A sweet potato-late rice rotation planting method for fresh food

Abstract

This invention provides a method for planting fresh-eating sweet potatoes in a late-season rice rotation, relating to the field of agricultural technology. The method involves precise early spring cultivation of fresh-eating sweet potatoes: land preparation and ridging are carried out in mid-to-late March, followed by 3-5 days of sun-drying before transplanting short-growing-period fresh-eating sweet potato seedlings. Mechanized harvesting is conducted in early to mid-July, enabling early market availability of fresh sweet potatoes. After sweet potato harvest, the vines are immediately crushed and rotary tilled back into the field. Late-season rice is machine-transplanted in late July. Mechanized harvesting of the late-season rice is carried out at the end of October. The method also includes precise return of rapeseed green manure to the field and soil conservation: after the late-season rice harvest, rapeseed green manure is directly sown in early to mid-November using 2.0-2.5 kg / mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) without tillage. During the rapeseed flowering period in late February or early March of the following year, the rapeseed stalks are naturally softened, lodged, and partially decomposed in the field through irrigation for 7-10 days. After flooding, the field is drained and dried promptly. Calcium peroxide is applied at 15g / mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) during tilling and ridging before sweet potato planting. kg, entering the next round of early spring cultivation of fresh-eating sweet potatoes. This invention has the advantages of high economic value and low cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of agricultural technology, and in particular to a method for planting sweet potatoes and late-season rice in rotation for fresh consumption. Background Technology

[0002] The main current rice-growing areas in southern my country are rice-oilseed rape and rice-potato double cropping systems or rice-rice-fertilizer triple cropping systems. These long-standing systems have the following prominent problems: 1. The market season for fresh sweet potatoes is highly concentrated, generally around September, leading to fierce market competition, low prices, and poor economic benefits; 2. Long-term monoculture or continuous cropping has exacerbated soil continuous cropping obstacles, leading to frequent occurrences of soil-borne diseases (such as sweet potato root rot and rice sheath blight), soil compaction, and deterioration of physical and chemical properties. 3. The planting periods of conventional rice and fresh sweet potato overlap, and there are gaps in the crop rotation when planting single crops, resulting in low land utilization and suboptimal annual output benefits. 4. Conventional green manure planting is not accurately matched with the nutrient requirements of main crops, resulting in limited soil improvement and difficulty in synergistically enhancing crop yield and quality. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention proposes a fresh-eating sweet potato-late rice rotation planting method based on rapeseed returning to the field.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a method for planting fresh sweet potato-late rice rotation, which includes the following steps in an annual cycle: early spring precision cultivation of fresh sweet potato: in mid-to-late March, the land is prepared and ridged, the field is sun-dried for 3-5 days, base fertilizer is applied and biodegradable mulch is applied, short-growth-period fresh sweet potato seedlings are transplanted, water and fertilizer integrated management is adopted to promote early growth, and mechanized harvesting is carried out in early to mid-July to achieve early market availability of fresh sweet potatoes; Variety selection and treatment: Select early-maturing and high-quality varieties such as Eshu 17 and Longshu 9. Use virus-free seedlings and soak the seedlings in a 1000-fold dilution of 20% abamectin emulsion for 10 minutes before transplanting to kill nematodes. Soak the base of the seedlings in a 700-fold dilution of 70% thiophanate-methyl for 10-15 minutes to prevent black spot disease. Density and base fertilizer optimization: Transplanting should be carried out from March 23 to 25, with a transplanting density of 4500-5500 plants / mu. Base fertilizer should be applied at 700-900 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 25-35 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu, combined with 60-80 kg / mu of bio-fertilizer to improve soil micro-ecology. Precise regulation of integrated water and fertilizer: During the growing season, humic acid water-soluble fertilizer is applied through the drip irrigation system. The amount of irrigation and the frequency of fertilization are adjusted according to the soil moisture and plant growth. In the early stage, nitrogen fertilizer is emphasized to promote stem and leaf growth, and potassium fertilizer is increased in the middle stage to promote tuber enlargement.

