Security document and method for producing a security document

Abstract

The invention relates to a security document (1) having a first security element (2) and a surface structure (3) overlapping the first security element in an overlap region (41), wherein the surface structure (3) changes light incident on the security element (2) and / or radiated therefrom such that, in the overlap region (41) and in the comparison region (42), in a first observation situation, light properties (410, 420) with a defined colour and / or brightness difference are visible. The surface structure can have one or more of the following structures: a matt structure (31), micro-prisms (32), micro-lenses (33), linear elevations and / or linear depressions. The first security element can comprise one or more of the following layers: a replication layer with a relief structure, a reflection layer, wherein the reflection layer is arranged on the at least one relief structure. The relief structure can be or comprise a sub-wavelength grating for generating zero-order colour effects, wherein the reflection layer is or comprises a metal layer.

Description

[0001] 62843WO / NZ / DS OVD KINEGRAM AG, Zählerweg 11, 6300 Zug, Switzerland Security document and method for producing a security document The invention relates to a security document and a method for producing a security document. It is known to protect personalizations of security documents, such as those used in passports or other ID documents, from counterfeiting by means of security features in the form of (tactile) surface structures with an optical function on a cover layer. It is also known to protect the personalizations from counterfeiting by means of security features in the form of embedded DOVIDs (Diffractive Optically Variable Image Devices). In the field of ID documents, for example, the photo of the document owner as well as parts of personalized data, such as the date of birth,Until now, the DOVID was used to protect against manipulation. The DOVID can also be used to authenticate the document body. Depending on the document type (paper data page, polycarbonate data page, etc.), counterfeiters attempt to alter or replace this data. Common counterfeiting strategies include "attack from the front," "attack from the middle," and "attack from the back." A DOVID placed over the personalized data provides particular protection against attacks from the front, such as altering the photo by black printing on the surface. Surface structures, which are created, for example, during the lamination of polycarbonate cards using structured press plates, also aim to protect this personalized data. These surface structures have the advantage that they can be implemented relatively inexpensively during card production. However, they also have the disadvantage thatthat they are located on the surface and are therefore easily accessible to counterfeiters for analysis and thus for reproduction. To avoid disruptive interactions between the optical functions of such security features based on pressed surface structures and DOVIDS, it is usually avoided to place these two different security features on top of each other. These interactions would otherwise reduce the detectability and thus the verifiability of one of the security features or even both security features, which in turn impairs counterfeit security. For example, separate verification of the individual security features by a layperson is made more difficult. Diffractive movement effects based on fine lines (fine-line movement), for example, are difficult to detect when scattering matte structures are present on the surface. Diffractive design elements,which display a defined form expected by the observer, e.g., a coat of arms or a two-letter code, become less or no longer recognizable due to overlying surface structures. However, if the two security features are used next to each other, and as is often the case, even at a distance from each other, this simplifies the counterfeiter's work, as he only needs to concentrate on one of the security features to imitate both. It is therefore an object of the invention toTo provide a security document with improved forgery protection and an improved method for producing a security document. This object is achieved by a security document according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 50. The security document has a first security element with a first optically variable effect in a first region. In addition, the security document has a surface structure arranged on a first outer surface of the security document. The surface structure is exposed. The security document further has an overlap region in which the surface structure overlaps with the first security element. In addition, the security document has a comparison region in which the first security element is present, but the surface structure does not overlap with the first security element.In a first viewing situation, a reference light property, which is a defined color and / or defined brightness, is visible in the comparison area. The surface structure is designed such that in the first viewing situation, the surface structure in the overlapping area causes a change in the light incident on the first security element and / or causes a change in the light emitted by the first security element, so that in the overlapping area, a contrasting light property, which is a defined color and / or defined brightness, which is generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element,is visible. The contrasting light property differs from the reference light property by a defined color difference and / or a defined brightness difference. The method according to the invention is a method for producing a security document, in particular the security document according to the invention. The method comprises the following steps, in particular in the specified order: Providing at least one cover layer; Providing at least one core layer; Providing a first security element with a first optically variable effect; Arranging the at least one core layer, the at least one cover layer and the first security element such that the first security element is arranged between the at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer; Pressing together, in particular laminating, the at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer,wherein a surface structure is pressed into the at least one cover layer so that the surface structure is exposed, and the security document has an overlap region in which the surface structure overlaps with the first security element, as well as a comparison region in which the first security element is present, but the surface structure does not overlap with the first security element. In a first viewing situation, a reference light property, which is a defined color and / or defined brightness, is visible in the comparison region. The surface structure is designed such that, in the first viewing situation, the surface structure in the overlap region causes a change in the light incident on the first security element and / or causes a change in the light emitted by the first security element.so that in the overlapping area, a contrasting light property, which is a defined color and / or defined brightness, which is generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element, is visible. The contrasting light property differs from the reference light property by a defined color difference and / or a defined brightness difference. The invention achieves a security document with improved forgery security, in particular by providing a defined interaction between the surface structure and the first security element, which is evident in the defined color and / or brightness difference. Thus, it is possible for the surface structure to form a security feature with the first security element, which advantageously has complex,but has defined and thus verifiable color and brightness relationships in specific viewing situations. At the same time, it is possible that the optical functions of the surface structure and the first security element create a common appearance, which in turn is easy to communicate, quick to verify, and difficult to imitate. A counterfeiter must also imitate the defined interaction, and cannot, for example, simply copy both appearances (of the surface structure and the first security element) individually and reproduce them for different viewing situations. Otherwise, the lack of interaction could be detectable, for example, even with a simple visual inspection.which is verifiable by the defined color and / or brightness difference in the first viewing situation and is based both on the optically variable effect of the first security element and on the change in light caused by the surface structure, and in particular on the optically variable effect of the first security element below the surface structure, which is correspondingly changed by the surface structure. Furthermore, the common optical appearance is destroyed if only the surface structure or the first security element is changed. A further advantage is that significantly more surface areas of the security document or the personalization can be protected by the first security element or additional security elements that have a correspondingly defined color and / or brightness contrast to other surface structures. Although this increases the surface area of ​​the security document,in which corresponding areas with surface structures can overlap. However, due to the defined interaction, these overlapping portions can, instead of being disruptive, even contribute to improving counterfeit security. Furthermore, it can advantageously be achieved that a perfect register exists between the optical effects of the overlapping area and the comparison area, so that, in particular, counterfeit attempts based on other manufacturing methods that are subject to register tolerances can be identified based on such register tolerances. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are defined in the subclaims. The security document is preferably a passport, an identity card, an identification card, a driver's license, a label or a vignette, or a data page of the aforementioned documents, in particular a data page of a book-like document.for example, a passport. By "exposed" is meant in particular that the surface structure forms an outermost surface of the security document. This can be, for example, a tactile surface structure. A tactile surface structure is preferably haptically perceptible. It is possible for the first security element in the first region to comprise one or more of the following layers: at least one relief structure and / or at least one replication layer with the at least one relief structure and / or at least one reflective layer, wherein the reflective layer is arranged on the at least one relief structure. It is also possible for the at least one relief structure to comprise a first relief structure,which is present both in the overlapping region and in the comparison region and / or that the first relief structure extends at least partially uninterrupted from the overlapping region into the comparison region. The first region is preferably a closed region or is composed, for example, of several preferably separate sub-regions which have the first relief structure and / or one or more further relief structures. An optically variable effect can in particular be selected individually or in combination from: viewing angle-dependent contrast, in particular brightness change, viewing angle-dependent color change, viewing angle-dependent movement effect, viewing angle-dependent motif change, holographic representation, cinematographic representation, three-dimensional representation, stereoscopic representation. The viewing angle of a security element, in particular of the first security element, can be determined by a viewer in particular,by tilting and / or rotating and / or bending the security element. The optically variable effect of the first security element has, in particular, different colors and / or different brightnesses under different viewing situations, which include the first viewing situation. The viewing situation is particularly dependent on the viewing angle, which is composed in particular of one or more of the following angles: an illumination angle, a viewing angle, a rotation angle. For this purpose, relief structures are preferably used, such as the at least one relief structure. Such relief structures, such as the at least one relief structure, preferably have, in at least one direction determined by an associated azimuth angle, a sequence of elevations and depressions, the elevations preferably following one another with a period P.which is, for example, smaller than a wavelength of visible light. Thus, for example, the angle of rotation of the observation can be predetermined via the azimuth angle of the at least one relief structure, at which angle a defined color and / or defined brightness is projected from the first security element to a viewer and / or to the first outer surface, in particular with the surface structure. The minima of the depressions define, in particular, a base area, so that the base area is preferably spanned by minima of a corresponding relief structure, preferably the at least one relief structure. A corresponding relief structure, in particular the at least one relief structure, preferably has a relief depth t,which is determined by the spacing of the maxima of the elevations of the relief structure from the base surface in a direction perpendicular to the base surface. Instead of relief depth, the term grid depth can also be used. The profile shape is understood to mean, in particular, the shape when viewing a cross-section with a cutting plane encompassing the normal to the base surface. By selecting these parameters, defined colors and / or defined brightnesses can be specified under defined viewing situations, in particular under at least the first viewing situation. Angles, in particular the viewing angle and the illumination angle, are preferably measured starting from a normal to the base surface and / or to a surface formed by the security document, for example the first outer surface.The angle of rotation is, in particular, an angle measured within the base area and / or the plane spanned by the security document, for example, the first outer surface. For example, it is conceivable that the angle of rotation is an angle between a reference axis extending from the intersection point with the normal on the base area or the plane spanned by the security document, for example, the first outer surface, and a further axis extending from the intersection point with the normal on the base area or the plane spanned by the security document, for example, the first outer surface.and, for example, follows a viewing direction projected onto the base area. The contrasting light property visible in the first viewing situation is, in particular, a color and / or brightness generated by the first security element and is thus predetermined by the first optically variable effect. Optionally, the contrasting light property and / or the reference light property can have further color effects and / or brightness effects, for example, by coloring a cover layer carrying the surface structure and / or by a thin-film structure, in particular a Fabry-Perot interference layer structure. "Generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element" and / or a "color and / or brightness generated by the first security element" is preferably understood to mean that the first optically variable effect of the first security element is represented,is therefore preferably visible to a viewer. The contrasting light property is therefore in particular a defined color and / or defined brightness, which is represented by the first optically variable effect of the first security element. The defined color and / or brightness, which forms the reference light property, is in particular a color and / or brightness generated and / or represented by the first security element or is a background color and / or background brightness. The background color and / or background brightness is generated in particular by one or more, for example, optically invariable, layers, which are arranged in front of, behind and / or in the first security element when viewing the first outer surface. It is particularly possible that in the first viewing situation, the first security element is designed to be transparent,if the reference light property is a background color and / or background brightness. It is possible that the defined color and / or defined brightness of the contrasting light property and / or the reference light property comprises one or more colors, in particular one or more defined wavelength ranges, and / or one or more brightnesses, in particular one or more defined brightness ranges. These one or more defined colors and / or one or more defined brightnesses can be present in different zones of the overlap area and / or the comparison area. For example, the overlap area can be bright and rainbow-colored when viewed in the first viewing situation, and the comparison area can be dark in various shades of gray. Since, in particular, there is always a defined color difference and / or brightness difference from the comparison area,This makes it possible to provide an easily verifiable security feature. The term "light emitted by the first security element" refers in particular to light reflected and / or scattered and / or diffracted by the first security element. This reflected and / or scattered and / or diffracted light is altered at the surface structure, in particular at an interface between the surface structure and the ambient air, for example by diffraction and / or refraction and / or scattering and / or reflection, so that light with a different light property than the reference light property, such as the contrasting light property, can be emitted from the overlapping area of ​​the security document to a viewer, in particular in the first viewing situation. By altering the "light incident on the first security element", it is possible, in particular,that in the same viewing situation, due to the first optically variable effect in the overlap region, different light is emitted from the first security element and becomes visible to a viewer than in the comparison region. It is possible that in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property is determined in particular by the first optically variable effect generated by the incoming light, which in turn is modified by the surface structure, in particular by refraction, diffraction, scattering and / or reflection. Alternatively or additionally, the contrasting light property is determined in particular by the light generated by the optically variable effect of the first security element, which exits at the surface structure and is thereby modified by the surface structure, in particular by refraction, diffraction,Scattering and / or reflection. The surface structure preferably causes a change in the light incident on the first security element, in particular the angle of the light incident on the first security element, preferably in comparison to a region of the first security element, in particular the comparison region, which has the same optically variable effect but does not overlap with the surface structure, and / or the surface structure causes a change in the light emerging at the surface, which was diffracted, scattered and / or reflected by the first security element, in comparison to a region of the first security element, in particular the comparison region, which has the same optically variable effect but does not overlap with the surface structure. In particular, the surface structure changes the optical effect of the first security element visible to the observer,so that in the overlapping region, in particular in the first viewing situation, a different optical effect of the first security element is visible than in the comparison region. The