An equivalent model of air spring

Abstract

This utility model relates to the field of automotive testing technology, specifically to an equivalent model of an air spring. The upper and lower sleeves are connected to the air spring rubber via shared nodes; a rubber limiting sleeve is fitted over the air spring rubber and rigidly connected to it; the lower sleeve is rigidly connected to the upper and lower ends of the fixed portion of the outer support sleeve; the lower fixed portions of the outer support sleeve, the middle support sleeve, and the inner support sleeve are rigidly connected; the upper end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and the sealing sleeve, and the lower end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper end of the coil spring; the lower end of the coil spring is rigidly connected to the inner support sleeve; the sealing sleeve and the upper sleeve are connected via shared nodes at their junction. This technical solution can solve the problem that traditional methods in vehicle collision simulation cannot accurately reflect the interaction between the air spring and other components, as well as its own stress and strain state.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This utility model relates to the field of automotive testing technology, specifically to an equivalent model of an air spring. Background Technology

[0002] In modern automotive design, air springs have become a key component for improving vehicle ride comfort, ride smoothness, and road protection capabilities due to their unique performance advantages, such as variable stiffness characteristics, low natural frequency, high controllability, and excellent noise reduction and vibration isolation performance.

[0003] The working principle of air springs mainly relies on the compressed air filled in their internal bladders to bear the load, giving them high flexibility and adaptability, and enabling them to perform well in various complex road conditions. However, in the process of developing automotive crash safety, the interaction between air springs and other components, as well as their own stress-strain state, becomes particularly complex as an important part of the vehicle's multi-body system.

[0004] In the field of automotive crash simulation, traditional methods have significant limitations in addressing this issue. Previously, engineers typically used built-in spring elements in simulation software such as LS-DYNA for simulation. While this method is simple and easy to implement, requiring only consideration of spring stiffness data, it neglects many key characteristics of air springs in real-world applications. For example, it cannot accurately reflect the dynamic deformation of the air spring during a collision, its interaction with other components, and its own stress-strain distribution.

[0005] Excessive deformation of air springs can not only affect their normal operation but also lead to significant changes in the vehicle's attitude, thereby impacting crash safety performance. Furthermore, the interaction between air springs and other components can also have a significant impact on the overall structural strength and crash response of the vehicle. Utility Model Content

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to propose an equivalent model for an air spring. This technical solution can solve the problem that traditional methods in vehicle collision simulation cannot accurately reflect the interaction between the air spring and other components, as well as its own stress and strain state.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, this disclosure provides an equivalent model of an air spring, including a sealing sleeve, an upper sleeve, a connecting rod, an air spring rubber, a rubber limiting sleeve, a lower sleeve, an outer support sleeve, a middle support sleeve, an inner support sleeve, and a solenoid spring; the upper sleeve and the lower sleeve are connected to the air spring rubber via a common node; the rubber limiting sleeve is sleeved on the outside of the air spring rubber and is rigidly connected to the fixed part of the air spring rubber; the upper and lower ends of the lower sleeve and the fixed part of the outer support sleeve are rigidly connected; the lower fixed parts of the outer support sleeve, the middle support sleeve, and the inner support sleeve are rigidly connected; the upper end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve, and the lower end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper end of the solenoid spring; the lower end of the solenoid spring is rigidly connected to the inner support sleeve; the junction of the sealing sleeve and the upper sleeve is connected via a common node; the upper sleeve, the air spring rubber, the lower sleeve, and the outer support sleeve constitute the airbag cavity.

[0008] Beneficial effects of the basic scheme: As a multi-body system, the vehicle can be accurately reflected by a refined finite element model, which can accurately reflect the influence of the interaction between the air spring and other components, and can also reflect the changes in the vehicle's motion posture caused by the air spring breaking during a collision.

[0009] By connecting the upper and lower sleeves to the air spring rubber using a common node method, stress concentration at the connection point is effectively reduced, thereby improving the overall stability and durability of the structure.

[0010] The rubber limiting sleeve is fitted over the air spring rubber and is rigidly connected to the fixed part of the air spring rubber, which limits the excessive deformation of the air spring rubber and ensures the shape stability of the airbag cavity.

[0011] The outer support sleeve, the middle support sleeve, and the lower fixed parts of the inner support sleeve are rigidly connected, forming a stable support system and enhancing the anti-tilting ability of the entire equivalent model.

