Anti-pd-1 / ctla-4 / tigit trispecific antibodies and use thereof
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- GENOR BIOPHARMA
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-20
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer therapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) face challenges such as high frequency of severe immune-related systemic adverse effects and limited response rates, particularly when combining PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade. Additionally, most research on co-blockade of CTLA4/CD28 or TIGIT/CD155 and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways relies on the combinatorial use of two separated antibody molecules, lacking a trispecific antibody that can co-block these three pathways simultaneously.
Development of an anti-PD-1/CTLA-4/TIGIT trispecific antibody, which comprises a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT. This trispecific antibody is designed to simultaneously target and block these three immune checkpoint molecules, potentially enhancing antitumor immunity while minimizing adverse effects.
The trispecific antibody demonstrates robust anti-tumor activity in mouse models, comparable to or exceeding the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 and TIGIT/CD155 axis blockade, while showing weaker activity on the CTLA-4 pathway compared to ipilimumab. This suggests that the trispecific approach can effectively relieve immunosuppression mediated by these checkpoints, offering a promising therapeutic prospect for cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Description
Anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT Trispecific Antibodies and Use ThereofFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to antibodies specifically binding to TIGIT, trispecific antibodies specifically binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT, polynucleotides encoding the antibodies or antigen-binding fragments thereof, and methods of making and using the foregoing.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] For recent decades, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely used in the clinic for cancer therapy, offering more therapeutic options and broader clinical benefits to cancer patients due to their different mechanisms of action from conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapies.
[0003] Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) plays a vital role in inhibiting immune responses and promoting self-tolerance through modulating the activity of T-cells, activating apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells and inhibiting apoptosis of regulatory T cells. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a trans-membrane protein that is considered to be a co-inhibitory factor of the immune response, it can combine with PD-1 to reduce the proliferation of PD-1 positive cells, inhibit their cytokine secretion and induce apoptosis. Based on these perspectives, PD-1 / PD-L1 axis is responsible for cancer immune escape and makes a huge effect on cancer therapy (1, 2) . Anti-PD-1 antibodies, such as Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab, have been widely used in the clinical treatment of various cancers, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and gastroesophageal cancer and exhibited robust anti-tumor efficacy.
[0004] In preclinical and subsequent clinical studies, it has been demonstrated that co-blockade of PD-1 and a second co-inhibitory receptor is able to augment the antitumor immunity versus single PD-1 blockade. Indeed, blockade of both PD-1 and CTLA-4 showed improved clinical efficacy in patients with, amongst others, melanoma (3) and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (4) and hepatocellular carcinoma (5) . CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed by Tregs but can also be upregulated by other T cell subsets, especially CD4+T cells, upon activation (6) . CTLA-4 mediates immunosuppression by indirectly diminishing signaling through the co-stimulatory receptor CD28. CTLA-4 may also remove CD80 and CD86 (including their cytoplasmic domains) from the cell surfaces of antigen-presenting cells via trans-endocytosis (7) , therefore reducing the availability of these stimulatory receptors to other CD28-expressing T cells.
[0005] However, combined PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade is hampered by a high frequency of severe immune-related systemic adverse effects (8) , therefore other less toxic combinations are urgently needed. T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is a novel checkpoint inhibitory molecule that has recently gained attention in cancer immunotherapy (9, 10) . It is expressed on a variety of immune cells, including T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) , and natural killer (NK) cells (11) . TIGIT competes with CD226, its co-stimulatory counterpart, to bind to the poliovirus receptor (PVR, also known as CD155) with higher affinity (12, 13) . Co-blockade of TIGIT / CD155 and PD-1 / PD-L1 pathways have shown synergistic effects both in mouse tumor model and clinical trials (14, 15) .
[0006] However, most researches of CTLA4 / CD28 or TIGIT / CD155 and PD-1 / PD-L1 pathways co-blockade are based on the combinatorial use of two separated antibody molecules. There is an unmet need for a trispecific antibody which co-blocks these three pathways together.
[0007] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The invention provides an isolated anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody comprising a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT.
[0009] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
[0010] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0011] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively.