[0005] High-quality and efficient cultivation of late rice by machine transplanting: After the sweet potato harvest, the vines are immediately crushed and rotary tilled back into the field, and late rice is machine transplanted from July 22 to 25; reducing the amount of fertilizer applied, making full use of the residual nutrients of the previous crop and the long-term nutrients released by the decomposition of green manure, and harvesting the late rice by mechanization at the end of October. Variety and density matching: Select high-yield and high-quality varieties such as Taiyou 398 and Liangyou 6326, and the machine planting density is 15,000-17,000 holes per mu to ensure ventilation and light penetration of the group; Nutrient Co-management: Fertilization adopts the model of "nutrients from previous crop residues + long-lasting nutrients from green manure + reduced-volume fertilizer". Apply compound fertilizer (15-15-15) at 30-35 kg / mu as base fertilizer, and apply urea at 3, 4 and 3 kg / mu respectively during the greening, tillering and heading stages. Apply potassium chloride at 5-7 kg / mu during the heading stage, and combine with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate to improve rice quality. Precise return of rapeseed green manure to the field and soil conservation: After the late rice harvest, rapeseed green manure is directly sown in early to mid-November without tillage, and the grains are not harvested; when the rapeseed flowers in late February or early March of the following year, continuous flooding for 7-10 days is adopted, with water (18-25cm deep) to allow the rapeseed straw to soften naturally in the field, fall over, and decompose quickly, forming a loose and fertile topsoil layer, creating good conditions for the next crop of sweet potatoes. The timing of irrigation is best during cloudy or rainy weather, when the rapeseed plants have not yet lignified. Flooding creates a high-humidity environment, activating anaerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in the soil (such as Clostridium and Bacteroides). Water penetration causes the straw cells to absorb water and swell, making the structure loose and easy for enzymatic decomposition. Flooding causes oxygen deficiency, inducing the production of autolytic enzymes inside the straw, initiating the decomposition process.

[0006] As an additional measure, 5-7.5 kg of urea or 15 kg of ammonium bicarbonate can be applied per acre to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C / N) to about 25:1, so as to avoid the stagnation of decomposition due to "nitrogen starvation" of microorganisms caused by excessive carbon content in straw.

[0007] It can also be used in conjunction with drones or manual spraying of liquid fertilizer containing "301" bacterial agent or compound composting bacterial agent (containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, and potassium bacteria), with a dosage of 2 kg per acre. Exogenous inoculation of highly efficient decomposing bacteria significantly improves the decomposition rate.

[0008] You can also sprinkle human and animal manure (300-500 kg per acre), which provides a nitrogen source and introduces natural microbial populations.

[0009] Green manure varieties and sowing optimization: Select early-maturing rapeseed varieties such as Sunshine 131, with a sowing rate of 1.5-2.0 kg / mu, and use drone aerial sowing or manual broadcasting to ensure uniform emergence; Five days after flooding, moderate artificial intervention such as rope driving can be used to prevent lodging. After the flooding ends, drain the water and dry the field in time to promote oxygen infiltration. 15 kg of calcium per acre can be applied to slowly release oxygen and improve the root zone microenvironment. When turning the soil and preparing the ridges before planting sweet potatoes, the toxic reducing substances produced under fermentation and anaerobic conditions will oxidize and volatilize, providing a good sweet potato planting environment. Some undecomposed rapeseed straw residues left on the ground help to prevent soil compaction.

[0010] This method utilizes the synergistic effect of water regulation of microbial activity and nutrient balance to accelerate the decomposition of organic matter. Without mechanical cutting or tilling, the rapeseed straw softens, falls over, and decomposes rapidly in the field, forming a loose and fertile topsoil layer, creating favorable conditions for the next sweet potato planting.

[0011] Rapeseed straw contains approximately 35%-40% crude fiber and degrades slowly naturally. By artificially intervening in the water and fertilizer environment, the decomposition cycle can be shortened from over 60 days to 20-25 days. This method involves partial decomposition, taking approximately 10-15 days. When the stems turn black, soften, and are easily broken, the leaves are completely decomposed, and a layer of brown humus forms on the soil surface, drainage and field drying begin. Any remaining residue is treated by mixing in soil to prevent compaction and by flooding to decompose the rapeseed straw roots and stems, allowing them to naturally fall over, thus eliminating the need for manual harvesting and crushing.

