A wind measurement radar antenna device with de-icing structure
By introducing a honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh and sidewall heating strips into the wind-measuring radar antenna device, combined with an annular drainage trough and heating coil, the problem of icing and condensation of the wind-measuring radar antenna device in low-temperature environments is solved. This achieves a closed-loop structure of ice melting, flow diversion, and antifreeze, improving the stability of radar signal transmission and the long-term operational reliability of the equipment.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Utility models(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION CENT (INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION AGRI & ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ECONOMIC INFORMATION CENT) (INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION METEOROLOGICAL ARCHIVES)
- Filing Date
- 2026-06-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-07-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing wind-measuring radar antenna devices are prone to problems such as top icing, secondary icing on the side walls, bottom refreezing from meltwater, and condensation and icing between multiple array elements in low-temperature environments, which affect radar signal transmission and stability.
An external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism consisting of a honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh and side wall heating strips, combined with an annular drainage groove and heating coil to form a closed-loop structure, achieves top ice melting, side wall flow guidance, and bottom drainage; electromagnetic isolation plates and internal heating elements are set between array elements to reduce condensation, icing, and ice bridge formation.
It effectively prevents the top ice from freezing again on the side walls, ensures smooth drainage of meltwater, reduces the probability of condensation and icing between array elements, and improves the stability of radar signal transmission and the long-term reliability of equipment operation.
Smart Images
Figure CN224472671U_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This utility model relates to the field of radar communication and meteorological monitoring equipment technology, and in particular to a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure. Background Technology
[0002] Wind-measuring radar is commonly used in meteorological detection, wind farm wind measurement, aviation support, and boundary layer wind field monitoring. When such equipment is used in high-altitude, coastal, high-latitude regions or in low-temperature winter environments, the outer surface of the antenna radome is easily affected by freezing rain, wet snow, rime, and low-temperature, high-humidity airflow, resulting in icing.
[0003] Icing increases the transmission loss of radar signals and may introduce problems such as phase deviation, polarization deviation or increased mechanical load. Especially in multi-element wind measurement radar structures, the inside of the radome may also experience local frost or ice bridges due to the low temperature of the outer radome, internal water vapor condensation and small element spacing, which will affect the electromagnetic isolation between adjacent radar antennas and the long-term operational stability.
[0004] Existing radar radome de-icing solutions mostly employ integral heating films, metal heating wires, or single heating coatings. While these solutions can raise the temperature of the radome locally or entirely, they still have the following shortcomings: First, meltwater from the top ice and snow lacks a continuous heat conduction path as it flows down the sidewalls, making it prone to refreezing on the sidewalls or bottom edges. Second, some metal mesh or regularly intersecting heating structures can obstruct radar signals or be sensitive to polarization direction, which is detrimental to the stable operation of wind-measuring radars. Third, if the bottom water collection area lacks drainage and anti-refreezing structures, meltwater may accumulate at the base and cause frost heave. Fourth, the conventional flat-plate isolation structure inside multi-element radars is prone to forming cold bridge areas near the low-temperature side of the radome, and condensation may form ice bridges between adjacent elements.
[0005] Therefore, it is necessary to provide a wind-measuring radar antenna device that can simultaneously take into account the de-icing of the top of the radome, the flow-guiding and anti-freezing of the side walls, the drainage and anti-refreezing of the bottom, as well as the electromagnetic isolation and anti-icing bridge between the array elements. Utility Model Content
[0006] To overcome the above shortcomings, this utility model provides a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure, which aims to improve the problems of existing wind measuring radar antenna covers being prone to top icing, secondary icing on the side walls, bottom meltwater refreezing, and condensation and icing between multiple array elements in low-temperature environments.
[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure, comprising a base support and supply / discharge mechanism, an antenna radome disposed on the base support and supply / discharge mechanism, a radar base disposed within the antenna radome, and at least two radar antennas mounted on the radar base, wherein the antenna radome includes side covers; the wind-measuring radar antenna device further includes an external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism for the antenna radome and an array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism.
[0008] As a further description of the above technical solution: the external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism of the radome includes a honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh disposed on the top of the radome and multiple sidewall heating strips disposed on the outside of the side cover. The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh includes multiple interconnected hexagonal honeycomb units. The multiple sidewall heating strips are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the side cover and extend along the vertical direction of the side cover. The upper end of the sidewall heating strip is adjacent to the outer peripheral edge of the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh.