[0012] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0013] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
[0014] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0015] In one embodiment, the isolated anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody further comprises an Fc region of IgG. In one embodiment, the Fc region is of IgG1. In one embodiment, the Fc region is of IgG1 LALA.
[0016] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype, optionally comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten substitutions in an Fc region.
[0017] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region.
[0018] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0019] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region.
[0020] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0021] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0022] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0023] In one embodiment, the first domain specificallybinding to PD-1, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT, and the Fc region are connected to each other directly or via one or more linkers. In one embodiment, the linkers are the same or different. In one embodiment, the linkers are a flexible connection. In one embodiment, the linker is a peptide linker. In one embodiment, the linker is GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) .
[0024] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal: First domain–Linker–Third domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–Second domain.
[0025] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention comprises a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19, or consists of a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0026] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention consists of one or two heavy chains. In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT. In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively; the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively; and the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively. In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4; the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10; and the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16. In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0027] The invention also provides an isolated anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to TIGIT.
[0028] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
[0029] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0030] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody further comprises an Fc region of IgG. In one embodiment, the Fc region is of IgG1. In one embodiment, the Fc region is of IgG1 LALA.
[0031] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody according to the present invention is of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype, optionally comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten substitutions in an Fc region.
[0032] In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region (VH) is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region.
[0033] In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region (VH) is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0034] In one embodiment, the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the Fc region are connected to each other directly or via one or more linkers. In one embodiment, the linkers are the same or different. In one embodiment, the linkers are a flexible connection. In one embodiment, the linker is a peptide linker. In one embodiment, the linker is GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) .
[0035] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0036] heavy chain variable region (VH) –Linker–Fc.
[0037] In one embodiment, the anti-TIGIT antibody according to the present invention consists of one or two heavy chains. In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively. In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0038] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of the invention, or the anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0039] The invention also provides a polynucleotide encoding the heavy chain variable regions (VHs) or the heavy chain of the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of the invention, or the anti-TIGIT antibody of the present invention.
[0040] The invention also provides a polynucleotide encoding the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of the invention, or the anti-TIGIT antibody of the present invention.
[0041] The invention also provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention.
[0042] The invention also provides a host cell comprising the vector of the invention.
[0043] The invention also provides a method of producing the antibody of the invention, comprising culturing the host cell of the invention in conditions that the antibody is expressed, and recovering the antibody produced by the host cell.
[0044] The invention also provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the isolated antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, or the host cell of the invention, to the subject in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat the cancer.
[0045] The invention also provides the isolated antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, or the host cell of the invention for use in treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof.
[0046] The invention also provides use of the isolated antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, or the host cell of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a cancer in a subject.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0047] Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 sexavalent structure.
[0048] Figure 2 shows binding of TsAb-GBD209-24-3, parental PD-1 (GBD002-hS019-WS) , CTLA-4 (GBD008-hS005-3-2) nanobody or TIGIT (GB005-10-H0302) to PD-1 single-positive cells (A) , CTLA-4 single-positive cells (B) and PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT triple-positive cells (C) .
[0049] Figure 3 shows luminescence of CHOK1-PD-L1 co-cultured Jurkat-PD-1-NFAT-Luciferase reporter cells.
[0050] Figure 4 shows inhibition of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or parental PD-1 (GBD002-hS019-WS) nanobody on the binding of PD-1 to its ligand PD-L2 on HEK293T-hPD-1 cells.
[0051] Figure 5 shows inhibition of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or parental CTLA-4 (GBD008-hS005-3-2) nanobody on the binding of CTLA-4 to its ligand CD80 on CTLA-4 single-positive cells (A) and PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT triple-positive cells (B) .
[0052] Figure 6 shows inhibition of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or parental CTLA-4 (GBD008-hS005-3-2) nanobody on the binding of CTLA-4 to its ligand CD86 on CTLA-4 single-positive cells (A) and PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT triple-positive cells (B) .
[0053] Figure 7 shows binding of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or parental TIGIT (GB005-10-H0302) nanobody to hTIGIT single-positive cells.
[0054] Figure 8 shows luminescence of CHOK1-CD155 TCR co-cultured Jurkat-TIGIT-NFAT-Luciferase reporter cells.
[0055] Figure 9 shows IFNγsecretion in Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) .