[0012] The upper end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and the sealing sleeve, and the lower end is rigidly connected to the helical spring. This allows the connecting rod to transmit and distribute the load more effectively, reducing the stress on individual components and improving the load-bearing efficiency and stability of the entire system.

[0013] The support structure, consisting of an upper sleeve, a lower sleeve, an outer support sleeve, a middle support sleeve, an inner support sleeve, a connecting rod, and a sealing sleeve, combined with the common node connection between the air spring rubber and the upper and lower sleeves, and the rigid connection of the rubber limiting sleeve, forms a highly integrated equivalent model and simplifies the structure.

[0014] The above technical solution can accurately reflect the interaction between the air spring and other components, as well as its own stress and strain state.

[0015] As a feasible preferred embodiment, it also includes a rubber limiting block located inside the airbag cavity, the upper end of which is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve.

[0016] As a feasible preferred solution, the upper end of the rubber limiting block is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve by a vulcanization process or high-strength adhesive.

[0017] As a feasible preferred solution, the sealing sleeve has a cap-shaped structure, and the upper sleeve has a central hole through which the connecting rod passes. The connecting rod extends out of the central hole from the upper sleeve, and the sealing sleeve is screwed onto the upper sleeve.

[0018] As a feasible preferred embodiment, the connecting rod is a slender rod-shaped structure, with its upper end rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and sealing sleeve by welding or high-strength bolts, and its lower end rigidly connected to the upper end of the spring by threaded connection or welding.

[0019] As a feasible preferred option, a cylindrical hinge and a damping unit are established at the geometric center of the upper end of the connecting rod and the geometric center of the lower end of the inner support sleeve.

[0020] As a feasible preferred embodiment, the air spring rubber has an annular thin-walled structure, the inner and outer diameters of which are determined according to the design specifications of the air spring, and the rubber limiting sleeve has a hollow cylindrical structure with an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the air spring rubber.

[0021] As a feasible preferred solution, the lower end of the fixing part of the lower sleeve and the outer support sleeve is connected by welding or high-strength bolts, and the lower fixing part and the middle part of the outer support sleeve are sealed with sealant or sealing ring.

[0022] As a feasible preferred option, the spring uses a spring unit with a helical structure, and its spring wire diameter, spring outer diameter, and spring pitch parameters are determined according to the stiffness requirements of the air spring.

[0023] As a feasible preferred solution, the pressure inside the airbag cavity is set according to the actual situation, and the relationship between the pressure and volume inside the airbag is given. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an equivalent model of an air spring. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the technical solution and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solution of this utility model will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only some embodiments of this utility model, and are only used to explain this application, not to limit it. It should be noted that the technical features or combinations of technical features described in the following embodiments should not be considered isolated; they can be combined with each other to achieve better technical effects. The same reference numerals appearing in the accompanying drawings of the following embodiments represent the same features or components, and can be applied to different embodiments.

[0026] In the description of this utility model, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set" and "connection" should be interpreted broadly. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integrated connection; it can be a mechanical connection (including various forms of mechanical connection, such as couplings or gear pairs), or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium, or it can be a connection within two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this utility model based on the specific circumstances.

[0027] Furthermore, unless otherwise defined, the technical or scientific terms used in this description shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

[0028] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0029] Reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. Sealing sleeve; 2. Upper sleeve; 3. Connecting rod; 4. Rubber limiting block; 5. Air spring rubber; 6. Rubber limiting sleeve; 7. Lower sleeve; 8. Outer support sleeve; 9. Middle support sleeve; 10. Inner support sleeve; 11. Spring.

[0030] Reference Figure 1 An equivalent model of an air spring includes a sealing sleeve 1, an upper sleeve 2, a connecting rod 3, a rubber limiting block 4, an air spring rubber 5, a rubber limiting sleeve 6, a lower sleeve 7, an outer support sleeve 8, a middle support sleeve 9, an inner support sleeve 10, and a coil spring 11.

[0031] The upper sleeve 2 and the lower sleeve 7 are connected to the air spring rubber 5 by a common node, which ensures the stability of the connection between the components and the effectiveness of the force transmission.

[0032] The fixed parts of the air spring limiting sleeve 6 and the air spring rubber 5 are rigidly connected, and BEAM3 units are added to the surface of the air spring rubber to enhance the simulation of the mechanical properties of the air spring rubber in a specific area.

