Electrolyte for a battery cell and electrochemical cell

Abstract

An electrolyte, an electrochemical cell, and a battery for a vehicle are provided. The electrochemical cell comprises an anode current collector, an anode mounted on the anode current collector, a cathode current collector, a cathode mounted on the cathode current collector, a separator positioned between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte that cycles lithium (Li+) ions between the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte comprises a lithium sulfonylimide salt, an organosulfur solvent, and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent. The organosulfur solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte, and the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is also present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte.

Description

The present description relates to a battery cell and in particular a battery cell with an electrolyte that is free of traditional linear carbonates and fluorinated ether. The technology of electric and hybrid electric vehicles is enabled by the development and use of rechargeable secondary batteries that supply energy to the vehicle's powertrain. Secondary batteries include lithium-ion batteries, which generally comprise a cathode, an anode, a separator, and an electrolyte. The cathode provides a source of lithium ions and determines the battery's capacity and average voltage. The anode stores and releases lithium ions received from the cathode when energy is needed. The separator prevents the cathode and anode from touching and short-circuiting the battery, and the electrolyte provides a medium between the cathode and anode through which the lithium ions move. US Patent 11,942,642 B1 describes a device comprising a battery cell with an electrode and a first solid electrolyte interface on the electrode. The first solid electrolyte interface is formed from a first electrolyte with a salt concentration greater than or equal to 1 M. The device includes a second solid electrolyte interface on the electrode. The second solid electrolyte interface is formed from a second electrolyte that differs from the first electrolyte. US Patent 2017 / 0054180A1 describes a battery comprising a positive electrode containing sulfur, a negative electrode containing a material for storing and releasing lithium ions, and an electrolyte solution. The electrolyte solution contains at least one liquid complex and one liquid salt in which a polysulfide is insoluble or nearly insoluble, and a solvent in which a polysulfide is soluble. The electrolyte solution has a Li₂S₈ saturation sulfur concentration of 10 mM or more and 400 mM or less. It can be considered a task to specify new and improved battery chemistries that offer improved stability and better cycleability. An electrolyte according to the invention for a battery cell is described. The electrolyte comprises a lithium sulfonylimide salt, an organosulfur solvent, and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent. The organosulfur solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte, and the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is also present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte. The lithium sulfonylimide salt comprises lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI). The organosulfur solvent comprises ethyl methylsulfone (EMS). The fluorinated aromatic co-solvent comprises fluorobenzene (FB). The lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI), the ethyl methylsulfone (EMS), and the fluorobenzene (FB) are present in a ratio of 3:1:1. An electrochemical cell according to the invention is described. The electrochemical cell comprises an anode current collector, an anode arranged on the anode current collector, a cathode current collector, a cathode arranged on the cathode current collector, a separator arranged between the anode and the cathode, and an electrolyte that cycles lithium (Li+) ions between the anode and the cathode. The electrolyte comprises a lithium sulfonylimide salt, an organosulfur solvent, and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent. The organosulfur solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte, and the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume of the electrolyte. The lithium sulfonylimide salt comprises lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI).The organosulfur solvent comprises ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS). The fluorinated aromatic co-solvent comprises fluorobenzene (FB). The lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI), the ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), and the ethyl methyl sulfone (FB) are present in a ratio of 3:1:1. In one embodiment, the anode comprises at least one of silicon, a conductive carbon, lithium metal, graphite or lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) (LTO). In one embodiment, the anode comprises an anode active material between 30-98 wt%, a conductive additive between 0-10 wt% and a binder between 0-10 wt%. In one embodiment, the cathode comprises a nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode (LiNixCoyMnzO2, where x+y+z=1). In one embodiment, the cathode comprises a cathode active material between 30-98 wt%, a conductive additive between 0-10 wt% and a binder between 0-10 wt%. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell is at least one of a button cell or a pouch cell. In one embodiment, the electrochemical cell is arranged in a high-voltage (HV) lithium-ion battery with an operating voltage above 4.3 volts. The present description will be better understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 is a perspective view illustrating an example of a vehicle with an electric motor driven by a battery pack containing an electrolyte with a lithium sulfonylimide salt, an organosulfur solvent, and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent according to the present description. Fig. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating a battery cell in the battery pack of the vehicle shown in Fig. 1 according to the present description. Fig. 3 is a graphical representation illustrating the capacity retention over a number of cycles for a variety of electrolytes for the battery cell shown in Fig. 2 according to the present description. The development of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries has become increasingly critical to meet the growing demands of electric vehicles, portable electronics, and grid-scale energy storage systems. Among the various cathode materials, high-nickel lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, particularly LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (commonly known as NMC811), has emerged as a promising candidate due to its high specific capacity and relatively low cost. However, the practical implementation of NMC811 in full cells with graphite (Gr) anodes at high voltages (i.e., an operating voltage ≥ 4.3 V) remains challenging due to electrolyte instability, gas generation, and rapid capacity degradation. Conventional electrolyte systems typically rely on cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC) or fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite anode. While effective at lower voltages, these solvents tend to decompose under high-voltage conditions, leading to gas evolution and degradation of both the electrolyte and electrode interfaces. Additionally, linear carbonates such as ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), commonly used as co-solvents, offer limited anodic stability and contribute to overall electrolyte instability at elevated voltages. To address these problems, the use of high-concentration electrolytes and fluorinated ether solvents has been investigated to improve electrolyte stability and performance. However, these approaches often suffer from drawbacks such as increased viscosity, poor wettability, and high costs, which hinder their scalability and commercial viability. Additionally, despite their suboptimal performance as electrolyte candidates in battery systems, fluorinated ethers have found widespread use in high-voltage (HV) electrolyte formulations due to their chemical stability and compatibility with advanced battery chemistries; however, their use raises significant environmental concerns. Fluorinated ethers are classified under the broader category of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), a group of synthetic organofluorine compounds characterized by multiple fluorine atoms bonded to an alkyl chain.These substances are often referred to as "perennial chemicals" due to the exceptional strength of the carbon-fluorine bond, which makes them highly resistant to environmental degradation. As a result, PFAs exhibit extreme persistence, mobility, and bioaccumulative potential, posing serious risks to the environment and public health. Accordingly, there remains a need for an advanced electrolyte formulation that enables stable cycling of battery cells (e.g., Gr / NMC811 cells) at high voltages, while reducing gas generation, decreasing dependence on high-concentration salts, being environmentally friendly, and improving the physical properties of the electrolyte. As used herein, the term "vehicle" is not limited to automobiles. While the technology presented here is primarily described in connection with electric and hybrid electric vehicles, it is not limited to these vehicles. The concepts can be used in a wide variety of applications, such as in conjunction with components used in motorcycles, mopeds, locomotives, aircraft, watercraft, and other vehicles, as well as in other applications that utilize batteries, such as portable power plants, like those used to power remote construction sites, emergency power supplies, and permanent power plants connected to buildings and equipment, all of which may be powered by, for example, solar- or wind-powered generator systems, power grids, and fuel-based power generators.They can be powered by gasoline, propane, kerosene or diesel generators as well as Sterling engines. With reference to Fig. 1, a perspective view of a vehicle 10 with a battery pack 12 according to the present description is illustrated. The battery pack 12 is illustrated with an exemplary vehicle 10. The vehicle 10 is an electric or hybrid vehicle with wheels 14, which are driven by at least one electric motor / inverter 16. The electric motors / inverters 16 receive power from the battery pack 12. Although the vehicle 10 is illustrated as a passenger car, it is understood that the battery pack 12 can be used with various other types of vehicles. For example, the battery pack 12 can be used in watercraft, such as boats, or aircraft, such as drones or passenger airplanes. Furthermore, the battery pack 12 can be used as a stationary power source that is separate from and independent of a vehicle.The battery pack 12 includes a housing 18 for carrying and supporting a plurality of battery cells 20. In one example, the battery pack 12 can have fifty or more battery cells 20 assembled together. Fig. 2 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a battery cell 20 (also called an electrochemical cell or lithium-ion battery) within the battery pack 12 illustrated in Fig. 1, wherein the battery cell 20 can be configured as a pouch-type battery cell or as a prismatic battery cell. The battery pack 12 and the battery cells 20 are to be understood as rechargeable batteries that can be discharged when a load is applied and recharged when an external power source is applied. The battery cells 20 can, for example, be a pouch cell, a cylindrical cell, a button cell, or a prismatic cell. Each battery cell 20 has at least one electrode stack 22, which further comprises an anode 24 arranged on an anode current collector 26, a cathode 28 arranged on a cathode current collector 30, and a separator 32 that separates the anode 24 and the cathode 28. Each battery cell 20 can have ten or hundreds of electrode stacks 22. The electrode stacks 22 are placed in the housing 18, which is filled with an electrolyte 34. During electrical discharge, when a load is applied to the battery cells 20, Li+ ions move from the anode 24 to the cathode 28 through the separator 32 via the electrolyte 34. Equivalent electrons (e-) move through the battery circuit from the cathode 28 to the anode 24, thus providing energy to a battery load. During charging, when an external voltage is applied, Li+ ions move from the cathode 28 to the anode 24 via the electrolyte 34 through the separator 32 and can be stored in the anode 24. While the illustrated battery cells 20 are shown to comprise an anode 24 (and an anode current collector 26) and a cathode 28 (and a cathode current