[0056] Figure 10 shows internalization of PD-1 receptor in present of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or parental PD-1 (GBD002-hS019-WS) nanobody on PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT triple-positive cells.
[0057] Figure 11 shows changes of tumor growth in A375 melanoma cell line xenograft model after TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or benchmarks antibodies administration.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0058] Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) , mainly based on PD-1 / PD-L1 blockade have become a major therapy for cancer. Despite the huge clinical success ICIs have achieved, about 70%of patients still showed de novo and adaptive resistance. Among the ICIs, the combination with PD-1 / PD-L1 and CTLA-4 or TIGIT inhibitors showed promising therapeutic outcomes, and some have been approved for certain cancer treatments, while others are under clinical trials. To improve the response rate and reduce immune-related adverse events of ICIs, one approach is to direct the effect to the tumor using bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) or tri-specific antibodies (tsAbs) . Here we developed novel anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, anti-TIGIT tri-specific antibodies to simultaneously target three cell surface antigens with overlapping on T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) . tsAb exhibited similar in vitro activity of PD-1 / PD-L1 and TIGIT / CD155 axis compared with Pembrolizumab and Tiragolumab, and weaker activity of CTLA-4 pathway compared with ipilimumab. In addition, tsAb showed robust anti-tumor activity in mouse model compared with PD1x CTLA4 bsAbs of ICIs in the clinic. These findings suggest the present invention can specifically bind to PD1, CTLA4, TIGIT and relieve immunosuppression of these checkpoints and thus having good therapeutic application prospect in cancer treatment.
[0059] All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though fully set forth.
[0060] It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains.
[0061] Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice for testing of the present invention, exemplary materials and methods are described herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used.
[0062] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and“the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” includes a combination of two or more cells, and the like.
[0063] “Specific binding” or “specifically binds” or “binds” refers to an antibody binding to an antigen or an epitope within the antigen with greater affinity than for other antigens. Typically, the antibody binds to the antigen or the epitope within the antigen with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of about 1x10-8 M or less, for example about 1x10-9 M or less, about 1x10-10 M or less, about 1x10-11 M or less, or about 1x10-12 M or less, typically with the KD that is at least one hundred fold less than its KD for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) . The dissociation constant may be measured using standard procedures. Antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen or the epitope within the antigen may, however, have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, for example to the same antigen from other species (homologs) , such as human or monkey, for example Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus, cyno) , Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee, chimp) or Callithrix jacchus (common marmoset, marmoset) . While a monospecific antibody specifically binds to one antigen or one epitope, a bispecific antibody specifically binds to two distinct antigens or two distinct epitopes.
[0064] “Antibody” or “Antibodies” is meant in a broad sense and includes immunoglobulin molecules including monoclonal antibodies including murine, human, humanized and chimeric monoclonal antibodies, antigen-binding fragments, bispecific or multispecific antibodies, dimeric, tetrameric or multimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, domain antibodies and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulin molecule that comprises an antigen binding site of the required specificity. “Full length antibodies” are comprised of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds as well as multimers thereof (for example IgM) . Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region (comprised of domains CH1, hinge CH2 and CH3) . Each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL) . The VH and the VL regions may be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability, termed complementarity determining regions (CDR) , interspersed with framework regions (FR) . Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FR segments, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4.
[0065] “Complementarity determining regions (CDRs) ” are “antigen binding sites” in an antibody. CDRs may be defined using various terms: (i) Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) , three in the VH (HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3) and three in the VL (LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3) are based on sequence variability (Wu and Kabat, (1970) J Exp Med 132: 211-50; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991) . (ii) “Hypervariable regions” , “HVR” , or “HV” , three in the VH (H1, H2, H3) and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3) refer to the regions of an antibody variable domains which are hypervariable in structure as defined by Chothia and Lesk (Chothia and Lesk, (1987) Mol Biol 196: 901-17) . The International ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database (http: / / www_imgt_org) provides a standardized numbering and definition of antigen-binding sites. The correspondence between CDRs, HVs and IMGT delineations is described in Lefranc et al., (2003) Dev Comparat Immunol 27: 55-77. The term “CDR” , “HCDR1” , “HCDR2” , “HCDR3” , “LCDR1” , “LCDR2” and “LCDR3” as used herein includes CDRs defined by any of the methods described supra, Kabat, Chothia or IMGT, unless otherwise explicitly stated in the specification.
