Ecological restoration process for high and steep rock slope

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of high steep rock slope ecological restoration process, belong to ecological environment restoration technical field, including the following steps: S1 first obtains slope terrain data, then removes slope loose rock mass, and the smooth rock surface is mechanically roughened treatment;S2 on the slope after cleaning, tension and anchor the flexible active protection net covering the whole repair area;S3 install modular ecological planting unit, at the grid node of flexible active protection net, through planting anchor rod, the modular ecological bag pre-filled with composite ecological substrate is fixed;S4. Laying irrigation pipe network;S5 mixed plant seed liquid substrate is sprayed on slope;S6 intelligent precision maintenance.The present application, can the systematic integration of slope safety reinforcement, stable habitat construction, efficient resource supply and intelligent maintenance management, to realize the fundamental ecological restoration of high steep rock slope under the premise of economy, safety, long-term effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of ecological environment restoration technology, and in particular to an ecological restoration process applicable to rock slopes with a slope greater than 45° and a height greater than 15 meters. Background Technology

[0002] Steep rock slopes are mostly formed during geomorphic processes such as mining, roadbed excavation, dam shoulder cutting in water conservancy and hydropower projects, and natural geological disasters. These slopes are characterized by steep slopes, hard rock masses, lack of soil layers, and harsh micro-site conditions. They not only pose long-term safety hazards such as rockfalls and collapses, but their large areas of exposed rock walls also seriously damage the regional ecological balance and natural landscape. Therefore, carrying out integrated management of safety stabilization and ecological restoration has become an urgent need for the ecological protection and restoration of national land space and the construction of green infrastructure.

[0003] Currently, ecological restoration technologies for steep rock slopes mainly focus on how to construct and maintain the basic habitats required for plant growth. Several technical approaches have been developed, but all have certain limitations and are difficult to achieve stable, sustainable, and low-maintenance ecological restoration under complex and harsh conditions.

[0004] 1. Hydroseeding and Thick Substrate Technology: This type of technology (such as vegetation concrete, organic matter hydroseeding, etc.) sprays a mixture of soil, binder, seeds, etc. onto the slope to quickly form a cover. However, on extremely steep (>70°) or smooth rock slopes, the adhesion between the hydroseeded layer and the bedrock mainly depends on surface adhesion and mechanical interlocking, and its adhesion is limited. Under the action of rainwater erosion, freeze-thaw cycles and weathering, the substrate is prone to peeling off in pieces or sliding and losing as a whole, resulting in restoration failure. At the same time, the nutrient pool of thin substrate is small and the buffering capacity is weak. The vegetation often degrades in the middle and late stages due to water and fertilizer shortage, making it difficult to form a stable community that can sustain itself.

[0005] 2. Ecological bag technology: This type of technology provides growth space for plants by filling bags with special substrate. However, traditional processes often involve laying ecological bags on the surface or simply anchoring them, which has inherent defects: On extremely steep slopes, the multi-layered stacked bags bear huge self-weight shear forces, which can easily lead to damage to the lower layers of bags or overall slippage and instability. In addition, the mechanical connection between the bags and the slope, and between the bags themselves, is weak, and they cannot form a cohesive whole with the slope. Uneven water migration inside ordinary ecological bags often results in a "dry upper layer and waterlogged lower layer" phenomenon, which affects the development of plant roots.

[0006] 3. Precision ecological restoration technology: In order to improve the targeted nature of restoration, technologies such as seed capsules and targeted planting of vegetation clusters have emerged. Although these methods can achieve precise sowing or planting, they generally rely on a large amount of manual labor, resulting in extremely low construction efficiency and high costs. They cannot meet the needs of large-scale engineering management. Dense manual operations on dangerous steep slopes also bring significant safety risks, which restricts their engineering promotion and application.

[0007] 4. The disconnect between intelligent monitoring and extensive maintenance: In recent years, slope safety monitoring technology has developed towards intelligence, but it has focused more on the perception and early warning of safety parameters such as soil and rock displacement and stress. It has failed to be deeply coupled with the growth status of the ecological restoration body. On the other hand, the maintenance of vegetation after restoration (irrigation and fertilization) still generally adopts extensive manual or timed sprinkler irrigation mode, with low water utilization rate. It is impossible to make precise control according to soil moisture, meteorological conditions and plant water requirements, resulting in high maintenance costs and poor results.

