Wtru assisted spatial adaptation for network energy saving

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided that are related to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU may determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI-RS hypothesis may be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU may send an indication, to a network node, of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may receive, via a downlink transmission, an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine a QCL source based on a CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis may be an indicated CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may decode a downlink channel based on the QCL source.

Description

WTRU ASSISTED SPATIAL ADAPTATION FOR NETWORK ENERGY SAVINGCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 457,051 , filed April 4, 2023, the contents of which is incorporated by reference herein.BACKGROUND

[0002] Mobile communications using wireless communication continue to evolve. A fifth generation of mobile communication radio access technology (RAT) may be referred to as 5G new radio (NR). A previous (legacy) generation of mobile communication RAT may be, for example, fourth-generation (4G) long-term evolution (LTE). Wireless communication devices may establish communications with other devices and data networks, e.g., via an access network, such as a radio access network (RAN).SUMMARY

[0003] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided that may be related to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU may determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI- RS hypothesis may be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU may send an indication, to a network node, of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may receive, via a downlink transmission, an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine a QCL source based on a CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis may be an indicated CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may decode a downlink channel based on the QCL source.

[0004] The WTRU may determine a measurement. The measurement may be associated with the hypothesis index. The measurement may be associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or a reference signal received power (RSRP). The WTRU may send an indication of the measurement to the network node. The determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis may be based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS. The QCL source may be associated with one or more of a port number or a CSI-RS resource.

[0005] The WTRU may maintain a QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and a port associated with the CSI-RS. The WTRU may update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. The downlink transmission may be a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[0007] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment;

[0008] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment;

[0009] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment; and

[0010] Fig. 2 illustrates an example of a WTRU receiving Non-Zero Power Channel State Information - Reference Signals (NZP-CSI-RS) resource groups, deriving Channel State Information (CSI) for each group related to a hypothesis index, and reporting the derived CSI to a network.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0012] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephonenetwork (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or a “ST A”, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0013] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0014] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output(MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0015] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0016] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0017] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0018] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access , which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0019] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

[0020] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0021] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0022] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0023] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit- switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0024] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0025] FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1 B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0026] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. 1 B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0027] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0028] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1 B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or moretransmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0029] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0030] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0031] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0032] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable locationdetermination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0033] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, asatellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and / or Augmented Reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0034] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0035] FIG. 1 C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0036] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0037] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0038] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1 C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of theforegoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0039] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0040] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter- eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0041] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0042] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0043] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1 A-1 D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0044] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0045] A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic in to and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the APto be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to- peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11 z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad- hoc” mode of communication.

[0046] When using the 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0047] High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0048] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0049] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11 n, and802.11 ac. 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non- TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control / Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0050] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as802.11 n, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11 ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0051] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0052] FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0053] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas totransmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0054] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0055] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0056] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E- UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1 D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0057] The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1 D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0058] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0059] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating WTRU IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0060] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0061] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide theWTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0062] In view of Figures 1A-1 D, and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1 D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0063] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0064] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0065] Spatial adaptation may be assisted by a WTRU for network energy saving. Features described herein may be associated with determining a port virtualization hypothesis from CSI-RS sequences. Multiple QCL sources may be configured and indicated per TCI state.

[0066] A CSI may be reported. CSI may be channel state information and may be used as an indicator from a WTRU to the network on how good (or bad) a channel is at any point in time. CSI may be used by agNB to make scheduling decisions, e.g., a selection of modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and to assist with beamforming.

[0067] The time and frequency resources that can be used by the WTRU to report CSI may be controlled by the gNB. A CSI report may include a channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), SS / PBCH block resource indicator (SSBRI), layer indicator (LI), rank indicator (Rl), L1-RSRP, L1 -SI NR, and / or Capability[Set] Index.

[0068] For the CQI, PMI, CRI, SSBRI, LI, Rl, L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, and Capability[Set] Index, a WTRU may be configured by higher layers with N>1 CSI-ReportConfig Reporting Settings, M>1 CSI- ResourceConfig Resource Settings, and one or two list(s) of trigger states (e.g., given by the higher layer parameters CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList and CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCH-TriggerStateList). A trigger state in CSI-AperiodicTriggerStateList may include a list of associated CSI-ReportConfigs indicating the Resource Set IDs for a channel and for interference. A trigger state in CSI-SemiPersistentOnPUSCH- TriggerStateList may include an (e.g., one) associated CSI-ReportConfig.

[0069] A Reporting Setting CSI-ReportConfig may be associated with a (e.g., a single) downlink BWP (e.g., indicated by a higher layer parameter BWP-ld) given in the associated CSI-ResourceConfig for channel measurement and include the parameter(s) for a (e.g., one) CSI reporting band: codebook configuration (e.g., including codebook subset restriction), time-domain behavior, frequency granularity for CQI and PMI, measurement restriction configurations, and / or the CSI-related quantities to be reported by the WTRU, such as, for example, the layer indicator (LI), L1-RSRP, L1-SINR, CRI, and SSB Resource Indicator (SSBRI), and Capability[Set] Index.

[0070] The time domain behavior of the CSI-ReportConfig may be indicated by the higher layer parameter reportConfigType and may be set to aperiodic, semiPersistentOnPUCCH, semiPersistentOnPUSCH, or periodic. For periodic and semiPersistentOnPUCCH / semiPersistentOnPUSCH CSI reporting, the configured periodicity and slot offset may apply in the numerology of the UL BWP in which the CSI report is configured to be transmitted on. A parameter (e.g., a high) layer parameter reportQuantity may indicate the CSI-related, L1 -RSRP-related, L1- SINR-related, or Capability[Set] Index-related quantities to report. The reportFreqConfiguration may indicate the reporting granularity in the frequency domain, including the CSI reporting band and whether PMI / CQI reporting is wideband or sub-band. The timeRestrictionForChannelMeasurements parameter in CSI- ReportConfig may be configured to enable a time domain parameter (e.g., restriction) for channel measurements, and timeRestrictionForlnterferenceMeasurements may be configured to enable time domain restriction for interference measurements. The CSI-ReportConfig may include CodebookConfig, which may include configuration parameters for Type-I, Type II, Enhanced Type II CSI, or FurtherEnhanced Type II Port Selection (e.g., including codebook subset restriction when applicable and configurations of group-based reporting).