[0066] Immunoglobulins may be assigned to five major classes, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, depending on the heavy chain constant domain amino acid sequence. IgA and IgG are further sub-classified as the isotypes IgA1, IgA2, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. Antibody light chains of any vertebrate species may assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, namely kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) , based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
[0067] "Isolated antibody" refers to an antibody or antibody fragment that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities (e.g., an isolated antibody specifically binding to PD-1 is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind antigens other than PD-1) . In case of the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention, the trispecific antibody specifically binds to PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT, and is substantially free of antibodies that specifically bind to antigens other than PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT. “Isolated antibody” encompasses antibodies that are isolated to a higher purity, such as antibodies that are 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or 100%pure.
[0068] “Recombinant” refers to antibodies and other proteins that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means.
[0069] "Epitope" refers to a portion of an antigen to which an antibody specifically binds. Epitopes typically consist of chemically active (such as polar, non-polar or hydrophobic) surface groupings of moieties such as amino acids or polysaccharide side chains and may have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. An epitope may be composed of contiguous and / or discontiguous amino acids that form a conformational spatial unit. For a discontiguous epitope, amino acids from differing portions of the linear sequence of the antigen come in close proximity in 3-dimensional space through the folding of the protein molecule. Antibody “epitope” depends on the methodology used to identify the epitope.
[0070] “Multispecific” refers to an antibody that specifically binds to at least two distinct antigens or two distinct epitopes within the antigens, for example three, four or five distinct antigens or epitopes. “Trispecific” refers to an antibody that specifically binds to three distinct antigens or three distinct epitopes within the same antigen. The trispecific antibody may have cross-reactivity to other related antigens, for example to the same antigen from other species (homologs) , such as human or monkey, for example Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus, cyno) , Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee, chimp) or Callithrixjacchus (common marmoset, marmoset) , or may bind an epitope that is shared between two or more distinct antigens.
[0071] “Vector” refers to a polynucleotide capable of being duplicated within a biological system or that can be moved between such systems. Vector polynucleotides typically contain elements, such as origins of replication, polyadenylation signal or selection markers, that function to facilitate the duplication or maintenance of these polynucleotides in a biological system. Examples of such biological systems may include a cell, virus, animal, plant, and reconstituted biological systems utilizing biological components capable of duplicating a vector. The polynucleotide comprising a vector may be DNA or RNA molecules or a hybrid of these.
[0072] “Expression vector” refers to a vector that can be utilized in a biological system or in a reconstituted biological system to direct the translation of a polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide sequence present in the expression vector.
[0073] “Polynucleotide” refers to a synthetic molecule comprising a chain of nucleotides covalently linked by a sugar-phosphate backbone or other equivalent covalent chemistry. cDNA is a typical example of a polynucleotide.
[0074] “Overexpress” , “overexpressed” and “overexpressing” is used interchangeably and refers to a sample such as a cancer cell, malignant cell or cancer tissue that has measurably higher levels of PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT, or a ligand thereof when compared to a reference sample. The overexpression may be caused by gene amplification or by increased transcription or translation. Expression and overexpression of protein in the sample may be measured using well know assays using for example ELISA, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry or radioimmunoassay on live or lysed cells. Expression and overexpression of a polynucleotide in the sample may be measured for example using fluorescent in situ hybridization, Southern blotting, or PCR techniques. A protein or a polynucleotide is overexpressed when the level of the protein or the polynucleotide in the sample at least 1.5-fold higher or statistically significant when compared to the reference sample. Selection of the reference sample is known.
[0075] “Sample” refers to a collection of similar fluids, cells, or tissues isolated from a subject, as well as fluids, cells, or tissues present within a subject. Exemplary samples are biological fluids such as blood, serum and serosal fluids, plasma, lymph, urine, saliva, cystic fluid, tear drops, feces, sputum, mucosal secretions of the secretory tissues and organs, vaginal secretions, ascites fluids such as those associated with non-solid tumors, fluids of the pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, abdominal and other body cavities, fluids collected by bronchial lavage, liquid solutions contacted with a subject or biological source, for example, cell and organ culture medium including cell or organ conditioned medium, lavage fluids and the like, tissue biopsies, fine needle aspirations or surgically resected tumor tissue.