change in light incident on the first security element is, in particular, a change in the angle of incidence of the light incident on the first security element, in particular compared to light that preferably impinges on the first security element without being changed by the surface structure. The change in light emitted by the first security element is, in particular, a change in the angle of reflection of light emitted by the first security element, in particular compared to light that preferably exits the security document at a surface without the surface structure. The change in light incident on the first security element, in particular, the angle of incidence, and / or light emitted by the first security element,in particular the angle of reflection, is present in particular in comparison to light that impinges on the first security element in the comparison area and in particular previously enters at the first outer surface without a surface structure, and / or that is emitted by the first security element and in particular exits the security document at the first outer surface without a surface structure. The change in light impinging on the first security element (angle of incidence) and / or light emitted by the first security element (angle of reflection) is or preferably comprises one or more of the following changes: change in the angle of reflection, in particular enlargement of the angle of reflection, reduction of the angle of reflection, widening of the angle of reflection and / or focusing of the angle of reflection, change in the angle of incidence, in particular enlargement of the angle of incidence and / or reduction of the angle of incidence,and / or focusing the angle of incidence. The angle of incidence is, in particular, the angle of incidence of light incident on the first security element, which has entered the security document at the first outer surface, in particular the surface structure. The angle of reflection is, in particular, the angle of reflection of light exiting at the first outer surface, preferably the surface structure, and emitted by the first security element. Color is understood, in particular, to be an individual visual (sensory) perception evoked by light in the range visible to the human eye. This perception is also referred to as color perception or color impression. The colors visible to humans lie in the range between 380 nm [violet] and 780 nm [deep red] of the electromagnetic spectrum.In particular, the relative sensitivity of the eye below 430 nm and above 690 nm is less than 1% of the maximum value at 555 nm. Consequently, particularly in the spectral ranges 380 nm to 430 nm (shorter wavelength than light clearly visible to the human eye) and 690 nm to 780 nm (longer wavelength than light clearly visible to the human eye), only very strong light sources such as ultra-bright LEDs or lasers are perceived. Color, as the perceived entity, arises from the visual stimulus in color receptors in response to a color valence. Color is not the property of the seen light (color stimulus), but rather it is the subjective perception of the physical cause of the electromagnetic waves. According to the spectral color valence (different intensities in light of different wavelengths), different color stimuli are evoked, which form different qualities of color perception.so that, as a result, different colors are perceived. A defined color difference and / or defined brightness difference occurs, in particular, at least in the first viewing situation. It has proven particularly advantageous that the defined color difference and / or brightness difference existing between the contrasting light property and the reference light property is determined by a total color difference dE, preferably in the CIELAB color space, and lies in a range from 3 to 270, preferably in a range from 5 to 270, preferably in a range from 10 to 270. A brightness and / or color difference is preferably determined in the CIELAB color space by the total color balance dE. According to the CIELAB system, the color space is represented, in particular, by a sphere, which is defined by the three axes: brightness L, red-green axis a, and yellow-blue axis b. In particular, L = 100 corresponds to white,L = 0 black and L = 50 the achromatic point. Furthermore, the total color difference dE is determined as follows: where, in particular, "dL" is the brightness difference, the value "da" is the color difference on the red-green axis, and "db" is the color difference on the yellow-blue axis of two colors. Brightness and / or color difference is preferably understood here as the total color difference dE. In general, the following applies in particular: the smaller the difference, the smaller the color differences. Brightness and / or color differences can be measured using color measuring devices such as a spectrophotometer. For example, a measurement can be carried out in particular with an illuminance in a range between 400 and 500 lux (lumens / square meter), wherein the illumination is preferably diffuse. Furthermore, it is advantageously possible for the surface structure, which in particular has a colorless and / or achromatic optical effect and / or a colorless and / or achromatic optical appearance,which exhibits color effects and / or brightness differences of the underlying first security element. Color effects in the first security element that are stable over a larger angular range and / or exhibit a defined, preferably clearly defined, color change are particularly advantageous, since the overlapping area with the surface structures can also exhibit this color impression and / or color change and / or contrast change. "Visible to the human eye" or "visible" is understood to mean, in particular, visible in a wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm and in particular from 430 nm to 690 nm. "Transparent" is understood to mean, preferably, a transmittance of over 70% and in particular over 90%, in particular for wavelengths in a range from 430 nm to 690 nm.preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. "Semi-transparent" is preferably understood to mean a transmittance in a range of 30% to 70%, in particular for wavelengths in a range from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. "Opaque" is preferably understood to mean a transmittance of less than 30% and in particular less than 10%, in particular for wavelengths in a range from 430 nm to 690 nm, preferably for wavelengths in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. Transmittance is preferably understood to mean the ratio of the amount of light radiating and / or incident on a medium to the amount of light exiting on the opposite side of the medium.Preferably, no significant change in the spectrum of the light has occurred. The non-transmitted light is preferably reflected, scattered, and / or absorbed by the medium. For example, with a transmittance of a medium of 0.9 or 90%, 90% of the incident light is perceptible on the opposite side of the medium. When considering the transmittance of a layer, reflections at the interfaces of this layer are not taken into account. With regard to the first optically variable effect or the first security element, "non-visible" is to be understood in particular to mean that a condition for direct reflection by the first security element is not met.so that the optically variable effect and / or the zero-order color effect is not visible or almost invisible. Alternatively, "not visible" with regard to the first optically variable effect or the first security element is to be understood in particular as meaning that a condition for diffraction or reflection by the first security element is not met, so that the optically variable effect and / or a first-order and / or higher-order diffractive color effect and / or the reflective brightness effect is not visible or almost invisible. In this case, it is possible that the first security element can be considered transparent. Order here is to be understood in particular as the diffraction order. The surface structure and the first security element preferably produce a common optical appearance and / or a common optically variable effect,in particular which cannot be achieved with just one of the two security features and / or deviates from the respective optical effects of the surface structure and the first security element taken individually. A common optical appearance is to be understood in particular as one or more logically related motifs. A motif is in particular selected individually or in combination from: a graphically designed outline, a figurative representation, an icon, a geometric shape, an image, a symbol, a logo, a portrait, an alphanumeric character, a text, a grid, a pattern. “Motif-shaped” is understood in particular to mean in the form of a motif. The term “area” is to be understood in particular as a defined surface extending through the security document which, when viewed perpendicular to a plane extending from the security document, in particular from the first security element,the first outer surface and / or the surface structure, in particular a base area of ​​the at least one relief structure or the surface structure. Areas, overlaps, widths and lengths are considered in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by a corresponding layer, preferably wherein the spanned plane is present when the layer thickness of the corresponding layer is neglected. Areas extend in particular with the area thus defined as the base area through the security document or the system. A layer is preferably a substantially planar structure. In particular, a layer itself can be single-layered or multi-layered. "Overlapping" and / or "overlapped" means in particular,that when viewed perpendicular to the first outer surface and / or perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, there is at least partial overlap. The terms "in register" and "register-accurate" are understood to mean the positional accuracy of two or more layers, elements, regions and / or layers relative to one another. The register accuracy should be within a predetermined register tolerance and be as small as possible. At the same time, the register accuracy of several layers, elements, regions and / or layers relative to one another is an important feature in order to increase process reliability and / or product quality, as well as security against counterfeiting. The register-accurate or position-accurate positioning can be achieved in particular by means of sensor-detectable, preferably optically detectable register marks. These register marks can either be special separate layers, elements,areas and / or layers or may themselves be part of the layers, elements, areas and / or layers to be positioned. A "perfect register" is understood in particular to mean that there is no register tolerance. It is possible that under one or more further viewing situations, one or more further colors and / or further brightnesses generated by the first security element are visible. It is possible that the first security element and / or the optically variable effect of the first security element in the overlapping area and / or the comparison area provides and / or represents one or more of the following colors and / or brightnesses and / or properties: at least one first color and / or first brightness,which is preferably represented by the optically variable effect and is visible in the overlap region in particular in the first viewing situation and optionally also in a second viewing situation and preferably forms the contrasting light property; at least one second color and / or second brightness, which is preferably represented by the optically variable effect and is visible in the comparison region in particular in the first viewing situation, and preferably forms the reference light property; at least one third color and / or third brightness, which is preferably represented by the optically variable effect and is visible in the comparison region in particular in the second viewing situation; a transparency in the comparison region, in particular such that a fourth color and / or fourth brightness is visible in the comparison region in the first or second viewing situation,which is preferably not represented by the optically variable effect. Instead, for example, one or more decorative layers, such as one or more printed layers, can produce the fourth color and / or fourth brightness. The one or more printed layers can be arranged, in particular, below or behind the first security element in the viewing direction. The first and second viewing situations are preferably different viewing situations. In particular, the contrasting light property corresponds to the first color and / or first brightness, and the reference light property corresponds to the second color and / or second brightness and / or corresponds to the fourth color and / or fourth brightness. Preferably, the security document has a defined interaction in the first viewing situation compared to the second viewing situation,For example, in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property represents a defined color and / or a defined brightness, which is also present in the second viewing situation, at least in the comparison area and / or both in the comparison area and in the overlap area. It is also conceivable that in a third viewing situation, the optically variable effect of the first security element is not visible in the overlap area, in particular in that the first security element is transparent or semi-transparent in the third viewing situation. In other words, it is possible that in the third viewing situation, the surface structure changes the light incident on the security document in such a way that the optically variable effect of the first security element is not visible. It is also possible,that in the third viewing situation in the comparison area, the first security element is transparent or semi-transparent, or in the comparison area, a sixth color and / or sixth brightness of the first optical effect is visible, which differs in particular from the reference light property and the contrasting light property, preferably by a further defined color difference and / or brightness difference. It is also conceivable in particular that the first optically variable effect, which represents the contrasting light property in the overlapping area, is visible in a fourth viewing situation in the comparison area. The first, second, third, fourth, and fifth colors and / or brightnesses are in particular different colors and / or brightnesses and preferably do not presuppose one another, but the terms "first," "second," "third,""Fourth" and "fifth" are preferably used only for differentiation. A "third viewing situation," for example, does not necessarily require a "second viewing situation." A "fifth" color, for example, does not necessarily require a "fourth" color. The security document preferably has at least one cover layer. The surface structure is or will preferably be incorporated into this cover layer. Furthermore, it is possible for the security document to have at least one core layer. The first security element is or will preferably be applied to the at least one core layer or integrated into a card interior comprising the at least one core layer. This is preferably done by applying the first security element to the at least one cover layer and / or the at least one core layer by means of lamination and / or a transfer process, such as hot stamping or cold stamping. It is also possiblethat the first security element is applied to a preferably transparent layer, which is then arranged between the at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer before these layers are bonded together. It is preferred that one or more layers of a card core or of the at least one core layer consist of or comprise paper and / or consist of or comprise plastic, in particular polycarbonate (PC) and / or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and / or Teslin. The at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer are preferably laminated together in a laminating press. In this case, layers are preferably used for the at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer, which have several panels or security documents and are in particular separated into individual security documents in a later step. The arrangement of the at least one core layer,The at least one cover layer and the first security element are preferably combined in such a way that the first optical effect of the first security element is present in the first region. The surface structure can be encompassed by the at least one cover layer and / or formed thereon. To produce the security document, it is possible to introduce the surface structure into the first outer surface by means of a press plate, which in particular has a structure complementary to the surface structure. In particular, the method for producing the security document is carried out in a laminating press, wherein the press plate is used to introduce the surface structure into the at least one cover layer and for pressing them together. Preferably, during this pressing together, one or more of the following layers are pressed and / or laminated together: the at least one cover layer, the first security element,a personalization layer, at least one core layer. The security document preferably also comprises at least one personalization layer. This can be provided and pressed in between the at least one cover layer and the at least one core layer during production. When viewed from the first outer surface, the personalization layer is or will preferably be arranged behind the first security element. The personalization layer is preferably processable by means of a laser, in particular so that personalized information is or can be incorporated into the security document by means of blackening. The blackening can usually be produced by laser irradiation at a wavelength of 1064 nm. It is also conceivable that the personalization layer is or comprises at least one printing layer. In particular, the at least one printing layer isapplied to the at least one cover layer and / or the at least one core layer. A printed personalization can also be applied directly to the core layer. The at least one cover layer is preferably transparent, in particular such that when viewing the first outer surface, the optically variable effect of the first security element is visible and, in particular, if already present, the personalized information is visible. Preferably, the first security element is or will be applied by means of a laminating film or from a transfer layer of a transfer film. It is also possible, in particular, to emboss the at least one relief structure of the first security element into a surface that is or will be arranged internally in the security document, for example, on a surface of the at least one cover layer, the at least one core layer, a transparent layer,preferably the first transparent layer and / or the second transparent layer, and / or the personalization layer. Before or after the at least one relief structure is embossed into a corresponding surface, the at least one reflective layer is preferably applied, in particular applied at least in the area that is provided with the at least one relief structure before or after. The first security element is preferably a diffractive optically variable image device (DOVID), in particular a DOVID that is preferably transparent or transparent in predominantly surface areas, which preferably partially overlaps with a primary image and / or portrait and / or with further personalized data, such as the date of birth. Transparent in predominantly surface areas means in particular that at least 60% of the area of ​​the DOVID, preferably more than 70% of the area of ​​the DOVID,and in particular more than 80% of the surface of the DOVID are transparent and preferably only the remainder of the surface of the DOVID is semi-transparent and / or opaque. The surface is determined