kentucky bluegrass (Annual meadow grass) per container, respectively. For this purpose, weed seeds were sown in the top soil layer at a depth of 2 to 4 mm.

[0189] Two different liquid bio-binding mixtures were used in the experiment.

[0190] Mixture 4 consists of the following components at the following concentrations:

[0191] 20.0g / L yeast extract

[0192] 0.25M calcium chloride

[0193] 18.0g / L urea

[0194] 4 × 10^8 cells / ml Pasteurella multocida

[0195] The mixture also contains trace elements and trace amounts of salts and sugars, for example (<1%). In this agent, urea is primarily used as a source of carbonates and secondarily as a source of nitrogen.

[0196] In mixture 5, 50 ml / l of Silicade 8 (silica sol-acrylic dispersion) was additionally added as an additive. This additive was used to achieve longer-lasting stability of the bio-bonded layer.

[0197] The components (bacterial-free) of bio-glued mixtures 4 and 5 are present in solid form. The bacteria are present as liquid cultures in culture media known in the art, such as those described, for example, in Cuthbert, MO et al., Ecological Engineering 2012, 41, 32-40 (see section 2.2, page 33). The solid components and the bacteria in the liquid cultures are mixed separately shortly before use, wherein the solid components are dissolved. Silicade 8 is present in liquid form and is added only to mixture 5.

[0198] Biocement mixtures 4 and 5, as well as the water control group, were each replicated into triplicate and successively applied to both experimental soils. The application rate was 5 liters per square meter per replicate. A pipette was used for application.

[0199] After application of the bio-binding mixture, the cells were cultured for 48 hours without irrigation. During this period, the lowest temperature was 12.4°C and the highest temperature was 24.2°C.

[0200] Record weed growth for 42 days after application. The minimum and maximum temperatures during this period were 9.7°C and 27.9°C, respectively. Water the containers one to three times a week as needed. Expose the pots to natural light with a diurnal rhythm.

[0201] Weed growth was recorded weekly. The biocementing layer (layer thickness, strength) and so-called cover were determined. Weed cover was determined by manual visual assessment of the cultivation pots at given time points. Cover was described as the percentage of area covered by weeds. This was then calculated again based on Abbott's efficiency as follows:

[0202] Efficiency = (Coverage control group) 天xy - Coverage products 天xy ) / Coverage control group 天xy

[0203] To confirm carbonate formation, 10 ml of biocementing mixtures 4 and 5 were incubated in open containers at room temperature for 24 hours. The precipitates were then obtained by centrifugation and drying. The dried precipitates were used for carbonate detection according to Scheibler's method.

[0204] result :

[0205] On quartz sand, weed growth was completely reduced compared to the control group. Figure 5After 42 days, the average cover rate was 0% on the surfaces treated with bio-cementing mixture 4, 0% on the surfaces treated with bio-cementing mixture 5, and 40% in the control area. A bio-cementing layer was formed during the treatments using the mixtures. Weed growth mainly occurred in areas where the bio-cementing layer was damaged (e.g., in dry cracks). The time progression over 42 days was able to be observed from... Figure 5 (Top) learned. Figure 5 The diagram illustrates the effect of bio-cementation on weed suppression (center), and provides a direct comparison between the control group (left side of center), bio-cementation mixture 4 (middle of center), and bio-cementation mixture 5 (right side of center). The efficiencies of both bio-cementation mixtures were ultimately approximately 100%. The strength of the bio-cemented layer was determined after 42 days (as described above). The bio-cemented sample with mixture 4 had a layer with an average breaking force of 4.1 N, while the sample with mixture 5 had an average breaking force of 19.3 N (see [reference]). Figure 5 (Lower section)). By incorporating the additive Silicade 8 into the bio-cemented layer (through bio-cemented mixture 5), resistance to environmental parameters is enhanced, thus enabling potentially longer-lasting effectiveness. No bio-cemented layer was present in the control group.

