An automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff water balance in an inland river basin in arid areas

Abstract

This invention belongs to the field of monitoring technology and relates to an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas. The system includes a data acquisition module, a data synchronization module, a data processing module, and a visualization monitoring module. This invention constructs a comprehensive collaborative monitoring system integrating precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water, and evapotranspiration. The data synchronization module accurately matches multi-source monitoring data to the same timeline, achieving consistent spatiotemporal acquisition of the four core elements of water balance. The data processing module automatically calls the synchronized dataset and substitutes it into the water balance equation to calculate the water balance closure status of specific landscape types within the watershed in real time. Finally, the visualization monitoring module dynamically plots time-series curves and balance analysis charts for each element and displays them in real time on multiple terminals, forming a fully automated operation mode from data acquisition, synchronization processing, automatic calculation to visualization monitoring.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of monitoring, and relates to an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff water balance in an inland river basin in a drought area. BACKGROUND

[0002] The inland river basin in a drought area is located in a fragile ecological environment zone, is inherently deficient in water resources, and has uneven temporal and spatial distribution, which is a typical region where water shortage and ecological degradation are most prominent. The water balance not only maintains the stable survival of the oasis and regional ecological safety, but also directly affects the sustainable development of the economy and society. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the water quantity in the inland river basin in a drought area for a long time, systematically and accurately, scientifically master the water resource dynamics, and provide key support for reasonable allocation of water resources, ecological protection and high-quality development of the basin.

[0003] At present, the water balance monitoring of the inland river basin in a drought area has formed an observation system with four core elements of precipitation, soil water storage, surface runoff and evapotranspiration: the precipitation monitoring mainly uses a tipping bucket rain gauge to realize millimeter-level rainfall recording through mechanical overturning counting; the soil temperature and humidity monitoring generally sets up a single-point capacitive / resistive sensor; the runoff monitoring relies on a current meter to calculate the flow rate combined with the cross-section parameters; and the evapotranspiration is estimated by means of a small-sized lysimeter or an evaporation pan combined with meteorological station data.

[0004] However, in the face of high-precision water balance closed verification, the existing monitoring system still has obvious shortcomings: firstly, the monitoring time sequence is not unified, which cannot meet the requirements of water balance homology, same frequency and same window; secondly, the soil monitoring is mostly concentrated in the shallow layer, which cannot reflect the change of deep water and the estimation accuracy of water storage is insufficient; and thirdly, there is a lack of real-time automatic accounting, manual calculation is low in efficiency, and there is no visual platform support for remote monitoring and real-time analysis. SUMMARY

[0005] The purpose of the present application is to provide an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff water balance in an inland river basin in a drought area, which can realize the collaborative perception, synchronous observation and integrated automatic accounting of key elements such as precipitation, soil water storage, runoff, leakage and evapotranspiration, and can perform visual monitoring, thereby improving the water balance calculation accuracy and automation level, and providing reliable technical support for water resource dynamic monitoring, ecological protection and sustainable utilization in the inland river basin in a drought area.

[0006] To achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme provided by the present application is as follows: An automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff water balance in an inland river basin in a drought area, comprising: The data acquisition module comprises a precipitation acquisition unit, a runoff acquisition unit, a leakage acquisition unit, a soil acquisition unit and a hydrological parameter unit, the precipitation acquisition unit is used for acquiring the precipitation of a specific landscape type monitoring area in a basin in real time, the runoff acquisition unit is used for acquiring the runoff of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin in real time, the leakage acquisition unit is used for acquiring the leakage of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin in real time, the soil acquisition unit is used for acquiring the water content and temperature of the soil at different depths of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin in real time and the weight of the part of the soil, and the hydrological parameter unit is used for determining the soil water storage change according to the water content and temperature of the soil at different depths and determining the evapotranspiration according to the weight of the soil. The data synchronization module is used for receiving the precipitation, the runoff, the leakage, the soil water storage change and the evapotranspiration, and synchronizing the precipitation, the runoff, the leakage, the soil water storage change and the evapotranspiration to the same time axis to obtain a synchronized data set. The data processing module is used for receiving the data set, substituting the data set into a preset water balance equation, and determining the water balance condition of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin according to the preset water balance equation. The visual monitoring module is used for receiving the data set and the water balance condition of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin, drawing data curves of the precipitation, the runoff, the leakage, the soil water storage change and the evapotranspiration respectively by using the data set, drawing a water balance analysis result chart by using the water balance condition of the specific landscape type monitoring area in the basin, and displaying the data curves of the precipitation, the runoff, the leakage, the soil water storage change and the evapotranspiration and the water balance analysis result chart in real time.