[0008] In summary, existing technologies for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes generally face technical problems such as "disconnection between engineering protection and ecological function", "insufficient stability of habitat construction", "low efficiency of water and fertilizer supply" and "high construction and long-term maintenance costs". Specifically, these problems manifest as follows: engineering protection structures (such as flexible nets) fail to be effectively transformed into ecological carriers; the long-term anchoring stability of growth substrates or carriers on steep slopes is insufficient; water and nutrients cannot be efficiently and accurately delivered to the root zone of plants; and the restoration process has a low level of intelligence and relies excessively on manual labor.

[0009] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an innovative technological system that can systematically integrate slope safety reinforcement, stable habitat construction, efficient resource supply, and intelligent maintenance management, so as to achieve fundamental ecological restoration of steep rock slopes under the premise of economy, safety, and long-term effectiveness. Summary of the Invention

[0010] This invention provides an ecological restoration process for steep rock slopes, which solves the problems mentioned in the background technology and can achieve integrated safety protection, stable habitat construction and intelligent and precise maintenance.

[0011] The solution of the present invention to the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows: an ecological restoration process for steep rock slopes, comprising the following steps:

[0012] S1. Digital survey and slope pretreatment: Three-dimensional scanning technology is used to obtain slope topographic data; loose rock masses on the slope are removed, and smooth rock surfaces are mechanically roughened;

[0013] S2. Construct an integrated load-bearing structure: On the cleared slope, a flexible active protective net covering the entire repair area is tensioned and anchored, and the protective net is anchored to the stable rock mass by system anchor bolts;

[0014] S3. Install modular ecological planting units: At the nodes of the protective net grid, fix modular ecological bags pre-filled with composite ecological substrates by planting anchors. The ecological bags are three-dimensional structures with collars and root pores.

[0015] S4. Construct a capillary irrigation system: Lay out an irrigation network and set up a drip irrigation unit with capillary fiber bundles connected to each ecological bag at the corresponding position, and bury the ends of the capillary fiber bundles inside the ecological bag substrate.

[0016] S5. Vegetation establishment and cover: Spray a liquid matrix of mixed plant seeds onto the slope and lay a biodegradable plant fiber blanket.

[0017] S6. Intelligent and precise maintenance: Deploy a sensor monitoring network, and control the drip irrigation system based on monitoring data and algorithm models to achieve precise water and fertilizer supply.

[0018] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention can be further improved as follows.

[0019] Furthermore, in step S1, the mechanical roughening treatment involves using a hydraulic rock drill to create pits at least 3 cm deep on the slope surface. Its function is to significantly increase the roughness of the rock surface, break the smooth surface, and provide stronger mechanical interlocking and adhesion for the subsequent flexible protective net and sprayed matrix, fundamentally preventing interface slippage. The three-dimensional scanning technology uses a three-dimensional laser scanner to acquire millimeter-level precision point cloud data of the slope surface. Its function is to construct a high-precision digital slope model. This model is the basic digital chassis for subsequent anchor bolt optimization, irrigation pipeline route planning, and accurate calculation of engineering quantities, realizing a leap from experience-based construction to data-driven design.

[0020] Furthermore, in step S2, the spacing of the system anchor bolts is determined by a structural optimization algorithm, which is a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Its optimization objective is to minimize the total cost of the anchor bolts under the constraints that the pull-out force of a single anchor bolt is ≥150 kN and the deformation of the protective netting system is ≤5 cm. Its function is to perform global optimization with the goal of minimizing cost under the premise of satisfying rigid mechanical constraints. Its advantage is that it transforms engineering experience into scientific design, and achieves the optimal balance between safety and economy while ensuring the structural safety and reliability.

[0021] Furthermore, in step S3, the length of the planting anchor is determined by the formula L=H*k, where H is the slope height and k is an adjustment coefficient based on the rock mass quality index RMR value. Its function is to dynamically correlate the anchoring depth with the macroscopic scale of the slope and the microscopic quality of the rock mass, ensuring that the anchor can penetrate the surface fractured rock mass and anchor in the deep stable rock layer, providing a stable cantilever for the ecological bag. The installation of the modular ecological bag is completed by a robotic arm guided by a visual positioning system, with a positioning error of less than 2 cm. Its function is to achieve precision and automation of construction. Its advantages are to ensure the precise position of the ecological bag and uniform force distribution, while significantly improving the efficiency and safety of operation in high-altitude dangerous environments.