[0206] In forest soils, weed growth was almost completely reduced compared to the control group. Figure 6 After 42 days, the average cover rate was 0% on the surfaces treated with bio-cementing mixture 4, 0% on the surfaces treated with bio-cementing mixture 5, and 50% in the control area. A bio-cementing layer was formed during the treatments using the mixtures. Weed growth mainly occurred in areas where the bio-cementing layer was damaged (e.g., in dry cracks). The time progression over 42 days was able to be observed from... Figure 6 This was learned from (the top). Figure 6 The diagram illustrates the effect of biocementation on weed control (center), and provides a direct comparison between the control sample (left side of center), mixture 4 (middle of center), and mixture 5 (right side of center). The efficiency of both biocementation mixtures was ultimately 100%. The strength of the resulting biocemented layers was determined after 42 days. The biocemented sample with mixture 4 had a layer with an average breaking force of 20.8 N, while the sample with mixture 5 had an average breaking force of 66.8 N. Incorporating the additive Silicade 8 into the biocemented layer (through biocemented mixture 5) achieved resistance to increased environmental parameters, thus enabling potentially longer-lasting effectiveness. No biocemented layer was present in the control group.

[0207] Qualitative analysis of carbonate formation by Scheibler yielded a positive result for biocemented mixtures 4 and 5. No carbonate formation was observed in the control group (data not shown).

[0208] Similar effects on weed growth were achieved even with slight modifications to the formulations of biocementing mixtures 4 and 5, which contained calcium acetate, calcium lactate, and / or calcium chloride at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 M, and a total calcium concentration not exceeding 0.4 M (data not shown). Larger variations in urea concentrations (e.g., from 0.1 to 1.0 M) also produced good efficiency. Weed suppression was correlated with the concentrations of the components used in the respective biocementing mixtures (data not shown).

[0209] The entire above experiment was alternatively conducted using weed seeds that had been germinated for 24 hours prior to being coated with the bio-binding mixture. Therefore, the bio-binding mixture was applied 1 to 24 hours after germination began. The results achieved were similar to those described in this embodiment, and the application of the mixture resulted in an almost complete reduction in weed growth (data not shown).

[0210] Example 4: Bare Land - Suppressing Weeds in the Cracks of Agricultural Land and Paved Roads

[0211] Materials and methods :

[0212] The experiment was conducted on agricultural land and paved driveways. The application area was 6m². 2 .

[0213] The soil substrate of the agricultural land consisted of natural woodland soil. Prior to the application of the mixture according to the invention (see below), the agricultural land was chemically treated with glyphosate to remove existing weeds (approximately 6 months prior to this experiment). After this pretreatment, no plant residues were left on the area.

[0214] The paving material for the driveway mainly consists of paving gravel and paving sand. Prior to application, existing weeds in these areas are mechanically removed using a shrub remover. After this pretreatment, no plant residue is left on the area.

[0215] Both soil types contain weed seeds growing at the location, inflow seeds, and any possible fresh seedlings or plant residues. Because sufficient endemic weeds are present at both locations, artificial weeding is not carried out.

[0216] The experiment used a liquid bio-gel mixture 6 consisting of the following components and concentrations:

[0217] 18.0g / L urea

[0218] 62.5 g / L lignin sulfonate

[0219] 5 × 10^8 cells / ml Pasteurella multocida

[0220] In addition, the solution contains trace elements and trace amounts of salts, sugars and yeast extracts, for example (<1%).

[0221] The bacteria exist as a liquid culture in the culture medium (see the description in the previous example 3). Urea and lignin sulfonate are initially present in solid form. They are dissolved in water and mixed with the liquid culture of bacteria just before use.

[0222] Three copies of the bio-binding mixture 6 and the water control group were applied to the two test areas respectively. The application rate was 4 liters per square meter per copy. A standard spray bottle (5 liters) can be used for application.

[0223] After applying the bio-binding mixture 6, the plants were incubated for 48 hours without rain or artificial irrigation. During this period, the minimum temperature was 5°C and the maximum temperature was 25°C.

[0224] Weed growth was recorded within 42 days after application. The minimum and maximum temperatures were 5°C and 33°C, respectively. Total precipitation during the recording period was 91 mm (l / m²). 2 No additional watering is needed due to the weather.