[0012] Significant economic benefits: By transplanting sweet potatoes in early spring and allowing them to be harvested in July, the harvest is 1-2 months earlier than the traditional model, effectively avoiding the peak harvest season and significantly increasing the selling price and planting income. Highly efficient crop rotation: The three crops of "sweet potato-late rice-rapeseed" are seamlessly connected, achieving year-round production without idle land, and significantly increasing annual output and benefits per unit area; Synergistic improvement of crop yield and quality: Water-dry rotation effectively reduces pests and diseases; Green manure and potato vine return to the field combined with reduced fertilization optimize the nutrient supply of late rice, improving rice quality while increasing yield; Continuous improvement of soil ecology: "dry-water-dry" rotation breaks up compaction and improves aeration; green manure fixation and carbon increase, and organic materials returning to the field synergistically improve the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and available nutrients, and achieve the combination of land use and land conservation; Suitable for large-scale, simplified production: key processes (ridge making, transplanting, harvesting, and turning) are all suitable for mechanized operations, saving labor and costs, and are suitable for large-scale promotion and application in rice-growing areas in the south.

[0013] Optimized soil structure promotes tuber enlargement. After rapeseed straw decomposes naturally in the field, it forms a loose, organic-rich topsoil layer, which significantly improves soil aeration and water retention capacity, creating an ideal environment for the longitudinal elongation and lateral expansion of sweet potato tubers, and reducing the occurrence of cracked and deformed tubers.

[0014] Slow-release nutrients, matching the nutrient requirements of sweet potatoes. During the decomposition process, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron are gradually released, providing a stable nitrogen source, especially in the early stages of sweet potato growth. This avoids excessive vegetative growth caused by a single application of chemical fertilizers and promotes the transfer of nutrients to the tubers.

[0015] Overcoming continuous cropping obstacles and reducing soil-borne diseases. The combination of "dry-water-dry" crop rotation and green manure return to the field effectively breaks the transmission chain of sweet potato root rot and stem nematode disease; the organic acids and antagonistic bacteria (such as actinomycetes) produced during the decomposition process can inhibit the colonization of pathogens.

[0016] Benefits for subsequent rice cultivation Improve soil fertility and reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. When rapeseed green manure is turned over, it can fix about 60-90 kg / ha of nitrogen. Combined with the organic nutrients released by decomposition, it can provide about 20%-30% of the nitrogen requirement for late rice, thus achieving reduced fertilization without reducing yield.

[0017] Improve soil physical and chemical properties and enhance stress resistance. Returning organic materials to the field improves the stability of soil aggregates, alleviates the problem of soil compaction in paddy fields, enhances root penetration and oxygen diffusion rate, and strengthens the lodging resistance of rice.

[0018] Alternating between floods and droughts suppresses the base population of pests and diseases. The flooded environment during the rapeseed decomposition period can effectively kill some overwintering pests (such as rice planthopper eggs and stem borer pupae) and pathogen spores, reducing the risk of rice sheath blight and rice blast. Detailed Implementation

[0019] The following are specific embodiments of the present invention, which further describe the technical solution of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments.

[0020] Example 1: This method was implemented in Baota Village, Xiangyanghu Town, Xianning City, Hubei Province. (1) Fresh sweet potato cultivation: In mid-March, 700 kg of organic fertilizer, 35 kg of compound fertilizer, and 60 kg of bio-fertilizer were applied per mu as base fertilizer. Rotary tillage and ridging were carried out (ridge spacing 70 cm, ridge height 30 cm). After laying drip irrigation pipes, biodegradable mulch was covered. On March 25, virus-free seedlings of Eshu 17 were transplanted at a density of 4500 plants / mu. During the growing season, humic acid water-soluble fertilizer was applied through the drip irrigation system, and the irrigation amount was adjusted according to the soil moisture. On July 18, mechanical harvesting was carried out, with a yield of 2300 kg of fresh sweet potatoes per mu. After harvesting, the sweet potato vines were crushed and rotary tilled back into the field (depth 15 cm). (2) Late rice cultivation: On July 25, late rice variety Taiyou 398 was machine-transplanted at a density of 15,000 holes per mu. Fertilization management: Base fertilizer compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 30 kg / mu, top dressing of urea 3, 4 and 3 kg / mu at the greening, tillering and heading stages respectively, and potassium chloride 5 kg / mu at the heading stage, combined with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Water management follows the principle of shallow water to promote greening, moist to promote tillering, and alternating dry and wet to promote grain filling, and is automatically regulated by soil moisture sensor. Mechanical harvesting on October 25, yield 596.6 kg / mu. (3) Green manure rapeseed cultivation and returning to the field: No-till broadcasting of rapeseed variety Sunshine 131 on November 8, seeding rate 2.0 kg / mu. The following year (at the initial flowering stage), irrigate (to a depth of 8cm) and allow the soil to decompose for 7 days. After about 5 days, observe the lodging of the straw. If the lodging rate is less than 50%, intervene manually to prevent lodging. At the beginning of the decomposition, apply 6.5 kg of urea per mu. After the decomposition is completed, drain the water and let the field dry for 3 days. Then, prepare the land and make ridges. After drying the field for 5 days, start a new round of sweet potato planting.