[0007] The application also has the characteristics that: The precipitation acquisition unit is a tipping bucket rain sensor.

[0008] The runoff acquisition unit is a tipping bucket runoff monitoring device.

[0009] The leakage acquisition unit is a tipping bucket leakage monitoring device.

[0010] The soil acquisition unit comprises a weighing lysimeter and a plurality of temperature and humidity sensors, and the plurality of temperature and humidity sensors are evenly arranged in the soil column of the weighing lysimeter along the vertical direction.

[0011] When the soil water storage change is determined according to the water content and temperature of the soil at different depths, the following formula is used for determination: ΔS=100×(θavg,t2−θavg,t1), In the formula, ΔS is the soil water storage change, θavg,t1 is the average soil volume water content of the soil layer at the beginning of the monitoring period, and θavg,t2 is the average soil volume water content of the soil layer at the end of the monitoring period.

[0012] Wherein the weight of the soil determines the evapotranspiration, the following formula is used to determine: ET=ΔW / (ρ×A2), In the formula, ET is the evapotranspiration, ΔW is the change value of the weight of the soil, ΔW=W t -W0, W0 is the weight of the soil collected at the beginning of the monitoring period, W t is the weight of the soil collected at the end of the monitoring period, ρ is the standard density of water, and A2 is the cross-sectional area of the soil column in the soil collection unit.

[0013] Wherein when the data synchronization module matches the precipitation, runoff, leakage, and soil water change to the same time axis for synchronization, a multi-source data synchronization alignment algorithm is used, the collection time of the precipitation is taken as the time reference axis, linear interpolation method is used to carry out time scale refinement processing on the runoff, leakage, soil water change and evapotranspiration, and finally the precipitation, runoff, leakage, soil water change and evapotranspiration are unified to the preset time interval to obtain the synchronized data set.

[0014] Wherein the preset water balance equation is: P=R+ET+ΔS+D, In the formula, P is the precipitation, R is the runoff, ET is the evapotranspiration, ΔS is the soil water change, and D is the leakage.

[0015] The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff water balance in an inland river basin in a drought area has the following advantages: The present application constructs a full-factor collaborative monitoring system integrating precipitation, runoff, leakage, soil water and evapotranspiration, accurately matches multi-source monitoring data to the same time axis through the data synchronization module, realizes the spatio-temporal consistent collection of the four core elements of water balance, automatically calls the synchronized data set into the water balance equation through the data processing module, real-time calculates the water balance closure condition of the monitoring area of the specific landscape type in the basin, dynamically draws the time series curve and balance analysis chart of each element through the visual monitoring module, and displays in real time on multiple terminals, forming a full-process automatic operation mode from data collection, synchronous processing, automatic calculation to visual monitoring, significantly improving the spatio-temporal consistency of the monitoring data and the real-time intuitiveness of the analysis results, and providing high-time-efficiency, traceable data support and decision basis for accurate management of water resources in the inland river basin in the drought area. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1 It is a whole process schematic diagram of the present application.

[0017] Figure 2 It is a whole structure schematic diagram of the present application.

[0018] Figure 3 Figure 1 is a structural diagram of the leakage collection unit and the soil collection unit in the application.

[0019] Figure 4 Figure 2 is a structural diagram of the soil collection unit in the application.

[0020] Figure 5 Figure 3 is a structural diagram of the runoff collection unit in the application.

[0021] Reference signs: 1, heat preservation protective shell, 2, waterproof leakage collection tank, 3, leakage collection dish, 4, soil column outer barrel, 5, temperature and humidity sensor, 6, weighing sensor, 7, precipitation collection unit, 8, soil column inner barrel, 9, soil collection unit, 10, data processing module, 11, visual monitoring module, 12, power supply module, 13, runoff port, 14, annular flow guide groove, 15, runoff collection unit, 16, liquid discharge port. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] The technical solutions in the application will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. In the description of the embodiments of the application, unless otherwise specified, " / " represents the meaning of or, for example, A / B can represent A or B: "and / or" in the text only describes the association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can represent: A exists alone, A and B exist together, and B exists alone, in addition, in the description of the embodiments of the application, "multiple" means two or more than two. The following terms "first" "second" are only for the purpose of description, and cannot be understood as implying or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of indicated technical features. Therefore, the features limited by "first" "second" can explicitly or implicitly include one or more features.