in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the security document and / or the first security element. The first security element can in particular be in the form of an inlay, i.e. in particular an insert element which is laminated during lamination by the at least one cover layer and optionally by the at least one core layer on the side opposite the at least one cover layer and / or a further cover layer on the side opposite the at least one cover layer. The inlay preferably has at least one carrier film,which in particular consists of or comprises polycarbonate. Applied to this carrier film are, in particular, the at least one replication layer with the at least one relief structure and / or the at least one reflective layer. It is also possible for the security document to have a full-surface, or in particular almost full-surface, first security element, which preferably covers more than 80%, more preferably more than 90% of the surface of the security document, preferably an area visible when viewing the first outer surface. It is also possible for the first security element to cover at least more than 50% of the surface of the security document. The first security element has, in particular, a two-dimensional optical effect,i.e., preferably an effect perceivable by the human eye without the aid of magnification aids. The optical effect of the first security element is, in particular, a preferably two-dimensional zero-order effect or a preferably two-dimensional color effect of a Fabry-Perot interference layer structure. The at least one cover layer can, for example, be or comprise a security laminate with the first security element. Such a security laminate is or will be bonded to the security document in particular in such a way that it forms a surface of the security document, such as the first outer surface. The security laminate can be or will be bonded to the security document by means of a heat-activatable and / or UV-curing adhesive. A security laminate can, for example, be a film with the designation KINEGRAM® Guard or KINEGRAM® TKO. Such security laminates usually protect personalized data,such as the portrait of a document holder, paper-based documents or data pages. It is also possible for plastic cards or plastic card pages made of or comprising polycarbonate (PC) to be protected by means of the first security element and the surface structure. In this case, it is possible for the first security element to be integrated into a layer composite comprising the at least one core layer, before the at least one core layer, including the first security element, is pressed together with the at least one cover layer. In an optional embodiment, the first security element does not contain any microimages, which could represent optically variable information, in particular with microlenses on the surface and through the moiré magnification effect (or through similar technologies, such as conventional "wiggling images"). This is particularly true,since such optically variable movement or flip effects can distract from the defined brightness and / or color difference of the optical effect of the first security element. Furthermore, it is possible for the security document to have further layers, each selected individually or multiple times or in combination from: first transparent layer, in particular consisting of polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride, second transparent layer, in particular consisting of polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride, adhesion promoter layer, barrier layer, adhesive layer, mask layer, light guide layer, further reflection layer, decorative layer, color layer, further print layer, further security features. It is particularly possible for the security document to have one or more of the following layers, preferably in the specified order starting from the first outer surface: the at least one cover layer, the one or more first transparent layers,the personalization layer, the one or more second transparent layers, one or more core layers, which are preferably opaque, one or more third transparent layers and / or at least one further cover layer. The layers can each be partially or fully provided with decorative layers, such as print layers and / or color layers. It is possible for the first security element to be applied in a continuous area or in separate areas. Preferably, the first security element overlaps, particularly when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the security document, at least in some areas with the personalized data and / or a personalization area of ​​the personalization layer intended for personalized data. It is possiblethat the first security element is transparent or semi-transparent under one or more viewing situations in the overlapping area and / or the comparison area. Preferably, the first security element is or will be applied in front of the personalization layer when viewing the first outer surface. It is possible that, when viewing the first outer surface, one or more further security elements can be present in front of and / or behind the personalization layer, for example a UV-fluorescent print or a color offset print. It is possible for the security document to have one or more designs. Preferably, several design elements each form a design that, in particular, represents a logically coherent appearance. It is particularly possible for the first area to form one or more first design elements. It is also possible for the comparison area to form one or more second design elements. It is also possiblethat the overlapping area forms one or more third design elements. It is also possible for the surface structure area to form one or more fourth design elements. Preferably, the entire comparison area or at least one or more sub-areas of the comparison area, which in particular together form at least one second design element, have the reference light property in the first viewing situation, preferably over the entire area. Preferably, the entire overlapping area or at least one or more sub-areas of the overlapping area, which in particular together form at least one third design element, have the contrasting light property in the first viewing situation, preferably in an area of ​​at least 1 mm x 1 mm and more preferably at least 2 mm x 2 mm, more preferably at least 3 mm x 3 mm and particularly preferably over the entire area. It is possible,that the first region comprises a plurality of separate first design elements, and / or that the comparison region comprises a plurality of separate second design elements, and / or that the overlap region comprises a plurality of separate third design elements, and / or that the surface structure region comprises a plurality of separate fourth design elements. Separated from one another means, in particular, that the design elements are perceivable to the human eye as separate from one another and / or that there is preferably at least 0.5 mm, preferably at least 2 mm, more preferably at least 5 mm between the respective design elements.in particular when viewed perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first outer surface. At least one or more of the second and / or third design elements can be identical to one or more of the first design elements. Typically, the extent of at least one fourth design element or the one or more fourth design elements, i.e. in particular design elements of the surface structure, and / or of one first design element or the one or more first design elements, i.e. in particular design elements of the first security element, is in a range of 100 µm to 50 mm, preferably in a range of 200 µm to 30 mm and more preferably in a range of 300 µm and 20 mm. The extent is measured in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface. The overlap region preferably has a shape of one or more first motifs or consists of,which are preferably visible in the first viewing situation, in particular are completely visible. It is also possible for the first region with the first optically variable effect to have a shape of one or more second motifs, which are visible, in particular completely visible, in particular in the first viewing situation and / or in the second viewing situation, preferably both in the overlapping region and in the comparison region. The one or more first and / or second motifs in particular have a size that is recognizable to the human eye. The one or more second motifs preferably comprise the one or more first motifs and / or together with them form one or more designs. If the one or more second motifs are visible in the first viewing situation in the overlapping region and the comparison region,They advantageously have the defined color difference and / or defined brightness difference. It is possible for the overlap region, in particular at least one of the third design elements or the one or more third design elements, and / or the comparison region, in particular at least one of the second design elements or the one or more second design elements, to have a width of at least 3 mm, preferably at least 6 mm, preferably at least 10 mm, in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface. The one or more first motifs preferably have at least one contour line or outer line extending from the comparison region into the overlap region. Alternatively or additionally, it is possible for the one or more second motifs to have at least one contour line or outer line,which extends from the comparison region into the overlap region. The width of the overlap region and / or the comparison region applies, in particular in a Cartesian coordinate system, wherein the plane spanned by the first outer surface is spanned by an x-axis and a y-axis, for only one width in the x-direction or in the y-direction or for the x-direction and the y-direction. It is possible for the at least one relief structure, in particular a first relief structure, to completely fill at least one region forming a motif. It is also possible for one or more further relief structures of the at least one relief structure, which are different from the first relief structure, to be arranged in one or more further sub-regions of the first region, wherein the further regions form, for example, further motifs and / or designs. The surface structure preferably has one or more of the following structures: matte structures,Microprisms, microlenses, linear elevations and / or depressions. It is conceivable that one or more further overlapping regions, each with one or more of the aforementioned structures, are present, overlapping with the first security element and / or with the one or more further security elements. For example, each further overlapping region or at least several overlapping regions each represents a different motif and / or is associated with a different design. In the comparison region, there is preferably an unstructured surface of the first outer surface of the security document. In particular, a preferably unstructured surface of the security document, such as an unstructured surface of the cover layer consisting of or comprising polymer (as illustrated in particular with reference to Fig. 1d and Fig. 1e), which is present in air,Refractes light incident on the security document at an angle α1 into an angle α'2 within the security document, in particular within the cover layer, according to the law of refraction (n1 * sin α1 = n2 * sin α'2, where n1 and n2 are in particular the corresponding refractive indices, for example n1 of air and n2 of polymer, which preferably forms the first outer surface). The angle of the emerging light after reflection at the first security element and after exiting the security document, in particular from the cover layer, are preferably identical in a specific situation, which may, for example, occur in the first viewing situation. In particular, in a specific situation, the angle of the light emitted by the first security element in the overlap region within the security document, in particular within the cover layer, is identical to the angle of the light emitted from the security document in the comparison region.in particular light emerging from the cover layer. In particular, in this situation, the angle of incidence α1 of light incident on the security document, and possibly light reflected from the first outer surface, can be identical to the exit angle (i.e., also with the magnitude α1) of light emerging from the security document in the comparison region. In particular, in this situation, the light incident on the first security element, with angle α'2, has an identical angle to the light emitted in the comparison region by the first security element within the security document, in particular within the cover layer (i.e., light which is also emitted at α'2). In particular, the surface structure preferably changes this. In other words, in the overlap region, the angles are preferably changed in this situation, for example, such that instead of angle α'2, an angle α2 is present.which preferably corresponds to the angle α1, and / or instead of the angle α1 of light emerging from the security document, an angle α4 is present, in particular wherein the angle α4 is greater or smaller than the angle α1. The angles are preferably measured starting from a perpendicular to a plane spanned by the security document and / or the first outer surface and / or preferably considered in terms of magnitude. It is possible for the widening of the light emerging at the surface structure by an angle β2 to occur in a range from 0.5° to 45°, preferably in a range from 2° to 30° and particularly preferably 2° to 15°. This widening is preferably brought about by a matt structure. In particular, the matt structure is designed in such a way that a light incident, in particular ideally focused, into the matt structure and in particular from the first security element, in particular ideally,diffracted and / or reflected light beam is widened by the matt structure on the surface of the security document by an angle β2 of 0.5° to 45°, preferably from 2° to 30° and particularly preferably from 2° to 15°. A matt structure is particularly referred to as a structure with light-scattering properties, which preferably has a stochastic surface matt profile. The matt structure is preferably an isotropically scattering matt structure. The matt structure has, in particular, an average spacing of randomly or pseudo-randomly varying elements in a range from 1 µm to 100 µm, preferably in a range from 5 µm to 50 µm. The spacing of the elements can be understood, in particular, as a spacing of maxima, in particular in a roughness profile. The structure depth is, in particular, the distance from a maximum to a minimum, in particular in a roughness profile. It is also possible,that the matt structure has a structure depth in a range from 0.5 µm to 20 µm, preferably from 1 µm to 10 µm. This makes it possible, in particular, to achieve a high scattering efficiency of the light diffracted and / or reflected and / or scattered from the first security element to the surface structure and exiting the security document through the surface. The change in light incident on the first security element is or includes, in particular, a change in the angle of incidence of the light incident on the first security element, such that light passing through the surface structure has a first angle of incidence α2 on the first security element, and light penetrating the security document outside the surface structure strikes the first security element at a second angle of incidence α'2.particularly in the comparison region, impinges on the first security element. The first angle of incidence α2 and the second angle of incidence α'2 preferably have a difference in angles that is in particular at least 2°, preferably at least 4°, preferably at least 6°, more preferably at least 8°, and even more preferably at least 12°. The difference is preferably calculated as an absolute value. Such an angular difference advantageously produces a brightness and / or color difference of the optical effect of the first security element that is perceptible to the eye. The surface structure preferably has or consists of microprisms. It is possible that the difference in angles is caused by the microprisms. The microprisms are or comprise, in particular, triangular prisms. The lateral extent of the microprisms is in particular in a range from 5 µm to 200 µm.preferably in a range from 10 µm to 100 µm. The depth of the microprisms is preferably in a range from 1 µm to 40 µm, more preferably between 10 µm and 25 µm. The lateral extent of the microprisms, particularly when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, is a minimum width in one direction or all directions of the plane with respect to a respective prism. In the case of all directions, one also speaks of micromirrors. The depth is particularly related along the perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first outer surface. It is also possible for the surface structure to have or consist of microlenses, in particular where the microlenses cause the difference in angles. In addition, microlenses can also produce a scattering or widening of the outgoing light, in terms of the optical effect in particular similar to that of the matte structures. The microlenses are or comprise in particular cylindrical lenses,preferably convex cylindrical lenses, and / or spherical microlenses, preferably in a square or hexagonal arrangement. The microlenses preferably have a lateral extent and / or a diameter in a range from 20 µm to 400 µm, preferably in a range from 40 µm to 300 µm. The microlenses preferably have a depth in a range from 5 µm to 40 µm, preferably from 10 µm to 25 µm. The lateral extent is, in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, a minimum width in one direction or all directions of the plane. The diameter is, in particular, the diameter of a preferably circular base area in the case of microlenses that are spherical, which, when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, is present. The depth is, in particular, in a cross-section,which runs perpendicular to the first outer surface, the distance between minima and maxima is along the perpendicular to the first outer surface. It is also possible for the surface structure to have or consist of linear elevations and / or linear depressions. "Linear" is to be understood in particular as meaning that, preferably when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, a linear contour is present. The contour can, for example, be formed by one or more, preferably linear, maxima and / or one or more, preferably linear, minima, which, for example, have and / or form edges, particularly when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface. Linear elevations and / or depressions extend in particular following one line or several lines with a profile shape in a cross-section,which is constant at least in some regions along the line(s) and / or changes continuously at least in some regions. The profile shape of the linear elevations and / or depressions is or comprises in particular one or more of the following profile shapes: binary, parabolic, semicircular, polygonal, triangular, i.e. in particular linearly sloping, symmetrical triangular, asymmetrical triangular. The lateral extent of the linear elevations and / or depressions is transverse to the line direction preferably in a range from 10 µm to 300 µm and more preferably from 20 µm to 200 µm. The depth of the linear elevations and / or depressions is typically in a range from 5 µm to 40 µm and preferably in a range from 5 µm to 25 µm. The linear elevations and / or depressions can be straight and / or curved. It is also possible that the linear elevations and / or depressions are both straight in some areas,as well as being curved in some areas. In particular, they can take the form of motifs, preferably letters, texts, or ornaments. The surface structure, in particular the microlenses and / or the microprisms and / or the linear elevations and / or the linear depressions, preferably change the angle of light incident