[0009] As a further description of the above technical solution: the base support and supply and drainage mechanism includes a base, the base is provided with an annular drainage groove arranged around the lower end of the side cover, the lower end of the side wall heating strip is located above the annular drainage groove, the annular drainage groove is connected to a drainage connection channel, and the base is also provided with a heating ring arranged along the annular drainage groove.
[0010] As a further description of the above technical solution: the array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism includes an electromagnetic isolation plate disposed between two adjacent radar antennas. The electromagnetic isolation plate has a spindle shape with narrowing ends and thickening in the middle in the cross-section perpendicular to its height direction. The side of the electromagnetic isolation plate near the side cover has an arc-shaped edge, and an arc-shaped gap is formed between the arc-shaped edge and the inner wall of the side cover. The electromagnetic isolation plate is provided with an internal heating element arranged near the arc-shaped gap.
[0011] This utility model has the following beneficial effects:
[0012] 1. In this utility model, the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh is located at the top of the antenna cover, and multiple side wall heating strips are located on the outside of the side cover and extend vertically. The two are continuously connected in space, so that the melt water generated by the top ice melting can flow down along the side wall heating area, reducing the probability of the melt water refreezing on the outer wall of the side cover. The lower end of the side wall heating strip is located above the annular drainage groove. The annular drainage groove is connected to the drainage connection channel and a heating ring is set along the groove, so that the melt water can be discharged after entering the bottom and the risk of refreezing in the groove can be reduced, thus forming an external closed-loop structure of top ice melting, side wall diversion and bottom drainage antifreeze.
[0013] 2. In this utility model, the electromagnetic isolation plate is set between adjacent radar antennas. Its cross-section is a spindle shape that narrows at both ends and thickens in the middle. An arc-shaped gap is formed between the side of the side cover and the inner wall of the side cover. This structure can achieve isolation between array elements while reducing the direct contact path between the isolation plate and the low-temperature side cover. Combined with the internal heating element near the arc-shaped gap, it can reduce the probability of frost formation and ice bridge formation between array elements.
[0014] 3. In this utility model, the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh, side wall heating strips, heating coils and internal heating elements are located at the top, side wall, bottom and array element interval areas, respectively. They can be arranged in zones according to the icing risk of different areas, reducing unnecessary overall heating area while meeting the structural anti-icing requirements. Attached Figure Description
[0015] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0016] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0017] Figure 3 This is a longitudinal section schematic diagram of a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model;
[0018] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the power supply and packaging circuit board of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0019] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of the internal heating element on the electromagnetic isolation plate of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0020] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the wiring board and limiting plate of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model;
[0021] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the radar antenna and radar base of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0022] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the arc base and wire hole of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0023] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram of the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0024] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of the side wall heating strip, integrated coil, and conductive lead wire of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0025] Figure 11 This is a schematic diagram of the base, annular drainage groove, and heating coil adapter groove of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0026] Figure 12 This is a schematic diagram of the side cover and antenna cover of a wind measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure proposed in this utility model.
[0027] Legend:
[0028] 1. Base support and water supply / drainage mechanism; 101. Base; 102. Annular drainage groove; 103. Heating coil adapter groove; 104. Drainage connection channel; 105. Wiring through groove; 106. Heating coil; 107. Backup power supply; 108. Encapsulated circuit board; 2. External wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism for radome; 201. Radome; 202. Side cover; 203. Arc base; 204. Side wall heating strip; 205. Honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh; 206. Top integrated ring; 207. Conductive lead; 208. Bottom integrated ring; 209. Wiring hole; 3. Array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism; 301. Electromagnetic isolation plate; 302. Internal heating element; 303. Limiting plate; 304. Wiring board; 4. Radar antenna; 5. Radar base. Detailed Implementation
[0029] The technical solutions of the present utility model will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings of the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present utility model, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present utility model, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the protection scope of the present utility model.