[0076] A “cancer cell” or a “tumor cell” refers to a cancerous, pre-cancerous or transformed cell, either in vivo, ex vivo, or in tissue culture, that has spontaneous or induced phenotypic changes. These changes do not necessarily involve the uptake of new genetic material. Although transformation may arise from infection with a transforming virus and incorporation of new genomic nucleic acid, uptake of exogenous nucleic acid or it can also arise spontaneously or following exposure to a carcinogen, thereby mutating an endogenous gene. Transformation / cancer is exemplified by morphological changes, immortalization of cells, aberrant growth control, foci formation, proliferation, malignancy, modulation of tumor specific marker levels, invasiveness, tumor growth in suitable animal hosts such as nude mice, and the like, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo (Freshney, Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique (3rd ed. 1994) ) .
[0077] “About” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. Unless explicitly stated otherwise within the Examples or elsewhere in the Specification in the context of a particular assay, result or embodiment, “about” means within one standard deviation per the practice in the art, or a range of up to 5%, whichever is larger.
[0078] “Anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody” , “PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody” , “PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody” or “trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody” and the like refer to a molecule comprising at least one binding domain specifically binding to PD-1, at least one binding domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 and at least one binding domain specifically binding to TIGIT. The domains specifically binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT are typically VH / VL pairs or only VHs. The trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody may be monovalent or divalent in terms of its binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT.
[0079] “Valent” refers to the presence of a specified number of binding sites specific for an antigen in a molecule. As such, the terms “monovalent” , “bivalent” , “tetravalent” , and“hexavalent” refer to the presence of one, two, four and six binding sites, respectively, specific for an antigen in a molecule.
[0080] The term “single-chain Fv” or “scFv” antibody refers to antibody fragments comprising the VHand VLdomains of an antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain. Generally, the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen-binding. For a review of scFv, see Pluckthun (1994) The Pharmacology of Monoclonal Antibodies, vol. 113, Rosenburg and Moore eds. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 269-315. See also, International Publ. No. WO 88 / 01649 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778 and 5,260,203. In one embodiment, the scFv comprises from N to C terminal the VH region, the peptide linker and the VLregion (VH-VL format) . In another embodiment, the scFv comprises from N to C terminal the VLregion, the peptide linker and the VH region (VL-VH format) .
[0081] As used herein, the term “diabodies” refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light chain variable domain (VL) in the same polypeptide chain (VH-VL or VL-VH) . By using a linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites. Diabodies are described more fully in, e.g., EP 404,097; WO 93 / 11161; and Holliger et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 6444-6448. For a review of engineered antibody variants generally see Holliger and Hudson (2005) Nat. Biotechnol. 23: 1126-1136.
[0082] A “Fab” is comprised of the VH and CH1 regions of a heavy chain and the VL and CL regions of a light chain, which are typically joined together by disulfide bonds and have a single antigen binding site. The VH, CH1, VL and CL regions in a Fab can be arranged in various ways to confer an antigen binding capability according to the present disclosure. For example, the VH and CH1 regions can be on one polypeptide, and the VL and CL regions can be on a separate polypeptide. Alternatively, VH, CH1, VL and CL regions can all be on the same polypeptide, optionally arranged in different orders.
[0083] “An antigen specific CD4+or CD8+T cell” refers to a CD4+or CD8+T cell activated by a specific antigen, or immunostimulatory epitope thereof.
[0084] “Subject” includes any human or nonhuman animal. “Nonhuman animal” includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as nonhuman primates, sheep, dogs, cats, horses, cows chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc. Except when noted, the terms “patient” or “subject” are used interchangeably.
[0085] “Treat” or “treatment” refers to therapeutic treatment wherein the object is to slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disease, such as the development or spread of tumor or tumor cells, or to provide a beneficial or desired clinical outcome during treatment. Beneficial or desired clinical outcomes include alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, lack of metastasis, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable. “Treatment” may also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if a subject was not receiving treatment. Those in need of treatment include those subjects already with the undesired physiological change or diseases well as those subjects prone to have the physiological change or disease.
