Methods and compositions for fire-fighting

Abstract

The present disclosure provides for, among other things, mixtures of cellulosic fiber (e.g., nanocellulosic fiber) and water, which can provide an enhanced firefighting and / or fire-prevention tool and methods for their use.

Description

Attorney Docket No.: 2010363-0395 METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR FIRE-FIGHTING Cross-Reference to Related Applications

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Serial No.63 / 523,985 filed on June 29, 2023, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Background

[0002] Traditional firefighting techniques often make use of chemical additives to improve the ability of the agent to extinguish the fire and prevent reignition.

[0003] There is a need for enhanced firefighting materials that are effective, easily available and environmentally friendly as many current alternatives, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) containing substances, are known to have detrimental human health and environmental effects. Summary

[0004] Among other things, the present disclosure encompasses the surprising recognition that a mixture of cellulosic fiber and water provides a surprisingly enhanced firefighting and / or fire prevention tool. Previous technologies, including hydrogels, have proven unsatisfactory for widespread use in fighting and / or preventing fires for a variety of reasons including environmental effects, cost, and difficulty in use.

[0005] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions comprising between approximately 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines. In some embodiments, the composition is capable of forming a fire resistant coating on a treated surface of one or more objects on fire or at risk of igniting.

[0006] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing or extinguishing a fire including the step of applying a composition comprising a mixture of Page 1 of 16 12057948v1between approximately 0.5-5% cellulosic fiber and water to one of more objects on fire and / or one or more objects at risk of igniting. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines. In some embodiments, applying the composition to one or more objects on fire or at risk of igniting results in quickly extinguishing flames and prevents re-ignition due to the adhesion of the gel like formulation to the flammable material. In some embodiments, applying the composition to one or more objects on fire or at risk of igniting results in formation of a fire resistant coating on at least one treated surface of the one or more objects.

[0007] In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 50% nanocellulose fines. In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 75% nanocellulose fines.

[0008] In some embodiments, a mixture essentially consists of cellulosic fiber and water. In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

[0009] In some embodiments, provided mixtures do not comprise silica (e.g., colloidal silica).

[0010] In some embodiments, the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 5 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object.

[0011] In some embodiments, the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 10 minutes.

[0012] In some embodiments, the cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

[0013] In some embodiments, the mixing the cellulosic fiber and water results in an increase in the proportion of bound water as compared to water alone.

[0014] In some embodiments, the increase in the proportion of bound water is at least 10%.

[0015] In some embodiments, applying the composition results in formation of a foam about 3 times to about 5 times a volume of the composition (prior to its application).

[0016] In some embodiments, applying the composition results in formation of a foam about 20 times to about 200 times a volume of the composition (prior to its application).

[0017] In some embodiments, the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

[0018] In some embodiments, the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ–cm or higher as measured at 25°C.Page 2 of 16 12057948v1

[0019] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions comprising approximately 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines.

[0020] In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 50% nanocellulose fines. In some embodiments, the cellulosic fiber comprises at least 75% nanocellulose fines.

[0021] In some embodiments, the composition is capable of forming a fire resistant coating on a treated surface. In some embodiments, the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 5 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object. In some embodiments, the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 10 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object.

[0022] In some embodiments, the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

[0023] In some embodiments, the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ∙cm or higher as measured at 25°C.

[0024] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions consisting essentially of 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines.

[0025] In some embodiments, the cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

[0026] In some embodiments, a composition of the cellulosic fiber and water has an increased proportion of bound water as compared to water alone. In some embodiments, the increased proportion of bound water is at least 10%.

[0027] In some embodiments, the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

[0028] In some embodiments, the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ∙cm or higher as measured at 25°C. Definitions

[0029] In order for the present invention to be more readily understood, certain terms are first defined below. Additional definitions for the following terms and other terms are set forth throughout the specification.

[0030] About: The term “about” or “approximately”, when used herein in reference to a value, refers to a value that is similar, in context to the referenced value. In general, those skilled in the art, familiar with the context, will appreciate the relevant degree ofPage 3 of 16 12057948v1variance encompassed by “about” in that context. For example, in some embodiments, the term “about” may encompass a range of values that within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less of the referred value.