on the surface structure in such a way that, in the first viewing situation, the light thus changed strikes the first security element in such a way that it is reflected and / or diffracted and / or scattered by the first security element with the optically variable effect producing the contrasting light property. It is possible that the linear elevations and / or depressions cause the difference in the angles. The at least one relief structure is designed in particular in such a waythat the first security element provides color effects by zero-order diffraction. Preferably, the contrasting light property and / or the reference light property, in particular in the first viewing situation, is represented by a zero-order color effect of the first security element, in particular of the at least one relief structure. The at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures,is or preferably comprises a subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects. The at least one reflection layer is preferably a metal layer or comprises such a layer. The subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects preferably has a grating period in a range from 180 nm to 420 nm and a grating depth in a range from 80 nm to 350 nm. The subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects preferably has an asymmetrical profile shape. In particular, the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects has a width of elevations and depressions of at least 0.6 x P, preferably at least 0.7 x P and / or at most 0.4 x P, in particular at most 0.3 x P, where P is the grating period and t is the relief depth.and the width is preferably relative to a distance of t / 2 from the base area (i.e., in particular, a full width at half maximum = FWHM). "x" here stands for the mathematical operation "times." The at least one reflection layer is or comprises, in particular, a metallic coating, preferably made of aluminum, with a thickness in a range from 5 nm to 200 nm. It is particularly possible for the subwavelength grating to generate zero-order color effects to have one or more of the following shapes: cross-shaped, hexagonal, pseudorandom. The shape relates, in particular, to a view perpendicular to the base area. Such shapes advantageously produce particularly strong zero-order color effects. Alternatively or additionally, it is also conceivable,that the shape is linear. The profile shape and / or the relief depth t of the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects is selected in particular such that the colored appearance of the light incident on the first security element at at least a first angle of incidence and directly reflected by the at least one reflective layer comprising or consisting of a metal layer or directly transmitted through the metal layer is changed, in particular by plasmon resonance of the metal layer with the incident light. The optical appearance of the first security element is thus characterized in particular by a defined (i.e. largely monochrome) color impression (e.g. red or gold),which is preferably visible in direct reflection and / or transmission (i.e., particularly under "normal" viewing conditions). The zero-order color impression is particularly stable over a relatively wide tilt angle range (typically at least 10° to 20°). In particular, the first viewing situation is a viewing over a tilt angle range that covers an angular range of 10° to 20°. The color impression preferably changes upon strong tilt (e.g., by 30°) to a second, defined and stable color impression (e.g., green). This stability against slight tilt distinguishes it clearly from so-called rainbow color effects of first- or higher-order diffraction gratings, which often already traverse the entire color palette of the rainbow when tilted by 10°. Furthermore, the rainbow color effects of diffraction gratings do not appear in direct reflection, or not in the zero-order.but at other angles, which can be calculated using the diffraction equation. With subwavelength gratings, in particular with subwavelength gratings for generating zero-order color effects, rainbow color effects, preferably similar to diffraction gratings, can occur upon tilting, in particular upon tilting by more than 50°. The surface structure is preferably designed such that in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property of a further light property generated in the overlap region by the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects, in particular the first color and / or first brightness, and in particular in the comparison region, the visible reference light property, in particular the second color and / or second brightness,is generated by the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects, or the reference light property is the fourth color and / or brightness. It is also conceivable that the contrasting light property is a color and / or brightness of a first-order color effect, in particular a first-order color effect of the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects. The surface structure can, in particular, also change the rainbow color effects of subwavelength gratings upon tilting such that, due to the surface structure, they also occur at other tilt angles when the security document is tilted, in particular during the first viewing situation. Thus, a first-order color effect can also occur in the overlap region, which is used in particular as the contrasting light property. In other words, it is possible that the reference light property represents a first-order color effect.which exhibits the contrasting light property at a smaller tilt angle of the security document. It is also possible that the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, is or comprises a grating for generating achromatically illuminating effects. The grating for generating achromatically illuminating effects is preferably a diffraction grating. The grating for generating achromatically illuminating effects preferably has a grating period of at least 3 µm, preferably at least 5 µm, and / or of less than 50 µm, preferably less than 20 µm. It is also possible that the relief structure for generating achromatically illuminating effects has one or more of the following, preferably reflective, microstructures: micromirrors, microfacets,Microprisms. The relief structure for generating achromatically illuminating effects expediently has one or more of the following profile shapes: blaze-shaped, rectangular, sinusoidal. The structural elements of the relief structure for generating achromatically illuminating effects have, in particular, a lateral extent in a range from 3 µm to 50 µm. A lateral extent is preferably measured when viewed perpendicular to a base area spanned by a corresponding structure, in particular a base area spanned by the relief structures, in particular wherein the base area is specified using two axes of a Cartesian coordinate system and the lateral extent in at least one direction of these axes, preferably in both directions,is fulfilled. The at least one reflection layer can be or comprise a metal layer and / or a preferably high-refractive index (HRI) dielectric layer. It is possible for the surface structure to be designed such that in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property, in particular by widening and / or deflecting the emerging light, preferably by means of a matte structure, exhibits the achromatic effect, in particular wherein the reference light property, which is visible in the comparison area, does not exhibit the achromatic effect in the first viewing situation. In particular, the first security element is transparent in the comparison area in the first viewing situation and / or the fourth color and / or fourth brightness is visible in the comparison area. It is also possible that, due to the widening,in particular by a surface structure comprising or consisting of a matte structure, both in the overlapping region and in the comparison region, the achromatic effect is visible, in particular wherein in the overlapping region, however, a lower, preferably defined and in particular clearly different, brightness is present. It is also possible for the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, to be or comprise a diffraction grating for generating chromatically illuminating effects. The at least one reflection layer can in particular be or comprise a metal layer and / or a preferably high-index dielectric HRI layer. The diffraction grating for generating chromatically illuminating effects has in particular a grating period of at least 0.5 µm, in particular at least 0.7 µm, and / or less than 3 µm,in particular less than 2 µm. The diffraction grating expediently has one or more of the following profile shapes for generating chromatically illuminating effects: blazed, rectangular, sinusoidal. Thus, it is particularly possible for the chromatically illuminating effect to still have sufficient angular separation of the various diffracted colors. The profile shape of these diffraction gratings is preferably blazed, as this allows brighter chromatic effects to be realized than with symmetrical profile shapes, such as rectangular or sinusoidal profiles. Preferably, the at least one reflection layer is or comprises a metal layer. The surface structure is particularly designed such that, in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property exhibits a defined different color and / or brightness than the reference light property.which is visible in the comparison area. This can in particular be the first color and / or first brightness and the second color and / or second brightness, both of which are generated by the first security element. It is also possible for the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, to be a subwavelength grating provided with a preferably high-index dielectric HRI layer as a reflection layer for generating non-metallic zero-order color effects. Such subwavelength gratings can generate tilt angle-dependent and / or azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses. By means of the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses, in particular the first color and / or first brightness,the third color and / or third brightness and / or the fifth color and / or fifth brightness is generated. The subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses preferably has a grating period P in a range from 180 nm to 420 nm and / or a grating depth t in a range from 50 nm to 250 nm. The subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses expediently has one or more of the following shapes, particularly when viewed perpendicular to a base area of ​​the at least one relief structure or the subwavelength grating: linear, cross-shaped, hexagonal, pseudo-random. It is preferred that the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses has a profile shape,which is rectangular or sinusoidal. Linear subwavelength gratings generate, in particular, in addition to tilt angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses, also azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses, in particular a so-called color rotation effect. In particular, the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses, which is preferably a linear subwavelength grating, has at least two diffraction gratings with different azimuth angles, wherein a sequence of elevations and depressions with a defined grating period and a defined grating depth extends along the respective azimuth angle. Thus, it is possible that, if the viewing direction runs along the azimuth angle of the at least one relief structure, the respective color effect and / or brightness effect is visible. In particular, the first security element,Preferably, the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses provides either the effect of a, in particular quasi-continuous, migration of a color and / or a colored image change (image flip). The subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses in the first security element is preferably provided with a, in particular high-refractive-index, dielectric first layer (=HRI layer) of preferably constant thickness, which functions as a waveguide. Optionally, the subwavelength grating can also be provided with a layer sequence of high-refractive-index (H) and low-refractive-index (N) dielectric layers, e.g., a three-layer system HNH. A subwavelength grating has, in particular, at least one or more azimuth angles. In a linear grating, there is, in particular, a distinct direction,along which a sequence of elevations and depressions is provided. The azimuth angle describes the angle at which the lines along which the elevations and depressions of the grating follow one another are in relation to a reference line that runs in the flat plane from which the elevations and depressions extend vertically. With a cross grating, there are two distinct directions along which a sequence of elevations and depressions is encountered, but one of these directions can be selected to define the azimuth angle. Thus, it is possible for a defined color and / or brightness to be visible in the overlapping area at a specific viewing angle, such as the first viewing angle.which differs from the effect visible in the comparison area. This difference can, for example, be very memorable or impressive, thus improving counterfeit security. It is particularly possible that, under the second viewing situation, the third color and / or third brightness is visible in the overlap area as well as in the comparison area.or the third color and / or third brightness is visible in the comparison area and a fifth color and / or fifth brightness is visible in the overlap area. The fifth color and / or fifth brightness is preferably generated by the first optically variable effect or the first security element. The third and / or fifth color and / or brightness is generated in particular by the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses. Such light properties are particularly possible by means of a surface structure in the form of cylindrical lenses. However, other structures are also conceivable. For example, it is possible for the surface structure to have one or more profile shapes, e.g. prism-like profile shapes, which preferably extend along a line with the angle of rotation corresponding to the viewing direction of the second viewing situation and / or parallel thereto.extend over the first outer surface. In the case of cylindrical lenses, this is, for example, the cylinder axis. Preferably, the at least one relief structure of the first security element has an azimuth angle of a sequence of elevations and depressions that is perpendicular to this line or extension. In particular, the first viewing situation differs from the second viewing situation by a rotation of the security document without changing the viewing angle and without changing the illumination angle. Preferably, there is a rotation angle in a range of 20° to 160°, in particular 90°, between the first viewing situation and the second viewing situation. The surface structure thus changes, preferably compared to the same viewing situation in the comparison area, in particular the angle of incidence on the first security element,in particular comprising the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses, and thus the color and / or brightness that is visible in the overlapping region. In the overlapping region, the visible color and / or brightness thus corresponds in particular to a color and / or brightness that would be visible without the surface structure at a stronger or weaker tilt, wherein the visible color and / or brightness is particularly dependent on the structure, which is, for example, lens-shaped or prism-shaped, and the distance of this from the first security element, in particular comprising the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses. The reference light property is preferably, in particular if the optically variable effect of the security element is visible upon first viewing in the comparison region,of light diffracted by the first security element in the zeroth order of diffraction. The contrasting light property is preferably generated by light diffracted by the first security element in the zeroth order of diffraction, in particular if the optically variable effect of the first security element is not visible upon first viewing in the comparison area or if the at least one relief structure has a subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zeroth order colors and / or brightnesses, preferably for generating tilt angle-dependent and / or azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses. It is possible for the at least one reflection layer to be or comprise an HRI layer, which is preferably applied to the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zeroth order colors and / or brightnesses, in particular for generating tilt angle-dependent and / or azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses.is arranged. The HRI layer preferably comprises or consists of TiO2 or ZnS. The refractive index of an HRI layer is in particular at least 1.8, preferably at least 2.0. On a polymer with a refractive index of 1.5, a reflection of approximately 1% can be achieved with an HRI layer with a refractive index of 1.8, for example. The HRI layer preferably has a layer thickness in a range from 20 nm to 200 nm. The HRI layer is transparent or semi-transparent, in particular in the wavelength range visible to the human eye. It is also possible for the at least one reflective layer to be or comprise a metallic layer. The metallic layer in particular has a layer thickness in a range from 5 nm to 200 nm. The metallic layer preferably comprises or consists of one or more of the following layers: one or more metal layers consisting of aluminum, copper, silver, indium, palladium, chromium, tin,or alloys thereof, one or more lacquer layers comprising metallic pigments or metallic nanoparticles. Preferably, a reflection layer comprising or consisting of a metallic layer is arranged on the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects, the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects, and / or the diffraction grating for generating chromatically luminous effects. The at least one reflection layer can be partially or completely a thin-film structure, in particular a Fabry-Perot interference layer structure. Such thin-film structures comprise or consist of, in particular, at least two metallic layers and preferably a transparent dielectric spacer layer arranged between the metallic layers.wherein preferably at least one of the metallic layers is semi-transparent. The semi-transparent metallic layer or layers preferably consist of chromium, silver, or aluminum and in particular have an optical thickness in a range between 0.3 OD and 0.8 OD, and preferably in a range between 0.4 OD and 0.6 OD. If an opaque metallic layer is provided in the thin-film structure, then the same boundary conditions apply to it as for the metallic reflection layer described above. The transparent dielectric spacer layer preferably comprises or consists of one of the following materials: MgF2, SiO2,TiO2 or ZnS. The thickness of the transparent dielectric spacer layer is preferably in the range of 150 nm to 700 nm. Of course, the above-mentioned material features can also be applied equivalently in a method for producing the security document, or the above-mentioned method features can be applied in the security document. The invention is explained below using several exemplary embodiments with the aid of the accompanying drawings. The exemplary embodiments shown are therefore not to be understood as limiting. Fig. 1a shows a schematic representation of a cross-section of a security document. Figs. 