[0086] A “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve a desired therapeutic result. A therapeutically effective amount of the antibody of the invention may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of the antibody of the invention to elicit a desired response in the individual. Exemplary indicators of an effective therapeutic or combination of therapeutics include, for example, improved well-being of the patient, reduction in a tumor burden, arrested or slowed growth of a tumor, and / or absence of metastasis of cancer cells to other locations in the body.
[0087] The numbering of amino acid residues in the antibody constant region throughout the specification is according to the EU index as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. (1991) , unless otherwise explicitly stated.
[0088] Conventional one and three-letter amino acid codes are used herein as shown in Table 1.
[0089] Table 1: one and three-letter amino acid codes
[0090] Compositions of matter
[0091] The present invention provides trispecific antibodies specifically binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT. The present invention provides polynucleotides encoding the antibodies of the invention or complementary nucleic acids thereof, vectors, host cells, and methods of making and using them.
[0092] Anti-TIGIT antibodies and trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies
[0093] The invention also provides an isolated anti-TIGIT antibody.
[0094] The invention also provides an isolated trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody.
[0095] The invention also provides an isolated trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody comprising a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT.
[0096] In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention enhances activation of antigen-specific CD4+or CD8+T cells.
[0097] In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention inhibits PD-1 binding to PD-L1 and PD-L2.
[0098] In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention inhibits CTLA-4 binding to CD80 and CD86.
[0099] In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention inhibits TIGIT binding to CD155.
[0100] In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention induces PD-1 internalization on the surface of cells.
[0101] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) .
[0102] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) .
[0103] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) .
[0104] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, the VH optionally having one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or fifteen conservative amino acid substitutions. Optionally, any substitutions are not within the CDRs.
[0105] In one embodiment, the first domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) having the amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) . Optionally, any variation from the sequences of the SEQ ID NO: 4 is not within the CDRs.
[0106] In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, the VH optionally having one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or fifteen conservative amino acid substitutions. Optionally, any substitutions are not within the CDRs.
[0107] In one embodiment, the second domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) having the amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) . Optionally, any variation from the sequences of the SEQ ID NO: 10 is not within the CDRs.
[0108] In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, the VH optionally having one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen or fifteen conservative amino acid substitutions. Optionally, any substitutions are not within the CDRs.
[0109] In one embodiment, the third domain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) having the amino acid sequence at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of the heavy chain variable region (VH) . Optionally, any variation from the sequences of the SEQ ID NO: 16 is not within the CDRs.
[0110] In one embodiment, the first, second and third domains, independently of each other, are a chimeric antibody, a humanized antibody, a human antibody, a single chain antibody, Fv, Fab, F (ab') 2, Fd, single chain Fv molecule (scFv) , diabody, or single domain antibody (dAb) .
[0111] In one embodiment, the first, second and third domains, independently of each other, are humanized. In one embodiment, the first, second and third domains, independently of each other, are a humanized VHH.
[0112] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention comprises only one heavy chain. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention comprises two heavy chains.
[0113] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention consists of one heavy chain. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention consists of two heavy chains.
[0114] In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT. In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively; the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively; and the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.
[0115] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4; the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10; and the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0116] In one embodiment, the isolated anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody further comprises an Fc region of IgG. In some embodiments, the antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 isotype. In one embodiment, the antibody is an IgG1 LALA isotype. The term "LALA" refers to amino acid substitutions L234A / L235A (Kabat nomenclature) to be introduced, as well known in the art.
[0117] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region. In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region. In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT is positioned at the N-terminal of the Fc region.
[0118] In one embodiment, the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region. In one embodiment, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region. In one embodiment, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT is positioned at the C-terminal of the Fc region.
[0119] In one embodiment, the first domain specificallybinding to PD-1, the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT, and the Fc region are connected to each other directly or via one or more linkers, such as flexible linkers. In one embodiment, the linkers are same or different. In one embodiment, the linker is a peptide linker, and most preferably by a peptide linker that lacks a proteolytic cleavage site. In some embodiments, the amino acid residues of the linker are selected from G, A, S, P, E, T, D, and K. In some embodiments, the linker is a (G4S) n linker, wherein n is an integral from 1 to 5, preferably 2 to 4. In some embodiments, the linker is GGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 21) .