[0031] Agent: As used herein, the term “agent”, may refer to a physical entity or phenomenon. In some embodiments, an agent may be characterized by a particular feature and / or effect. In some embodiments, an agent may be a compound, molecule, or entity of any chemical class including, for example, a small molecule, polypeptide, nucleic acid, saccharide, lipid, metal, dye, or a combination or complex thereof. In some embodiments, the term “agent” may refer to a compound, molecule, or entity that comprises a polymer. In some embodiments, the term may refer to a compound or entity that comprises one or more polymeric moieties. In some embodiments, the term “agent” may refer to a compound, molecule, or entity that is substantially free of a particular polymer or polymeric moiety. In some embodiments, the term may refer to a compound, molecule, or entity that lacks or is substantially free of any polymer or polymeric moiety. In some embodiments, an agent may be or comprise a system or device.

[0032] Cellulose Nanofibrils: As used herein, the term "cellulose nanofibrils" “cellulose nanofibers” or "CNF" refers to the state of cellulosic material wherein at least 75% of the cellulosic material would be considered to be "fines". In some embodiments, the proportion of cellulosic material that may be considered fines may be much higher such as 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or higher. In this disclosure, the terms "nanofibrils", nanocellulose, highly fibrillated cellulose, super-fibrillated cellulose are all considered synonymous with cellulose nanofibrils, unless otherwise specified.

[0033] Fines: As used herein, the term "fines" refers to fibers with a length weighted fiber length of less than 0.2 microns. In some embodiments, "fines" may refer to a cellulosic material that has a diameter of between 5 nm - 100 nm, inclusive, and has a high surface to volume ratio.Page 4 of 16 12057948v1Detailed Description of Certain Embodiments

[0034] The present disclosure encompasses the surprising recognition that a proper mixture of cellulosic fiber (e.g., nanocellulosic fiber) and water can provide an enhanced firefighting and / or fire-prevention tool. Mixtures

[0035] As will be apparent from the present disclosure, a variety of mixtures are contemplated herein. In some embodiments, provided mixtures include only bio-derived materials (e.g., no per- or poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)). In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions comprising between approximately 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines (e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or higher). In some embodiments, the composition is capable of forming a fire resistant coating on a treated surface of one or more objects on fire or at risk of igniting.

[0036] In accordance with various embodiments, provided mixtures are able to form at least a partial coating on objects to prevent ignition and / or reigniting. In some embodiments, a coating may last at least 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, 2, days, 3, days, 4 days, 5 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or more on an object before evaporating. In accordance with various embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise a foam. Cellulosic Fiber

[0037] Any of a variety of sources of cellulosic fiber may be used in accordance with various embodiments, by way of non-limiting example, sources of cellulosic fiber may be or include wood, wood waste, spent pulping / fractionation liquors, algal biomass, food waste, grasses, straw, corn stover, corn fiber, agricultural products and residuals, forest residuals, saw dust, wood shavings, sludges and municipal solid waste, bacterial cellulose and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

[0038] In accordance with various embodiments, it may be advantageous to include a high proportion of the cellulose fibers as “fines”. In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 20% nanocellulose fines (e.g., at least 30%, at least 40%). In somePage 5 of 16 12057948v1embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 50% nanocellulose fines (e.g., at least 60%, at least 70%). In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 75% nanocellulose fines (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or higher). In some embodiments, cellulosic fiber comprises at least 70% nanocellulose fines.

[0039] In accordance with various embodiments, mixtures may comprise any of a variety of cellulosic fibers. By way of non-limiting example, mixtures may comprise one or more of cellulose nanofibers, highly fibrillated cellulose, super-fibrillated cellulose. In some embodiments, provided mixtures do not comprise cellulose nanocrystals (also referred to as cellulose nanowhiskers). In some embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise cellulose nanocrystals (also referred to as cellulose nanowhiskers). In some embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise xanthan gum. In some embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise polyacrylate. Water

[0040] In accordance with various embodiments, water may be used from any source. In some embodiments, water used may come directly from a natural water source (e.g., a stream, river, lake, etc.). In some embodiments, water may come directly from a non-natural source (e.g., a fire hydrant, storage tank, etc.). In some embodiments, water is or comprises deionized water (e.g., for use on electrical fires). In some embodiments, water is or comprises filtered water.