[0022] Furthermore, the composite ecological substrate comprises, by weight, 30-50 parts of vegetative soil, 10-20 parts of coconut coir, 1-3 parts of slow-release compound fertilizer, 0.5-1.5 parts of water-retaining agent, 0.5-1 parts of soil conditioner, 5-10 parts of plant fiber, and 0.1-0.3 parts of mycorrhizal fungi agent. Its function is to construct a lightweight, water-retaining, fertile, and well-structured "artificial soil" unit. Its advantage lies in providing an ideal initial habitat for plants. The components work synergistically to ensure a long-term supply of nutrients and water and promote root development, which is the material basis for rapid turf establishment and long-term self-sustaining.

[0023] Furthermore, in step S4, the layout path of the irrigation network is designed based on a three-dimensional model of the slope using a shortest path optimization algorithm. Its function is to optimize the pipeline layout and achieve effective coverage of all drip irrigation units with the shortest pipeline length. The advantages are to save on pipe material costs, reduce water pressure loss along the pipeline, and ensure uniform water supply at the end of the system. The capillary bundle is made of multiple hydrophilic synthetic fibers. Its function is to establish a continuous water molecule channel from the dripper to the depth of the substrate. Its advantage is that it uses capillary force to actively and uniformly diffuse water to the entire root zone, greatly reducing surface evaporation and deep seepage losses, and achieving extremely high irrigation water utilization efficiency.

[0024] The capillary irrigation system and modular eco-bags are designed synergistically to solve the irrigation challenges of steep slopes. Capillary fiber bundles act as "water conduction nerves," with one end connected to a pressure-stable drip irrigation unit and the other end deeply embedded within the eco-bag substrate. This design utilizes the capillary action of the substrate and the strong hydrophilicity of the fiber bundles to actively and evenly transport water and nutrients throughout the entire root zone, overcoming the gravity-induced problems of drought in the upper part of the slope and waterlogging in the lower part. The formulation of the composite eco-substrate (water-retaining agent, fiber) further optimizes the water retention and redistribution capabilities.

[0025] Furthermore, in step S5, the plant seeds include native herbaceous and shrub seeds. The shrub seeds undergo a pelleting treatment containing a water-retaining agent and a rooting promoter. Its function is to ensure the ecological suitability and survival rate of the vegetation community. Its advantage is that the native species are highly adaptable, and the pelleting treatment can provide key water and hormone support for seed germination and seedling growth, significantly improving the germination rate and survival rate under drought and barren site conditions.

[0026] Furthermore, in step S6, the algorithm model is a hybrid model that couples a PID controller with a crop water requirement model. The crop water requirement model calculates the reference evapotranspiration based on the Penman-Montes formula and corrects it using sensor data and plant coefficients. Its function is to construct a closed-loop irrigation decision system that can respond in real time. Its advantage is that it realizes a leap from "timed irrigation" to "precise irrigation on demand", which can dynamically match the physiological needs of plants and achieve the optimal effects of water saving, energy saving and growth promotion.

[0027] Furthermore, in step S6, regular inspections are conducted using drones equipped with multispectral cameras. The vegetation coverage and health status are analyzed through image recognition algorithms. Its function is to achieve normalized, non-destructive, and quantitative monitoring of vegetation growth on large-scale slopes. Its advantage is that it can quickly identify pests, diseases, or poorly growing areas, providing a basis for decision-making for precise replanting and targeted maintenance, and realizing the digitalization and intelligentization of maintenance management.

[0028] Furthermore, the flexible active protection net is a high-strength steel wire rope net or a ring net. Its function is to provide a durable and reliable load-bearing and protection platform as the foundation for everything. Its advantages are that its high strength and flexibility can adapt to small deformations of the slope and effectively intercept falling rocks. At the same time, its mesh structure provides a physical carrier for the ecological bags and vegetation. The modular ecological bag has a three-dimensional structure of cylinder or truncated cone. Its function is to optimize the structure of individual growth units. Its advantages are that the three-dimensional structure provides a larger substrate volume and root growth space. The arc-shaped shape is conducive to dispersing slope runoff and reducing erosion. Moreover, the regular shape facilitates industrial production and mechanized installation.