[0120] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0121] First domain–Linker–Third domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–Second domain.
[0122] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0123] Second domain–Linker–Third domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–First domain.
[0124] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0125] First domain–Linker–Second domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–Third domain.
[0126] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0127] Second domain–Linker–First domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–Third domain.
[0128] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0129] Third domain–Linker–Second domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–First domain.
[0130] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention is shown by the following formula from N to C terminal:
[0131] Third domain–Linker–First domain–Hinge region–Fc–Linker–Second domain.
[0132] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention comprises only one heavy chain, or consists of only one heavy chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0133] In one embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody according to the present invention comprises two heavy chains, or consists of two heavy chains, wherein the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0134] In one embodiment, the heavy chain comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0135] The term "identity" or "homology" between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences is determined by sequence alignment. If two sequences which are to be compared with each other differ in length, sequence alignment preferably relates to the percentage of the amino acid or nucleotide residues of the shorter sequence which are identical with the amino acid or nucleotide residues of the longer sequence. Sequence alignment can be determined conventionally with the use of computer programs. The deviations appearing in the comparison between a given sequence and the above-described sequences of the disclosure may be caused for instance by addition, deletion, substitution, insertion or recombination.
[0136] In some embodiments, the CDR sequences of the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention may comprise any conservative modifications. In some embodiments, the CDR sequences of the anti-TIGIT antibody of the invention may comprise conservative modifications.
[0137] “Conservative modification” refers to amino acid modifications that do not significantly affect or alter the binding characteristics of the antibody containing the amino acid sequences. Conservative modifications include amino acid substitutions, additions and deletions. Conservative substitutions are those in which the amino acid is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. The families of amino acid residues having similar side chains are well defined and include amino acids with acidic side chains (for example, aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , basic side chains (for example, lysine, arginine, histidine) , nonpolar side chains (for example, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine) , uncharged polar side chains (for example, glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan) , aromatic side chains (for example, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, tyrosine) , aliphatic side chains (for example, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine) , amide (for example, asparagine, glutamine) , beta-branched side chains (for example, threonine, valine, isoleucine) and sulfur-containing side chains (cysteine, methionine) . Furthermore, any native residue in the polypeptide may also be substituted with alanine, as has been previously described for alanine scanning mutagenesis (MacLennan et al., Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 643: 55-67, 1998; Sasaki et al., Adv. Biophys. 35: 1-24, 1998) . Amino acid substitutions to the antibodies of the invention may be made by well-known methods for example by PCR mutagenesis (US Pat. No. 4,683,195) . Alternatively, libraries of variants may be generated using known methods, for example using random (NNK) or non-random codons, for example DVK codons, which encode 11 amino acids (Ala, Cys, Asp, Glu, Gly, Lys, Asn, Arg, Ser, Tyr, Trp) . The resulting antibody variants may be tested for their characteristics using assays described herein.
[0138] Generation of monospecific antibodies of the invention
[0139] In some embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are human.
[0140] In some embodiments, the antibodies of the invention are humanized.
[0141] Monospecific antibodies of the invention described herein (e.g. antibodies specifically binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT) may be generated using various technologies. For example, the hybridoma method of Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495, 1975 may be used to generate monoclonal antibodies. In the hybridoma method, a mouse or other host animal, such as a hamster, rat, alpaca or monkey, is immunized with human or cyno PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT or fragments of PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT, such as the extracellular domain of PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT, followed by fusion of spleen cells from immunized animals with myeloma cells using standard methods to form hybridoma cells (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986) ) . Colonies arising from single immortalized hybridoma cells are screened for production of antibodies with desired properties, such as specificity of binding, cross-reactivity or lack thereof, and affinity for the antigen.
[0142] Various host animals may be used to produce the antibodies of the invention. For example, Balb / c mice may be used to generate mouse anti-human PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT antibodies. Alpaca may be used to generate anti-human PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT VHHs. The antibodies made in Balb / c mice and other non-human animals may be humanized using various technologies to generate more human-like sequences.