[0033] The upper and lower ends of the fixed parts of the lower sleeve 7 and the outer support sleeve 8 are rigidly connected, making the entire support structure more stable.

[0034] The lower fixed parts of the outer support sleeve 8, the middle support sleeve 9, and the inner support sleeve 10 of the three support sleeves are rigidly connected to ensure the reliability of the support system.

[0035] The upper fixed part of the intermediate support sleeve 9 and the inner support sleeve 10 are rigidly connected, which further strengthens the internal support structure.

[0036] The upper end of the rubber limiting block 4 inside the cavity and the fixed part of the upper sleeve 2 are rigidly connected to prevent the connecting rod from going too far downward, causing the upper sleeve and the lower sleeve to come into direct contact.

[0037] The upper end of connecting rod 3 is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and sealing sleeve 1, which ensures the effective transmission of force.

[0038] The spring 11 is a spring unit, with its upper end rigidly connected to the connecting rod 3 and its lower end rigidly connected to the inner sleeve 10. It plays the role of buffering, elastic support and fine-tuning stiffness in the whole model.

[0039] A cylindrical hinge is established at the geometric center of the upper end of the connecting rod 3 and the geometric center of the lower end of the inner support sleeve 10. At the same time, a damping unit is established to simulate the real motion and damping characteristics.

[0040] The junction of the sealing sleeve 1 and the upper sleeve 2 is treated with a common node to prevent gas leakage; the lower fixed part of the lower sleeve 7 and the middle part of the outer support sleeve 8 are sealed to ensure the airtightness of the airbag cavity 13. The airbag cavity 13 is composed of the upper sleeve 2, the air spring rubber 5, the lower sleeve 7, and the outer support sleeve 8. The internal pressure of the cavity is set according to the actual situation, and the relationship between the internal pressure and volume of the airbag is given.

[0041] The sealing sleeve 1 has a cap-shaped structure, and the upper sleeve 2 is a sealing structure with a central hole through which the connecting rod passes. The connecting rod extends out of the upper sleeve through the central hole. The sealing sleeve 1 is screwed onto the upper sleeve 2. The size of the sealing sleeve 1 is closely matched with the size of the countersunk hole on the upper sleeve 2 to ensure a good sealing effect when the joint is treated. The joint between the sealing sleeve 1 and the upper sleeve 2 is connected by a joint method to ensure a seamless connection and prevent gas leakage. During the operation of the air spring, the sealing sleeve 1 moves with the upper sleeve 2, always maintaining a tight connection with the upper sleeve 2 and maintaining the sealing of the airbag cavity 13.

[0042] Reference Figure 1The upper sleeve 2 includes a hollow cylindrical structure at the top and a hollow annular structure at the bottom. Its height is preferably 100mm, and its inner diameter is determined according to actual design requirements, generally between 30-50mm, allowing it to fit well with the air spring rubber 5 and other internal components. Its top is connected to the sealing sleeve 1, and its bottom is connected to the air spring rubber 5 at a common joint.

[0043] The upper sleeve 2 is connected to the sealing sleeve 1 by a common node, and is connected to the air spring rubber 5 by a common node. It is rigidly connected to the connecting rod 3 and the rubber limit block 4.

[0044] When the air spring is subjected to an external force, the upper sleeve 2 will move in the direction of the external force, causing the connected sealing sleeve 1, connecting rod 3, rubber limit block 4 and other components to move together, and at the same time, the force is transmitted to the air spring rubber 5 through the common node connection.

[0045] The connecting rod 3 is a slender rod-shaped structure, preferably 150mm in length, and its diameter is determined according to the load-bearing capacity, generally between 10-20mm. Its upper end is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve 2 and the sealing sleeve 1, and its lower end is rigidly connected to the upper end of the spring 11.

[0046] The upper end of the connecting rod 3 is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve 2 and the sealing sleeve 1 by welding or high-strength bolts; the lower end is rigidly connected to the upper end of the spring 11 by threaded connection or welding. To prevent the threaded connection from loosening, anti-loosening nuts or thread-locking adhesive can be added to the threaded connection.

[0047] As a force transmission component, when the air spring is compressed or stretched, the connecting rod 3 moves with the upper sleeve 2, transmitting the force on the upper sleeve 2 to the solenoid spring 11. At the same time, the smoothness of the movement is ensured by the action of the cylindrical hinge and the damping unit.