[0029] The flexible active protective net not only serves as a safety protection component, but more importantly, its regular grid structure provides a standardized and uniformly stressed spatial anchoring matrix for the modular eco-bags. By precisely fixing the eco-bags to the grid nodes, the loads borne by the protective net (such as the eco-bag's own weight, plant growth force, and some soil and rock pressure) can be efficiently transferred to the deep, stable rock mass through the system's anchors, avoiding the problems of excessive local stress on the eco-bags or detachment from the protective system in traditional processes. Simultaneously, the three-dimensional structure of the eco-bags and the composite substrate they are filled with provide cushioning and protection for the protective net, slowing down its aging.

[0030] The beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention provides an ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes, which has the following advantages:

[0031] 1. Excellent stability and durability: The composite structure formed by the flexible protective net and the deeply anchored ecological bags can effectively resist the erosion of slope runoff, freeze-thaw cycles and its own gravity, providing a stable growth foundation for plant communities for decades and ensuring the long-term effect of restoration.

[0032] 2. The ecological restoration is highly efficient and water- and energy-saving. The optimized composite substrate combined with precise capillary irrigation creates a superior initial habitat for plants, which can effectively shorten the vegetation restoration cycle and save more water than traditional methods.

[0033] 3. High safety and excellent overall cost: Mechanized construction reduces the safety risks of high-altitude operations. Although the initial investment in intelligent systems is relatively high, the optimization of design saves materials, increases the survival rate and reduces the need for replanting, and intelligent maintenance significantly reduces long-term labor costs. The overall cost over the entire life cycle has a clear advantage.

[0034] 4. It has a good integration of ecology and landscape. It uses local suitable plant seeds and combines them with pelleting treatment. With a stable habitat, it is easy to form a plant community that combines grass and shrubs and is close to nature. It has both good ecological benefits and landscape effects, and achieves true ecological restoration.

[0035] The above description is merely an overview of the technical solution of the present invention. In order to better understand the technical means of the present invention and to implement it according to the contents of the specification, the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Specific embodiments of the present invention are given in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0036] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the invention and form part of this application, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and, together with their description, serve to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0037] Figure 1 A process flow diagram of an ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Figure 2 This is a system architecture diagram of an ecological restoration process for steep rock slopes provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0039] The following is in conjunction with the appendix Figure 1-2The principles and features of the present invention are described below. The examples given are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. The invention is described more specifically in the following paragraphs by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. The advantages and features of the invention will become clearer from the following description. It should be noted that the drawings are in a very simplified form and use non-precise proportions, and are only used to facilitate and clarify the illustration of the embodiments of the invention.

[0040] It should be noted that when a component is described as "fixed to" another component, it can be directly on the other component or may have a component in between. When a component is considered "connected to" another component, it can be directly connected to the other component or may have a component in between. When a component is considered "set on" another component, it can be directly set on the other component or may have a component in between. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "left," "right," and similar expressions used in this document are for illustrative purposes only.

[0041] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terminology used herein in the description of the invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0042] like Figure 1-2 As shown, the present invention provides an ecological restoration process for steep rock slopes, comprising the following steps;

[0043] Taking a granite excavation slope located in the southwestern mountainous area with a slope of about 60° and a height of about 30 meters as an example, the rock mass of the slope is generally intact, but there are surface weathering and cracks in some areas, which require safety protection and ecological restoration.

[0044] Step S1: Digital survey and slope pretreatment;

[0045] First, a high-precision terrestrial 3D laser scanner is used to scan the target slope from all directions to obtain point cloud data with millimeter-level precision. The point cloud data is then processed by professional software to generate a high-precision 3D digital terrain model. This model accurately reflects the slope's geometry, undulation characteristics, and local defects, providing a "digital chassis" for all subsequent quantitative designs.

[0046] Subsequently, slope pretreatment is carried out. Construction workers use aerial work platforms or safety ropes to manually remove all loose and broken rocks and loose stones from the slope. For large areas of smooth and intact granite slopes, handheld hydraulic rock drills are used for roughening. The roughening parameters are: 30 mm diameter drill bit, impact energy of not less than 30 joules, and pits with a depth of 3-5 cm and a spacing of about 15-20 cm are evenly chiseled on the slope. The roughening process significantly increases the roughness of the rock surface and breaks up the smooth surface that is not conducive to bonding.