[0023] As Figure 1 , Figure 2As shown, this invention provides an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas, including a data acquisition module, a data synchronization module, a data processing module 10, and a visualization monitoring module 11. The data acquisition module includes a precipitation acquisition unit 7, a runoff acquisition unit 15, an infiltration acquisition unit, a soil acquisition unit 9, and a hydrological parameter unit. The precipitation acquisition unit 7 is used to collect precipitation in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The runoff acquisition unit 15 is used to collect runoff volume in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The infiltration acquisition unit is used to collect infiltration volume in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The soil acquisition unit 9 is used to collect the soil moisture content and temperature at different depths and the weight of the soil in the monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The hydrological parameter unit is used to determine the change in soil water storage based on the soil moisture content and temperature at different depths and to determine the evapotranspiration based on the soil weight. The data synchronization module receives precipitation, runoff, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration, and synchronizes these data along the same time axis to obtain a synchronized dataset. The data processing module 10 receives the dataset, substitutes it into a preset water balance equation, and determines the water balance status of a specific landscape type monitoring area within the watershed based on the preset water balance equation. The visualization monitoring module 11 receives the dataset and the water balance status of the specific landscape type monitoring area within the watershed, and uses the dataset to plot data curves for precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration. It also plots water balance analysis results charts using the water balance status of the specific landscape type monitoring area within the watershed, and displays the data curves for precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration, as well as the water balance analysis results charts, in real time.

[0024] In summary, this invention constructs a comprehensive collaborative monitoring system integrating precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water, and evapotranspiration. Through a data synchronization module, multi-source monitoring data are precisely matched to the same timeline, achieving consistent spatiotemporal acquisition of the four core elements of water balance. The data processing module 10 automatically calls the synchronized dataset and substitutes it into the water balance equation to calculate the water balance closure status of specific landscape types within the watershed in real time. Furthermore, the visualization monitoring module 11 dynamically plots time-series curves and balance analysis charts for each element and displays them in real time on multiple terminals. This forms a fully automated operation mode from data acquisition, synchronization processing, automatic calculation to visualization monitoring, significantly improving the spatiotemporal consistency of monitoring data and the real-time intuitiveness of analysis results. It provides timely and traceable data support and decision-making basis for precise water resource management in arid inland river basins.

[0025] The water balance status includes the time-period water balance closure error and the proportion of each element.

[0026] Among them, the monitoring areas for specific landscape types within the watershed include typical vegetation-covered areas such as grasslands and shrublands in inland river basins in arid regions. Grasslands and shrublands, as representative underlying surfaces in the study area, exhibit significant differences in precipitation interception, surface runoff, soil moisture transport, and evapotranspiration characteristics. By strategically deploying monitoring units, the water balance patterns under different landscape types can be accurately reflected.

[0027] like Figure 2 As shown, the precipitation acquisition unit 7 is a tipping bucket rain gauge sensor. It adopts a tipping bucket measurement structure and is equipped with a stainless steel self-recording rain gauge. It has strong weather resistance and is suitable for long-term outdoor use. The rainfall intensity is 0mm / min~4mm / min (the maximum allowable rainfall intensity is 8mm / min). It has lightning protection and anti-icing design, and the data resolution reaches 0.2mm. The mechanical tipping bucket structure design has higher stability in extreme weather conditions in the field. The tipping bucket rain gauge sensor directly outputs digital rainfall data through the RS485 interface and sends it to the data synchronization module and the visualization monitoring module 11.