collector 30), the battery cell 20 can alternatively comprise two or more cathodes 28 (and cathode current collectors 30) and one or more anodes 24 (and anode current collectors 26). In further alternative embodiments, the battery cell 20 can comprise one or more cathodes 28 (and cathode current collectors 30) and two or more anodes 24 (and anode current collectors 26). The anode current collector 26 can be a thin metal plate or foil arranged on one side of each electrode stack 22 and / or housing 18, and typically has a thickness between 0.005 and 1 millimeter. The anode current collector 26 can, for example, be made of copper or aluminum and be attached to the electrode stacks 22 to transfer the electric current to an external circuit (not shown). In other examples, the anode current collector 26 can comprise copper-clad aluminum, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, and / or other suitable materials. While the anode current collector 26 is illustrated as being in the form of a foil, it is understood that other forms, such as a mesh or a composite material, can be shown. With further reference to Fig. 2, the anode 24 is arranged on the anode current collector 26 and comprises materials that are subject to reversible insertion or intercalation of lithium ions at a lower electrochemical potential than the cathode 28, so that an electrochemical potential difference exists between the anode 24 and the cathode 28. The anode 24 can comprise an anode active material, a conductive additive, and a binder. The anode active material can comprise one or more of the following carbon-based materials, for example, carbon-containing material (e.g., graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, and the like), activated carbon, carbon black, and graphene, pure silicon (which may include various morphologies), silicon carbon (SiC) (e.g., with a silicon content between 20 and 80 wt%), a graphite and silicon carbon composite, silicon-based alloys, silicon oxide (SiOx, e.g., where 0 < x < 2), silicon-based composite materials, a conductive carbon, lithium metal, lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂) (LTO), tin oxide, aluminum, indium, zinc, germanium, and / or titanium oxide, as well as any combination of the foregoing. The conductive additive in the anode 24 may include carbon black, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, Super P, acetylene carbon black, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and / or other electronically conductive additives. The binder in the anode 24 may comprise at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS), poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) or styrene-butadiene styrene (SBS) and the like. As shown in Fig. 2, the battery cell 20 comprises a cathode current collector 30. The cathode current collector 30 can be a thin metal plate or foil arranged on one side of each electrode stack 22 and / or housing 18, and typically has a thickness between 0.005 and 1 millimeter. The cathode current collector 30 can, for example, be made of copper or aluminum and be attached to the electrode stacks 22 to transfer the electric current to an external circuit (not shown). With further reference to Fig. 2, the cathode 28 is arranged on the cathode current collector 30. The cathode 28 can comprise a cathode active material configured to provide a source of lithium ions (Li+) and to undergo reversible insertion or intercalation of lithium ions, which, for example, determines the capacity and average voltage of a battery. The cathode active material can, for example, comprise lithium iron phosphate (LFP). In other examples, the cathode 28 can comprise at least one of the following: lithium cobalt oxide (LCO); lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) (LiNixMnyCozO2, where x+y+z=1) (e.g., NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, NMC811); lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA); or lithium manganese oxide (LMO). It is understood that the cathode 28 may also include other materials available on the market. As shown in Fig. 2, the separator 32 is arranged between the anode 24 and the cathode 28. The separator 32 can be a porous material made of an electrically insulating material, which prevents the cathode 28 and the anode 24 from touching the battery circuit and potentially short-circuiting. The separator 32 is sandwiched between the cathode 28 and the anode 24, or at least partially enclosed, allowing the passage of lithium ions and the electrolyte 34 through the pores of the separator 32. The separator 32 can comprise one or more of a composite material, a polymer material, or a non-woven material. In each of the above designs, one or more separators 32 are nested between the cathodes 28 and the anodes 24 to prevent the cathodes 28 and the anodes 24 from touching each other.In embodiments, the separator comprises 32 polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl chloride, cellulose and / or porous polyimide. Additionally, the separator 32 can be filled, i.e., comprise fillers dispersed therein, wherein the filler comprises a material such as glass fiber. In further or alternative embodiments, the separator 32 can comprise at least one thermally stable, porous polymer coating and one ceramic coating such as an aluminum oxide coating. The coating can be arranged on one or more surfaces of a porous polymer film, which can comprise at least one of polyethylene and one of polypropylene. The separator 32 can comprise one or more layers, each layer being formed from one or more of the aforementioned materials. In one example, the separator 32 comprises a multilayer composition of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) (e.g., a bilayer). In another example, the separator 32 comprises a multilayer composition of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) (e.g.,a triple layer). The separator 32 can also comprise other suitable materials, for example, polyacetylene. The separator 32 can take the form of a film or a mesh, such as a woven mesh or a slotted film. In embodiments, the separator 32 has a thickness in the range of 4 micrometers to 16 micrometers (µm), including all values ​​and ranges therein. Referring to Fig. 2, the electrolyte 34 provides a medium between the cathode 28 and the anode 24 through which lithium ions move. The electrolyte 34 can be a liquid, a gel, or