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, and 1f schematically show a section of a cross-section of a security document. Figs. 2a and 2b schematically show a plan view of a security document. Figs. 3 and 4a schematically show a section of a plan view of a security document.Fig. 4b schematically shows an orientation of the surface structure. Fig. 5 shows a photograph of a section of a security document. Fig. 1a schematically shows, but not to scale, a cross-section through an exemplary security document 1. The security document 1 comprises a first outer surface, which is visible in Fig. 1a, in particular when viewed from top to bottom, and can be configured, for example, as shown in Figs. 2a and 2b. Areas, overlaps, widths, and lengths are particularly visible in plan view, as can be seen in Figs. 2a and 2b, and in Fig. 1a, a top-down view.to be viewed. A view from top to bottom is in particular a view of the first outer surface or a view perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface. Such a plane is spanned in particular by the x-axis and the y-axis. A width can be measured, for example, along the x-axis and / or the y-axis. A depth can be measured, for example, along the z-axis. The security document 1 illustrated by Fig. 1a is preferably a security document, in particular a card, based on plastic. A security document 1 based on plastic preferably consists of several layers,which are or will be joined together in a lamination process. For this purpose, the method according to the invention can be carried out, for example. The total thickness of the security document 1 is or will preferably be designed according to standard specifications. For card-based ID documents (ID-1 format), this is in particular approximately 780 µm according to ISO / IEC 7810:2019. Advantageously, the individual layers consist of a similar material, such as polycarbonate (PC) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), so that, especially after lamination, a stable and approximately homogeneous composite body is created. However, different materials can also be bonded together, if necessary with the aid of one or more adhesive layers, for example made of polyurethane, or a heat-sealable adhesive. Such adhesives can also be post-crosslinking.so that they do not melt again under the influence of heat. For example, one or more layers can also be made of Teslin. The security document 1 illustrated in Fig. 1a preferably has a substantially opaque core, which is usually white pigmented. The core is formed in particular by the core layer 15. The core layer 15 is preferably arranged centrally and / or internally in the security document 1. Transparent layers adjoin the core layer 15, in particular at the top and bottom, such as layer 14 and layer 16 in this example. The core layer 15 can also contain transparent zones that can be used as window areas. Not shown are optional electronic components, such as an RFID antenna and a chip, which can be located, for example, in the core layer 15. The core layer 15 can be composed of several layers, and it is possiblethat the core layer 15 is not constructed from a homogeneous material. Also shown as an example in Fig. 1a is a transparent layer configured as a personalization layer 12, which is an absorption layer, in particular in the form of a laserable layer. In the personalization layer 12 of the security document 1, a blackening can preferably be carried out to form personalized information 64, in particular by means of laser radiation. The extent of the blackening can be influenced in particular by the selected laser parameters. As indicated by Fig. 1a, the personalized information 64 preferably at least partially overlaps with the first region 40, i.e., with the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 visible in a first viewing situation. Further personalized information 64 can also be located outside the first region 40,such as the "F" shown in Fig. 2a below the printed text "Sex / Gender / Sexe." The personalized information 64 can optionally also be applied by means of a printing process, for example on a layer in the viewing direction above the first security element 2, or directly on the first security element 2 or on a layer in the viewing direction below the security element 2, and in particular by means of lamination, in particular when pressed together, sealed with further layers. The viewing direction in Fig. 1a is in particular from top to bottom and can be present in the first viewing situation. It is also conceivable that, instead of the personalization layer 12, a combination of an absorption layer, in particular with a blackening by means of laser personalization,combined with a particularly colored print on a further layer of the security document 1 or on the surface of the security document 1. The first security element 2 is contained in the security document 1, in particular in patch form. A security element 2 in patch form is or will be incorporated in particular into the multi-layer structure, e.g., by gluing it to the personalization layer 12 or to the transparent layer 14 or to the core layer 15, before the layers of the security document 1 are joined, preferably by lamination. The security element 2 can, however, also be produced, for example, directly in or on one of the layers 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, e.g., by directly embossing a relief structure into a polycarbonate layer and, before or after embossing, with a coating or vapor deposition with a reflective layer. The first security element 2 is preferred,in particular, in a viewing situation that is the first viewing situation or a different viewing situation, in particular a second viewing situation, transparent. The security element 2 is preferably located between the cover layer 11 and the core, in particular the core layer 15, more preferably between the cover layer 11 and an optional printing layer, which is preferably printed by offset printing. Flexographic printing, gravure printing, screen printing, or inkjet printing are also possible printing methods. The printing layer is, in particular, a layer printed on the transparent layer 14 or on the core layer 15. Fig. 1a shows, in particular, by way of example, a security document 1 with a cover layer 11, which is preferably transparent. The cover layer 11 comprises or consists, in particular, of PC or PVC. When viewed from the first outer surface, the personalization layer 12 is arranged beneath the cover layer 11.in particular arranged visibly. Furthermore, the security document 1 shown in Fig. 1a has further optional transparent layers 13, 14 and 16, which in particular consist of or comprise PC or PVC. The transparent layer 13 is arranged between the personalization layer 12 and the transparent layer 14. The first security element 2 is arranged between the cover layer 11 and the personalization layer 12. The core layer 15, which is preferably opaque, is arranged beneath the layer 14. The core layer 15 comprises or consists in particular of PC or PVC. In particular, one or more further transparent layers 16 are arranged beneath the core layer 15. When viewing a second outer surface of the security document 1 opposite the first outer surface, i.e. from bottom to top in Fig. 1a,Thus, for example, the core layer 15 or, for example, optionally applied decorative layer(s) to the core layer 15 are visible. The layer 16 comprises or consists in particular of PC or PVC. In a preferred embodiment, the layers 11 to 16 all consist of or comprise PC. The security document 1 can in particular also have one or more further printing layers. The core layer 15 or one or more of the layers 11 to 14 can, for example, be or become printed with one or more printing layers. The core layer 15 or the layer 16 can, for example, also be printed with a printing layer that is visible when viewing the second outer surface. Printing processes used for the one or more printing layers include, for example, offset printing and / or digital printing, in particular for graphic design and / or as a security feature, as well as screen printing, in particular for special effect inks.such as OVI™ or metallic pigments. It is also possible for the security document 1 to have a full-surface, or in particular almost full-surface, first security element 2, which preferably covers more than 50%, more preferably more than 80% of the area of ​​the security document 1, preferably an area visible when viewing the first outer surface. Layer sequences other than those described above are also conceivable, as are the omission of layers or the addition of further layers. As illustrated in particular by Fig. 1a, the security document 1 has a first security element 2 with a first optically variable effect in the first region 40. Preferably, the first security element 2 is arranged between the cover layer 11 and the card core 15.more preferably arranged between the cover layer 11 and the personalization layer 12. In particular, the security document 1 is transparent, at least up to the first security element 2, when viewed from the first outer surface. For this purpose, the cover layer 11 can be formed, for example, from a transparent plastic, preferably polycarbonate. Furthermore, the security document 1 has an exposed surface structure 3 arranged on a first outer surface of the security document 1. In the example illustrated by Fig. 1a, the surface structure 3 is particularly molded into the cover layer 11. In this example, the surface structure 3 is also formed by several different types of surface structures. This is, in particular, a matte structure 31,microprisms 32 and microlenses 33. The microprisms 32 are, in particular, triangular prisms. The microlenses 33 are, in particular, cylindrical lenses. However, it is possible for the surface structure 3 to have several different types of surface structures or only a single type of surface structure, such as a structure of the structures shown in Fig. 1a. It is also possible for the surface structure to have surface structures other than those shown, for example, as shown in Fig. 5 for the surface structure 34 or for linear elevations and / or linear depressions. The security document 1 shown in Fig. 1a further has an overlap region and a comparison region. These regions are illustrated in particular in Fig. 1b.in which the overlapping region 41 and the comparison region 42 are shown by way of example. In the overlapping region 41, the surface structure 3 overlaps with the first security element 2. In addition, the security document 1 has the comparison region 42, in which the first security element 2 is present, but the surface structure 3 does not overlap with the first security element 2. The first outer surface is thus, in particular, free of a surface structure in the comparison region 42. The optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is particularly visible when viewing the first outer surface, for example, from top to bottom in Fig. 1a, wherein the predefined first viewing situation prevails. It is preferred that, in the first viewing situation, the first optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is visible both in the overlapping region 41 and in the comparison region 42.but is visible with different colors and / or different brightnesses, so that a correspondingly defined color and / or brightness contrast between the optical appearance in the overlap region 41 and the comparison region 42 is recognizable. It is further preferred that, in the first viewing situation, the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is not visible in the comparison region 42 and is or becomes visible only in the overlap region 41, e.g., by adjusting or changing the angle of incidence on the security element 2, so that, for example, the first diffraction order of a diffraction grating of the first security element 2 becomes visible. It is also possible for the optically variable effect to be visible in the first viewing situation either in the overlap region 41, and for the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 to be invisible in the comparison region 42.for example, in that the first security element 2 is transparent in the comparison area 42 in the first viewing situation. In the comparison area 2, there is preferably a defined color and / or defined brightness, which is generated, for example, by one or more decorative layers that are applied, preferably printed, for example, to one or more layers selected from the cover layer 11, the personalization layer 12, the transparent layer 13, the transparent layer 14, or the core layer 15. Other viewing situations are also conceivable in addition to the aforementioned possibilities, e.g., wherein the first security element 2 is transparent in the overlapping area 41. Fig. 1b shows schematically, but not to scale, a section of a security document 2, such as the security document 1 shown in Fig. 1a.in particular to illustrate the overlapping area 41 and the comparison area 42 as well as the surface structure area 43. The surface structure 3, such as the matte structures 31 shown as an example, are present in particular in the surface structure area 43 of the security document 1. As illustrated by Fig. 1b, a design 400 is preferably composed of several design elements, which are formed in particular by the surface structure 3, which is shown in Fig. 1b as an example as matte structures 31, and the first security element 2. It is possible for the security document 1 to have further designs in other areas. In particular, a design such as the design 400 represents a logically coherent appearance. In the section illustrated by way of example in Fig. 1b, a first design element is represented by the first area 40 shown, a second design element by the comparison area 42 shown,A third design element is formed by the shown overlapping region 41, and a fourth design element is formed by the shown surface structure region 43. Preferably, the entire comparison region 42 or at least one or more subregions of the comparison region 42, which together form at least one second design element, preferably exhibit the reference light property over their entire surface in the first viewing situation. Preferably, the entire overlapping region 41 or at least one or more subregions of the overlapping region, which together form at least one third design element, preferably exhibit the contrasting light property over their entire surface in the first viewing situation. As illustrated in Fig. 1b, the regions 41, 42, and 43 can be spanned in a Cartesian coordinate system with the coordinates x, y, and z in an x / y plane.wherein the y-direction runs perpendicular to the cross-section. The cross-section occurs in particular along a perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface. An extension of the surface structure 3 runs in Fig. 1b in the x-direction and in the y-direction. The extension is intended in particular per design element. In other words, the region 43, as particularly illustrated by Fig. 1b, can form a design element and it is possible for the surface structure region 43 to have several sub-regions, which are not shown in Fig. 1b, which form several design elements in the security document 1. It is particularly possible for the surface structure 3 to comprise several design elements that are separate from one another. Separate from one another means in particular that at least 0.5 mm, preferably at least 2 mm,more preferably, at least 5 mm of the first outer surface are present without surface structure 3 between the design elements, in particular when viewed perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first outer surface, which in Fig. 1b is, for example, a view from top to bottom. Typically, the extent of a design element of the surface structure 3, when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, in Fig. 1b in particular in the x- and y-direction, lies in a range of 100 µm and 50 mm, preferably between 200 µm and 30 mm, and more preferably between 300 µm and 20 mm. Preferably, the region 43 or the sub-regions of the region 43 with the surface structure 3 are formed in the form of icons or motifs or geometric shapes that are recognizable to the human eye. As illustrated by Fig. 1b, the first security element 2 preferably also lies in the x / y plane,but at a different height in the z-direction than the surface structure 3, in particular further inward in the security document 1. The extent is also to be considered here in particular per design element. It is therefore possible for the security element 2 to form a design element or to be arranged in several sub-regions of the region 40, which form several design elements, which are not shown in Fig. 1b. In particular, it is possible for the first security element 2 to comprise several design elements that are separate from one another. Separate from one another means in particular that at least 0.5 mm, preferably at least 2 mm, more preferably at least 5 mm are present between the design elements without the first security element 2, in particular when viewed perpendicular to the plane spanned by the first outer surface,which in Fig. 1b, for example, is a view from top to bottom. Typically, the extent of a design element of the first security element 2, when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, in Fig. 1b in particular in the x- and y-directions, lies in a range from 100 µm to 50 mm, preferably in a range from 200 µm to 30 mm, and more preferably in a range from 300 µm to 20 mm. The overlap region 41 is preferably also designed in the form of motifs recognizable to the human eye, such as icons or geometric shapes. The first security element 2 and the surface structure 3 overlap at least partially. The overlap region 41 has, in particular, an extent in the x-direction and an extent in the y-direction. Preferably, the extent of the overlap region 41 is at least 3 mm in at least one of the two directions x and y.more preferably at least 6 mm and especially preferably at least 10 mm. More preferably, these minimum dimensions apply in both spatial directions. Particularly preferably, the extent of the overlap region 41 is an area of ​​at least 1 mm x 1 mm and more preferably at least 2 mm x 2 mm, more preferably at least 3 mm x 3 mm. The first security element 2 is also arranged in the comparison region 42, which does not overlap with the surface structure 3. This comparison region 42 does not exhibit the contrasting light property caused by the surface structure 3 and functions as a reference for the human eye, which can perceive brightness and / or color contrasts very well. The extent of this comparison region 42 has, in particular, an extent in the x-direction and in the y-direction. Preferably, the extent of the comparison region 42 in at least one of the two directions x and y is also at least 3 mm.more preferably at least 6 mm and especially preferably at least 10 mm. More preferably, these minimum dimensions apply in both spatial directions. Particularly preferably, the extent of the comparison region 42 is an area of ​​at least 1 mm x 1 mm and more preferably at least 2 mm x 2 mm, more preferably at least 3 mm x 3 mm. This ensures that the brightness and / or color difference of the optical effect of the first security element 2 caused by the surface structures is easily perceptible to the human eye. The first security element 2 preferably comprises in the first region 40 at least one replication layer with at least one relief structure and at least one reflection layer, wherein the reflection layer is arranged on the at least one relief structure. In particular, the at least one relief structure comprises a first relief structure,which is present both in the overlapping region 41 and in the comparison region 42 and / or the first relief structure extends at least partially uninterrupted from the overlapping region 41 into the comparison region 42. It is possible for the first region 40 to be a closed region or, for example, to form the aforementioned designs, to be composed of several preferably separate sub-regions which have the first relief structure and / or one or more further relief structures. Due to the surface structure 3, in particular despite a similar relief structure which is arranged both in the overlapping region 41 and in the comparison region 42, in particular of a design,in the first area 40 different colors and / or brightnesses are projected into the