Method for improving rice quality based on silicon and phosphorus regulation and application

Abstract

This invention discloses a method and application for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation. This method, specifically for dryland rice cultivation, achieves synergistic regulation of silicon and phosphorus by precisely setting the application rates, timing, and methods of phosphorus and silicon fertilizers. Specifically, phosphate fertilizer is applied at a rate of 25 kg / ha and silicon fertilizer at 45 kg / ha as base fertilizer in a single application to the topsoil of the dryland rice field, and the fertilizers are mixed thoroughly with the soil. This method is simple to operate, requires no additional topdressing, and significantly reduces the amount of phosphorus fertilizer applied compared to traditional high-phosphorus schemes. It is suitable for large-scale field cultivation of dryland rice and can be directly applied to dryland rice cultivation models such as mulched dryland and open-field dryland farming, demonstrating significant potential for widespread application in agricultural production.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop quality regulation technology, and more specifically to a method and application for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation. Background Technology

[0002] Rice is a major food crop in my country, and improving rice quality is one of the core directions of rice breeding and cultivation research, directly affecting the commercial and edible value of rice. Phosphorus and silicon are essential nutrients for rice growth and development. Phosphorus participates in key physiological processes such as energy metabolism and starch synthesis in rice, while silicon can enhance the stress resistance of rice and regulate the starch structure and appearance quality of rice.

[0003] In existing technologies, fertilization schemes for improving rice quality often involve applying phosphorus or silicon alone, or blindly increasing the amount of phosphorus fertilizer applied (e.g., 75 kg·ha). -1 The high-phosphorus application scheme has the following problems: ① When applying phosphorus alone, low phosphorus (0 kg·ha) -1 The following factors contribute to poor quality: ① High chalky grain rate and chalkiness in rice, low taste value, and poor processing quality; ② While high phosphorus can improve some processing quality, the improvement in taste quality is limited, and it also leads to waste of phosphate fertilizer and environmental pressure; ③ The effect of applying silicon alone on regulating rice quality is weak, and it cannot synergistically improve the overall quality of taste, appearance, and processing; ④ The silicon-phosphorus ratio is unreasonable, and the optimal application rate combination that can take into account the overall quality of rice, aroma synthesis, grain filling efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and energy metabolism has not been found, resulting in poor synergistic effect in improving rice quality.

[0004] In addition, as a water-saving planting method, dryland rice has a different growing environment than paddy rice, and its absorption and utilization efficiency of phosphorus and silicon is lower. The existing silicon and phosphorus fertilization schemes for paddy rice cannot be directly applied to dryland rice. There is an urgent need to develop a special silicon and phosphorus regulation fertilization method for dryland rice to achieve a comprehensive improvement in rice quality. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides a method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation. By precisely setting the application amount and method of phosphorus and silicon fertilizers, the synergistic regulation of silicon and phosphorus is achieved, thereby improving the taste, appearance and processing quality of rice, promoting the synthesis of aroma substances, optimizing grain filling and energy metabolism, and enhancing antioxidant capacity.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] First, the present invention provides a method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation. For dryland rice, phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are applied once as base fertilizer during the planting process. The application amount of phosphate fertilizer is 25 kg / ha based on available phosphorus, and the application amount of silicon fertilizer is 45 kg / ha based on available silicon.

[0008] Preferably, the phosphate fertilizer is selected from one or more of superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, and monopotassium phosphate.

[0009] Preferably, the silicon fertilizer is selected from one or more of sodium silicate, calcium silicate, and slag silicon fertilizer.

[0010] Preferably, the base fertilizer is applied to the soil tillage layer 5-7 days before the sowing of dryland rice.

[0011] Furthermore, the depth of the tillage layer into which the base fertilizer is applied is 15-20cm.

[0012] Preferably, the phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are applied by strip application or broadcasting, and are thoroughly mixed with the topsoil after application.

[0013] Furthermore, the phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are mixed and applied together to the soil.

[0014] Preferably, the dryland rice is japonica rice or indica rice.

[0015] This invention also provides the application of the method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation as described above in the large-scale field cultivation of dryland rice.