[0041] In some embodiments, compositions described herein have low conductivity and / or high resistivity is used (e.g., for use on class C fires (electrical fires)). An example of water that would be suitable for use in embodiments described herein that have low conductivity and / or high resistivity requirements is deionized water. In some embodiments, water used in applications described herein meets standards (e.g., conductivity and / or resistivity) as set forth in ISO standard 3696, which is incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, water used has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C (e.g, about 1 μS / cm or lower, about 0.25 μS / cm or lower, about 0.056 μS / cm or lower). In some embodiments, water that has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ∙cm or higher as measured at 25°C is used (e.g., about 4 MΩ∙cm or higher, about 1 MΩ∙cm or higher, about 18 MΩ∙cm or higher).Page 6 of 16 12057948v1

[0042] In some embodiments, after addition to the cellulosic fiber water may exhibit one or more improved characteristics as compared to water that has not been mixed with cellulosic fiber. In some embodiments, water in provided mixtures exhibits reduced evaporation (e.g., when dropped from an aircraft or propelled from a hose). Without wishing to be held to a particular theory, the use of cellulosic fibers, including nanocellulosic fibers, may alter the form of water, which may result in or contribute to one or more enhanced properties of provided mixtures and compositions. Those of skill will recognize that the interaction between water and polymers (e.g., cellulosic fibers, e.g., nanocellulosic fibers) typically take one of three forms: (i) non-freezable water, (ii) freezable bound water, and (iii) free water. Non-freezable bound water is closely associated with a polymer matrix and does not show a phase transition by calorimetric analysis (e.g., differential scanning calorimetry). Freezable bound water is the fraction bound to the matrix less closely and shows a melting and crystallization temperature remarkably different from bulk water. Free water shows similar melting and crystallization temperatures as bulk water. X-ray diffraction (e.g., wide angle x-ray diffraction) analysis reveals that another difference: bound water forms cubic ice and free water forms hexagonal ice upon crystallization. In some embodiments, provided mixtures and compositions include a significant portion of bound water. In some embodiments, a significant portion of bound water is at least 2% (e.g., at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or more) of the total water in a mixture or composition, for example, as compared to water alone, or as compared to a mixture of water and a non-cellulosic fiber-containing component. In some embodiments, at least 5% of the total water in a mixture or composition is bound water. In some embodiments, at least 10% of the total water in a mixture or composition is bound water. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the total water in a mixture or composition is bound water. Additional Components (Optional)

[0043] In accordance with various embodiments, one or more optional additional components may be added to a mixture to enhance one or more properties of a composition.

[0044] In some embodiments, provided compositions may include one or more foaming agents (an ingredient that causes the mixture to exhibit one or more foam-like characteristics upon administration to a fire or object(s) at risk of ignition, e.g., a surfactant)(e.g., an environmentally friendly foaming agent, a biodegradable foamingPage 7 of 16 12057948v1agent)(e.g., a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, a fluorinated surfactant, protein-based foaming agents)(e.g., short chain (e.g., C6) fluorotelomer-based fluorosurfactants, long chain (e.g., C8) fluorotelomer-based fluorosurfactants). Foamed compositions can float well on certain substances including oil and aid in smothering fires. However, trapped air inside the foam insulates well and traps in heat. Therefore, compositions can be tuned based on the particular application to alter how much foaming will occur. For example, certain foams (e.g., foams that expand from about 20 to about 200 times their initial volume) float well on oil and smother the fire, but air trapped inside the foam insulates well and traps in heat. In some embodiments, expansion from about 3 to about 5 times the initial volume of the composition may reduce then density of the composition enough to allow for the foam to float on top of oil, while still allowing for some heat transfer. However, in certain applications, such as with leaked fuel on the ground, the leaked fuel does not have a lot of thermal mass and, therefore, a high expansion foam (e.g., from around 20 to around 200 times expanding) may be desirable to cover more area with an initial volume of material than a lower expansion foam (e.g., from around 3 to around 5 times expanding).

[0045] In certain embodiments, a composition can expand up to about 200 times its initial volume (e.g., 1 gallon of a composition becomes 200 gallons of foam when applied e.g., when propelled from a hose, a fire extinguisher, or via another method as described herein) (e.g., up to about 150 times, up to about 100 times, up to about 80 times, up to about 60 times, up to about 40 times, up to about 20 times, up to about 10 times, up to about 5 times, up to about 4 times, up to about 3 times its initial volume). In some embodiments, a composition can expand from about 3 times to about 5 times its initial volume. In some embodiments, a composition can expand from about 20 times to about 200 times its initial volume (e.g., from about 20 times to about 150 times, from about 20 times to about 100 times, from about 20 times to about 80 times, from about 20 times to about 60 times, from about 20 times to about 40 times, from about 40 times to about 200 times, from about 40 times to about 150 times, from about 40 times to about 100 times, from about 40 times to about 80 times, from about 40 times to about 60 times, from about 60 times to about 200 times, from about 60 times to about 150 times, from about 60 times to about 100 times, from about 60 times to about 80 times, from about 80 times to about 200 times, from about 80 times to about 150 times, from about 80 times to about 100 times, from about 100 times toPage 8 of 16 12057948v1about 200 times, from about 100 times to about 150 times, from about 150 times to about 200 times).