eye of a viewer. With regard to possible embodiments of the first security element 2 and in particular of the at least one relief structure, reference is made in particular to the above statements. Profile shapes of relief structures are to be considered in particular when viewed in a cross-section, as illustrated by Figs. 1a to 1f. Shapes of relief structures, such as linear, cross-shaped, hexagonal or pseudo-random, relate in particular to a view in plan view, for example a view viewed along the z-axis. It is possible, for example,that the first security element 2 and / or the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 provides one or more of the following colors and / or brightnesses and / or properties in the overlap region 41 and / or the comparison region 42: at least one first color and / or first brightness, which is generated by the optically variable effect and is visible in the first viewing situation and optionally also in a second viewing situation in the overlap region 41 and preferably forms the contrasting light property; at least one second color and / or second brightness, which is generated by the optically variable effect and is visible in the first viewing situation in the comparison region 42 and preferably forms the reference light property; at least one third color and / or third brightness,which is generated by the optically variable effect and is visible in the comparison area 42 in the second viewing situation; a transparency in the comparison area 42 such that, in the first or second viewing situation, a fourth color and / or fourth brightness is visible in the comparison area, which is not generated by the optically variable effect. Instead, for example, one or more decorative layers, such as one or more printing layers, can generate the fourth color and / or fourth brightness. The first and second viewing situations are preferably different viewing situations. In this case, the same optical effect of the security element 2 is preferably provided in the overlapping area 41 and in the comparison area 42, but the surface structure 3 is matched to the optically variable effect of the first security element 2.such that the defined color difference and / or the defined brightness difference is produced at least in the first viewing situation. In particular, the contrasting light property corresponds to the first color and / or first brightness, and the reference light property corresponds to the second color and / or second brightness and / or corresponds to the fourth color and / or fourth brightness. Preferably, the first color and / or first brightness, and in particular also the second color and / or second brightness, are formed by a zero-order color effect of the optically variable effect of the first security element 2. Figs. 1c, 1d, and 1f illustrate, in particular, a change in the light through the surface structure 3. In a defined viewing situation, such as the first viewing situation, visible light properties, such as the contrasting light property 410 and the reference light property 420,in particular in the form of mutually parallel light rays. Fig. 1c shows a section for the schematic illustration of the optical effects of the security document 1 with a surface structure 3, which is shown by way of example in the form of a matt structure 31. As schematically illustrated by Fig. 1c, in a first viewing situation, a reference light property 420 is visible in the comparison area 42. The reference light property 420 is a defined color and / or brightness, in particular the second color and / or second brightness. Preferably, the reference light property 420 is visible in the entire comparison area 42 or at least in one or more partial areas of the comparison area 42, which form a design element. The matt structure 31 is designed such thatthat, in the first viewing situation, it causes a change in the light 52 emitted by the first security element 2 in the overlap region 41. As a result, when viewed in which the reference light property 420 is visible in the comparison region 42, a contrasting light property 410, which is a defined color and / or brightness and is generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element 2, is visible in the overlap region 41. In the exemplary illustration, the emitted light 52 is widened, resulting in a brightness difference from the reference light property 420 in the first viewing situation if the optically variable effect of the security element is visible both in the overlap region 41 and in the comparison region 42, or a viewing angle can be selected for the first viewing situation.The optically variable effect of the security element 2 is visible only in the overlapping region 41, as will be described in more detail below. The matt structure 31 also expands the light incident on the security document 1, so that the light 51 incident on the security element 2 is expanded. The expansion of the light incident on the security element 2 can be determined in particular by an angle β1, as shown in Fig. 1c. In the case of color effects that depend on the angle of incidence, such as with metallized subwavelength gratings or subwavelength gratings coated with an HRI layer, the color of the outgoing light 52 is also changed by the incident light 51 expanded by an angle β1. This color change is particularly strongerthe more strongly the matt structure 31 scatters. In the case of an anisotropically scattering matt structure, this change in color is preferably only observable in one spatial direction, in particular in the spatial direction perpendicular to the preferred direction of the anisotropically scattering matt structure, in which the anisotropically scattering matt structure scatters more strongly. The "change in color" can be understood in particular as a difference in color compared to if no surface structure were present, which preferably corresponds to the conditions in the comparison region. The widening of light 52 emitted by the first security element 2 can in particular be determined by an angle β2, as shown in Fig. 1c. The angle is in particular measured starting from a light beam that exits the security document 1 without the surface structure 3, for example in the comparison region 42. If the matt structure is an isotropically scattering one,which is a preferred matt structure, the angle is, for example, uniformly widened in all directions emanating from a light beam emerging from the security document 1 without the surface structure 3. The widening of the light emerging at the surface structure 3 by the matt structure 31 can, for example, occur at an angle β2 in a range from 0.5° to 45°, preferably from 2° to 30°, and particularly preferably 2° to 15°. The matt structure 31 expediently has an average spacing of randomly or pseudo-randomly varying elements in a range from 1 µm to 100 µm, preferably in a range from 5 µm to 50 µm. The spacing of the elements can in particular be understood as a spacing of maxima, in particular in a roughness profile, as is visible in a cross-section as illustrated in Fig. 1c. It is also expedient that the matt structure 31 has a structure depth in a range of 0.5 µm to 20 µm,preferably from 1 µm to 10 µm. The structure depth is in particular the distance from a maximum to a minimum, in particular in a roughness profile. This makes it possible to achieve, in particular, a high scattering efficiency of the light 52 diffracted and / or reflected and / or scattered from the first security element 2 to the surface structure 3 and emerging through the surface again from the security document 1. By means of the aforementioned parameters, in particular, the widening can be specifically adjusted and thus, in particular, the defined color and / or brightness difference can be adjusted. The contrasting light property 410 thus differs from the reference light property 420 by a defined brightness and / or color difference, in particular as a result of a reduction in brightness due to the widening. By defining this difference,For example, a forgery can be detected based on a deviation from this difference. It is also possible for the first viewing situation to occur at a viewing angle in which, due to the widening in the overlap region 41, the optically variable effect of the security element 2 generates the visible contrasting light property 410, wherein in the comparison region 42, however, the optically variable effect of the security element 2 is not visible and, for example, the reference light property 420 is the fourth color and / or fourth brightness, wherein the security element 2 preferably appears transparent. In particular, it is possible for the security element 2 to be or comprise, for example, a grating for generating achromatically illuminated effects, and the matt structure 31 to be designed such that, in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property 410 exhibits an achromatic effect.wherein the reference light property 420, which is visible in the comparison area 42, does not show the achromatic effect in the first viewing situation, since the first viewing situation takes place within an angular range in which only the light expanded by means of the matt structure 31 is visible, but not the light emitted by the first security element 2 in the comparison area 42. In this case, the first security element 2 can be transparent and the comparison area 41 can, for example, show a reference light property that corresponds in particular to the fourth color and / or fourth brightness, thus preferably being formed by one or more decorative layers, such as printing layers, which are provided in the security document 1 and preferably lie below the security element 2 in the viewing direction. Alternatively, it is possiblethat upon first viewing, the achromatic effect is visible in both the overlapping area 41 and the comparison area 42, although the brightness in the overlapping area 41 is lower due to the widening by the matte structure 31. This also makes it possible to set a defined color and / or brightness difference. Fig. 1d shows a section for schematically illustrating the optical effects of the security document 1 with a surface structure in the form of microprisms 32. The microprisms 32 are, in particular, triangular prisms. As schematically illustrated by Fig. 1d, in a first viewing situation, a reference light property 420, which is a defined color and / or brightness, is visible in the comparison area 42. The microprisms 32 are designed in such a way thatthat in the first viewing situation, the microprisms 32 in the overlapping region 41 cause a change in the light 51 incident on the first security element 2. As a result, when viewed in which the reference light property 420 is visible in the comparison region 42, a contrasting light property 410, which is a defined color and / or brightness and is generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element 2, is visible in the overlapping region 41. In the exemplary representation, the light 51 incident on the security element 2 is changed by the microprisms 32 by a change in the angle of incidence on the security element 2. The light 51 generated by the surface structure 3, which, for example, comprises or consists of the microprisms 32,The changed light, and in particular the light incident on the security element 2 in the overlap region 41, has, for example, the angle of incidence α2. In comparison, the light incident on the security element 2 in the comparison region 42 has the angle α'2. Since the security element 2 has an optically variable effect, the change in the incident light through the surface structure 3, for example the microprisms 32, results in particular in different colors and / or brightnesses in the regions 41 and 42.which are preferably generated by the optically variable effect of the security element 2 and preferably display the first color and / or first brightness and in particular the second color and / or second brightness. The contrasting light property 410 thus differs from the reference light property 420 by a defined color difference and / or a defined brightness difference. The angle difference ^ ^'2 - ^2 ^ is preferably at least 2°, in particular at least 4°, preferably at least 6°, preferably at least 8°, further preferably at least 12°. The lateral extent of the microprisms 32 is in particular in a range from 5 µm to 200 µm, preferably in a range from 10 µm to 100 µm. The depth of the microprisms is preferably in a range from 1 µm to 40 µm, preferably between 10 µm and 25 µm. A lateral extension of the microprisms 32 means in particular the width that a prism has,which, for example, in Fig. 1d runs in the x-direction. The depth runs in particular in the z-direction. Fig. 1d shows on the right-hand side, in particular in the comparison area 42, the incidence of light on an unstructured surface, which refracts the light 51 incident at an angle of incidence α1 onto the security document 1, in particular onto the cover layer 11, into the angle α'2 in the cover layer 11. The refraction occurs according to the law of refraction n1 * sin α1 = n2 * sin α'2, where n1 is in particular the refractive index of air and n2 is in particular the refractive index of the cover layer 11.preferably of a polymer used for this purpose. In this example, the security element 2 has, in particular, a zero-order color effect in the overlap region 41 and in the comparison region 42. The reflection angle after the structure and after exiting the cover layer 11 are preferably identical in this situation. In particular, the angle θ2 of the light 52 emitted by the security element 2 in the overlap region 41 within the cover layer 11 is identical to the angle θ1 of the light 52 exiting the cover layer 11 in the comparison region 42. In other words, in the situation illustrated by Fig. 1d, the reflection angle of light 51 impinging on the security document 1 in the comparison region 42 is identical to the exit angle of light 52 exiting the security document 1. The exiting light 52 therefore exits the security document 1 in the comparison region at an angle θ1.in particular from the cover layer 11. In contrast to the comparison region 42, Fig. 1d on the left side, in particular in the overlap region 41, shows what happens when light strikes a microprism at the same angle of incidence ^1, here for the special case of perpendicular incidence onto the microprism α1 = θ, where θ is the flank angle of the microprism(s). In this special case, the light is not refracted by the microprism, and accordingly, the angle α2 in the cover layer 11 is identical to the angle of incidence α1. This angle α2 (α1 = θ = α2) is in this case larger compared to the angle of incidence α'2 in the comparison region 42 with the unstructured surface of the cover layer 11. If the colour effect depends on the angle of incidence, which is the case, for example, with zero-order colour effects, as they are represented in this example in particular by the first security element 2,the colour reflected in the overlapping region 41 by the security element 2 is advantageously different and in particular visible at a different angle α4, which can be calculated according to the following formula. So ^ ^ sin(2^ ^ ) = ^ ^ sin(^ ^ + ^ ^ ) For the case of small angles (paraxial approximation) sin α ≈ α and thus ^ ^ 2^ ^ = ^ ^ (^ ^ + ^ ^ ) So The angle α4 is in particular different from the angle α1, which, in particular in the example illustrated by Fig. 1d, corresponds in the comparison region 42 to the angle of incidence of the light entering the security document 1 and / or the angle of exit of the light exiting the security document 1. In a case of diffuse illumination and / or illumination with multiple light sources, the overlap region 41 and the comparison region 42 can nevertheless be observed simultaneously, since in these cases the light is incident at a plurality of angles of incidence.In other words, in particular a color effect represented by the first security element 2, which is preferably a zero-order color effect, can be observed both in the overlap region 41 and in the comparison region 42, in particular in the case of diffuse illumination and / or illumination with multiple light sources, wherein a defined color difference and / or brightness difference is present due to the surface structure 3, such as the microprisms 32. Figure 1e shows by way of example what happens in particular when light strikes a microprism for a general case with a general angle of incidence (α1 ≠ θ). In this general case, the light is refracted by the microprism and accordingly, in particular, the angle α2 in the cover layer 11 results as a function of α1 according to the following formula. So In this general case, the angle α2 in the cover layer 11 also changes in comparison to the unstructured surface, i.e., in particular, compared to the angle α'2 in the comparison area 42. Accordingly, angle-dependent color effects, such as zero-order color effects, also change the color impression for a viewer. The color reflected by the security element 2 is therefore different, in particular, and visible at a different angle α4, which can be calculated according to the following formula: sin(^ ^ + ^) ^ ^ = sin(^ ^ + ^) ^ ^ For small prism and angles of incidence, the following applies in paraxial approximation: (^ ^ + ^) ^ ^ = (^ ^ + ^) ^ ^ Fig. 1f shows a section similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1d, except that, instead of the microprisms, a surface structure 3 in the form of microlenses 33, in particular cylindrical lenses, is present. As illustrated in Fig. 1f, such microlenses 33 can also be suitable for changing light 51 incident on the first security element 2, in particular for changing its angle of incidence α2, preferably in comparison to the angle α'2. Accordingly, here too, angle-dependent color effects, such as zero-order color effects, in particular, change the color impression for a viewer. The color reflected by the security element 2 is therefore different and visible at a different angle α5. In other words, in the overlap region 41, the color is particularly different from the color in the comparison region 42.The angle α5 is in particular different from the angle α1, which in the comparison region 42 corresponds to the angle of incidence of the light entering the security document 1 and / or the angle of exit of the light exiting the security document 1. It is also possible for the microlenses 33 to be spherical microlenses, for example in a square or hexagonal arrangement. The microlenses 33 preferably have a lateral extent and / or a diameter that lies in a range between 20 µm and 400 µm and more preferably in a range between 40 µm and 300 µm. The microlenses 33 preferably have a depth in a range from 5 µm to 40 µm, preferably in a range from 10 µm to 25 µm. The lateral extension of the microlenses 33 refers in particular to the width of a lens, which, for example, runs in the x-direction in Fig. 1f. The depth runs in particular in the z-direction.Not shown as a cross-section, but also possible is a surface structure 3 which comprises or is linear elevations and / or linear depressions. The lateral extent of the linear elevations and / or depressions lies transversely to the line direction preferably in a range from 10 µm to 300 µm and more preferably from 20 µm to 200 µm. The depth of the linear elevations and / or depressions is typically in a range from 5 µm to 40 µm and preferably in a range from 5 µm to 25 µm. The linear elevations and / or depressions can be straight and / or curved. It is also possible for the linear elevations and / or depressions to be arranged both in a straight line in some areas and in a curved line in some areas. In particular, they can take the form of letters and text. However, they can also represent patterns such as ornaments, as shown particularly in Fig.5.Linear elevations and / or depressions extend in particular following one line or several lines with a profile shape in a cross-section that is constant at least in some regions along the line(s) and / or changes continuously at least in some regions. The profile shape of the linear