a solid and is capable of conducting the lithium ions between the cathode 28 and the anode 24. The electrolyte 34 penetrates the pores of the porous separator 32 and wets or otherwise comes into contact with the surfaces of the cathode 28 and the anode 24, as well as the separator 32. In examples, electrolyte 34 comprises one or more lithium sulfonylimide salts, an organosulfur solvent, and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent. Generally, electrolyte 34 may contain between 10% and 80% by volume of an organosulfur compound as the organosulfur solvent. The fluorinated aromatic co-solvent may be present in electrolyte 34 in an amount ranging from 10% to 80% by volume. Lithium sulfonylimide salts comprise lithium salts known for their thermal stability, electrochemical stability, and compatibility with high-voltage (HV) cathodes. In the electrolyte 34 described here, the lithium sulfonylimide salts can replace traditional cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC) or fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC)) as the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to mitigate gas generation during high-voltage operation. Some examples of a lithium sulfonylimide salt that can be used in electrolyte 34 include lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide; Lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), lithium(fluorosulfonyl)((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (LiFTFSI), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFMN) and / or lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazole (LiTDI).Other examples of lithium salts may include one or more of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium perchlorate (LiClO4), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4), lithium iodide (LiI), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium tetraphenylborate (LiB(C6H5)4), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB(C2O4)2) (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiBF2(C2O4)), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (LiN(CF3SO2)2), lithium (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li(G3)(TFSI)), and / or lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)azanide (LiTFSA). In a specific example, the electrolyte is a liquid electrolyte comprising lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) containing lithium at a concentration between 0.5 molar (M) and 2.0 M.It is understood that the lithium or lithium sulfonylimide salts in the electrolyte may comprise 34 other suitable concentrations. The organosulfur solvent can be used in electrolyte 34 for its high oxidative stability, good ionic conductivity, and compatibility with anode 24 and cathode 28. The organosulfur solvent serves to replace conventional linear carbonates (e.g., ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC)), and because the organosulfur-based solvent actively participates in the SEI formation process, the amount of LiFSI in the electrolyte can be significantly reduced, thus eliminating the need for a high-concentration electrolyte. Some examples of organosulfur solvents include compounds with the following structures (formula (II) to formula (XVIII)): where R x independent hydrogen (H), nitric oxide (NO), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a heteroalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a substituted amine functional group (N(R)), a phosphoryl or phosphonate ester group (-OP(R)), organophosphate group (OP(OR)), a functional carbonyl group (C(O)R), a carboxylic acid ester group (C(O)OR), a sulfonate ester group (S(O)OR) and / or a sulfinyl group (S(O)R), where R is an alkyl group and where n can be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. The fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is used in electrolyte 34 to replace fluorinated ether, which is commonly used in high-concentration or localized electrolytes for viscosity and wettability control. Instead of a fluorinated ether, electrolyte 34 incorporates the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent to enhance its physical properties. Compared with basic electrolytes, battery cells incorporating the electrolyte 34 described here exhibit a capacity retention increase of more than 20% after 500 cycles. Some examples of the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent include compounds with the following structures: where R x independent hydrogen (H), nitric oxide (NO), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, a heteroalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a substituted amine functional group (N(R)), a phosphoryl or phosphonate ester group (-OP(R)), organophosphate group (OP(OR)), a functional carbonyl group (C(O)R), a carboxylic acid ester group (C(O)OR), a sulfonate ester group (S(O)OR) and / or a sulfinyl group (S(O)R), where R is an alkyl group and where n can be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. The electrolyte 34 according to the invention comprises a lithium sulfonylimide salt, comprising LiFSI, an organosulfur solvent, comprising ethyl methylsulfone (EMS), and the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent, comprising fluorobenzene (FB). When the LiFSI, EMS, and FB have a ratio of 3:1:1 under 4.5-volt cycling, the battery cell 20 has a capacity (at C / 3 charge) of 2150 milliampere-hours (mAh) and a capacity retention of 95% at the 300th cycle, while experiencing limited gas generation due to the absence of cyclic carbonates as SEI formers. Fig. 3 illustrates a graphical representation of the capacity retention of several battery cells, which have a separator 32 with different adhesive layer coverings, including the electrolyte 34 described above.The graphic illustrates that by changing the ratio of LiFSI (or lithium salt) and organosulfur, the performance and capacity retention of battery cell 20 can be increased compared to basic electrolytes. Compared to basic electrolytes, battery cells incorporating the electrolyte 34 described here show an increase in capacity retention of more than 20% after 500 cycles. In addition, the electrolyte formulation described here enables stable cycling of battery cells at high voltages, while reducing gas generation, decreasing dependence on high-concentration salts, being environmentally friendly, and improving the physical properties of the electrolyte.