[0048] The rubber limiting block 4 has a block-like structure, and its shape can be designed as a cuboid, cylinder, or cone according to actual needs. It is preferably a cylinder with a diameter of 30mm and a height of 40mm, located inside the airbag cavity 13, and its upper end is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve 2.

[0049] The upper end of the rubber limiting block 4 is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve 2 through a vulcanization process or high-strength adhesive.

[0050] When the air spring is excessively compressed or stretched, the rubber limit block 4 will contact other components, limiting the range of motion of the upper sleeve 2, preventing the air spring from being damaged due to excessive deformation, and ensuring that the air spring works within a safe range.

[0051] The air spring rubber 5 has an annular thin-walled structure, and its inner and outer diameters are determined according to the design specifications of the air spring. The height is preferably 80mm. It is connected to the upper sleeve 2 and the lower sleeve 7 by a common node, forming the main part of the airbag cavity 13.

[0052] The air spring rubber 5 is connected to the upper sleeve 2 and the lower sleeve 7 by a common node, and is rigidly connected to the rubber limiting sleeve 6.

[0053] When the air spring is working, the air spring rubber 5 deforms according to the pressure changes inside the airbag cavity 13, bearing pressure and transmitting force, while coordinating with other components to ensure the normal operation of the air spring. When the pressure inside the airbag cavity 13 increases, the air spring rubber 5 expands outward; when the pressure decreases, the air spring rubber 5 contracts. This deformation achieves the buffering and support functions of the air spring.

[0054] The rubber limiting sleeve 6 is a hollow cylindrical structure with an inner diameter slightly larger than the outer diameter of the air spring rubber 5. The outer diameter is determined according to the overall design, and the height is preferably 50mm. It is sleeved on the outside of the air spring rubber 5 and is rigidly connected to the fixing part of the air spring rubber 5.

[0055] The air spring rubber 5 has a steel ring inside, and an annular steel ring is used to fit around the outside of the rubber limiting sleeve 6. The two steel rings sandwich the air spring rubber 5 and the rubber limiting sleeve 6 in the middle.

[0056] During the movement of the air spring, the rubber limiting sleeve 6 moves together with the air spring rubber 5. When the air spring rubber 5 is excessively deformed, the rubber limiting sleeve 6 plays a limiting role to prevent the air spring rubber 5 from being excessively stretched or compressed, thus protecting the air spring rubber 5.

[0057] The lower sleeve 7 is a hollow cylindrical structure with a preferred height of 120mm. Its inner diameter is adapted to the air spring rubber 5, and its outer diameter is determined according to the overall design. Its top is connected to the air spring rubber 5 at a common node, and its bottom is rigidly connected to the lower end of the fixing part of the outer support sleeve 8. At the same time, the lower fixing part and the middle part of the outer support sleeve 8 are sealed.

[0058] The lower sleeve 7 and the air spring rubber 5 are connected by a common node, and the lower end of the fixed part of the outer support sleeve 8 is connected by welding or high-strength bolts. The lower fixed part and the middle part of the outer support sleeve 8 are sealed with sealant or sealing ring.

[0059] As the air spring moves, the force is transmitted to the air spring rubber 5 through the common node connection, and together with the outer support sleeve 8, it supports the entire air spring structure to ensure the stability of the structure.

[0060] The outer support sleeve 8 is a hollow cylindrical structure with a preferred height of 150mm. Its inner diameter is adapted to the lower sleeve 7, and its outer diameter is determined according to the overall design. Its upper end is rigidly connected to the upper end of the fixing part of the lower sleeve 7, and its lower end is rigidly connected to the lower fixing parts of the intermediate support sleeve 9 and the inner support sleeve 10, while also being sealed to the lower fixing part of the lower sleeve 7.

[0061] The upper ends of the outer support sleeve 8 and the lower sleeve 7 are connected by welding or high-strength bolts, and the lower ends of the middle support sleeve 9 and the inner support sleeve 10 are connected by welding or bolts. The lower end of the lower sleeve 7 is sealed with sealant or sealing ring.

[0062] During the operation of the air spring, the outer support sleeve 8 mainly plays a supporting and sealing role, and together with the lower sleeve 7, it provides a stable support structure for the air spring, while preventing gas leakage in the airbag cavity 13.