elevations and / or depressions is or comprises in particular one or more of the following profile shapes: binary, parabolic, semicircular, polygonal, triangular, i.e. in particular linearly sloping, symmetrical triangular, asymmetrical triangular. The profile shape can be selected in particular according to the desired effect on the light incident on the security document, in particular the first security element, and / or on the light emitted by the first security element and / or the light emerging from the security document.For example, it is possible that, upon first viewing, rectangular profiles shine at the edges and / or continuous profiles appear, such as blazed gratings, prisms, or microlenses. The total color difference dE of the contrasting light property 410 and the reference light property 420, as illustrated in particular by Figs. 1c, 1d, and 1f, is preferably in a range from 3 to 270, preferably in a range from 5 to 270, more preferably in a range from 10 to 270. The total color difference is measured in particular in the CIELAB color space. In this regard, particular reference is made to the above explanations. As illustrated in particular by Fig.1c, 1d, 1e and 1f, it is possible that the change in light 51 incident on the first security element 2 (angle of incidence) and / or light 52 emitted by the first security element 2 (angle of reflection), in particular in comparison to light that impinges on and / or is emitted from the first security element 2 in the comparison region 42, is or comprises one or more of the following changes: a change in the angle of reflection, in particular an increase in the angle of reflection, a decrease in the angle of reflection, a widening of the angle of reflection and / or a focusing of the angle of reflection, a change in the angle of incidence, in particular an increase in the angle of incidence, a decrease in the angle of incidence and / or a focusing of the angle of incidence. Fig. 2a schematically shows a plan view of an exemplary security document 1. The layer structure can be designed as described by way of example for one of Figs. 1a to 1f. As shown by Fig.As illustrated in Fig. 2a, it is possible for the security document 1 to have pre-printed information 63, such as "last name" or "first name." This information can be formed, for example, by a print layer that is applied in particular before lamination. It is also possible for the pre-printed information 63 to be laser-incorporated into the personalization layer 12 before or after lamination. It is further possible for the security document 1 to have a security print, which is not shown in Fig. 2a, however. Furthermore, the security document 1 illustrated by Fig. 2a has personalized information 64. This can be, for example, a portrait, a name, gender, or the like, as illustrated by Fig. 2a.Such personalized information 64 is preferably introduced by means of blackening, in particular beneath the security element 2 and at least partially overlapping with the security element 2. For this purpose, the personalization layer 12 is or will be processed using a laser, for example. As illustrated by Fig. 2b, a security document 1 is also possible which does not have personalized information 64. In particular, however, personalization regions are provided which are intended for the introduction of personalized data, such as the personalized data 64 illustrated in Fig. 2a. The security document 1, which is illustrated by Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b, in particular has the first security element 2, which is preferably arranged in several sub-regions, so that several designs with the first security element 2 are formed in the security document, as shown in Fig.2a are illustrated by way of example in the form of flags and stars. The security element 2 is or will preferably be laminated, as can be seen in particular in Fig. 1a or described therein. In particular, the security element 2 lies in front of the personalization layer 12 when viewing the first outer surface. The first security element 2 comprises, in this example, in the large star 101 at the top right, a particularly planar, achromatic luminous effect based on a blaze grating with a grating period of approximately 6 µm in combination with a high-refractive index reflective layer made of ZnS. Furthermore, the security element 2 in the flag shape at the bottom right contains, in particular, a planar zero-order color effect based on linear subwavelength gratings in combination with a high-refractive index coating (HRI layer) made of ZnS, as is described in more detail in particular with reference to Fig. 4a.In other words, the security element 2 in the flag comprises in particular the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses. On the first outer surface, which is viewed in particular in Fig. 2a and 2b, the security document 1 illustrated in Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b additionally has the surface structure 3. The surface structure 3 is arranged, for example in a partial area of ​​the surface area 43 at the star 101 (top right), in the form of a micro-inscription, i.e. in particular that a partial area of ​​the surface area 43 and the overlap area 41 can be arranged in a first design in the form of a micro-inscription. In the surface structure area 43, the surface structure 3 is formed in particular by matt structures 31, as described, for example, in relation to Fig. 1b and Fig. 1c.Furthermore, the surface structure 3 is formed, for example in the area of ​​the flag (bottom right), by cylindrical microlenses 33. The cylindrical microlenses 33 are present in the form of a partial area of ​​the surface area 43 and a partial area of ​​the overlapping area 41 in the shape of the two letters "UT." It is therefore possible for a partial area of ​​the overlapping area 41 to be designed in a second design, for example in the form of the letters "UT." Fig. 3 shows, by way of example, a schematic plan view of a region of a security document 1, in particular the first outer surface, with the first security element 2 and the surface structure 3, which in particular forms the first design, at two different viewing angles. In particular, the different viewing angles can be adjusted by tilting the security document 1, in particular tilting forwards / backwards or left / right.The surface structure 3 is preferably the matte structure 31 and is arranged in the form of a motif, namely in particular in the surface structure region 43 in the form of a microtext. The overlap region 41 is formed by the region of the surface structure region 43 that overlaps with the first region 40. The first security element 2 in this example has, within the contour of the star, as described for example in relation to Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b, a preferably planar, in particular achromatically illuminating effect based on a blaze grating. The left-hand image of Fig. 3 shows, in particular, a normal view. In normal view, ieIn particular, when the security document 1 is oriented legibly, i.e. preferably a combination of illumination and viewing angle in which the light diffracted by the blaze grating falls into the viewer's eye in areas without the surface structures, the entire sub-area of ​​the first area 40 with the security element 2, which is shown here by way of example as a star 101, lights up brightly. This happens in particular regardless of whether the surface structure 3, such as the matt structures 31 in the overlap area 41 here, lies over this sub-area with the first security element 2 or not. The surface structure 31 in the form of the micro-inscription is also brightly highlighted by the illuminated star in the overlap area 41, i.e. the micro-inscription is also bright in the overlap area 41 when viewed normally.It is conceivable that there is a defined color difference and / or brightness difference between the overlapping area 41 with the matt structure 31 in the form of the microprint and the rest of the security element 2 in the form of the star in the comparison area 41, in particular due to an expansion of the light emerging from the security document 1 as described for Fig. 1c, so that this observation can correspond to the first observation situation. In particular, due to the matt structure 31, a lower brightness is visible in the overlapping area 41 than in the comparison area 42. Relatively strongly scattering matt structures can expediently be used for this purpose. On the right in Fig. 3, a view is shown which can preferably correspond to the first observation situation. Here, the security document 1 is tilted compared to the normal observation. The lower image shows a further enlarged area during the tilted observation.In comparison to the view in the left-hand image, the security document 1 is tilted in such a way that the achromatically diffracted light in areas without the matt structure 31, i.e. outside the overlapping area 41 in the form of the microtext, is no longer directed, or in particular diffracted, into the viewer's eye. By contrast, in the overlapping area 41 with the surface structure 31 and the first security element 2, here for example the star 101, the achromatic effect is still visible due to the fanning out of the diffracted light as a result of the interaction with the matt structures 31. In this example, the part of the matt structure 31 or the microtext with the matt structure 31 which lies above the first security element 2 orThe area around the star 101 still exhibits an angular range around the diffraction angle of the achromatic grating (as before during normal viewing), as schematically shown in the figure on the right. However, the remaining area of ​​the star 101 outside the matte structure 31 or the microtext is no longer brightly illuminated or is darker than the microtext areas. It is therefore possible to provide a defined brightness and / or color difference.It is also possible that either the viewing situation shown on the left or the viewing situation shown on the right represents the second viewing situation, in particular so that the security document has a defined interaction in the first viewing situation compared to the second viewing situation, in that in the first viewing situation the contrasting light property represents a defined color and / or defined brightness, which is also present in the second viewing situation at least in the comparison area and / or both in the comparison area and in the overlap area, such as in particular the achromatic effect illustrated by Fig. 3. Fig. 4a shows, by way of example, a schematic plan view of an area of ​​a security document 1 with the first security element 2 and the surface structure 3 at two different viewing angles.In particular, the different viewing angles can be obtained by rotating the security document 1. The area illustrated by Fig. 4a can, for example, be a first area 40 as shown in Fig. 2a and Fig. 2b or a partial area thereof with the security element 2 in the form of a flag, which is shown enlarged in Fig. 4a. This area and the area illustrated by Fig. 3 can each be present in a security document individually or in combination with one another and / or with further areas with the security element 2 and / or the surface structure 3, in particular with an overlap area 41 and / or a comparison area 42. It is possible that a first area 40 as shown in Fig.4, region 40 of the security element 2, illustrated by a flag, has a preferably planar zero-order color effect based on linear subwavelength gratings, which is in particular the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses and is preferably a subwavelength grating for generating azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses. With regard to the design, reference is also made in particular to the above statements. In the flag illustrated by Fig. 4, the optically variable effect of the first security element 2 is present in the middle bar 102 of the three bars of the flag. In particular, the security element 2 comprises the subwavelength grating for generating azimuth angle-dependent colors and / or brightnesses in the middle bar 102.The other two bars of the flag optionally have, for example, an isotropically scattering matte structure and thus appear white or light gray from almost all viewing angles. The surface structure 3 is present in the overlapping region 41, which in this example is formed by microlenses 33, which are cylindrical and arranged in a motif-shaped region, which in Fig. 4 forms the letters "UT" by way of example. On the left, a view of the security document 1 is shown at a rotation angle of 0°, and on the right, a view at a rotation angle of 90°. The period of the subwavelength grating here is in particular 380 nm and the grating depth 150 nm. In particular, zinc sulfide ZnS with a thickness of 80 nm preferably forms the reflection layer lying on the subwavelength grating, which is preferably embedded in a polymer with a refractive index of approximately 1.5, whereby in particular the HRI layer is formed.With grating lines of the linear subwavelength grating running in the y-direction, in particular with a readable orientation of the security document 1, the middle bar 102 of the flag in the comparison region 42 appears outside the "UT", for example, in an orange-red color at an illumination and viewing angle of approximately 25° to the normal to a plane spanned by the first outer surface (which is preferably referred to here as normal viewing). In this case, a rotation of the security document 1 of 0° can occur. Within the region of the "UT", there is a color and / or brightness change to green due to the superposition with the microlenses 33. In other words, in the overlap region 41, the contrasting light property is green. It is particularly possible that when the security document 1 is rotated by a predetermined angle, preferably by 90°, with a simultaneous constant illumination and viewing angle of approximately25° to the normal to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, the color and / or brightness of the security element 2, in particular of the central bar 102 as shown in Fig. 4a, changes from one predefined color and / or brightness to another predefined color and / or brightness both in the overlap region 41 and in the comparison region 42. In the example in Fig. 4a, the color in the central bar 102 preferably changes from orange-red to green. If an overlap region 41 is present, as is illustrated by way of example in Fig. 4a using cylindrical microlenses 33 (also called lenticular lenses) in the region with the shape of the letters "UT", it is possible to design the microlenses 33 such that a defined brightness and / or color difference of the zeroth order color effect generated by the subwavelength grating is present, which depends on the orientation of the cylindrical microlenses 33.This difference exists, as the left-hand image in Fig. 4a illustrates by way of example, between the contrasting light property 410 visible in the overlap region 41 and the reference light property 420 visible in the comparison region 42. It is thus possible that the left-hand image in Fig. 4a shows a first viewing situation in the overlap region 41, wherein a contrasting light property 410, e.g. the color green, is visible in the overlap region 41, which is generated by the security element 2, and a reference light property 420, e.g. the color orange-red, is visible in the comparison region 42, which is also generated by the security element 2. In this case, the security element 2 is designed in the overlap region 41 and the comparison region 42, in particular in the same way, and the different colors and / or brightnesses are generated by the change in the light on the surface structure 3.By rotating the security document 1, the security document 1 can then be brought into a second viewing situation, wherein a third light property 430 is or becomes visible both in the overlap region 41 and in the comparison region 42. The third light property 430 is in particular the third color and / or third brightness. It is also conceivable that in the second viewing situation, the third color and / or brightness is present in the comparison region 42, wherein in the overlap region 41 the fifth color and / or fifth brightness, which in particular only differs slightly therefrom, is present. The rotation from the first viewing situation to the second viewing situation takes place here, for example, by means of a rotation angle of 90°, but can preferably be in a range of 20° to 160°. The orientation of the cylindrical microlenses 33 in the two situations shown in Fig. 4a is shown schematically and as an example in Fig.4b. The horizontal orientation of the cylindrical microlenses 33, as shown in the left-hand image of Fig. 4b, leads to a difference in brightness and / or color, since the microlenses 33, as already explained in particular above, changes the angle of incidence ^2 of the light incident on the first security element 2 in the overlap region 41 compared to the light incident in the comparison region 42. In the comparison region 41, the first security element 2 provides the same zero-order color effect as in the overlap region 41, but without the surface structure 3 lying above, in particular without microlenses 33. Thus, due to the different angles of incidence, different color effects are projected into the eye of the viewer. After rotating the security document 1 by, for example, 90°, as shown by the right-hand image of Fig.4b, the incident light strikes the security document 1 along the cylinder direction. The lines within the “UT” show in particular the orientation of the cylindrical microlenses 33. The observation takes place in particular along the y-direction, i.e. also along the cylinder direction of the microlenses 33. The angle of incidence ^2 is not changed or not changed very noticeably compared to ^'2, whereby the overlapping region 41, which here has the shape of the letters “UT”, for example, has the same or almost the same color and / or brightness of the zero-order color effect as the comparison region 42 without the surface structures 3. In Fig. 4b, this is illustrated by way of example by a different representation of the two letters “UT”. Fig. 5 shows the photo of a further example.There, the surface structure 34 is formed by linear elevations arranged in the surface region 43 in the shape of a semicircular ornament. Below this surface structure 34 there is a preferably flat first region 40 or partial region thereof with a first security element 2 with a zero-order color effect, in particular a zero-order color effect as described for Figs. 4a and 4b. The region 40 or partial region thereof is present, for example, in the entire area shown by the photo. The photo shows an illumination and viewing case in which the zero-order color effect is not or almost not visible in the comparison region 42, i.e. in areas without the surface structure 3, since the condition of direct reflection is not met.In the overlap region 41, i.e., in the region of the security element 2 with the zero-order color effects overlapping with the ornament, the color effect of the underlying first security element 2 can be seen, since the surface structure 34 changes the exit angle of the light. In particular, the viewing, which can represent the first viewing situation, takes place at a viewing angle at which the first security element 2 would not be visible without the surface structures 34. However, the widening and change in the exit angle of the light in the overlap region 41 makes the first security element 2 visible there. For example, the ornament illustrated in Fig. 5 here partially displays a red and partially a green color, which is generated in particular by the first security element 2 and represents the contrasting light property 410.However, the first security element, comparison area 42, is transparent, so that other layers of the security document, such as print layers, form the reference light property 420. Of course, the listed design variants can be combined with each other as desired and do not represent any limitations.