[0071] A CSI Resource Setting CSI-ResourceConfig may include a configuration of a list of S>1 CSI Resource Sets (e.g., given by a (e.g., high) layer parameter csi-RS-ResourceSetList), and the list may include references to NZP CSI-RS resource set(s) and SS / PBCH block set(s). The list may include references to CSI-IM resource set(s). A CSI Resource Setting may be located in the DL BWP identified by the higher layer parameter BWP-id, and CSI Resource Settings linked to a CSI Report Setting may have the same DL BWP.

[0072] The time domain behavior of the CSI-RS resources within a CSI Resource Setting may be indicated by the higher layer parameter resourceType and may be set to aperiodic, periodic, or semi- persistent. For periodic and semi-persistent CSI Resource Settings, when the WTRU is configured with groupBasedBeamReporting-r17, the number of CSI Resource Sets configured may be S=2, and the number of CSI-RS Resource Sets configured may be limited to S=1 . For periodic and semi-persistent CSI Resource Settings, the configured periodicity and slot offset may be given in the numerology of its associated DL BWP, as given by BWP-id. When a WTRU is configured with multiple CSI-ResourceConfigs including the same NZP CSI-RS resource ID, the same time domain behavior may be configured for the CSI-ResourceConfigs. When a WTRU is configured with multiple CSI-ResourceConfigs including the same CSI-IM resource ID, the same time-domain behavior may be configured for the CSI-ResourceConfigs. CSI Resource Settings linked to a CSI Report Setting may have the same time domain behavior.

[0073] The following may be configured via higher layer signaling for one or more CSI Resource Settings for channel and interference measurement: CSI-IM resource for interference measurement; NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement; and / or NZP CSI-RS resource for channel measurement.

[0074] The WTRU may be configured with a list of TCI-State configurations. A TCI state may be used to define a beam. A TCI state may provide a reference to one or more reference signals. The WTRU may determine the beam by measuring reference signals. A TCI-State may include parameters for configuring a quasi-co-location (QCL) relationship between one or two downlink reference signals and the DM-RS ports of the PDSCH, the DM-RS port of the PDCCH, or the CSI-RS port(s) of a CSI-RS resource. The quasi-co- location relationship may be configured by the (e.g., high) layer parameter qcl-Type1 for the first DL RS, and qcl-Type2 for the second DL RS (e.g., if configured). The quasi-co-location types corresponding to a DL RS may be given by the higher layer parameter qcl-Type in QCL-Info and may take one of the following values: ‘typeA: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; ‘typeB: {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; ‘typeC: {Doppler shift, average delay}; and / or — ‘typeD: {Spatial Rx parameter}.

[0075] In hybrid beamforming, MIMO processing may be composed of the analog domain and the digital domain. The analog domain may be referred to as TXRU virtualization, and the digital domain may be referred to as port virtualization. Port virtualization may define the connection between a logical port and the TXRUs. In examples, a port may be mapped to a subset of TxRUs, and a port may be mapped to (e.g., all) the TXRUs. TXRU virtualization may define the connection between TXRUs and antenna elements.

[0076] Spatial adaptation may be used to save energy at a network and / or WTRU. Multiple (e.g., two) types of adaptation techniques may be considered. In Type 1 , a subset of the antenna ports may be turned off. In Type 2, while the number of antenna ports may remain the same, certain antenna components (e.g., TXRUs, antenna elements) may be turned off. For example, if an antenna port is mapped to multiple TXRUs, one or more of the TXRUs may be turned off and on again. When Type 2 adaptation is performed, the RF characteristics and composite channel (e.g., one that includes the effect of the antenna components) may change. For example, the shape of the beam, delay, doppler spread, etc. may be changed.

[0077] An availability (e.g., a network availability) state may correspond to a network energy savings (NES) state, a cell DTX mode, a cell DRX mode, a spatial domain configuration, and / or a gNB activity level. An availability state may be uplink or downlink specific, and may change from symbol to symbol, slot to slot, frame to frame, or on longer duration granularity. The availability state may be determined by the WTRU or indicated by the network. An availability state may be, for example, on, DL and UL active, UL only active, off, reduced Tx power, dormant, micro sleep, light sleep, or deep sleep. The states may be abstracted by NW configuration parameters and / or values, and a dynamic indication may point to the active availability state (e.g., by DCI or MAC CE signalling). The Off availability state may imply that the gNB’s baseband hardware is (e.g., completely) turned off. The sleep availability state may imply that the gNB wakes up (e.g., periodically) to transmit signals (e.g., presence signals, synchronization, or reference signals) or receive UL signals. In availability states, DL or UL resources may not be available during periods of time, and availability states may enable the network to turn off baseband processing and (e.g., other) activities. Measurement resources (e.g., SSBs or CSI-RS) may be made available in availability states, including: RLM, BFD, RRM measurements, CSI-RS feedback configuration, and / or a different power offset for CSI feedback.

[0078] The WTRU may determine an availability state from reception of availability state indication from, e.g., L1 / L2 signalling (e.g., a group common DCI or indication), or implicitly determine the availability state from the reception of periodic DL signalling - or lack thereof.