[0030] Reference Figures 1-12 An embodiment of this utility model provides a wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure, including a base support and supply / discharge mechanism 1, an antenna cover 201, a radar base 5, at least two radar antennas 4, an external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism 2 for the antenna cover, and an array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism 3; the antenna cover 201 is disposed on the base support and supply / discharge mechanism 1, the radar base 5 is disposed inside the antenna cover 201, and multiple radar antennas 4 are mounted on the radar base 5 and located inside the antenna cover 201. The antenna cover 201 includes a side cover 202, which can be cylindrical, near-cylindrical, or other wave-transmitting cover structures suitable for wind-measuring radar operation.
[0031] The external wave-transparent de-icing mechanism 2 of the radome includes a honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 and multiple sidewall heating strips 204. The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 is set on the top of the radome 201 and is used to heat the areas on the top of the radome 201 that are prone to snow accumulation and icing. The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 includes multiple hexagonal honeycomb units. Each hexagonal honeycomb unit is formed by non-metallic heating tape, non-metallic heating wire or printed resistance heating layer. The non-metallic heating material can be graphene composite heating material, carbon fiber heating material, conductive polymer heating material or other resistance heating materials suitable for the wave-transparent structure of the radome.
[0032] In different embodiments, the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 can be attached to the top outer surface of the radome 201, embedded in the top wave-transparent material layer of the radome 201, or sandwiched between the inner and outer wave-transparent material layers of the top of the radome 201. The arrangement of hexagonal honeycomb units is beneficial to forming a more uniform heating distribution in the top area and reducing the concentrated influence of a single-direction long straight conductive path on the radar signal propagation direction.
[0033] Multiple sidewall heating strips 204 are disposed on the outside of the side cover 202 and extend along the vertical direction of the side cover 202; the multiple sidewall heating strips 204 are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the side cover 202, preferably at equal intervals, and the upper end of each sidewall heating strip 204 is adjacent to the outer peripheral edge of the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 so that the melt water generated by melting at the top can continue to be affected by the heating area when it reaches the sidewall area; the lower end of each sidewall heating strip 204 is located above the annular drainage groove 102 so that the melt water falling along the sidewall can enter the annular drainage groove 102.
[0034] The external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism 2 of the radome may also include a top integrated ring 206, a bottom integrated ring 208, a conductive lead 207, and a wire hole 209. The top integrated ring 206 is electrically connected to the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 and is used to provide combined or zoned power supply to the top heating area. The bottom integrated ring 208 is electrically connected to multiple side wall heating strips 204 and is used to provide combined or zoned power supply to the side wall heating area. The conductive lead 207 is electrically connected to the top integrated ring 206 and the bottom integrated ring 208 and passes through the wire hole 209 into the base 101. The top integrated ring 206 and the bottom integrated ring 208 may be set at the top edge of the radome 201, the upper and lower ends of the side cover 202, or other locations that facilitate electrical connection.
[0035] The base support and water supply and drainage mechanism 1 includes a base 101, an annular drainage groove 102, a heating coil adapter groove 103, a drainage connection channel 104, a wire through groove 105, and a heating coil 106; the annular drainage groove 102 is disposed on the base 101 and arranged around the lower end of the side cover 202; the annular drainage groove 102 can be located below the lower end of the side cover 202 or below the outer periphery of the arc base 203, and is used to receive melt water falling along the outer surface of the side cover 202 and the arc base 203.
[0036] The drainage connection channel 104 is connected to the annular drainage trough 102 and is used to drain the melt water in the annular drainage trough 102 to the base 101. In order to further improve the drainage effect, the bottom of the annular drainage trough 102 can be inclined towards the drainage connection channel 104. The heating ring 106 is arranged along the annular drainage trough 102 and can be set in the heating ring adapter groove 103. The heating ring 106 can be an annular electric heating wire, an electric heating element or other annular resistance heating element, used to heat the annular drainage trough 102 and its adjacent area to reduce the probability of melt water refreezing in the bottom tank.
[0037] The lower end of the radome 201 may be provided with an arc base 203. The arc base 203 is arranged adjacent to the base 101. The arc base 203 is used to improve the transition structure at the lower end of the side cover 202, so that the melt water falling along the outer surface of the side cover 202 can be more stably introduced into the annular drainage groove 102. The wire through groove 105 is provided on the base 101 and corresponds to the wire through hole 209, so that the conductive lead 207 or other connecting wires can enter the base 101.