[0002] 1 security document 11 cover layer 12 personalization layer 13 transparent layer 14 transparent layer 15 core layer 16 transparent layer 101, 102 motifs 2 first security element 3 surface structure 31 matt structure 32 microprisms 33 microlenses 34 linear elevations 40 first area 41 overlap area 42 comparison area 43 surface structure area 400 design 410 contrasting light property 420 reference light property 430 third light property 51 incident light 52 emitted light 63 pre-printed information 64 personalized data ^1, ^2, ^3, ^4, ^5 angle of incidence or reflection β1, β2 angle of expansion

Claims

62843WO / NZ / DS OVD KINEGRAM AG, Zählerweg 11, 6300 Zug, Switzerland Patent claims 1. Security document (1) comprising a first security element (2) with a first optically variable effect in a first region (40) and an exposed surface structure (3) arranged on a first outer surface of the security document (1), wherein the security document (1) has an overlap region (41) in which the surface structure (3) overlaps with the first security element (2), and a comparison region (42) in which the first security element (2) is present, but the surface structure (31, 32, 33, 34) does not overlap with the first security element (2);wherein, in a first viewing situation, a reference light property (420) having a defined color and / or defined brightness is visible in the comparison region (42), wherein the surface structure (3) is designed such that, in the first viewing situation, the surface structure (3) causes a change in the light (51) incident on the first security element (2) and / or the light (52) emitted by the first security element (2), such that, in the overlap region (41), a contrasting light property (410) having a defined color and / or defined brightness and generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element (2) is visible, wherein the contrasting light property (410) differs from the reference light property (420) by a defined color difference and / or a defined brightness difference.

2. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the defined color difference and / or brightness difference is determined by a total color difference dE, preferably in the CIELAB color space, and lies in a range from 3 to 270, preferably in a range from 5 to 270, preferably in a range from 10 to 270. 3.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the change in light (51) incident on the first security element (2) and / or light (52) emitted by the first security element (2) is or comprises one or more of the following changes: change in the angle of reflection, in particular increase in the angle of reflection, decrease in the angle of reflection, widening of the angle of reflection and / or focusing of the angle of reflection, change in the angle of incidence, in particular increase in the angle of incidence, decrease in the angle of incidence and / or focusing of the angle of incidence. 4.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the security document (1) has one or more designs and the first region (40) forms one or more first design elements and / or the comparison region (42) forms one or more second design elements and / or the overlap region (41) forms one or more third design elements and / or the surface structure is arranged in a surface region (43) and the surface structure region (43) forms one or more fourth design elements.

5. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the overlap region (41), in particular at least one of the third design elements or the one or more third design elements, and / or the comparison region (42), in particular at least one of the second design elements or the one or more second design elements, in particular when viewed perpendicular to a plane spanned by the first outer surface, has a width of at least 3 mm, preferably at least 6 mm, preferably at least 10 mm, and / or an area of ​​at least 1 mm x 1 mm, preferably at least 2 mm x 2 mm, preferably at least 3 mm x 3 mm.

6. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the overlap region (41) has the shape of or consists of one or more first motifs that are visible in the first viewing situation, in particular are completely visible.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first region (40) has the shape of one or more second motifs (101, 102) which are visible, in particular completely visible, in particular in the first viewing situation and / or in a second viewing situation, preferably both in the overlap region (41) and in the comparison region (42).

8. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the one or more first motifs have at least one contour line which extends from the comparison region (42) into the overlap region (41), and / or that the one or more. second motifs have at least one contour line which extends from the comparison region (42) into the overlap region (41).

9. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface structure (3) has one or more of the following structures: a matt structure (31), microprisms (32), microlenses (33), linear elevations (34) and / or linear depressions.

10. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the light emerging at the surface structure (3) is widened by the surface structure (3) by an angle (β2) in a range from 0.5° to 45°, preferably in a range from 2° to 30°, more preferably in a range from 2° to 15°.

11. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the matt structure (31) is an isotropically scattering matt structure or an anisotropically scattering matt structure.

12. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the matte structure (31) has an average spacing of randomly or pseudo-randomly varying elements in a range from 1 µm to 100 µm, preferably in a range from 5 µm to 50 µm.

13. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the matte structure has a structure depth in a range from 0.5 µm to 20 µm, preferably from 1 µm to 10 µm.

14. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the change in light (51) incident on the first security element (2) is or comprises a change in the angle of incidence of the light (51) incident on the first security element (2), such that light passing through the surface structure (3) has a first angle of incidence (α2) on the first security element (2) and light penetrating the security document (1) outside the surface structure (3) impinges on the first security element (2) at a second angle of incidence (α'2), wherein the first angle of incidence (α2) and the second angle of incidence (α'2) have a difference in angles.

15. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the difference in angles is at least 2°, in particular at least 4°, preferably at least 6°, more preferably at least 8°, more preferably at least 12°.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface structure (3) has or consists of microprisms (32), in particular wherein the microprisms cause the difference in the angles.

17. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the microprisms (32) are triangular prisms.

18. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that. that the surface structure (3) has or consists of microlenses (33), in particular wherein the microlenses bring about the difference in the angles.

19. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the microlenses (33) are or comprise cylindrical lenses, preferably convex cylindrical lenses, and / or spherical microlenses, preferably in a square or hexagonal arrangement.

20. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first security element (2) in the first region (40) comprises one or more of the following layers: at least one replication layer with at least one relief structure, at least one reflection layer, wherein the reflection layer is arranged on the at least one relief structure. 21.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one relief structure comprises a first relief structure which is present both in the overlap region (41) and in the comparison region (42) and / or that the first relief structure extends at least partially uninterrupted from the overlap region (41) into the comparison region (42).

22. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first region (40) is a closed region or is composed of several preferably separate sub-regions which have the first relief structure and / or one or more further relief structures.

23. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, is or comprises a subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects, wherein the at least one reflection layer is or comprises a metal layer.

24. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects has one or more of the following shapes: cross-shaped, hexagonal, pseudorandom.

25. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects has a grating period in a range from 180 nm to 420 nm. 26.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects has a grating depth in a range from 80 nm to 350 nm.

27. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating zero-order color effects has an asymmetric profile shape.

28. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, is or comprises a relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects.

29. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects is a diffraction grating.

30. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects has a grating period of at least 3 µm, preferably at least 5 µm. 31.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects has a grating period of less than 50 µm, preferably less than 20 µm.

32. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects has one or more of the following profile shapes: blaze-shaped, rectangular, sinusoidal.

33. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects comprises one or more of the following, preferably reflective, microstructures: micromirrors, microfacets, microprisms.

34. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the microstructures of the relief structure for generating achromatically luminous effects have a lateral extent in a range from 3 µm to 50 µm, preferably measured when viewed perpendicular to a base area spanned by the microstructures. 35.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the surface structure (3) is designed such that, in the first viewing situation, the contrasting light property, in particular by widening and / or deflecting the emerging light, preferably by means of a matt structure, displays the achromatic effect, in particular wherein the reference light property visible in the comparison region does not display the achromatic effect in the first viewing situation.

36. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, upon first viewing, the achromatic effect is visible both in the overlap region (41) and in the comparison region (42), wherein, however, a lower, preferably defined, brightness is present in the overlap region (41) due to the widening by the matt structure (31).

37. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, is or comprises a diffraction grating for generating chromatically luminous effects.

38. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the diffraction grating for generating chromatically luminous effects has a grating period of at least 0.5 µm, in particular at least 0.7 µm, and of less than 3 µm, in particular less than 2 µm.

39. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the diffraction grating for generating chromatically luminous effects has one or more of the following profile shapes: blazed, rectangular, sinusoidal. 40.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one relief structure, in particular the first relief structure and / or at least one of the one or more further relief structures, is or comprises a subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses, wherein the at least one reflection layer is or comprises in particular a preferably high-index dielectric HRI layer.

41. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that. that the sub-wavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses has a grating period in a range from 180 nm to 420 nm.

42. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sub-wavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses has a grating depth t in a range from 50 nm to 250 nm.

43. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sub-wavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses, in particular when viewed perpendicular to a base area of ​​the at least one relief structure or the sub-wavelength grating, is linear, cross-shaped, hexagonal, or pseudo-random. 44.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses has a rectangular or sinusoidal profile shape.

45. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the subwavelength grating for generating non-metallic zero-order colors and / or brightnesses has at least two diffraction gratings with different azimuth angles, wherein a sequence of elevations and depressions with a defined grating period and a defined grating depth extends along the respective azimuth angle.

46. ​​Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the first optically variable effect, which represents the contrasting light property in the overlap region (41), is visible in the comparison region (42) under a further viewing situation.

47. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, under a second viewing situation, a third color and / or third brightness is visible in the overlap region (41) as well as in the comparison region (42), or a third color and / or third brightness is visible in the comparison region (42) and a fifth color and / or fifth brightness is visible in the overlap region (41). 48.Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the reference light property, in particular if the optically variable effect of the first security element (2) is visible in the first viewing situation in the comparison area (42), is generated by light diffracted by the first security element (2) in the zeroth diffraction order.

49. Security document (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the contrasting light property is generated by light diffracted by the first security element (2) in the zeroth diffraction order.

50. Method for producing a security document (1), in particular the security document according to one of the preceding claims, comprising the following steps, preferably in the specified. Sequence: - Providing at least one cover layer (11); - Providing at least one core layer (15); - Providing a first security element (2) with a first optically variable effect; - Arranging the at least one core layer (15), the at least one cover layer (11), and the first security element (2) such that the first security element (2) is arranged between the at least one cover layer (11) and the at least one core layer (15); - Pressing together, in particular laminating, the at least one cover layer (11) and the at least one core layer (15), wherein a surface structure (3) is pressed into the at least one cover layer (11), such that the surface structure (3) is arranged exposed on a first outer surface of the security document (1) and the security document (2) has an overlap region (41),in which the surface structure (3) overlaps with the first security element (2) and has a comparison region (42) in which the first security element (2) is present, but the surface structure (3) does not overlap with the first security element (2), so that in a first viewing situation in the comparison region (42) a reference light property (420) which is a defined color and / or defined brightness is visible, wherein the surface structure (3) is designed such that in the first viewing situation the surface structure (3) in the overlap region (41) causes a change in the light incident on the first security element (2) and / or light emitted by the first security element (2), so that in the overlap region (41) a contrasting light property (410) which is a defined color and / or defined brightness,which is generated by the first optically variable effect of the first security element (2), is visible, wherein the contrasting light property (410) of, the reference light property (420) is distinguished by a defined color difference and / or a defined brightness difference.

51. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the method is carried out in a laminating press, wherein the surface structure (3) is introduced into the at least one cover layer (11) by means of a press plate of the laminating press during compression.

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