[0016] As can be seen from the above technical solution, compared with the prior art, the present invention discloses a method and application for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0017] This invention achieves a synergistic regulatory effect of silicon and phosphorus by precisely proportioning and standardizing the application of phosphorus and silicon fertilizers to dryland rice. This not only improves the overall quality of rice in multiple dimensions, reducing protein, amylose content, chalky grain rate, and chalkiness, while increasing amylopectin content, gel consistency, eating value, and brown rice, milled rice, and head rice rates, but also promotes the biosynthesis of characteristic aroma substances in rice, optimizes the activity of key enzymes in grain filling, enhances the antioxidant capacity of the rice panicle, and reduces oxidative damage. Simultaneously, it effectively optimizes energy metabolism in the rice panicle, increasing ATP supply and reducing energy consumption. Furthermore, compared to traditional high-phosphorus fertilization schemes, this method significantly reduces the amount of phosphorus fertilizer applied, achieving the goals of fertilizer conservation, increased efficiency, and reduced agricultural non-point source pollution. The fertilization operation is simple; the phosphorus and silicon fertilizers only need to be applied as a base fertilizer once, without the need for additional topdressing. It is suitable for various dryland rice planting models such as dryland mulching and open-field cultivation, facilitating large-scale application in the field. While improving rice quality, it also reduces planting costs, resulting in significant economic, social, and ecological benefits. Attached Figure Description

[0018] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without creative effort.

[0019] Figure 1 Figure showing the effect of silicon-phosphorus regulation on the content of 2-AP and its synthetic precursors, and the activity of key enzymes in dryland rice.

[0020] Figure 2 Figure showing the effect of silicon-phosphorus regulation on the activity of key enzymes in grain filling of dryland rice.

[0021] Figure 3 Figure showing the effect of silicon-phosphorus regulation on the activity of enzymes related to the antioxidant system in the panicle of dryland rice and the content of MDA.

[0022] Figure 4 The figure shows the effect of silicon and phosphorus regulation on energy metabolism indicators in the panicle of dryland rice. Detailed Implementation

[0023] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example 1

[0024] Field trials were conducted for three consecutive years from 2022 to 2024 to verify the results. The trials included three phosphorus levels (0 kg / ha, 25 kg / ha, and 75 kg / ha, calculated as P) and two silicon levels (0 kg / ha and 45 kg / ha, calculated as Si), resulting in five treatments: P0, P0+Si, P25, P25+Si, and P75. Among them, P75 was the traditional high-phosphorus control.

[0025] Test materials:

[0026] Test crop: dryland rice (japonica rice);

[0027] The tested fertilizers were: superphosphate (P2O5≥12%) and silicate (SiO2≥72%), both of which are conventional agricultural fertilizers.

[0028] Experimental site: Dryland farming area, loam soil with uniform basic fertility, available phosphorus content of 10-15 mg / kg, and available silicon content of 85-95 mg / kg.

[0029] Fertilization method:

[0030] Fertilization time: 5-7 days before rice sowing;

[0031] Fertilization method: Mix phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer according to the application amount, and apply them to the topsoil by strip application or broadcasting. The topsoil depth should be 15-20cm. After fertilization, mix the fertilizer thoroughly with the soil.

[0032] Field management: Except for different fertilization treatments, other field management measures (sowing, irrigation, weeding, pest and disease control, etc.) are consistent and follow the conventional planting and management standards for dryland rice.

[0033] Measurement indicators and methods:

[0034] Rice quality indicators: Eating quality (protein content, amylose content, amylopectin content, gel consistency, eating value) was determined using a grain quality analyzer; appearance quality (chalky grain rate, chalkiness) was determined using a rice appearance quality detector; processing quality (brown rice rate, milled rice rate, head rice rate) was determined according to GB / T 17891-2017 "High-Quality Rice" standard.

[0035] 2-AP and its precursors: The content of 2-AP was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and the contents of Pro, P5C and 1-pyrroline were determined by spectrophotometry.

[0036] The activities of key enzymes in grain filling, namely AGPase, SSS, SBE, and GBSS, were determined using a kit method.

[0037] Antioxidant system indicators: GR, SOD, POD, CAT, and APX activities were determined using a kit method, and MDA content was determined using the thiobarbituric acid method.

[0038] Energy metabolism indicators: ATP and ADP content were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, AOX, ATPase, P-ATPase and V-ATPase activities were determined by kit method, and PARP content was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

[0039] The results are as follows:

[0040] I. Rice Quality

[0041] As shown in Table 1:

[0042] Table 1. Effects of silicon on the eating quality, appearance quality, and processing quality of dryland rice under low phosphorus conditions in 2022, 2023, and 2024.