[0047] Step S2: Construct an integrated load-bearing structure;

[0048] Based on the three-dimensional digital model generated in step S1, the system anchor layout scheme is optimized using a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. The optimization algorithm takes the pull-out force of a single anchor not less than 150 kN and the maximum deformation of the protective net system under uniform load not exceeding 5 cm as constraints, and the objective function is to minimize the total cost of the anchor (including material and drilling costs). After calculation, it is determined that the system anchor in this embodiment uses Φ28 mm HRB400 steel bars with a length of 3.5 meters, arranged in a diamond grid of 3.0 meters (horizontal) × 3.5 meters (vertical).

[0049] According to the optimized plan, holes are drilled, cleaned, and anchor rods are installed on the slope and high-strength cement mortar is poured in. After the anchor rods reach the design strength, a DO / 08 / 300 type high-strength steel wire rope active protection net (a ring net can also be used) is tensioned and laid to cover the entire repair area. The protection net is reliably anchored to all system anchor rods through special fasteners (such as cross clips) to form a flexible integrated load-bearing structure that is close to the slope, can actively restrain the surface rock mass, and has the function of intercepting falling rocks.

[0050] The specific optimization model of the sequential quadratic programming algorithm is shown in the following example:

[0051] 1. Design variables: the transverse spacing dx and the longitudinal spacing dy of the anchor bolts;

[0052] 2. Objective function: Minimize Cost = N * (C_material + C_installation), where N is the total number of anchor bolts, and C_material and C_installation are the material cost and installation cost of a single anchor bolt, respectively;

[0053] Constraints:

[0054] 1. Mechanical constraints: Based on the elastic support method model calculation, under the preset load, the pull-out force provided by a single anchor rod is ≥ 150 kN;

[0055] 2. Deformation constraint: The maximum node displacement of the protective netting system is ≤ 5 cm;

[0056] 3. Geometric constraints: 1.5m ≤ dx, dy ≤ 4.0m;

[0057] The economically optimal anchor spacing can be obtained by solving the above model using the SQP optimization toolkit in MATLAB or Python.

[0058] Step S3: Install modular ecological planting units;

[0059] First, based on the three-dimensional model and rock mass quality indicators (RMR value assessment is approximately 65), the length of the planting anchor was determined using the formula L=H*k, where H is the slope height (30 meters) and k is the adjustment coefficient based on the RMR value (0.08 from the table). The calculated planting anchor length L=2.4 meters, and Φ22 mm threaded steel anchors with a length of 2.5 meters were actually selected.

[0060] The empirical correspondence between the adjustment coefficient k and the rock mass quality index RMR value is determined with reference to the following table:

[0061] RMR value range Rock mass quality description Adjustment coefficient k < 30 Very bad 0.12 - 0.15 30 - 50 Difference 0.10 - 0.12 51 - 70 generally 0.07 - 0.10 71 - 90 good 0.05 - 0.07 > 90 very good 0.03 - 0.05

[0062] For the slope with RMR≈65 in the example, k=0.08 is taken;

[0063] Secondly, modular ecological bags are prepared. The ecological bags are made of polypropylene non-woven fabric sewn into a three-dimensional cylindrical structure with a diameter of 25 cm and a height of 30 cm. Root penetration holes are evenly reserved on the surface of the bag. The bag is pre-filled with a composite ecological substrate, which is formulated as follows by weight: 40 parts of vegetative soil, 15 parts of coconut coir, 2 parts of slow-release compound fertilizer, 1 part of polyacrylamide water-retaining agent, 0.8 parts of humic acid soil conditioner, 8 parts of woody plant fiber, and 0.2 parts of mycorrhizal fungicide. All components are fully mixed mechanically and then filled into the ecological bags with a filling density of approximately 1.1 g / cm³.