[0063] The intermediate support sleeve 9 is a hollow cylindrical structure with a preferred height of 130mm. Its inner diameter is adapted to the inner support sleeve 10, and its outer diameter is determined according to the overall design. Its lower end is rigidly connected to the lower fixed part of the outer support sleeve 8 and the inner support sleeve 10, and its upper end is rigidly connected to the inner support sleeve 10.

[0064] The lower fixed parts of the intermediate support sleeve 9 and the outer support sleeve 8 and the inner support sleeve 10 are connected by welding or bolts, and the upper part of the intermediate support sleeve 9 and the inner support sleeve 10 are connected by welding or bolts.

[0065] The intermediate support sleeve 9 plays a transitional and reinforcing role in the support structure. It works in conjunction with the outer support sleeve 8 and the inner support sleeve 10 to improve the stability of the entire support system and ensure the reliability of the air spring structure when under stress.

[0066] The inner support sleeve 10 is a hollow cylindrical structure with a preferred height of 110mm. Its inner diameter is determined according to the size of the spring 11, and its outer diameter is adapted to the intermediate support sleeve 9. It is rigidly connected to the lower end of the spring 11, rigidly connected to the lower fixed part of the outer support sleeve 8 and the intermediate support sleeve 9, and rigidly connected to the upper end of the intermediate support sleeve 9.

[0067] The inner support sleeve 10 is connected to the spring 11 by welding or threading, and is connected to the lower fixed part of the outer support sleeve 8 and the middle support sleeve 9 by welding or bolting, and is connected to the upper end of the middle support sleeve 9 by welding or bolting.

[0068] The inner support sleeve 10 provides support for the spring 11 and works in conjunction with other support sleeves to ensure the stability of the entire support structure. During the movement of the air spring, as the spring 11 extends and retracts and other components move, the inner support sleeve 10 plays a role in transmitting force and restricting movement.

[0069] The spring 11 has a helical structure, and its parameters such as spring wire diameter, spring outer diameter, and spring pitch are determined according to the stiffness requirements of the air spring. Preferably, the spring wire diameter is 8mm, the spring outer diameter is 50mm, and the spring pitch is 10mm. The upper end is rigidly connected to the connecting rod 3, and the lower end is rigidly connected to the inner sleeve 10.

[0070] The upper end of the spring 11 is welded or threaded to the connecting rod 3, and the lower end is welded or threaded to the inner sleeve 10. To prevent the threaded connection from loosening, an anti-loosening nut or thread-locking adhesive can be added to the threaded connection.

[0071] As an elastic element of the air spring, the solenoid spring 11 expands and contracts when the air spring is subjected to external force, playing a role in buffering and storing energy. When the air spring is compressed, the solenoid spring 11 is compressed and stores elastic potential energy; when the external force disappears, the solenoid spring 11 releases elastic potential energy, causing the air spring to return to its original shape. The stiffness of the air spring is adjusted through this elastic deformation.

[0072] The model building steps are as follows:

[0073] The air spring rubber 5, rubber limiting sleeve 6, outer support sleeve 8, middle support sleeve 9, and inner support sleeve 10 are modeled using SHELL elements with a target mesh size of 3mm; the upper sleeve 2, connecting rod 3, lower sleeve 7, and sealing sleeve 1 are modeled using SOLID elements with a target mesh size of 3mm; the coil spring 11 is created using ELEMENT_DISCRETE with material assigned to MAT_S01.

[0074] Assemble the components according to the above connection relationships. Connect the upper sleeve 2 and lower sleeve 7 to the air spring rubber 5 at common nodes. The air spring limiting sleeve 6 is rigidly connected to the air spring rubber 5 and BEAM3 units are added to the surface of the air spring rubber. The upper and lower ends of the fixed part of the lower sleeve 7 and the outer support sleeve 8 are rigidly connected. The lower fixed parts of the three support sleeves are rigidly connected. The upper fixed part of the middle support sleeve 9 is rigidly connected to the inner support sleeve 10. The upper end of the rubber limiting block 4 is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve 2. The upper end of the connecting rod 3 is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and the sealing sleeve 1. The spring 11 adopts a spring unit and is rigidly connected to the connecting rod 3 at the upper end and to the inner sleeve 10 at the lower end. Establish a cylindrical hinge and damping unit at the geometric center of the upper end of the connecting rod 3 and the lower end of the inner support sleeve 10. The sealing sleeve 1 and the upper sleeve 2 are treated with common nodes. The lower fixed part of the lower sleeve 7 and the middle part of the outer support sleeve 8 are sealed to form the airbag cavity 13.