[0038] The array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism 3 is disposed between two adjacent radar antennas 4. The array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism 3 includes an electromagnetic isolation plate 301, an internal heating element 302, a limiting plate 303, and a wiring board 304. The electromagnetic isolation plate 301 is disposed along the height direction, and its bottom or side is fixed to the radar base 5 by the limiting plate 303. The wiring board 304 is electrically connected to the internal heating element 302 and can be connected to the encapsulated circuit board 108 or other power supply and control structures.
[0039] The electromagnetic isolation plate 301 has a spindle shape in cross-section perpendicular to its height direction, narrowing at both ends and thickening in the middle. This spindle-shaped structure can provide sufficient installation strength and isolation area through the thickened main body area in the middle, and reduce sharp right-angle edges through the transition area narrowing at both ends. The side of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301 near the side cover 202 has an arc-shaped edge, which forms an arc-shaped gap with the inner wall of the side cover 202. The arc-shaped gap extends along the height direction of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301, and the width can be 2mm to 50mm, preferably 5mm to 30mm. This arc-shaped gap prevents the electromagnetic isolation plate 301 from directly contacting the side cover 202, thereby reducing the path of direct solid heat transfer from the low-temperature side cover 202 to the electromagnetic isolation plate 301.
[0040] The internal heating element 302 is arranged close to the arc-shaped gap. The internal heating element 302 can be an electric heating wire, an electric heating film, an electric heating sheet, or a printed resistive heating layer. It can be embedded in the electromagnetic isolation plate 301, attached to the surface of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301, or set in the mounting groove of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301. After the internal heating element 302 is energized, it can heat the area near the arc-shaped gap and the edge area of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301 to reduce the probability of condensation and frost near the inner wall of the side cover 202 and the formation of ice bridges between array elements.
[0041] A backup power supply 107 and an encapsulated circuit board 108 can be installed at the bottom of the base 101. The backup power supply 107 and the encapsulated circuit board 108 are located below the annular drainage trough 102 and are spaced apart from the annular drainage trough 102 in the height direction to reduce the impact of melt water or moisture in the trough on electrical components. The encapsulated circuit board 108 is electrically connected to the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205, the side wall heating strip 204, the heating coil 106, and the internal heating element 302, respectively. The encapsulated circuit board 108 may include a partitioned power supply circuit, a temperature detection interface, a current detection interface, or a relay to provide independent or linked power supply to the top, side wall, bottom, and internal isolation areas.
[0042] Working principle: When the wind measuring radar antenna device is in a low-temperature icing environment, the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh 205 heats the top of the antenna cover 201, causing the snow or ice on the top to gradually melt; when the meltwater flows down the outer surface of the side cover 202, multiple side wall heating strips 204 form a heating path extending in the vertical direction on the side wall, reducing the risk of secondary freezing of the meltwater during the downward flow of the meltwater on the side wall; after the meltwater reaches the bottom, it enters the annular drainage trough 102 and is discharged through the drainage connection channel 104. At the same time, the heating ring 106 heats the area near the annular drainage trough 102, reducing the risk of ice blockage or refreezing in the bottom trough.
[0043] Inside the radome 201, an electromagnetic isolation plate 301 is located between adjacent radar antennas 4 to reduce the electromagnetic coupling effect between adjacent radar antennas 4. The arc-shaped edge of the electromagnetic isolation plate 301 forms an arc-shaped gap with the side cover 202, so that it does not directly contact the low-temperature side cover 202. The internal heating element 302 is arranged close to the arc-shaped gap, thereby locally heating the easily condensable area. Through the cooperation of the arc-shaped gap and the internal heating element 302, the risk of water vapor condensing at the edge of the isolation plate and forming an ice bridge across the adjacent array element area can be reduced.
[0044] The above embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of this utility model. For those skilled in the art, equivalent substitutions or modifications can be made to the position, quantity, connection method, and specific materials of each structure without departing from the concept of this utility model, and such substitutions or modifications should all fall within the protection scope of this utility model.