[0225] Weed growth was recorded weekly. The biocement layer (layer thickness, strength) and so-called cover were determined. Weed cover was determined by manual visual assessment of the cultivation pots at given time points. Cover was described as the percentage of area covered by weeds. This was then calculated again based on Abbott's efficiency as follows:

[0226] Efficiency = (Coverage control group) 天xy - Coverage products 天xy ) / Coverage control group 天xy

[0227] result :

[0228] In agricultural land, weed growth was significantly reduced compared to the control. After 42 days, the coverage rate in the treatment area was 3.3%, and in the control area, it was 70.0%. A biocemented layer was formed. Weed growth mainly occurred in areas where the biocementation was damaged (e.g., in dry cracks). The time course within 42 days was able to [observe the results]. Figure 7 (Top, water control group) and Figure 7 (In the middle part, by means of the treatment of bio-cemented mixture 6) it was learned. Figure 7(Bottom) The diagram illustrates a direct comparison between the control group and the application group (each within a crack). The final efficiency of the bio-cementing mixture 6 was 95.2%.

[0229] On the paved driveway, weed growth was also significantly reduced compared to the control group. After 42 days, the coverage rate in the treatment area was 3.7%, and the coverage rate in the control area was 40.0%. A biocementate layer was also formed. The time progression over 42 days was able to [observe / discover] from [the previous data]. Figure 8 (Top, water control group) and Figure 8 (In the middle part, by means of the treatment of bio-cemented mixture 6) it was learned. Figure 8 (Bottom) The diagram illustrates a direct comparison between the control group and the application group (within the crack). The final efficiency of the bio-cementing product was 90.8%.

[0230] This bio-binding mixture is advantageously similar in effect to many commercially available weed suppressants (data not shown), while avoiding a variety of drawbacks of such weed suppressants.

[0231] Similar effects on weed growth in bare soil were also observed with alternative mixture formulations containing 0.1 M to 0.3 M CaCl2 (based on mixture 6) (data not shown). Larger variations in urea concentration (1.0 to 0.15 M) also produced good efficiency in weed suppression (data not shown).

[0232] According to embodiments of this disclosure, the following notes are also disclosed:

[0233] Note 1. Use of a mixture capable of bio-binding, said use being to use said mixture as an agent for preventing or reducing the growth of plants, preferably weeds.

[0234] Note 2. According to the use described in Note 1, the mixture comprises or consists of one or more organisms and / or enzymes.

[0235] Note 3. According to the use described in Note 1 or 2, the mixture comprises or is composed of the following components:

[0236] (i) One or more organisms and / or enzymes capable of forming carbonates and / or inducing and / or catalyzing carbonate formation,

[0237] (ii) One or more substances used to form carbonates,

[0238] (iii) Optionally: one or more cation sources; and

[0239] (iv) Optionally: one or more additives.

[0240] Note 4. According to the use described in Note 2 or 3, wherein the one or more organisms in component (i) of the mixture are, optionally, one or more organisms that, when performing experiment A including the following steps,

[0241] Experiment A

[0242] (i) Providing the organism to be characterized or a mixture of organisms to be characterized, one or more substances for carbonate formation, and optionally other substances and optionally a substrate, and contacting them.

[0243] (ii) Provide reagents for determining urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation,

[0244] (iii) Combining the mixture produced in step (i) with the pharmaceutical agent from step (ii), and

[0245] (iv) Determine whether urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are present based on the reagent from step (ii).

[0246] In step (iv), the following occurs: determining urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, preferably, if a substrate has been provided, determining a biocluster, preferably a biocluster sufficient to prevent or reduce plant growth, and more preferably a biocluster sufficient to prevent or reduce weed growth.

[0247] Note 5. In accordance with any one of the preceding notes, the mixture is present in liquid form as a gel, ointment, or powder.