[0064] During installation, a six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm equipped with a high-precision vision positioning system (mounted on a mobile work platform) is used for automated construction. The robotic arm's vision system locates the system anchors and protective net mesh nodes by identifying the installed system anchors and protective net mesh nodes. The positioning error is controlled within ±1.5 cm. The robotic arm drills holes at the protective net mesh nodes according to the design points, inserts and fixes the planting anchors, and then inserts prefabricated modular ecological bags through the planting anchor rods. The loops at the top of the ecological bags are locked to the fastening nuts at the head of the anchors to ensure that each ecological bag is securely suspended on the protective net.

[0065] Step S4: Construct a capillary supply system;

[0066] The design of the irrigation pipe network is based on the three-dimensional digital model in step S1 and is optimized using the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. It is determined that the main pipe is laid along the top of the slope, and the branch pipes extend downward in a "rich" shape to ensure that all ecological bags are covered with the shortest total pipeline length.

[0067] The shortest path optimization algorithm takes the minimum total pipeline length as the main goal. In the three-dimensional slope model, the ecological bag anchoring points where the branch pipes are planned to be laid are regarded as nodes, and the shortest laying distances along the slope between all nodes are calculated. The Dijkstra or A* algorithm is used to solve the optimal connected path starting from the water source point (the main pipe at the top of the slope) and visiting all nodes (ecological bags).

[0068] A water storage tank and an intelligent irrigation control cabinet are set at the top of the slope. The PE irrigation main pipe with a diameter of Φ50 mm and the PE branch pipe with a diameter of Φ16 mm are laid along the optimized path. On the branch pipe about 10 cm above each ecological bag, a pressure-compensated drip irrigation head (flow rate 2L / h) is installed as a drip irrigation unit. Each drip irrigation head is connected to a capillary fiber bundle bundled by hundreds of hydrophilic polyester fiber filaments. The length of the fiber bundle is about 40 cm. During construction, the end of the capillary fiber bundle is buried about 15 - 20 cm deep into the substrate of the corresponding ecological bag below it to ensure full contact with the substrate. This system can actively and evenly spread the water and liquid fertilizer dissolved in it supplied by the drip irrigation head to the root zone of the entire ecological bag by capillary action.

[0069] Step S5: Vegetation establishment and coverage;

[0070] Herbaceous seeds such as bermudagrass and tall fescue that are adapted to the local climate, as well as shrub seeds such as dodonaea viscosa and pyracantha fortuneana, are selected. The shrub seeds are pre-coated with pelleting agents, and the pelleting agent components include clay, water-retaining agent, and indolebutyric acid rooting promoter.

[0071] The mixed seeds are formulated with an adhesive, a water-retaining agent, wood fiber, and water in proportion to form a liquid spraying substrate. A wet spraying machine is used to evenly spray the substrate on the entire slope and the surface of the ecological bags. The spraying thickness is about 0.5 - 1 cm. After spraying, a layer of degradable coconut fiber plant fiber blanket is immediately laid and fixed with U-shaped nails. The fiber blanket plays a role in initial heat preservation, moisture preservation, erosion prevention, and promoting seed germination.

[0072] Step S6: Intelligent precise maintenance;

[0073] Soil temperature and humidity sensors and substrate conductivity sensors are deployed inside the ecological bags at representative positions (different slope aspects and heights) in the restoration area. A small weather station is installed near the slope to monitor rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.

[0074] All sensor data is transmitted to the cloud server via wireless network. The intelligent irrigation decision model running on the server is a coupled model: First, the crop water requirement model is based on the Penman-Montes formula, which uses real-time meteorological data to calculate the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), and then combines the plant coefficient (Kc) and soil coefficient (Ks) determined by the plant species and growth period to calculate the theoretical water requirement. Second, the PID control sub-model reads the soil moisture sensor data at each point in real time and compares it with the set target threshold, and makes feedback corrections to the theoretical water requirement, and finally generates precise irrigation decision instructions.

[0075] Control commands are sent to the intelligent irrigation control cabinet at the top of the slope, which automatically turns on the solenoid valves of the water pump and the corresponding branch pipes to achieve precise drip irrigation by zone, time, and on demand. In addition, a drone equipped with a multispectral camera is used to inspect the slope once a month. The image recognition algorithm automatically analyzes indices such as vegetation coverage and chlorophyll content to assess the health of the vegetation and provide early warnings for possible replanting or pest and disease control.