[0028] like Figure 3 As shown, the seepage collection unit is a tipping bucket seepage monitoring device, which consists of a seepage collection dish 3, a waterproof seepage collection trough 2, and an insulated protective shell 1. It is also equipped with an automatic drainage component to effectively prevent residual water from affecting monitoring accuracy and ensure continuous monitoring. The design and selection of each unit are adapted to the hydrological and climatic characteristics of inland river basins in arid regions. The runoff collection trough is made of stainless steel, and its streamlined bottom reduces siltation. Equipped with five high-precision load cells, each with a weighing range of 500 kg, a total weighing range of 0 t to 2 t, an accuracy class of 0.02, and a resolution of 0.01 kg, these load cells are fixed to the bottom of the collection tank using a four-point mounting method. Combined with a weighing bracket and leveling bolts, this ensures uniform force distribution and weighing stability, reducing mechanical errors. An insulated protective shell is included, with an outer layer of wind- and sand-resistant metal to protect the equipment from the effects of extreme temperature differences and sandstorms in arid regions. The five high-precision load cells collect real-time weight data from the collection tank at a frequency of 1 minute per data collection. The total runoff is directly calculated from the weight changes, and the runoff process is obtained by combining the sampling time interval, improving the accuracy to ±0.05 mm runoff equivalent.

[0029] like Figure 2 , Figure 3 , Figure 4As shown, the soil sampling unit 9 includes a weighing lysimeter and multiple temperature and humidity sensors 5. The weighing lysimeter consists of an outer soil column 4, an inner soil column 8, and weighing sensors 6. The inner soil column 8 is placed inside the outer soil column 4, and the weighing sensors 6 are placed at the bottom of the inner soil column 8. The inner soil column 8 is filled with soil samples consistent with the monitoring area. Multiple temperature and humidity sensors 5 are evenly arranged vertically inside the outer soil column 4 of the weighing lysimeter. The outer soil column 4 of the weighing lysimeter is a cylinder with a diameter of 1m and a height of 1m. A waterproof seepage collection trough 2 is inclined between the outer soil column 4 and the thermal insulation protective shell 1. The upper end of the waterproof seepage collection trough 2 is connected to the bottom of the inner soil column 8, and the lower end of the waterproof seepage collection trough 2 is connected to the thermal insulation protective shell 1. The sampling frequency of the weighing sensors 6 is 1 minute. Each temperature and humidity sensor 5 has a moisture content measurement range of 0~100% with an accuracy of ±2%, a temperature measurement range of -40℃~80℃ with an accuracy of ±0.2℃, a dielectric constant of 0.88~81.88, and a conductivity of 23 ds / m. By monitoring the weight change of the gravimetric lysimeter in real time, the evapotranspiration rate is accurately calculated with a measurement accuracy of ±0.01 mm / h. Simultaneously, the gravimetric lysimeter, combined with meteorological auxiliary sensors, achieves accurate determination of the evapotranspiration rate. These meteorological auxiliary sensors include a solar radiation sensor, a wind speed sensor, and an air temperature and humidity sensor.

[0030] like Figure 5 As shown, the runoff collection unit 15 is a tipping bucket runoff monitoring device. The tipping bucket runoff monitoring device consists of an annular guide channel 14 and a monitoring body. The annular guide channel 14 is located between the inner barrel 8 and the outer barrel 4 of the soil column, and is positioned close to the upper end of the inner barrel 8. Multiple runoff ports 13 are opened on the inner wall of the inner barrel 8 near the annular guide channel 14. The multiple runoff ports 13 are evenly arranged around the circumference of the inner barrel 8. Each runoff port 13 is internally connected to the annular guide channel 14. The monitoring body is located on the outer wall of the outer barrel 4 of the soil column. The monitoring body is connected to the annular guide channel 14 through a connecting pipe. A drain port 16 is provided at the lower part of the monitoring body. The runoff enters the annular guide channel 14 through the multiple runoff ports 13 and then enters the monitoring body. After the monitoring body collects the runoff volume, it discharges from the drain port 16.

[0031] The tipping bucket rain gauge is fixed in an open, unobstructed location at the monitoring point to ensure that the laser detection path is not interfered with. The weighing lysimeter is buried in the soil of a specific landscape type monitoring area within the watershed. The inner barrel 8 of the weighing lysimeter is filled with the same original soil as the monitoring area. Five temperature and humidity sensors 5 are arranged in the inner barrel 8 based on the soil layer from 0cm to 100cm. The five temperature and humidity sensors 5 are arranged vertically at soil layer depths of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 50cm, and 100cm. The probes of the temperature and humidity sensors 5 are in close contact with the soil to avoid air gaps. The tipping bucket leakage monitoring device is installed on one side of the outer barrel 4 of the soil column and connected through a waterproof runoff collection trough 2 to ensure that the collection trough can completely collect all runoff.