[0248] Note 6. According to any one of Notes 2 to 5, one or more organisms or all of the organisms are selected from microorganisms, preferably from the following: Firmicutes, preferably Bacillus, preferably Bacillusales, preferably Animalococci or Bacillusaceae, preferably *Coccus*, *Bacillus lysinophilus*, or *Bacillus*, preferably from the following species: *Paecilomyces pasteurellii*, *Bacillus urealyticus*, *Bacillus spheroidis*, *Bacillus fusiformis*, *Bacillus megaterium*, *Bacillus lysinophilus*, *Bacillus alkalophilus*, *Bacillus halophilus*, or *Bacillus coli*; and the following: Proteobacteria, preferably Alpha-Proteobacteria, Gamma-Proteobacteria, Delta-Proteobacteria, or Epsilon-Proteobacteria, preferably Enterobacteriaceae, Myxococciales, Campylobacteriaes, or *Pseudomonas*. Or, the order Stylobacteria, preferably Enterobacteriaceae, Myxococciaceae, Helicobacteraceae, Pseudomonasaceae, or Stylobacteriaceae, preferably Proteus, Myxococci, Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, or Shortwave Monoclonal, preferably selected from the following species: Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, Myxococcus aureus, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Shortwave Monoclonal; and the following microorganisms: phylum Actinobacteria, preferably class Actinobacteria, preferably order Actinobacteria, preferably family Brevibacteriaceae or suborder Micrococci, preferably genus Brevibacteria or family Micrococciaceae, preferably selected from the following species: Brevibacterium expansum or Bacillus granulosus; and the following microorganisms: phylum Cyanobacteria, preferably class Cyanobacteria, preferably order Synchophyllaceae, preferably family Synchophyllaceae, preferably genus Synchophyllum, preferably species Synchophyllum; and aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria and their intermediates.

[0249] Note 7. In accordance with any one of Notes 2 to 6, one or more enzymes or all of the enzymes are selected from urease, asparaginase, carbonic anhydrase and metabolic enzymes.

[0250] Note 8. According to any one of Notes 3 to 7, the substance used for carbonate formation, or the substances mentioned above, or all of them, are selected from: urea and its salts; organic acids, such as lactic acid, and their salts, preferably carboxylates, and their esters; gluconic acid, and its salts, preferably carboxylates, and their esters; acetic acid, and its salts, preferably carboxylates, and their esters; formic acid, and its salts, preferably carboxylates, and their esters; peptides, preferably containing asparagine, glutamine, and / or glutamic acid; amino acids, preferably asparagine, glutamine, and glutamic acid, and their salts, preferably carboxylates, and their esters; plant and animal complex substrates, especially peptones, yeast extracts, meat extracts, nutrient broths, and casein amino acids; industrial waste streams, especially corn steep liquor and lactose mother liquor; protein lysates, preferably from peas, meat, or tomatoes; anaerobic substrates, preferably carbon dioxide and methane.

[0251] Note 9. For the use according to any one of Notes 3 to 8, one or more cation sources or all cation sources are selected from: organic and inorganic calcium salts, preferably calcium nitrate, calcium acetate, calcium lactate and calcium chloride; magnesium salts; manganese salts; zinc salts; cobalt salts; nickel salts; copper salts; lead salts; iron salts; cadmium salts; polymers, preferably cationic polymers; heavy metal cations; light metal cations; radioactive cations and mixtures thereof.

[0252] Note 10. For the use according to any one of Notes 3 to 9, one or more of the additives or all of the additives are selected from the following nutrients; (bio)polymers, preferably polyhydroxybutyrate, polylactide, polysuccinate, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylate, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), polystyrene, polyamide, copolymers, polyamino acids; cellulose and its derivatives; starch and its derivatives; lignin and its derivatives; pectin and its derivatives. Biological substances; natural adhesives, especially gum arabic, latex, rubber and their derivatives; chitin and its derivatives; chitosan and its derivatives; cyclohexane and its derivatives; ointments and their derivatives; hydrogel forming agents, preferably xanthan gum, alginate and agar; cold-soluble and / or warm-soluble (plant) gums; calcium carbonate and mixtures containing calcium carbonate, preferably mother-of-pearl, amorphous calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate, aragonite, calcite, aragonite and mixtures and derivatives thereof; polysaccharides and extracellular polymers (EPS), preferably microbial extracellular polysaccharides, preferably containing or composed of maleic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, lactose, sucrose Composition of sugars, glucose, fructose, and / or inulin; protein sources; fibers and fibrous materials, preferably casein, albumin, yeast extract, peptone, cellulose fibers, lignocellulose fibers, and lignocellulose fibers; residues and industrial materials, preferably corn steep liquor, lactose mother liquor, protein lysates, and molasses; protein waste, preferably from yeast production, meat production, dairy industry, and paper production; silicates and their derivatives; acrylates and their derivatives; water glass and water glass-like adhesives; cements and cementing additives, preferably sand, lime and their derivatives, alumina, and calcium oxide. Calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ash, preferably fly ash and bone ash, silica powder, kaolin, bentonite; filler materials, preferably quicklime (hydrate), limestone crushed sand and limestone powder; resins and epoxides; natural and chemical herbicides; fungicides; molluscicides; insecticides; hydrophobic agents and wax emulsions; emulsifiers; adhesives; thixotropic agents; crystal nuclei and crystallization regulators; fatty acids; minerals and trace elements; salts, preferably phosphates and sulfates; rocks, preferably pumice and slate powder; bacteria capable of forming polymers; and substances that alter the biocementation.