Claims

Electrolyte (34) for a battery cell (20), comprising: a lithium sulfonylimide salt; an organosulfur solvent, wherein the organosulfur solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume based on the volume of the electrolyte (34); and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent, wherein the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume based on the volume of the electrolyte (34); wherein the lithium sulfonylimide salt comprises lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI); wherein the organosulfur solvent comprises ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS); wherein the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent comprises fluorobenzene (FB); and wherein lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI), ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS), and fluorobenzene (FB) are in a ratio of 3:1:

1. Electrochemical cell (20) comprising: an anode current collector (26); an anode (24) arranged on the anode current collector (26); a cathode current collector (30); a cathode (28) arranged on the cathode current collector (30); a separator (32) arranged between the anode (24) and the cathode (28); and an electrolyte (34) that cycles lithium (Li+) ions between the anode (24) and the cathode (28), wherein the electrolyte (34) comprises: a lithium sulfonylimide salt; an organosulfur solvent, wherein the organosulfur solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume based on the volume of the electrolyte (34); and a fluorinated aromatic co-solvent, wherein the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent is present in an amount of 10% to 80% by volume based on the volume of the electrolyte (34); wherein the lithium sulfonylimide salt comprises lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI);wherein the organosulfur solvent comprises ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS); wherein the fluorinated aromatic co-solvent comprises fluorobenzene (FB); and wherein lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide (LiFSI), ethyl methyl sulfone (EMS) and fluorobenzene (FB) are in a ratio of 3:1:

1. Electrochemical cell (20) according to claim 2, wherein the anode (24) comprises at least one of silicon, a conductive carbon, lithium metal, graphite or lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) (LTO). Electrochemical cell (20) according to claim 2, wherein the anode (24) comprises an anode active material between 30-98 wt%, a conductive additive between 0-10 wt% and a binder between 0-10 wt%. Electrochemical cell (20) according to claim 2, wherein the cathode (28) comprises a nickel-manganese-cobalt cathode (LiNixCoyMnzO2, wherein x+y+z=1). Electrochemical cell (20) according to claim 2, wherein the cathode (28) comprises a cathode active material between 30-98 wt%, a conductive additive between 0-10 wt% and a binder between 0-10 wt%.

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