[0043]

[0044] Table 1 shows that, in terms of taste quality, protein and amylose content decreased with different phosphorus dosages. Both protein and amylose content were highest in the P0 treatment over the three years. Silicon addition reduced both protein and amylose content, with the lowest values ​​observed in the P25+Si treatment over all three years. Amylopectin content showed a sequence of P75 > P25 > P0 with different phosphorus dosages. Silicon significantly increased the amylopectin content in P25 by 16.94%, 32.95%, and 14.25%, respectively. Silicon also increased the gel consistency of P25, with significant increases of 2.69% and 3.72% in 2022 and 2023, respectively, and a 2.41% increase in 2024. From 2022 to 2024, the taste value was lower in the P0 treatment and highest in the P25+Si treatment. In 2022 and 2024, the taste value of P0+Si increased by 0.65% and 1.32% compared to P0, respectively. The taste value of P25+Si increased by 3.21%, 3.23% and 3.92% compared to P25 over the three years.

[0045] Regarding appearance quality, among different phosphorus dosages, the chalky particle rate and chalkiness showed a trend of P75 < P25 < P0 over the three years. Among all treatments, the chalky particle rate and chalkiness were highest in the P0 treatment and lowest in the P25+Si treatment.

[0046] Regarding processing quality, across different phosphorus dosages, the brown rice percentage, milled rice percentage, and head rice percentage all increased with increasing phosphorus dosage over the three years. Silicon addition improved the rice yield of P25; in 2022 and 2024, the brown rice percentage of P25+Si was significantly higher than that of P25 alone. The increase in milled rice percentage after silicon addition was not significant over the three years, while the head rice percentage of P25+Si was significantly higher than that of P25, with an average increase of 6.33%, and no significant difference compared to P75. In summary, silicon reduced protein, amylose, chalky grain percentage, and chalkiness to varying degrees, increased gel consistency, and significantly increased amylopectin, eating value, and head rice percentage of P25.

[0047] II. 2-AP Biosynthesis

[0048] like Figure 1 As shown, in terms of 2-AP ( Figure 1 A) P25 and P75 were significantly higher than P0 by 23.37% and 22.50%, respectively. Silicon increased the 2-AP content of P0 and P25 by 6.22% and 16.52%, respectively (P < 0.05), and P25+Si was higher than P75 by 17.35%. Regarding 2-AP synthesis precursors, with increasing phosphorus application, Pro, P5C, and 1-pyrroline showed an increasing trend. Silicon increased the content of these substances, with P0+Si being higher than P0 by 36.51%, 77.36%, and 50.92%, respectively. P25+Si was higher than P25 by 84.16%, 162.54%, and 22.61%, all reaching significant levels. Figure 1BD). Silicon significantly increased the P25 A-CoA content, with an increase of 1.05% ( Figure 1 E). Regarding enzyme activities in the 2-AP synthesis pathway: There were no significant differences in PDH and P5CR activity among different phosphorus concentrations; P5CS and OAT activity were significantly higher at P75 than at P0 and P25; while BADH activity decreased significantly with increasing phosphorus concentration. Figure 1 G, I, J). No significant changes in the activities of various enzymes were observed after silicon addition to P0. Figure 1 (FJ). Silicon significantly increases the PDH, P5CS, and OAT activities of P25, and significantly decreases the BADH activity. In summary, phosphorus deficiency leads to a decrease in 2-AP, while silicon increases the 2-AP content of P25. Silicon increases the content of Pro, P5C, 1-pyrroline, and A-CoA, the precursors for the synthesis of 2-AP in P25, improves the activities of PDH, P5CS, and OAT, decreases the activity of BADH, and thus increases the 2-AP content.

[0049] III. Key Enzyme Activities in Grain Filling

[0050] like Figure 2 As shown, the AGPase activity of P0 was significantly lower than that of P25 and P75 among different phosphorus dosages, while P25 and P75 were 8.91% and 8.77% higher than that of P0 treatment, respectively. Silicon increased the AGPase activity of P0 and P25 by 3.44% and 9.40%, respectively, and P25+Si was significantly higher than that of P75. Figure 2 A). Regarding SSS (Self-Solid State), the SSS activity showed an increasing trend among different phosphorus dosages, with P25 and P75 showing 32.72% and 44.27% higher activity than P0, respectively. Silicon significantly increased the SSS activity of P0 and P25 by 33.37% and 21.28%, respectively, with P25+Si showing 11.56% higher activity than P75. Figure 2 B). Regarding SBE, there were no significant changes in SBE activity under different phosphorus dosages and silicon addition conditions. Compared to P0, only P25+Si showed a significantly higher SBE activity than P0 by 15.46% ( Figure 2 C). Regarding GBSS, P0 exhibited the highest GBSS activity among different phosphorus application rates, exceeding P25 and P75 treatments by 3.47% and 13.65%, respectively. Silicon reduced the GBSS activity of P0 and P25 by 0.75% and 3.88%, respectively. Compared to P0, only P25+Si and P75 showed significantly lower GBSS activities than P0, with reductions of 7.11% and 12.01%, respectively. Figure 2 D). In summary, under phosphorus-deficient conditions, the activities of AGPase, SSS, and SBE decrease, while the activity of GBSS increases. Silicon significantly increases the AGPase and SSS activities of P25.