[0032] like Figure 2 As shown, the present invention also includes a power supply module 12, which uses a solar power supply + lithium battery backup mode to supply power to each electrical device. It is based on a 100W monocrystalline silicon solar panel + a 100Ah lithium iron phosphate battery, and is adapted to power supply through modules such as MPPT controller and power management module to ensure stable operation of the system.

[0033] This invention employs an industrial-grade IoT gateway, multi-interface data acquisition (supporting RS485, CAN, Ethernet, etc.), a 4G / 5G wireless communication module, and a local storage unit (capacity ≥16GB). A GPS timing module ensures clock synchronization between the gateway and each acquisition unit in the data acquisition module, with a time synchronization accuracy ≤1ms. The data acquisition module collects real-time data from each monitoring module in parallel via a multi-interface data acquisition card. The acquisition frequency matches the highest sampling frequency of each module (1 second), ensuring no data is missed. After acquisition, the data undergoes local preprocessing (format standardization, redundant data removal) and is uploaded to the cloud platform in real-time via the 4G / 5G network. If the network is interrupted, the data is temporarily stored in the local storage unit and automatically re-uploaded after network recovery. A simple local quality control algorithm is built-in to initially screen the collected data, using a moving average algorithm to remove unexpected values ​​that could negatively impact the overall data. It also removes outliers that significantly exceed reasonable ranges (such as negative rainfall or soil moisture content greater than 100%).

[0034] When determining the runoff and leakage rate, the following formula is used: R = Δm / (ρ × A1).

[0035] In the formula, R is the runoff or leakage rate, Δm is the change in runoff weight or leakage weight, and Δm = m t -m0, where m0 is the runoff weight or seepage weight collected at the start of the monitoring period, m t The weight of runoff or seepage collected at the end of the monitoring period, where ρ is the standard density of water and A1 is the effective catchment area of ​​runoff collection unit 15 or seepage collection unit.

[0036] When determining the change in soil water storage based on the moisture content and temperature at different soil depths, the following formula is used: ΔS=100×(θavg,t2−θavg,t1).

[0037] In the formula, ΔS represents the change in soil water storage in mm, θavg,t1 represents the average soil volumetric water content at the beginning of the monitoring period, and θavg,t2 represents the average soil volumetric water content at the end of the monitoring period.

[0038] Wherein, θavg,t1 and θavg,t2 are both determined by the following formula: θavg=∑(θ i ×d i ) / 100.

[0039] In the formula, θavg is the average volumetric water content of the soil layer, and θ i The soil volumetric water content at each monitoring point, d i The soil thickness at each monitoring point.

[0040] When determining evapotranspiration based on soil weight, the following formula is used: ET = ΔW / (ρ × A2) In the formula, ET is the evapotranspiration, ΔW is the change in soil weight, and ΔW = W t -W0, where W0 is the weight of the soil sampled at the start of the monitoring period. t The weight of the soil collected at the end of the monitoring period is ρ, the standard density of water is ρ, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the soil column in soil collection unit 9 is A2.

[0041] In the data synchronization module, when matching precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration to the same time axis for synchronization, a multi-source data synchronization alignment algorithm is used. The precipitation collection time is used as the time reference axis, and then the runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration are processed by linear interpolation to refine the time scale. Finally, the precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration are uniformly normalized to a preset time interval to obtain the synchronized dataset.

[0042] In this process, after the data synchronization module obtains the synchronized dataset, it corrects any abnormal data that exceeds a physically reasonable threshold by using linear interpolation if the adjacent time series of collected data are all valid. At the same time, for batches of abnormal data that appear in multiple consecutive time series, it constructs a data trend model based on the time series change characteristics and trend patterns of historical data collected in the same period, and completes the fitting and completion of batches of abnormal data based on the model.

[0043] The preset water balance equation is as follows: P = R + ET + ΔS + D In the formula, P is precipitation, R is runoff, ET is evapotranspiration, ΔS is soil water storage change, and D is infiltration.