Claims
1. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure, comprising a base support and supply / discharge mechanism (1), an antenna radome (201) disposed on the base support and supply / discharge mechanism (1), a radar base (5) disposed within the antenna radome (201), and at least two radar antennas (4) mounted on the radar base (5), wherein the antenna radome (201) includes side covers (202), characterized in that: The wind measurement radar antenna device also includes an external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism (2) for the antenna radome and an array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism (3). The external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism (2) of the radome includes a honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205) disposed on the top of the radome (201) and multiple side wall heating strips (204) disposed on the outside of the side cover (202). The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205) includes multiple interconnected hexagonal honeycomb units. Multiple sidewall heating strips (204) are arranged at intervals along the circumference of the side cover (202) and extend along the vertical direction of the side cover (202). The upper end of the sidewall heating strip (204) is adjacent to the outer peripheral edge of the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205). The base support and supply / discharge mechanism (1) includes a base (101), the base (101) is provided with an annular drainage groove (102) arranged around the lower end of the side cover (202), the lower end of the side wall heating strip (204) is located above the annular drainage groove (102), the annular drainage groove (102) is connected to a drainage connection channel (104), and the base (101) is also provided with a heating ring (106) arranged along the annular drainage groove (102). The array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism (3) includes an electromagnetic isolation plate (301) disposed between two adjacent radar antennas (4). The electromagnetic isolation plate (301) has a spindle shape with narrow ends and thickened middle in cross section perpendicular to its height direction. The electromagnetic isolation plate (301) has an arc-shaped edge on the side near the side cover (202), and an arc-shaped gap is formed between the arc-shaped edge and the inner wall of the side cover (202). The electromagnetic isolation plate (301) is provided with an internal heating element (302) arranged near the arc-shaped gap.
2. The wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205) includes multiple non-metallic heating tapes, non-metallic heating wires, or printed resistive heating layers. The multiple non-metallic heating tapes, non-metallic heating wires, or printed resistive heating layers are electrically connected to each other and enclose each other to form multiple hexagonal honeycomb units.
3. The wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205) is attached to the top outer surface of the radome (201), embedded in the top wave-transparent material layer of the radome (201), or sandwiched between the inner and outer wave-transparent material layers of the top of the radome (201).
4. The wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The external wave-transmitting de-icing mechanism (2) of the radome also includes a top integrated ring (206), a conductive lead (207), a bottom integrated ring (208), and a wire hole (209); the top integrated ring (206) is electrically connected to the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205), the bottom integrated ring (208) is electrically connected to multiple side wall heating strips (204), the conductive lead (207) is electrically connected to the top integrated ring (206) and the bottom integrated ring (208), and the conductive lead (207) passes through the wire hole (209) and enters the base (101).
5. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lower end of the radome (201) is provided with an arc base (203), which is adjacent to the base (101). The annular drainage groove (102) is located below the outer periphery of the arc base (203) to receive melt water falling along the outer surface of the side cover (202) and the arc base (203).
6. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 4, characterized in that: The base (101) is also provided with a heating coil adapter groove (103) and a wire threading groove (105). The heating coil (106) is disposed in the heating coil adapter groove (103). The bottom of the annular drainage groove (102) is inclined toward the drainage connection channel (104). The wire threading groove (105) is disposed corresponding to the wire threading hole (209).
7. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The arc-shaped gap extends along the height direction of the electromagnetic isolation plate (301), and the width of the arc-shaped gap is 2mm to 50mm; the internal heating element (302) is disposed on the side of the electromagnetic isolation plate (301) near the arc-shaped edge.
8. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The array element isolation and anti-icing bridge mechanism (3) also includes a limiting plate (303) and a wiring plate (304); the limiting plate (303) is disposed at the bottom or side of the electromagnetic isolation plate (301) and is used to fix the electromagnetic isolation plate (301) on the radar base (5); the wiring plate (304) is electrically connected to the internal heating element (302).
9. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to claim 1, characterized in that: The internal heating element (302) is an electric heating wire, an electric heating film, an electric heating sheet, or a printed resistance heating layer. The internal heating element (302) is embedded in the electromagnetic isolation plate (301), attached to the surface of the electromagnetic isolation plate (301), or set in the mounting groove of the electromagnetic isolation plate (301).
10. A wind-measuring radar antenna device with a de-icing structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The base (101) has a backup power supply (107) and a packaged circuit board (108) at its bottom. The backup power supply (107) and the packaged circuit board (108) are located below the annular drainage groove (102) and are spaced apart from the annular drainage groove (102) in the height direction. The packaged circuit board (108) is electrically connected to the honeycomb non-metallic heating mesh (205), the side wall heating strip (204), the heating coil (106), and the internal heating element (302).