[0079] The WTRU may determine if a resource is available for transmission / reception and / or measurements for the determined network availability state if the resource is applicable in the activeavailability state. In addition, the WTRU may adapt its active C-DRX cycle, active spatial elements (e.g., antenna or logical ports), active TRPs, paging occasions as a function of the signalled availability state, or determined availability state. The WTRU may be configured with one or more sets of NES transmission and / or reception parameters per availability state, e.g., by broadcast or dedicated configuration signalling. The WTRU may apply the NES parameter set according to the determined or signaled availability state. The WTRU may apply one or more applicable configurations depending on the determined NES state. A set of NES parameters may include: a number of antenna ports, a C-DRX configuration, a measurement configuration (e.g., for RRM, RLM, and / or BFD), CSI feedback, a CSI-RS configuration, an SSB configuration, CHO or mobility candidates, and / or a set of active TRPs.

[0080] An availability state may be applicable to a transmission, reception, or measurement resource. An availability state may be applicable to a time period, e.g., a time slot or a time symbol. An availability state may be applicable to a serving cell, a cell group, a frequency band, a bandwidth part, a TRP, a set of spatial elements, and / or a range of frequencies within a bandwidth part. For example, when an NES state changes in a cell, the WTRU may receive an availability state change indication indicating that the change is for the cell, for (e.g., all) cells at the same frequency, and / or a same radio access technology (RAT).

[0081] The WTRU may consider the active availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band to be off, deep sleep, or micro sleep after reception of a DL signaling that changes the cell’s or TRP’s availability state. The WTRU may receive a turn off command on broadcast signaling, RRC signaling, DCI (e.g., a group common DCI), and / or a DL MAC CE (e.g., indication part of PDSCH). The WTRU may determine an availability state from reception of availability state indication from, e.g., L1 / L2 signalling (e.g., a group common DCI or indication) or broadcast signalling associated with an availability state. In examples, an availability state change indication may be part of an SI update or SIB signalling (e.g. in a separate SIB that is not read by legacy WTRUs). There may be a (e.g., common) time for (e.g., all) WTRUs in the cell to determine availably state status.

[0082] The WTRU may implicitly assume an availability state associated with a cell, carrier, TRP, or frequency band (e.g. off, deep sleep, micro sleep, or dormant) from the following: reception of a paging message (e.g. paging DCI, paging PDSCH, or a paging related signal, e.g., PEI), the gNB DTX status (e.g., whether the gNB is in active time or an associated activity timer is running), lack of detection of a presence indication, the availability state of an associated cell, and / or measured channel conditions(s) being below - or above - a threshold.

[0083] The WTRU may be configured to monitor an indication that may characterize the level of network activity (e.g., an availability state). The network activity may be associated with a gNB and / or a cell. The WTRU may assume the same availability state for all cells part of the same gNB, e.g., cells of the sameMAC entity. The network activity indication (e.g., the presence indication) may include a channel (e.g., a PDCCH) and / or a signal (e.g., a sequence). The activity indication or the NES state change indication / command may indicate the level of activity the WTRU may expect from the associated gNB and / or cell, e.g., reduced activity. The activity indication may include activity information of (e.g., other) gNBs / cells. The activity indication may be a PDCCH including group common signaling. For example, the NW may transmit a group common DCI to a group of WTRUs (e.g., WTRUs in the serving cell) indicating a change of an activity state or activity level in UL and / or DL.

[0084] The CRC of the PDCCH may be scrambled with a dedicated activity indication RNTI or an NES- RNTI. A WTRU may be configured with at least one search space associated with the monitoring occasions of the activity indication PDCCH. The indication may include a go-to-sleep signal, e.g., a predefined sequence. When the WTRU detects this sequence, the WTRU may expect a reduced activity level over a specific time duration. The WTRU may activate C-DRX for the period of time indicated. Multiple (e.g., two) sequences may be used to indicate (e.g., regular) activity and reduced activity.

[0085] The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may include one or more of the following. The signaling within the PDCCH or the activity indication may include an expected activity level of the associated gNBs / cells over a specific time interval (e.g., an availability state). The activity levels may be predetermined and / or configured and may, for example, include regular and reduced activity. The signaling may indicate the activity level. For example, bit “1” may indicate (e.g., regular) activity and bit "0" may indicate reduced activity.

[0086] For an activity level (e.g., availability state), transmission and reception attributes may be defined. For example, during reduced activity, the WTRU may not be expected to monitor certain PDCCH search spaces (e.g., including all SSs), receive a certain type of PDSCH (including all PDSCH), transmit PUCCH / PUSCH, and / or perform certain measurements. The WTRU may start or stop monitoring PDCCH and / or TCI states associated with a determined NES state, including PDCCH resources or TCI states associated with activated (and / or deactivated) TRPs or spatial elements.

[0087] A set of configurations may be associated with an activity level and may be used / applied when the activity level is indicated (e.g., an NES parameter set), e.g., SS configurations, CSI reporting configurations, indices of transmitted SSBs, etc. A set of configurations may have an attribute associated with an activity level, e.g., a tag that can be set to “reduced activity”.

[0088] The time interval over which an activity level is assumed may be signaled in the PDCCH or part of the activity indication. The time interval may be indicated using a bitmap where each bit in the bitmap may be associated with a specific duration, e.g., a slot or a frame. For example, bit “1” may indicate (e.g., regular) activity, and bit “0” may indicate reduced activity on an associated frame. The time interval may beindicated with a start time and length of interval. The start time may be defined; for example, the start time may be determined by adding a fixed offset to the time the indication is received. The length of the interval may be configured or signaled in the indication PDCCH.

[0089] The time interval over which an activity level is assumed may be predetermined. The WTRU may assume an interruption delay (e.g., a time until the NES state changes) after the NES state change command reception (e.g., after the last symbol or slot on which the command was received). The interruption time may be in absolute time, a number of symbols, and / or a number of slots.