[0021] Example 2: (1) Fresh sweet potato cultivation: In mid-March, apply 900 kg of organic fertilizer, 25 kg of compound fertilizer, and 80 kg of bio-fertilizer per mu as base fertilizer, rotary tillage and ridging (ridge spacing 70 cm, ridge height 30 cm), lay drip irrigation pipes and cover with biodegradable film. On March 23, transplant virus-free seedlings of Longshu No. 9 at a density of 5500 plants / mu. During the growing season, apply humic acid water-soluble fertilizer through the drip irrigation system and adjust the irrigation amount according to the soil moisture. On July 15, mechanical harvesting was carried out, with a yield of 2460 kg of fresh sweet potatoes per mu. After harvesting, the sweet potato vines were crushed and rotary tilled back into the field (depth 10 cm). (2) Late rice cultivation: On July 22, machine transplanting of the late rice variety Liangyou 6326 was carried out at a density of 17,000 holes per mu. Fertilization management: Base fertilizer compound fertilizer (15-15-15) 30 kg / mu, top dressing of urea 3, 4 and 3 kg / mu at the greening, tillering and heading stages respectively, and potassium chloride 7 kg / mu at the heading stage, combined with foliar spraying of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Water management follows the principle of shallow water to promote greening, moist to promote tillering, and alternating dry and wet to promote grain filling, and is automatically regulated by soil moisture sensor. Mechanical harvesting was carried out on October 23, with a yield of 567.3 kg / mu. (3) Green manure rapeseed cultivation and returning to the field: No-till broadcasting of rapeseed variety Sunshine 131 on November 6, with a seed rate of 2.5 kg / mu. The following year (at the initial flowering stage), irrigate (to a depth of 25 cm), and allow the soil to decompose for 10 days. When the lodging rate is less than 50%, intervene manually to prevent lodging. At the beginning of the decomposition, apply 6.5 kg of urea per mu. After the decomposition is completed, drain the water and let the field dry for 3 days. Then, prepare the land and make ridges. After drying the field for 3 days, start a new round of sweet potato planting.

[0022] The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains may make various modifications or additions to the described specific embodiments or use similar methods to substitute them, without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method for planting sweet potatoes and late-season rice in rotation for fresh consumption, characterized in that, The annual cycle includes the following steps: Early spring precision cultivation of fresh sweet potatoes: In mid-to-late March, the land is prepared and ridges are made. After the field is sun-dried for 3-5 days, short-growing-period fresh sweet potato seedlings are transplanted. Mechanized harvesting is carried out in early to mid-July to achieve early market availability of fresh sweet potatoes. After the sweet potatoes are harvested, the vines are immediately crushed and rotary tilled back into the field. Late rice is then machine-transplanted in late July and harvested by mechanization at the end of October. Precise return of rapeseed green manure to the field and soil conservation: After the late rice harvest, rapeseed green manure is directly sown without tillage in early to mid-November; when rapeseed flowers in late February or early March of the following year, it is irrigated and composted for 7-10 days, so that the rapeseed straw softens, falls and partially decomposes naturally in the field. After the flooding is over, the field is drained and dried in time. When turning the soil and preparing the ridges before planting sweet potatoes, 15 kg of calcium per acre is applied, and the next round of early spring cultivation of fresh sweet potatoes begins.

2. The method for fresh-eating sweet potato-late rice rotation planting according to claim 1, characterized in that, The transplanting density for fresh-eating sweet potatoes is 4,500-5,500 plants per mu. The base fertilizer should be 700-900 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 25-35 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu, combined with 60-80 kg of bio-fertilizer per mu.

3. A method for fresh-eating sweet potato-late rice rotation planting according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, During the irrigation and composting period, apply 5-7.5 kg of urea or 15 kg of ammonium bicarbonate per acre.

4. A method for fresh-eating sweet potato-late rice rotation planting according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, During the irrigation and composting period, spray liquid fertilizer containing "301" microbial agent or compound composting microbial agent at a rate of 2 kg per acre.

5. A method for fresh-eating sweet potato-late rice rotation planting according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, During the irrigation and composting process, apply 300-500 kg of human and animal manure per acre.