[0253] Appendix 11. For the purposes described in any one of Appendices 1 to 10, the plant or weeds mentioned are selected from dicotyledons of the following genera: *Abutilon theophrasti*, *Pseudolarix*, *Coriandrum*, *Amaranthus*, *Raphanus*, *Stellaria*, *Stellaria media*, *Hypericum*, *Arabidopsis*, *Acer palmatum*, *Hippophae*, *Dendrobium*, *Bidens*, *Bidens*, *Capsella*, *Cephalotaxus*, *Cassia*, *Centipeda minima*, *Chrysanthemum*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cinnamomum*, *Dioscorea*, *Delphinium*, *Convolvulus*, *Datura*, *Dendrobium*, *Rumex*, *Equisetum*, *Erigeron*, *Gerberis*, *Saccharum*. *Mustard*, *Euphorbia*, *Viola*, *Euphorbia*, *Achyranthes*, *Gnaphalium*, *Geranium*, *Angelica*, *Hibiscus*, *Pteris*, *Kochia*, *Sesamum*, *Echinochloa*, *Lepidium*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lysimachia*, *Lysimachia*, *Malva*, *Matricaria*, *Mentha*, *Indigofera*, *Paspalum*, *Forget-me-not*, *Papaver*, *Ipomoea*, *Plantago*, *Knotweed*, *Portulaca*, *Ranunculus*, *Radix*, *Najas*, *Alternanthera*, *Sorbus*, *Senecio*, *Senecio*, *Sesamum*, *Heliotropium*, *Sinapis*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum* * *Hydrocotyle*, *Stachys*, *Chickweed*, *Taraxacum*, *Iris*, *Trifolium*, *Colletotrichum*, *Urtica*, *Veronica*, *Viola*, *Xanthium*; Dicotyledonous genera: *Arachis*, *Betula*, *Brassica*, *Cucumis*, *Cucumis*, *Heliotropium*, *Carotene*, *Soybean*, *Cotton*, *Sedum*, *Lactuca*, *Lactuca*, *Flavorula*, *Tomato*, *Nicotiana*, *Phaseolus*, *Vicia*, *Solanum*, *Vicia*; Monocotyledonous genera: *Aegilops*, *Agrostis*, *Agrostis*, *Alopecurus*, *Agrostis*, *Oat*, *Agrostis*, *Bombyx*, *Tribulus*, *Commelina*, *Cynodon*, *Cyperus*, *Sedge*, *Dragon*. The genera *Cercis*, *Digitaria*, *Barnyardgrass*, *Echinochloa*, *Eriocaulon*, *Eriocaulon*, *Eriocaulon*, *Festuca*, *Eriocaulon*, *Plantago*, *Imperata*, *Mongolia*, *Juncus*, *Echinochloa*, *Lycium*, *Lysimachia*, *Sorghum*, *Paspalum*, *Eriocaulon*, *Tetracentron*, *Poa*, *Eriocaulon*, *Sagittaria*, *Scirpus*, *Setaria*, *Sorghum*; and monocotyledonous genera: *Allium*, *Pineapple*, *Asparagus*, *Oats*, *Barley*, *Oryza*, *Sorghum*, *Sugarcane*, *Rye*, *Sorghum*, *Triticum*, *Wheat*, *Corn*; and bryophytes, hornworts, and mosses (Bryophytes).

[0254] Preferably, the growth of at least two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, more than ten, or all of these plants is prevented or reduced.