[0044] This invention provides an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas, and also includes an early warning module. The early warning module is used to send abnormal early warning information to users when equipment malfunctions or the water balance closure error exceeds the standard.

[0045] This invention provides an automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid regions. It also includes a front-end operation platform. This platform receives data curves of precipitation, runoff, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration, as well as charts showing the results of water balance analysis. It automatically generates standard reports or custom reports as needed, and supports data export and remote real-time user operation. The front-end operation platform is developed based on Vue.js, Element UI, and ECharts. It calls business layer capabilities through API interface services to display data, reports, and early warnings in a visual manner. The API interface service acts as a "bridge" between the application layer and the business layer, providing data export and HTTP interfaces to support Web / APP calls, while also supporting access from third-party platforms.

[0046] The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas, as described in this invention, has the following other advantages: First, this invention adopts an integrated design, combining monitoring functions for multiple elements such as precipitation, soil temperature and humidity, runoff, infiltration, and evapotranspiration. Through the intensive deployment of monitoring points and the synchronized acquisition of monitoring data, it effectively solves the functional fragmentation problem caused by the dispersed deployment of single devices in traditional monitoring models, as well as the technical pain point of heterogeneous sampling frequencies for multi-source monitoring data. The system spatially aggregates various hydrological element monitoring units at the same watershed monitoring point, achieving millisecond-level precise synchronization in the time dimension. This ensures the spatiotemporal coupling and matching of core elements of water balance, providing complete, coordinated, and spatiotemporally consistent key basic data support for the closed-loop verification of watershed water balance.

[0047] Secondly, this invention employs a high-precision weighing-based runoff monitoring scheme, abandoning the flow pattern assumptions of the traditional velocity-flow conversion method. It directly uses dynamic changes in runoff mass to quantitatively extrapolate the total runoff volume and runoff process, eliminating systematic errors caused by flow pattern assumptions at the fundamental level. This scheme utilizes a 0.02-level high-precision weighing sensor, combined with a 1-second high-frequency sampling strategy, improving runoff monitoring accuracy to ±0.05 mm runoff equivalent. The monitoring error is significantly better than the ±5% error level of traditional methods. Simultaneously, the runoff collection trough adopts a streamlined structure design, effectively mitigating the interference of sediment deposition on monitoring accuracy. It is suitable for the typical hydrological characteristics of low flow rates and high amplitude variations in inland river basins in arid regions, possessing strong regional applicability and monitoring stability.

[0048] Third, this invention constructs a three-dimensional soil profile monitoring network ranging from 0cm to 100cm, deploying five monitoring sensors at different depths along the vertical direction of the soil layer and simultaneously acquiring data from multiple monitoring points. This effectively overcomes the spatial coverage limitations of traditional single-point, single-depth soil monitoring, enabling vertical three-dimensional sensing of soil moisture in the root zone. Based on the volumetric water content of each monitoring layer and the corresponding soil layer thickness, a weighted average method is used to calculate the overall change in soil water storage. This comprehensively characterizes the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in soil moisture throughout the root zone, significantly improving the spatial representativeness and accuracy of soil water storage monitoring data. It provides reliable data support and methodological assurance for the precise quantification of soil water storage in water balance accounting.

[0049] Fourth, this invention integrates high-frequency parallel acquisition and real-time data transmission technologies, optimizing data timing characteristics at both the acquisition and transmission layers. This effectively solves the technical challenges of inconsistent time bases and poor synchronization of multi-source data in traditional monitoring equipment. It innovatively constructs an edge-cloud collaborative multi-source data quality control mechanism. At the edge, abnormal data is initially identified and screened. Through multi-algorithm fusion, in-depth data processing and optimization are achieved, ultimately realizing high-precision synchronization and alignment of multi-source monitoring data and efficient correction of abnormal data. The measured data synchronization accuracy is ≤5ms, and the accuracy rate of abnormal data correction is ≥95%. Technically, this invention ensures the temporal consistency, integrity, and reliability of monitoring data, laying a high-quality data foundation for subsequent quantitative analysis of hydrological elements and water balance calculations.