[0090] The WTRU may determine that an uplink or downlink resource or signal is available for transmission / reception and / or measurements for the determined network availability state if it is applicable in the active availability state. The WTRU may determine that a subset of measurement resources and / or signals (e.g., SSBs, CSI-RS, TRS, PRS) are not applicable in availability states. The WTRU may determine that a subset of uplink or downlink resources (e.g., PRACH, PUSCH, PUCCH) is not applicable in availability states. The WTRU may transmit some uplink signals in a subset of NW availability states (e.g., SRS, pSRS, PRACH, UCI).

[0091] Spatial adaptations in NES may be supported for Type 1 (e.g., antenna elements (e.g., all antenna elements) associated with a logical antenna port is disabled / enabled) or Type 2 (e.g., a part / subset of antenna elements associated with a logical antenna port is disabled / enabled). Since the CSI- RS ports may remain the same for type 2 spatial adaptations, there may be ambiguity at the WTRU on whether / which measurements and reporting are to be performed on the configured CSI-RS resources or resource sets. There may be new associations between the different CSI-RS hypotheses corresponding to type 2 spatial adaptations and QCL sources. The WTRU may be expected to determine the right QCL source associated with the CSI-RS hypothesis selected by the network for subsequently decoding a PDCCH and / or PDSCH. The following may be addressed: how to configure and / or signal to the WTRU the different CSI-RS hypotheses associated with Type 2 spatial adaptations; how to report the measurements associated with the different CSI-RS hypotheses; and / or how to determine the QCL source associated with the network selected CSI-RS hypothesis.

[0092] A WTRU may be configured with multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypotheses. The WTRU may be configured with at least one CSI-RS resource and / or at least one CSI-RS resource set. For a CSI hypothesis (e.g., each CSI hypothesis), a WTRU may be configured with a CSI-RS sequence (e.g., a respective CSI-RS sequence). CSI-RS sequences may be differentiated with initialization, cyclic shift, scrambling, etc. (e.g., each CSI-RS sequence may have a respective initialization, cyclic shift, scrambling, etc.). The WTRU may be configured with a spatial adaptation training duration. The training duration may be periodic or aperiodic.

[0093] One or more of the following may be performed, e.g., during a training duration. A WTRU may receive a CSI-RS (e.g., a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS) on configured CSI-RS resources (e.g., respective configured CSI-RS resources). The WTRU may determine a CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g., an initial or updated CSI-RS hypothesis based on which CSI-RS is transmitted, for example, the CSI-RS hypothesis may be determined to be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS) based on a received CSI-RS sequence (e.g., the determination of the CSI-RS hypothesis may be based on a sequence associated with the received CSI- RS, for example, a sequence associated with the first CSI-RS or a sequence associated with the second CSI-RS). The WTRU may maintain and / or update a QCL state (e.g., QCL states), for example, based on the CSI-RS resource (e.g., based on the received CSI-RS), a port (e.g., a port associated with the CSI-RS), and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis(e.g., the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, updated CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by the network, etc.). The WTRU may update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS). The WTRU may report (e.g., send, for example, to a network node, an indication in one report or multiple reports) a hypothesis index (e.g., a hypothesis index associated with the determined CSI-hypothesis) and / or measurement associated with the hypothesis index (e.g., the WTRU may determine measurements associated with the hypothesis index, for example, a CRI, RSRP, etc.).

[0094] The WTRU may maintain and / or update QCL sources. The WTRU may maintain QCL source(s) for a CSI-RS resource (e.g., respective QCL source(s) for a respective CSI-RS resource) augmented by the CSI-RS hypothesis in use, where the respective QCL source(s) may be indicated (e.g., explicitly) by the network or determined by the WTRU locally through hypothesis testing. The WTRU may determine the hypothesis (e.g., a selected hypothesis) based on the received / determined CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may be indicated (e.g., the WTRU may receive an indication of a CSI-RS hypothesis, for example, from a network node) with explicit signaling (e.g., network signaling), e.g., in a downlink transmission (e.g., PDCCH or a MAC CE). The WTRU may determine a (e.g., one) QCL source out of N QCL sources where the determined QCL source is determined based on one or more of: the determined CSI-RS hypothesis or the indicated CSI-RS hypothesis, CSI-RS resource, and / or port number. The WTRU may flush out the previous estimates not compatible with the updated QCL source, e.g., the WTRU may, based on detecting the QCL source, and if configured by the network, flush out the previous estimates not compatible with the updated QCL source.

[0095] Decoding of downlink physical channel transmission(s) may be performed, and, UL channels may be included in a transmission. To decode a DL channel transmission or to transmit via an UL channel, the WTRU may use the QCL source (e.g., the DL channel may be decoded based on the QCL source) according to the channel associated QCL source and the CSI-RS hypothesis. The CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g.,the indicated CSI-RS hypothesis) may be indicated as part of (e.g., indicated by) the transmission configuration indicator (TCI) indication. The WTRU may use the determined QCL source for PDCCH and / or PDSCH decoding or for transmission of UL channels.

[0096] Multiple CSI-RS hypotheses may be described herein. A CSI-RS may be associated with multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypotheses. A hypothesis may be associated with one or multiple configuration parameters. For example, in a hypothesis, a (e.g., one) port (e.g., logical antenna port or CSI-RS port) of a CSI-RS may be associated with and / or connected to a first number of TXRUs or a first subset of activated TXRUs. In a hypothesis, a (e.g., one) port of a CSI-RS may be associated with and / or connected to a second number of TXRUs and / or a second subset of TXRUs as activated. For a hypothesis, a virtualization scheme may be defined which determines the pattern of TXRUs and antenna elements that may be activated and / or used to virtualize a CSI-RS port.

[0097] In examples, a WTRU may be configured with multiple CSI-RS hypothesis indices, e.g., hypothesis 0, 1 , and 2. A hypothesis index may be referred to as an index, group index, TCI group index, or group ID, etc., and the methods described herein may be applicable.