[0255] Note 12. In accordance with any one of the preceding notes, the permeability coefficient of the formed bio-cement layer is greater than 10. -9 Up to 100 m / s, preferably greater than 10 -9 Up to 10 -3 m / s, preferably greater than 10-8 Up to 10 -3 m / s.

[0256] Note 13. Use according to any one of Notes 1 to 12, wherein the bio-gluing reaction is not an exothermic reaction.

[0257] Appendix 14. A method for preventing or reducing plant growth, preferably weed growth, on / in a substrate, comprising or including the following steps:

[0258] (a) Identify the substrate to be treated, on which or in which plant growth should be prevented or reduced, preferably weed growth.

[0259] (b) Providing a mixture as defined in any one of claims 1 to 10,

[0260] (c) Applying and / or introducing the mixture provided in step (b) in an amount sufficient to achieve bio-aggregation onto and / or into the substrate to be treated, and

[0261] (d) Forming a bio-binding layer to prevent or reduce plant or weed growth on / in the substrate.

[0262] Note 15. According to the method described in Note 14, the substrate is selected from: sand, soil, preferably forest soil and planted soil, humus, gravel, pebbles, clay, silt, sawdust, paper, cardboard, particleboard, softwood, limestone, coal and mixtures thereof.

[0263] Note 16. According to the method described in Note 14 or 15, the plant or weeds mentioned are selected from the following dicotyledonous plants: *Abutilon theophrasti*, *Pseudolarix*, *Coriandrum*, *Amaranthus*, *Raphanus*, *Stellaria*, *Stellaria media*, *Hymenochloa*, *Chrysanthemum*, *Arabidopsis*, *Acer palmatum*, *Hippophae*, *Begonia*, *Bidens*, *Capsella*, *Capsella*, *Cassia*, *Cassia*, *Centipeda*, *Chrysanthemum*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cirsium*, *Cinnamomum*, *Dioscorea*, *Delphinium*, *Convolvulus*, *Datura*, *Dendrobium*, *Rumex*, *Equisetum*, *Erigeron*, *Gerberis*, *Salix matsudana*. *Genus*, *Euphorbia*, *Viola*, *Euphorbia*, *Achyranthes*, *Gnaphalium*, *Geranium*, *Angelica*, *Hibiscus*, *Pteris*, *Kochia*, *Sesamum*, *Echinochloa*, *Lepidium*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Lithospermum*, *Malva*, *Matricaria*, *Mentha*, *Indigofera*, *Paspalum*, *Forget-me-not*, *Papaver*, *Ipomoea*, *Plantago*, *Portulaca*, *Ranunculus*, *Radix*, *Naja*, *Alternanthera*, *Rumex*, *Salvia*, *Senecio*, *Senecio*, *Sinapis*, *Heliotropium*, *Sinapis*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum*, *Solanum* * *Stachys*, *Chickweed*, *Taraxacum*, *Iris*, *Trifolium*, *Colletotrichum*, *Urtica*, *Veronica*, *Viola*, *Xanthium*; *Dicotyledonous* genera: *Arachis*, *Betula*, *Brassica*, *Cucumis*, *Cucumis*, *Heliotropium*, *Carotene*, *Soybean*, *Cotton*, *Sedum*, *Lactuca*, *Flavorula*, *Tomato*, *Nicotiana*, *Phaseolus*, *Vicia*; *Monocotyledonous* genera: *Aegilops*, *Agrostis*, *Agrostis*, *Alopecurus*, *Agrostis*, *Oat*, *Agrostis*, *Bromus*, *Tribulus*, *Commelina*, *Cynodon*, *Sedge*. The genera *Hemiberlesia*, *Digitaria*, *Barnyardgrass*, *Echinochloa*, *Eriocaulon*, *Eriocaulon*, *Eriocaulon*, *Festuca*, *Eriocaulon*, *Plantago*, *Imperata*, *Duckbill*, *Juncus*, *Echinochloa*, *Lycium*, *Lysimachia*, *Sorghum*, *Paspalum*, *Gnaphalium*, *Tetracentron*, *Poa*, *Eriocaulon*, *Sagittaria*, *Rubus*, *Setaria*, *Sorghum*; and monocotyledonous genera: *Allium*, *Pineapple*, *Asparagus*, *Oats*, *Barley*, *Rice*, *Sorghum*, *Sugarcane*, *Rye*, *Sorghum*, *Triticum*, *Wheat*, *Corn*; and bryophytes, hornworts, and mosses.