[0076] The image recognition algorithm process includes:

[0077] 1. Preprocessing: Radiometric calibration and geometric correction are performed on the multispectral images acquired by the UAV;

[0078] 2. Vegetation index calculation: Calculate the Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red), where NIR is the near-infrared band and Red is the red band;

[0079] 3. Vegetation Coverage Extraction: Set an NDVI threshold (e.g., 0.3), identify pixels above the threshold as vegetation, and calculate their proportion to obtain vegetation coverage.

[0080] 4. Preliminary analysis of health status: Establish an NDVI sample library of vegetation with different health levels, and provide early warning of vegetation health status by comparing the deviation of the current NDVI value from the sample library or by monitoring the trend of NDVI changes over time.

[0081] It should be noted that any content not described in detail in this specification is prior art known to those skilled in the art.

[0082] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Those skilled in the art can readily implement the present invention based on the accompanying drawings and the above description. However, any modifications, alterations, or variations made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention, utilizing the disclosed technical content, are equivalent embodiments of the present invention. Furthermore, any modifications, alterations, or variations made to the above embodiments based on the essential technology of the present invention are still within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes, characterized in that, The process includes the following steps: S1. Digital survey and slope pretreatment: First, obtain slope topographic data, then remove loose rock masses on the slope, and mechanically roughen the smooth rock surface. S2. Construct an integrated load-bearing structure. On the cleared slope, tension and anchor a flexible active protection net covering the entire repair area. The flexible active protection net is anchored to the stable rock mass through system anchor bolts. S3. Install modular ecological planting units. At the grid nodes of the flexible active protection net, fix modular ecological bags pre-filled with composite ecological substrates by planting anchors. The ecological bags are three-dimensional structures with collars and root pores. S4. Construct a capillary nutrition system, lay out an irrigation network, and set up a drip irrigation unit with capillary fiber bundles connected to each ecological bag at the corresponding position, and bury the ends of the capillary fiber bundles inside the ecological bag substrate. S5. Vegetation establishment and mulching: a liquid matrix of mixed plant seeds is sprayed onto the slope and a biodegradable plant fiber blanket is laid. S6. Intelligent and precise maintenance: Deploy a sensor monitoring network and control the drip irrigation system based on monitoring data and algorithm models to achieve precise water and fertilizer supply.

2. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the mechanical roughening process involves using a hydraulic rock drill to create a pit with a depth of not less than 3 cm on the slope surface, and using three-dimensional scanning technology to obtain slope topographic data. The three-dimensional scanning technology involves using a three-dimensional laser scanner to obtain accurate point cloud data of the slope surface.

3. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the spacing of the system anchor bolts is determined by a structural optimization algorithm, which is a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Its optimization objective is to minimize the total cost of the anchor bolts under the constraints of a single anchor bolt pull-out force ≥150 kN and a protective net system deformation ≤5 cm.

4. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S3, the length of the planting anchor is determined by the formula L=H*k, where H is the slope height and k is an adjustment coefficient based on the rock mass quality index RMR value; the installation of the modular ecological bag is completed by a robotic arm guided by a visual positioning system, with a positioning error of less than 2 cm.

5. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The composite ecological substrate comprises, by weight, 30-50 parts of vegetative soil, 10-20 parts of coconut coir, 1-3 parts of slow-release compound fertilizer, 0.5-1.5 parts of water-retaining agent, 0.5-1 parts of soil conditioner, 5-10 parts of plant fiber, and 0.1-0.3 parts of mycorrhizal fungi agent.

6. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the layout path of the irrigation network is designed based on a three-dimensional model of the slope and using a shortest path optimization algorithm; the capillary bundle is made of multiple hydrophilic synthetic fibers bundled together.

7. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the plant seeds include locally adapted herbaceous and shrub seeds, and the shrub seeds are subjected to a pelleting treatment containing a water-retaining agent and a rooting promoter.

8. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6, the algorithm model is a hybrid model that couples a PID controller with a crop water requirement model; the crop water requirement model calculates the reference evapotranspiration based on the Penman-Montes formula and corrects it using sensor data and plant coefficients.

9. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step S6 also includes conducting regular inspections using drones equipped with multispectral cameras and analyzing vegetation coverage and health status through image recognition algorithms.

10. The ecological restoration technology for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flexible active protection net is a high-strength steel wire rope net or a ring net; the modular ecological bag has a three-dimensional structure of a cylinder or a truncated cone.

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