[0098] A CSI-RS resource may be associated to a hypothesis index. For example, CSI-RS #0:7 may be associated to index 0, CSI-RS #8:15 may be associated to index 1 , etc. A CSI-RS resource may be associated with a set of hypothesis indices and / or with a group index. The mapping may be configured by RRC signaling (e.g., WTRU dedicated configuration) or by broadcast signaling. In examples herein, “#" may be used to represent the term “number.”

[0099] A CSI-RS ResourceSet may be associated to a hypothesis index. A CSI-RS ResourceSet may be associated with a set of hypothesis indices and / or with a group index. The hypothesis index may be determined by the (e.g., may be equal to) the ResourceSet ID.

[0100] A CSI-RS sequence may be associated to a hypothesis index. A first CSI-RS sequence may be associated to a first hypothesis index, and a second CSI-RS sequence may be associated to a second hypothesis index.

[0101] In examples, the scrambling ID used for CSI-RS generation may be determined by the hypothesis index (e.g., similarly, the hypothesis index may be determined by the scrambling ID). For hypothesis index 0, the scrambling ID may take a first value; for hypothesis index 1, the scrambling ID may take a second value, etc. The WTRU may determine the hypothesis index by blindly detecting the CSI-RS sequence (e.g., by detecting the scrambling ID).

[0102] A WTRU may be configured with a spatial domain training phase. A WTRU may be configured with a spatial domain adaptation training phase or pattern. The training phase / pattern configuration may include one or more applicable CSI report configurations and CSI-RS resource configurations, e.g., fordifferent spatial hypotheses. The WTRU may be configured with a list of hypothesis indices to assume and measure during the training active period. During the training phase, the WTRU may perform measurements on the CSI-RS associated with multiple hypotheses. The WTRU may report the determined CSI to the gNB. The WTRU may be indicated with a subset of the applicable hypothesis indices to assume and measure during the training active period, and the indication may be made by DCI or MAC CE, and may be complementary to a list of hypotheses configured by RRC. RRC may configure the WTRU with y hypotheses to assume during a training period, and L1 / L2 signaling may induce x hypotheses to measure during the training period, where x>y.

[0103] The training period may enable the WTRU to know which hypothesis / hypotheses is / are transmitted by the NW, and this may be useful when multiple CSIs are reported. The WTRU may report multiple CSIs during the training period only, and the WTRU may report a CSI for each applicable hypothesis in the training period.

[0104] The spatial domain adaptation training phase may be configured with a duration, start time, periodicity, and / or an extension duration. The training period may be either periodic or aperiodic. In examples, the WTRU may be configured with a training phase including N durations or time restricted intervals (e.g., with predefined start offset and duration, in the units of ms, symbols, slots, or periods), where each interval may be associated with a CSI-RS hypothesis.

[0105] For periodic training, the WTRU may assume a subset of spatial hypotheses during the training period active time, and another hypothesis during the non-active training period. The WTRU may assume an early end to the training period if a (e.g., a single) hypothesis is signaled by the network prior to the end of the training period. The WTRU may extend the training period by the extension duration if no hypothesis is indicated by the end of the training period or if the network indicates (e.g., by L1 / L2 signaling) an extension to the training phase. The WTRU may determine the start of the training period as a function of the configured CSI-RS occasions, e.g., per CSI-RS configuration. The WTRU may be configured with a training period in a subset of CSI-RS occasions.

[0106] The WTRU may implicitly determine the training period on its own (e.g., without explicit configuration), and the WTRU may determine that training phase occurs when multiple (e.g., at least two) CSI-RS resources overlap in the time domain.

[0107] For aperiodic training, the serving cell may indicate the start of a training active period (e.g., by L1 or L2 signaling). The indication may include a subset of spatial hypotheses to assume and measure during the spatial training phase. For example, a DCI or a MAC CE may include a list hypothesis index to measure and assume as transmitted by the network during the training phase. The WTRU may use apreconfigured training duration or may be signaled with the duration dynamically. The network may indicate the end of the training period.

[0108] The WTRU may be configured to assume a link between the configured Cell DTX and / or Cell DRX configuration and the spatial domain training periods. For a given Cell DTX configuration, the WTRU may be configured with a list of hypotheses to assume and measure during the active period of the Cell DTX pattern. The WTRU may be configured with training phases only on a subset of Cell DTX active periods. The WTRU may be configured and predefined to determine that a training phase occurs once every N Cell DTX active periods. The WTRU may determine to enter a spatial domain training phase upon reception of a Cell DTX activation command or RRC (re)-configuration signaling.

[0109] During the training period, the network may transmit a limited set of the CSI-RS hypotheses without a prior indication. The WTRU may perform a CSI-RS measurement (e.g., as described herein) and reporting procedures without explicit knowledge of the start and end of the training period.

[0110] Features described herein may be associated with CSI reporting for multiple hypotheses. In examples, the WTRU may report a (e.g., at least one) CSI quantity for a determined hypothesis index. The WTRU may be configured with a periodic CSI-RS. A CSI-RS resource may be associated to a hypothesis index. For example, CSI-RS #0:7 may be associated to index 0, and CSI-RS#8: 15 may be associate to index 1 , etc. The WTRU may measure a CSI-RS associated with hypothesis index 0 and derive a first CSI. The WTRU may measure a CSI-RS associated with hypothesis index 1 and derive a second CSI, etc. The WTRU may report the first, second, etc. CSI in a (e.g., a single) CSI report or separate reports. The CSI may include RSRP, RSRP, PMI, LI, Rl and CRI, rank, rank and SINR, etc. The above method may apply (e.g., similarly) where a CSI-RS ResourceSet is associated to a hypothesis index. The CSI for a resource set may be reported in the same report. The WTRU may determine the hypothesis index from the CSI-RS sequence or a physical property of the CSI-RS. The WTRU may determine that the CSI-RS resources in a first resource set are associated to a first hypothesis index and that the CSI-RS resources in a second resource set are associated to a second hypothesis index. The WTRU may derive CSI for a CSI-RS and report it to the gNB.