[0046] In some embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise silica (e.g., colloidal silica). In some embodiments, provided compositions may include one or more agents that reduce the freezing point of water (e.g., one or more salts). In some embodiments, provided compositions comprise one or more coloring agents. Production

[0047] Creation of mixtures as described herein may occur in any application appropriate manner. For example, in some embodiments, provided mixtures may be mixed at or near the site of use (e.g., near the site of an active fire, or at a depot for vehicles / aircraft leaving to fight fires). In some embodiments, provided mixtures may be formed and stored for a period of time before use. In some embodiments, provided mixtures may be made and then modified in order to be easier to store and / or transport. In some embodiments, modification may include one or more of: drying, evaporation, active removal of a portion of water from the mixture (e.g., to a mixture of at least about 20% CNF by weight), and / or addition of one or more additional components. In some embodiments, mixtures and / or compositions may be stored and / or shipped to a distributor or end user with a relatively high concentration of cellulosic fibers (e.g., greater than or equal to 3% wt).

[0048] Creation of cellulose nanofibrils may also occur in any application appropriate way. By way of non-limiting example, creation of cellulose nanofibrils may occur via the methods disclosed in U.S. Patent 7,381,294, U.S. Patent 8,372,320, U.S. Patent 9,988,762, and / or U.S. Patent 10,563,352, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety. Use

[0049] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods of reducing or extinguishing a fire including the step of applying a composition comprising a mixture of between approximately 0.1-5% wt cellulosic fiber and water to one of more objects on fire and / or one or more objects at risk of igniting. In some embodiments, at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines (e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%,Page 9 of 16 12057948v195%, 99% or higher). In some embodiments, applying the composition to one or more objects on fire or at risk of igniting results in formation of a fire resistant coating on at least one treated surface of the one or more objects.

[0050] In accordance with various embodiments, provided compositions may be used or included in any of a variety of fire-fighting tools or modalities. For example, in some embodiments, compositions may be provided and / or used in fire extinguishers and / or other static, sortable container-based systems. In some embodiments, compositions may be provided and / or used in mobile systems including, for example, fire trucks, planes, helicopters, pressurized fire extinguishing systems (e.g., a refillable water fire extinguisher), or other systems and / or vehicles. In some embodiments, compositions may be provided and / or used as a ready to apply composition (e.g., a mixture comprising between approximately 0.1-5% wt cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are fines). In some embodiments, compositions may be provided as a concentrated form of a composition (e.g. a mixture comprising more than 3% cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are fines). In some embodiments, a concentrated form of a composition comprises between approximately 3-25% wt cellulosic fiber, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are fines (between 3-20% wt, between 3-15% wt). In some embodiments, a concentrated form of a composition comprises between approximately 5-25% wt cellulosic fiber, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are fines (between 5- 20% wt, between 5-15% wt).

[0051] In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used in municipal firefighting. In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used in firefighting in wild (e.g., wilderness) areas. In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used to fight fires on water (e.g., fires on an oil-spill). In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used to fight fires in an aircraft hangar. In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used to fight fires from lithium-ion (li-ion) batteries. In some embodiments, provided methods and compositions may be used to treat (e.g., proactively treat) an area at risk of fire (e.g., wildfires. For example, provided methods and compositions may be used to coat structures (e.g., a building) at risk due to wildfires. The methods and compositions would provide material which would adhere to the roof, walls, porches, and other parts of a structure to reduce the risk ignition from windblown sparks or embers. Without wishing to be held to a particular theory, it is contemplated that various embodiments of provided compositions arePage 10 of 16 12057948v1suitable for several or all of these uses by virtue of being environmentally friendly, non- corrosive, and enhancing certain natural properties of water (e.g., by altering the form of the water as described elsewhere herein).

[0052] Provided compositions may be prepared before use, or mixed at the time of application (e.g., via mixing into a stream of otherwise normal water such a water from a fire hydrant).