[0075] The airbag cavity 13 is modeled entirely on its inner surface. The DYNA keyword AIRBAG_SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME is used to pressurize the airbag cavity. The internal pressure of the cavity is set according to the actual situation, and the transformation relationship between the internal pressure and volume of the airbag is given.

[0076] Based on the actual connection method between the air spring and the vehicle, the air spring is connected to the vehicle model. Then, the vehicle model is assembled according to the required calculation conditions, and the calculations are performed on the vehicle model. The output results include the internal pressure, stress-strain state, and contact forces with other components of the air spring.

[0077] The calculated results are then analyzed to determine the performance of the air spring during a vehicle collision, such as whether it accurately reflects the interaction with other components and its own stress and strain state. If the results do not meet expectations, the model is adjusted and optimized.

[0078] The above content is merely an embodiment of this utility model. Commonly known structures and characteristics are not described in detail here. Those skilled in the art are aware of all common technical knowledge in the field prior to the application date or priority date, are aware of all existing technologies in that field, and have the ability to apply conventional experimental methods prior to that date. Those skilled in the art can improve and implement this solution based on the guidance provided in this application and their own capabilities. Typical known structures or methods should not be obstacles for those skilled in the art to implement this application. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make several modifications and improvements without departing from the structure of this utility model. These should also be considered within the scope of protection of this utility model, and will not affect the effectiveness of the implementation of this utility model or the practicality of the patent. The scope of protection claimed in this application should be determined by the content of its claims, and the specific embodiments described in the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. An equivalent model of an air spring, characterized in that: It includes a sealing sleeve, an upper sleeve, a connecting rod, a hollow spring rubber, a rubber limiting sleeve, a lower sleeve, an outer support sleeve, a middle support sleeve, an inner support sleeve, and a solenoid spring. The upper and lower sleeves are connected to the hollow spring rubber via a common node. The rubber limiting sleeve is fitted over the hollow spring rubber and is rigidly connected to the fixed part of the hollow spring rubber. The lower sleeve is rigidly connected to the upper and lower ends of the fixed part of the outer support sleeve. The lower fixed parts of the outer support sleeve, the middle support sleeve, and the inner support sleeve are rigidly connected. The upper end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve, and the lower end of the connecting rod is rigidly connected to the upper end of the solenoid spring. The lower end of the solenoid spring is rigidly connected to the inner support sleeve. The junction of the sealing sleeve and the upper sleeve is connected via a common node. The upper sleeve, the hollow spring rubber, the lower sleeve, and the outer support sleeve constitute the airbag cavity.

2. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes a rubber limiting block, which is located inside the airbag cavity, and the upper end of the rubber limiting block is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve.

3. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 2, characterized in that: The upper end of the rubber limiting block is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve through a vulcanization process or high-strength adhesive.

4. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sealing sleeve has a cap-shaped structure. The upper sleeve has a central hole through which the connecting rod passes. The connecting rod extends out of the central hole from the upper sleeve, and the sealing sleeve is screwed onto the upper sleeve.

5. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: The connecting rod is a slender rod-shaped structure. Its upper end is rigidly connected to the upper sleeve and sealing sleeve by welding or high-strength bolts, and its lower end is rigidly connected to the upper end of the spring by threaded connection or welding.

6. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: A cylindrical hinge and a damping element are established at the geometric center of the upper end of the connecting rod and the geometric center of the lower end of the inner support sleeve.

7. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: The air spring rubber has an annular thin-walled structure, and its inner and outer diameters are determined according to the design specifications of the air spring. The rubber limiting sleeve has a hollow cylindrical structure with an inner diameter larger than the outer diameter of the air spring rubber.

8. The equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lower end of the lower sleeve and the outer support sleeve are connected by welding or high-strength bolts, and the lower end of the fixed part and the middle part of the outer support sleeve are sealed with sealant or sealing ring.

9. An equivalent model of an air spring according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spring uses a spring unit with a helical structure. The spring wire diameter, spring outer diameter, and spring pitch parameters are determined according to the stiffness requirements of the air spring.

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