[0264] Note 17. The method according to any one of Notes 14 to 16, wherein the mixture is present in liquid form as a gel, ointment or powder.

[0265] Note 18. The method according to any one of Notes 14 to 17, wherein the permeability coefficient of the formed bio-cemented layer is greater than 10. -9 Up to 100 m / s, preferably greater than 10 -9 Up to 10 -3 m / s, with a further preference for greater than 10 -8 Up to 10-3 m / s.

[0266] Note 19. The method according to any one of Notes 14 to 18, wherein the formation of the bio-adhesive layer in step (d) of the method does not involve an exothermic reaction.

Claims

1. A mixture capable of bio-binding a substrate, said mixture comprising or consisting of: (i) One or more organisms and / or enzymes that are capable of forming carbonates, inducing carbonate formation, and / or catalyzing carbonate formation. (ii) One or more substances used to form carbonates, (iii) Optionally: one or more cation sources; and (iv) One or more additives selected from: polyhydroxybutyrate, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline); lignin and its derivatives, cellulose derivatives, pectin derivatives; gum arabic, latex; chitin derivatives; chitosan derivatives; cyclohexane derivatives; hexane derivatives; hydrogel forming agents; cold-soluble and / or warm-soluble gels; lactose, sucrose, glucose, fructose, inulin; protein sources; monomers of complexin; monomers of albumin; acrylates and their derivatives; water glass and water glass-like adhesives; alumina; bone ash; kaolin; epoxides; hydrophobic agents; pumice and slate powders; polymer-forming bacteria; The one or more additives are present in an amount used to additionally cure and / or harden the substrate or to increase the stability of the substrate.

2. The mixture according to claim 1, wherein the one or more organisms in component (i) of the mixture are one or more organisms that, when performing experiment A including the following steps, Experiment A (i) Providing an organism or mixture of organisms to be characterized and one or more substances for carbonate formation, and optionally other substances and optionally a substrate, and contacting them, (ii) Provide reagents for determining urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation, (iii) Combining the mixture produced in step (i) with the pharmaceutical agent from step (ii), and (iv) Determine whether urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation are present based on the reagent from step (ii). In step (iv), the following occurs: determining urea decomposition and / or carbonate formation.

3. The mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cold-soluble and / or warm-soluble gum is a cold-soluble and / or warm-soluble plant gum.

4. The mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the lignin derivative is selected from the group consisting of lignin sulfonates.

5. The mixture according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the acrylate derivative is selected from the group consisting of silica sol-acrylic dispersions.

6. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein one organism, the organism, multiple organisms, or all organisms are selected from microorganisms.

7. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the substance used for carbonate formation, or said substance, multiple substances, or all substances, is selected from: urea and its salts; organic acids, their salts, and their esters; gluconic acid, its salts, and its esters; acetic acid, its salts, and its esters; formic acid, its salts, and its esters; peptides; amino acids, their salts, and their esters; plant and animal complex substrates; industrial waste streams; protein pyrolysis products; anaerobic substrates.

8. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein one or more enzymes or all of the enzymes are selected from urease, asparaginase, carbonic anhydrase and metabolic enzymes.

9. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein one or more cation sources or all cation sources are selected from: organic and inorganic calcium salts; magnesium salts; manganese salts; zinc salts; cobalt salts; nickel salts; copper salts; lead salts; iron salts; cadmium salts; polymers; heavy metal cations; light metal cations; radioactive cations and mixtures thereof.

10. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the mixture does not contain a cation source.

11. The mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the mixture is in liquid form, as a gel, paste, or powder.

12. Use of a mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 11 for bio-binding and / or for forming a bio-binding layer and / or for forming a bio-binding layer in a substrate.

13. The use according to claim 12, wherein the thickness of the bio-adhesive layer formed by the mixture is in the range of 1 mm to 100 mm.

14. The use according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the bio-adhesion is reversible.

15. The use according to any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the organism is an inherent organism in / above the substrate.

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