[0051] IV. Antioxidant System

[0052] like Figure 3 As shown, GR did not change significantly under different phosphorus application rates and silicon addition conditions. Among different phosphorus application rates, the SOD and POD activities of treatments P25 and P75 were significantly higher than those of P0, with SOD increases of 101.85% and 145.37%, and POD increases of 22.31% and 36.92%, respectively. Silicon addition significantly increased the SOD and POD activities of P25, with increases of 30.05% and 28.30%, respectively, and P25+Si was higher than P75. Among different phosphorus application rates, the P0 treatment had the lowest CAT activity, and silicon addition significantly increased the CAT activity of P0 by 25%, while there was no significant difference between P25+Si and P75. APX activity showed an increasing trend among different phosphorus application rates, but there was no significant difference; silicon addition increased APX activity, but not to a significant level. MDA content showed a decreasing trend among different phosphorus application rates, with no significant difference between treatments; silicon addition significantly reduced the MDA content of P25 by 76.75%. Figure 3 B). In summary, under low phosphorus conditions, the antioxidant capacity of the panicle decreases and the accumulation of MDA increases. Adding silicon significantly increases the activity of SOD and POD in the panicle, reduces the MDA content, and enhances the antioxidant capacity of the panicle.

[0053] V. Energy Metabolism

[0054] like Figure 4 As shown, among different phosphorus application rates, P75 had the highest ATP content. Adding silicon significantly increased the ATP content of P25 by 44.56%, while there was no significant difference between P25+Si and P75. ADP content did not differ significantly among treatments. Figure 4 A). Regarding ADP / ATP, P0 and P25 showed 71.38% and 44.57% higher ADP / ATP ratios than P75, respectively. Silicon reduced the ADP / ATP ratios of P0 and P25 by 12.40% and 27.10%, respectively. Figure 4 B). Regarding AOX activity, the AOX activities of P25 and P75 were significantly higher than those of P0 treatment by 36.74% and 24.02%, respectively. Silicon increased the AOX activity of P0 and P25 by 29.93% and 14.64%, respectively. Figure 4 C). In terms of PARP content, P0 and P25 were significantly higher than P75 by 25.80% and 22.69%, respectively. Silicon reduced the PARP content of P0 and P25 by 7.97% and 14.79%, respectively. Figure 4 D). Regarding ATPase content, there was no significant difference among different phosphorus application rates; silicon reduced the ATPase content of P0 and P25 by 9.36% and 18.46%, respectively. Figure 4 E). There were no significant differences in P-ATPase and V-ATPase among different phosphorus application rates, but silicon reduced the P-ATPase content of P0 and P25 by 9.73% and 20.07%, respectively (P < 0.05). Figure 4(F,G). In summary, phosphorus deficiency conditions increase ATPase and P-ATPase content, increase V-ATPase activity, and increase energy consumption, leading to a decrease in ATP content and an increase in ADP / ATP ratio. Silicon significantly reduces ATPase and P-ATPase content at P25, increases ATP content, decreases ADP / ATP ratio, and reduces energy consumption in the ear.

[0055] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use the invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation, characterized in that, For dryland rice, phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are applied once as base fertilizer during the planting process. The application rate of phosphate fertilizer is 25 kg / ha based on available phosphorus, and the application rate of silicon fertilizer is 45 kg / ha based on available silicon.

2. The method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phosphate fertilizer is selected from one or more of superphosphate, diammonium phosphate, and monopotassium phosphate.

3. The method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The silicon fertilizer is selected from one or more of sodium silicate, calcium silicate, and slag silicon fertilizer.

4. The method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The base fertilizer is applied to the soil tillage layer 5-7 days before the sowing of dryland rice.

5. A method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that, The depth of the tillage layer into which the base fertilizer is applied is 15-20cm.

6. The method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are applied by strip application or broadcasting, and are thoroughly mixed with the topsoil after application.

7. A method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1 or 6, characterized in that, The phosphate fertilizer and silicon fertilizer are mixed and applied to the soil together.

8. The method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dryland rice mentioned is either japonica or indica rice.

9. The application of the method for improving rice quality based on silicon-phosphorus regulation as described in any one of claims 1-8 in large-scale field cultivation of dryland rice.

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