[0111] In examples, the WTRU may report a CSI quantity for a hypothesis along with the hypothesis index. The WTRU may report the highest RSRP among all measured CSI-RSs, the CRI, and the hypothesis index associated to the reported CRI (e.g., best CSI-RS hypothesis). The WTRU may be configured to report the measurements (e.g., RSRP, PMI, Rl) made on (e.g., all) or a subset of the CSI-RS resources or resource sets associated with the (e.g., different) CSI-RS hypotheses in a (e.g., single) report. The (e.g., single) report may be transmitted within k time units (e.g., symbols, slots) after performing the last measurement corresponding to the last CSI-RS hypothesis in the training period. The WTRU may beconfigured to report separately the measurements made on the CSI-RS resources or resource sets associated with the different CSI-RS hypotheses. The multiple reports may be transmitted periodically or after performing measurements associated with each CSI-RS hypothesis.

[0112] After the training phase is completed, the hypothesis that may be used by the gNB for subsequent transmission (e.g., the port virtualization configuration to be used at the gNB transmitter) may be indicated to the WTRU. The indication of the hypothesis to assume (e.g., after the training phase) may be carried in an explicit L1 signal (e.g., in a group common PDCCH), or in L2 signaling (e.g., in a MAC CE or RRC message). The indication may be implicit, whereby the WTRU may determine the hypothesis from a sequence, e.g., the CSI-RS sequence, or a physical property of the CSI-RS.

[0113] The WTRU may determine a hypothesis to assume after the training phase as a function of the active NES state. For example, in a given NES state (e.g., Cell DTX config 1 activated), the WTRU may assume one or more spatial hypothesis index or indices, and in another NES state the WTRU may assume a (e.g., different) set of spatial hypotheses.

[0114] In examples, the network may not provide an indication about the CSI-RS hypotheses used during the training phase. As part of the CSI report, the WTRU may report a configurable number of best CSI-RS (e.g., including the hypotheses granularity). The CSI report may be configured by the network such that the WTRU provides an indication of which CSI-RS hypotheses was detected during the training phase. The training phase may be specified a time range prior to reporting, and / or a time range prior to the last CSI-RS occasion. The WTRU may be configured to provide the CSI report with the indication of CSI-RS hypotheses that it did not detect during the training phase.

[0115] A QCL source may be determined. In examples, the QCL source of a TCI state may be determined by a hypothesis index associated to CSI-RS configured as the QCL source. For a configured CSI-RS resource or resource set, the WTRU may determine that there are N QCL sources, where N is the number of hypotheses. For example, the QCL source of CSI-RS resource ID #k may not be the same when a first port virtualization is implemented at the gNB side and when a second port virtualization is implemented. A CSI-RS resource ID may be extended to be a pair of IDs such as (#k, hypothesis index) where #k is the legacy ID (e.g., NZP CSI-RS Resource ID). The QCL source of CSI-RS resource (e.g., #k, hypothesis index m) may be different than a QCL source (e.g., #k, hypothesis index n). In examples, the maximum number of hypotheses may be configured. The WTRU may determine the hypothesis index from the received CSI-RS sequence.

[0116] The WTRU may determine the QCL properties of the CSI-RS based on the hypothesis the CSI- RS is associated with. From NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K, the WTRU may estimate a first doppler spread value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated to a first hypothesis index. The WTRU may estimate asecond doppler spread value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated to a second hypothesis index. From NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K, the WTRU may estimate a first average delay value when NZP-CSI-RS- Resource #K is associated to a first hypothesis index. The WTRU may estimate a second average delay value when NZP-CSI-RS-Resource #K is associated to a second hypothesis index. The QCL sources may be determined to be (#K, index 1) and (#K, index 2).

[0117] In examples, the QCL source may be indicated to the WTRU with the pair TCI state number, hypothesis index (e.g., the WTRU may determine the QCL source based on / using the TCI state number and hypothesis index). The WTRU may be indicated to apply a TCI state when receiving PUCCH and / or PDSCH. When configured, a TCI state (e.g., the same TCI state) indicated for downlink transmission may apply to uplink transmission (e.g., PUSCH and / or PUCCH). The WTRU may determine the QCL source by one of the following.

[0118] The TCI state may be indicated in the PDCCH and / or in a MAC CE (e.g., as in legacy systems), and the hypothesis index may be indicated in a group common PDCCH. The WTRU may (e.g., from these indications) determine a TCI state, and / or a hypothesis index, where the TCI state and / or hypothesis index may be used to determine the QCL source. The hypothesis index may be indicated in the scheduling DCI (e.g., together with the TCI state). In examples, an additional bitfield may be used for the index indication. In examples, a codepoint (e.g., one codepoint) may indicate jointly a TCI state and the hypothesis index. The hypothesis index may be indicated in a MAC CE. The hypothesis index may be determined by the WTRU (e.g., implicitly) from a CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may use the CSI-RS sequence(s) transmitted after the training phase (e.g., during the data transmission phase) to determine the hypothesis index.

[0119] The following may apply. The WTRU may be configured with multiple (e.g., N) CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may be configured with a (e.g., at least one) CSI-RS resource (or a CSI-RS resource set). For a CSI hypothesis, the WTRU may be configured with a CSI-RS sequence. The CSI-RS sequences may be differentiated with (e.g., different) initialization, cyclic shift, scrambling, etc. The WTRU may be configured with spatial adaptation training duration. The training duration may be periodic or aperiodic.

[0120] In examples, during training duration, the WTRU may receive a CSI-RS on the configured CSI- RS resources. The WTRU may determine the CSI-RS hypothesis (e.g., which of the CSI-RSs is transmitted) based on the received CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may report (e.g., in one report er multiple reports) the hypothesis index and / or measurement associated with the index (e.g., CRI, RSRP, etc.).