[0053] In some embodiments, provided compositions may be provided in a form capable of extinguishing class A (ordinary combustibles), B (flammable liquids and / or flammable gases), and C (electrical fires) fires. In some embodiments, provided compositions comprise deionized water. For example, compositions containing deionized water can be used in extinguishing class C fires (electrical fires) fire. Exemplification Reignition Test

[0054] In this example, six pieces of lumber were ignited using standard propane torches until a portion of the lumber charred. Each piece was then submerged into one of the following mixtures: Table 1 Sample Mixture Time to Reignite

[0055] As is shown in Table 1, the use of mixtures including a mixture of between approximately 1-3% cellulosic fiber and water at least 70% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines, results in significant improvement in fire suppression and extending time to reignition. Under most fire-fighting conditions, extending the time to reignition can dramatically improve the efficiency and safety of most fire-fighting operations.Page 11 of 16 12057948v1Oil Fire

[0056] In this example, an oil pan fire test was conducted to test the performance of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) with a surfactant added to create foaming.

[0057] In the test, an oil pan fire (approximately 3 square feet or 0.279 square meters) was set. A refillable water fire extinguisher filled with a CNF composition as the extinguishant. The refillable water fire extinguisher was used with a foaming hose / nozzle attached. The extinguishant successfully put out the fire.

[0058] The applied composition appeared to interact with the surface of the oil to prevent continued reignition from a secondary flame. Typically, oil fires can reignite if the applied foam coating shifts and creates an open surface on the oil. Heat or flames from the surrounding fire can reignite the fuel and / or vapors in way of the opening. In this test, an opening was created on the surface of the oil and an applied flame was able to reignite the fuel. However, the fire extinguished when the applied flame was removed. Equivalents

[0059] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. The scope of the present invention is not intended to be limited to the above Description, but rather is as set forth in the following claims:Page 12 of 16 12057948v1

Claims

Claims We claim:

1. A method of reducing or extinguishing a fire comprising applying a composition comprising a mixture of between approximately 0.5- 5% cellulosic fiber and water to one or more objects on fire and / or one or more objects at risk of igniting, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic fiber comprises at least 50% nanocellulose fines.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cellulosic fiber comprises at least 75% nanocellulose fines.

4. The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the mixture essentially consists of cellulosic fiber and water.

5. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein applying the composition results in formation of a fire resistant coating on at least one treated surface of the one or more objects.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 5 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 10 minutes.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

9. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein the mixing the cellulosic fiber and water results in an increase in the proportion of bound water as compared to water alone. Page 13 of 16 12057948v110. The method of claim 9, wherein the increase in the proportion of bound water is at least 10%.

11. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein applying the composition results in formation of a foam about 3 times to about 5 times a volume of the composition (prior to its application).

12. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein applying the composition results in formation of a foam about 20 times to about 200 times a volume of the composition (prior to its application).

13. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

14. The method of any one of the above claims, wherein the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ–cm or higher as measured at 25°C.

15. A composition comprising approximately 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the cellulosic fiber comprises at least 50% nanocellulose fines.

17. The composition of claim 15, wherein the cellulosic fiber comprises at least 75% nanocellulose fines.

18. The composition of any one of claims 15-17, wherein the composition is capable of forming a fire resistant coating on a treated surface.

19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 5 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object. Page 14 of 16 12057948v120. The composition of claim 18, wherein the fire resistant coating delays ignition or reignition of an object for at least 10 minutes as compared to an untreated version of the object.

21. The composition of any one of claims 15-20, wherein the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

22. The composition of any one of claims 15-21, wherein the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ∙cm or higher as measured at 25°C.

23. A composition consisting essentially of 0.1-5% cellulosic fiber and water, wherein at least 20% of the cellulosic fiber are nanocellulose fines.

24. The composition of any one of claims 15-23, wherein the cellulosic fiber is or comprises wood fiber.

25. The composition of any one of claims 15-23, wherein the composition of the cellulosic fiber and water has an increased proportion of bound water as compared to water alone.

26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the increased proportion of bound water is at least 10%.

27. The composition of any one of claims 23-26, wherein the water has a conductivity of about 5 μS / cm or lower as measured at 25°C.

28. The composition of any one of claims 23-27, wherein the water has a resistivity of about 0.2 MΩ∙cm or higher as measured at 25°C. Page 15 of 16 12057948v1

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