[0050] Fifth, this invention integrates core functions such as automatic water balance calculation, visualization of monitoring data, and early warning of abnormal conditions. It can achieve fully automated operation from data acquisition and preprocessing to analysis and output, without any manual intervention. The platform supports users to remotely access monitoring data in real time, view equipment operating status and water balance calculation results, and realize open sharing and secondary development of monitoring data through standardized API interfaces. It effectively solves the problems of low data processing efficiency, insufficient visualization capabilities, and weak service support system of traditional monitoring systems, significantly improving the timeliness and practical application value of hydrological monitoring data, and providing efficient technical support and decision-making assistance for the refined management and scientific allocation of water resources in inland river basins in arid areas.

[0051] It is understood that this invention has been described through some embodiments, and those skilled in the art will recognize that various changes or equivalent substitutions can be made to these features and embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Furthermore, under the teachings of this invention, these features and embodiments can be modified to adapt to specific situations and materials without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Therefore, this invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, and all embodiments falling within the scope of the claims of this invention are within the protection scope of this invention.

Claims

1. An automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid regions, characterized in that, include: The data acquisition module includes a precipitation acquisition unit, a runoff acquisition unit, an infiltration acquisition unit, a soil acquisition unit, and a hydrological parameter unit. The precipitation acquisition unit is used to collect precipitation in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The runoff acquisition unit is used to collect runoff volume in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The infiltration acquisition unit is used to collect infiltration volume in real time in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The soil acquisition unit is used to collect the soil moisture content and temperature at different depths and the weight of the soil in monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed. The hydrological parameter unit is used to determine the change in soil water storage based on the soil moisture content and temperature at different depths and to determine the evapotranspiration based on the weight of the soil. The data synchronization module is used to receive precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage and evapotranspiration, and match precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage and evapotranspiration to the same time axis for synchronization to obtain the synchronized dataset. The data processing module is used to receive datasets, substitute the datasets into a preset water balance equation, and determine the water balance status of monitoring areas of specific landscape types within the watershed based on the preset water balance equation. The visualization monitoring module is used to receive the dataset and the water balance status of monitoring areas with specific landscape types within the watershed. It uses the dataset to plot data curves for precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration. It also uses the water balance status of monitoring areas with specific landscape types within the watershed to plot water balance analysis results charts. Finally, it displays the data curves for precipitation, runoff, infiltration, changes in soil water storage, and evapotranspiration, as well as the water balance analysis results charts, in real time.

2. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The precipitation collection unit is a tipping bucket rain gauge.

3. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The runoff collection unit is a tipping bucket runoff monitoring device.

4. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seepage collection unit is a tipping bucket soil seepage monitoring device.

5. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The soil sampling unit includes a weighing lysimeter and multiple temperature and humidity sensors, with the multiple temperature and humidity sensors evenly arranged vertically within the soil column of the weighing lysimeter.

6. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, When determining the change in soil water storage based on the moisture content and temperature at different soil depths, the following formula is used: ΔS=100×(θavg,t2−θavg,t1), In the formula, ΔS represents the change in soil water storage, θavg,t1 represents the average soil volumetric water content at the beginning of the monitoring period, and θavg,t2 represents the average soil volumetric water content at the end of the monitoring period.

7. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, When determining evapotranspiration based on soil weight, the following formula is used: ET = ΔW / (ρ × A2) In the formula, ET is the evapotranspiration, ΔW is the change in soil weight, and ΔW = W t -W0, where W0 is the weight of the soil sampled at the start of the monitoring period. t The weight of the soil collected at the end of the monitoring period is ρ, where ρ is the standard density of water, and A2 is the cross-sectional area of ​​the soil column in the soil collection unit.

8. The automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the data synchronization module synchronizes precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration to the same time axis, it employs a multi-source data synchronization alignment algorithm. Using the precipitation collection time as the time reference axis, it then performs time-scale refinement processing on runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration using linear interpolation. Finally, it unifies and normalizes precipitation, runoff, infiltration, soil water storage changes, and evapotranspiration to a preset time interval to obtain the synchronized dataset.

9. An automatic monitoring system for rainfall and runoff balance in inland river basins in arid areas according to claim 1, characterized in that, The preset water balance equation is: P = R + ET + ΔS + D In the formula, P is precipitation, R is runoff, ET is evapotranspiration, ΔS is soil water storage change, and D is infiltration.

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