[0121] In examples, for indication after training duration, the WTRU may determine the selected hypothesis based on the received CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may be indicated with explicit signaling,e.g., in a MAC CE. The WTRU may determine a (e.g., one) QCL source out of N QCL sources where the determined QCL source is associated to the CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may use the determined QCL source for PDCCH and / or PDSCH decoding.

[0122] In examples, a TCI state may be configured with up to N CSI-RS resources (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS- Resource) as a QCL source. A CSI-RS resource may be associated to a hypothesis index. A QCL source may be determined by a TCI state number and QCL source number. To determine the QCL source to apply to DL and / or UL channels (e.g., the same TCI state may be applied to DL and UL when unified TCI is configured), the WTRU may be indicated the TCI state and the QCL source number . One of the following may apply.

[0123] The TCI state index may be indicated in PDCCH and / or MAC CE, and the QCL source number may be indicated in a group common PDCCH. From these (e.g., two) indications, the WTRU may determine a TCI state number and a QCL source number, which may be used to determine the QCL source. The QCL source number may be indicated in the scheduling DCI (e.g., with the TCI state). An additional bitfield may be used for the QCL source number indication. One codepoint may indicate jointly a TCI state index and the QCL source index.

[0124] Pairs of a TCI state number and a QCL source number may be configured, and a subset of the pairs may be selected with a MAC CE. The DCI may point to one of the selected pairs. The QCL source index may be indicated in a MAC CE, and the TCI state index may be indicated in a PDCCH and / or a MAC CE. The QCL source index may be determined by the WTRU implicitly from a CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may use the CSI-RS sequence(s) transmitted after the training phase (e.g., during the data transmission phase) to determine the QCL source index.

[0125] A sample flow of events may be shown in FIG. 2. The WTRU may receive NZP-CSI-RS resource group number 1 , 2, and 3, which may be associated to hypothesis 0, 1 , and 2. The WTRU may derive the CSI for a CSI-RS group associated to a hypothesis index. The derived CSI associated with a hypothesis index may be reported to a network node (e.g., a gNB).

[0126] After a CSI report is sent, the WTRU may be indicated the selected hypothesis (e.g., the QCL source number ) that may be used. The indication may be in an L1 signal, or a MAC CE as described above. To detect the group common PDCCH, the WTRU may be configured with relevant parameters, for example, a search space, RNTI, etc.

[0127] In examples, a TCI state group may be defined and may include up to N TCI states. The WTRU may be configured with a set of TCI state groups and TCI states within the groups. The WTRU may be indicated the TCI state group index and / or a TCI state index to apply to in DL and / UL channels. One of the following may be used.

[0128] The TCI state group index may be indicated in PDCCH and / or MAC CE, and the TCI state within the group may be indicated in a group common PDCCH. From these indications, the WTRU may determine a TCI state group number and a TCI state number, which may be used to determine the QCL source. The TCI state number may be indicated in the scheduling DCI (e.g., together with the TCI state group number ). Bitfields (e.g., two separate bitfields) may be used to indicate the TCI state group number and the TCI state number . A codepoint may indicate (e.g., jointly) a TCI state group index and the TCI state index. A TCI state group number and / or a TCI state number (e.g., pairs of a TCI state group number and / or a TCI state number) may be configured, and a subset of the pairs may be selected with a MAC CE. The DCI may point to one of the selected pairs. The TCI state index may be indicated in a MAC CE, and the TCI state group index may be indicated in PDCCH and / or MAC CE. The TCI state index may be determined by the WTRU implicitly from a CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may use the CSI-RS sequence(s) transmitted after the training phase (e.g., during the data transmission phase) to determine the TCI state index.

[0129] In examples, where the network intends to use (e.g., different) CSI-RS hypotheses at a (e.g., very) slow time scale, the network may configure the WTRU with N CSI-RS hypotheses. The detection of the correct hypothesis may be through hypothesis testing locally at the WTRU, and the network may provide explicit indication of the active hypothesis. The network may configure the WTRU to not maintain the QCL sources for different CSI-RS hypotheses, and the WTRU may maintain the QCL sources for the active CSI-RS hypothesis. This may include a benefit in terms of CSI reporting, maintenance of QCL sources, and TCI indication for reception (e.g., transmission) of DL (and / or UL) channels. The WTRU may be configured (e.g., preconfigured) to flush out the CSI-RS estimates from the former hypothesis whenever a change of CSI-RS is detected by the WTRU. This change may be detected locally or by decoding an indication from the network.

[0130] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided that may be related to assisted spatial adaptation associated with network energy saving. A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS. The WTRU may determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The initial CSI- RS hypothesis may be a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS. The WTRU may send an indication, to a network node, of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may receive, via a downlink transmission, an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The WTRU may determine a QCL source based on a CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state. The CSI-RS hypothesis may be an indicated CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may decode a downlink channel based on the QCL source.

[0131] The WTRU may determine a measurement. The measurement may be associated with the hypothesis index. The measurement may be associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or a reference signal received power (RSRP). The WTRU may send an indication of the measurement to the network node. The determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis may be based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS. The QCL source may be associated with one or more of a port number or a CSI-RS resource.

[0132] The WTRU may maintain a QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and a port associated with the CSI-RS. The WTRU may update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS. The downlink transmission may be a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission.

[0133] Systems, methods, and instrumentalities may be used for WTRU assisted spatial adaptation for network energy saving. A WTRU may receive a channel state information - reference signal (CSI-RS) sequence for a channel state information (CSI) hypothesis. The WTRU may receive a spatial adaptation training duration, and the spatial adaptation training duration may be periodic or aperiodic. The WTRU may determine the CSI-RS hypothesis based on the received CSI-RS sequence. The WTRU may maintain a Quasi Co-Location (QCL) state according to the CSI-RS sequence, a port number, and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may send a hypothesis index corresponding to the CSI-RS hypothesis, and the hypothesis index may include one or more measurements associated with the index.

[0134] The WTRU may determine the CSI-RS hypothesis based further on signaling, and the signaling may include a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) and / or a medium access control element (MAC CE). The WTRU may determine a QCL source from a multiple of QCL sources, and the determined QCL source may be associated with the CSI-RS hypothesis, CSI-RS sequence, and / or port number. The WTRU may decode a downlink (DL) channel using the QCL state in accordance with the QCL source and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may transmit an uplink (UL) channel using the QCL state in accordance with the QCL source and the determined CSI-RS hypothesis. The WTRU may indicate at least the CSI-RS hypothesis in a Transmission Configuration Indicator (TCI) indication. The WTRU may use the determined QCL source for PDCCH and / or PDSCH decoding or transmission of UL channels.

[0135] Although features and elements described above are described in particular combinations, each feature or element may be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments, or in various combinations with or without other features and elements.

[0136] Although the implementations described herein may consider 3GPP specific protocols, it is understood that the implementations described herein are not restricted to this scenario and may beapplicable to other wireless systems. For example, although the solutions described herein consider LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR) or 5G specific protocols, it is understood that the solutions described herein are not restricted to this scenario and are applicable to other wireless systems as well. For example, while the system has been described with reference to a 3GPP, 5G, and / or NR network layer, the envisioned embodiments extend beyond implementations using a particular network layer technology. Likewise, the potential implementations extend to all types of service layer architectures, systems, and embodiments. The techniques described herein may be applied independently and / or used in combination with other resource configuration techniques.

[0137] The processes described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, and / or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer and / or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmitted over wired and / or wireless connections) and / or computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer- readable storage media include, but are not limited to, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and / or optical media such as compact disc (CD)-ROM disks, and / or digital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and / or any host computer.

[0138] It is understood that the entities performing the processes described herein may be logical entities that may be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of, and executing on a processor of, a mobile device, network node or computer system. That is, the processes may be implemented in the form of software (e.g., computer-executable instructions) stored in a memory of a mobile device and / or network node, such as the node or computer system, which computer-executable instructions, when executed by a processor of the node, perform the processes discussed. It is also understood that any transmitting and receiving processes illustrated in figures may be performed by communication circuitry of the node under control of the processor of the node and the computer-executable instructions (e.g., software) that it executes.

[0139] The various techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the implementations and apparatus of the subject matter described herein, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (e.g., instructions) embodied in tangible media including any other machine-readable storage medium wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the subject matter described herein. In the case whereprogram code is stored on media, it may be the case that the program code in question is stored on one or more media that collectively perform the actions in question, which is to say that the one or more media taken together include code to perform the actions, but that - in the case where there is more than one single medium - there is no requirement that any particular part of the code be stored on any particular medium. In the case of program code execution on programmable devices, the computing device generally includes a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and / or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs that may implement or utilize the processes described in connection with the subject matter described herein, e.g., through the use of an API, reusable controls, or the like. Such programs are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object-oriented programming language to communicate with a computer system. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language and combined with hardware implementations.

[0140] Although example embodiments may refer to utilizing aspects of the subject matter described herein in the context of one or more stand-alone computing systems, the subject matter described herein is not so limited, but rather may be implemented in connection with any computing environment, such as a network or distributed computing environment. Still further, aspects of the subject matter described herein may be implemented in or across multiple processing chips or devices, and storage may similarly be affected across multiple devices. Such devices may include personal computers, network servers, handheld devices, supercomputers, or computers integrated into other systems such as automobiles and airplanes.

[0141] In describing the preferred embodiments of the subject matter of the present disclosure, as illustrated in the Figures, specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. The claimed subject matter, however, is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose.

Claims

CLAIMS1 . A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a processor configured to: receive a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS; determine an initial CSI-RS hypothesis, wherein the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is a first CSI- RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS; send an indication, to a network node, of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI- RS hypothesis; receive, via a downlink transmission, an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state; determine a QCL source based on a CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state, wherein the CSI-RS hypothesis is an indicated CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis; and decode a downlink channel based on the QCL source.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to: determine a measurement, wherein the measurement is associated with the hypothesis index, and wherein the measurement is associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or a reference signal received power (RSRP); and send an indication of the measurement to the network node.

3. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the determination of the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the QCL source is associated with one or more of a port number or a CSI-RS resource.

5. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is further configured to maintain a QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and a port associated with the CSI-RS.

6. The WTRU of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to update the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS.

7. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the downlink transmission is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission.

8. A method for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving a first CSI-RS and a second CSI-RS; determining an initial CSI-RS hypothesis, wherein the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is a first CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the first CSI-RS or a second CSI-RS hypothesis associated with the second CSI-RS; sending an indication, to a network node, of a hypothesis index associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis; receiving, via a downlink transmission, an indication of a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state; determining a QCL source based on a CSI-RS hypothesis and the indicated TCI state, wherein the CSI-RS hypothesis is an indicated CSI-RS hypothesis indicated by network signaling or the initial CSI-RS hypothesis; and decoding a downlink channel based on the QCL source.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises: determining a measurement, wherein the measurement is associated with the hypothesis index, and wherein the measurement is associated with a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI) or a reference signal received power (RSRP); and sending an indication of the measurement to the network node.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein determining the initial CSI-RS hypothesis is based on a sequence associated with one or more of the first CSI-RS or the second CSI-RS.11 . The method of claim 8, wherein the QCL source is associated with one or more of a port number or a CSI-RS resource.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the method further comprises maintaining a QCL state associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, a CSI-RS associated with the initial CSI-RS hypothesis, and a port associated with the CSI-RS.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the method further comprises updating the maintained QCL state based on a third received CSI-RS.

14. The method of claim 8, wherein the downlink transmission is a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) transmission or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission.

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