[0143] Exemplary humanization techniques including selection of human acceptor frameworks are known and include CDR grafting (U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539) , SDR grafting (U.S. Patent No. 6,818,749) , Resurfacing (Padlan, (1991) Mol Immunol 28:489-499) , Specificity Determining Residues Resurfacing (U.S. Patent Publ. No. 2010 / 0261620) , human framework adaptation (U.S. Patent No. 8,748,356) or superhumanization (U.S. Patent No. 7,709,226) . In these methods, CDRs of parental antibodies are transferred onto human frameworks that may be selected based on their overall homology to the parental frameworks, based on similarity in CDR length, or canonical structure identity, or a combination thereof.
[0144] Humanized antibodies may be further optimized to improve their selectivity or affinity to a desired antigen by incorporating altered framework support residues to preserve binding affinity (backmutations) by techniques such as those described in Int. Patent Publ. Nos. WO1090 / 007861 and WO1992 / 22653, or by introducing variation at any of the CDRs for example to improve affinity of the antibody.
[0145] Transgenic animals, such as mice or rats carrying human immunoglobulin (Ig) loci in their genome may be used to generate human antibodies against a target protein, and are described in for example U.S. Patent No. 6,150,584, Int. Patent Publ. No. WO99 / 45962, Int. Patent Publ. Nos. WO2002 / 066630, WO2002 / 43478, WO2002 / 043478 and WO1990 / 04036, Lonberg et al (1994) Nature 368: 856-9; Green et al (1994) Nature Genet. 7: 13-21; Green&Jakobovits (1998) Exp. Med. 188: 483-95; Lonberg and Huszar (1995) Int Rev Immunol 13: 65-93; Bruggemann et al., (1991) Eur J Immunol 21: 1323-1326; Fishwild et al., (1996) Nat Biotechnol 14: 845-851; Mendez et al., (1997) Nat Genet 15: 146-156; Green (1999) JImmunol Methods 231: 11-23; Yang et al., (1999) CancerRes 59: 1236-1243; Brüggemann and Taussig (1997) Curr Opin Biotechnol 8: 455-458. The endogenous immunoglobulin loci in such animal may be disrupted or deleted, and at least one complete or partial human immunoglobulin locus may be inserted into the genome of the antimal using homologous or non-homologous recombination, using transchromosomes, or using minigenes. Companies such as Regeneron (http: / / _www_regeneron_com) , Harbour Antibodies (http: / / _www_harbourantibodies_com) , Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc. (OMT) (http: / / _www_omtinc_net) , KyMab (http: / / _www_kymab_com) , Trianni (http: / / _www. trianni_com) andAblexis (http: / / _www_ablexis_com) may be engaged to provide human antibodies directed against a selected antigen using technologies as described above.
[0146] Human antibodies may be selected from a phage display library, where the phage is engineered to express human immunoglobulins or portions thereof such as Fabs, single chain antibodies (scFv) , or unpaired or paired antibody variable regions (Knappik et al., (2000) JMol Biol 296: 57-86; Krebs et al., (2001) JImmunol Meth 254: 67-84; Vaughan et al., (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14: 309-314; Sheets et al., (1998) PITAS (USA) 95: 6157-6162; Hoogenboom and Winter (1991) J Mol Biol 227: 381; Marks et al., (1991) JMol Biol 222: 581) . The antibodies of the invention may be isolated for example from phage display library expressing antibody heavy and light chain variable regions as fusion proteins with bacteriophage pIX coat protein as described in Shi et al., (2010) JMolBiol 397: 385-96, and Int. Patent Publ. No. WO09 / 085462) . The libraries may be screened for phage binding to human and / or cyno PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT and the obtained positive clones maybe further characterized, the Fabs isolated from the clone lysates, and expressed as full length IgGs. Such phage display methods for isolating human antibodies are described in for example: U.S. Patent Nos. 5,223,409, 5,403,484, 5,571,698, 5,427,908, 5, 580,717, 5,969,108, 6,172,197, 5,885,793; 6,521,404; 6,544,731; 6,555,313; 6,582,915 and 6,593,081.
[0147] Preparation of immunogenic antigens and monoclonal antibody production may be performed using any suitable technique, such as recombinant protein production. The immunogenic antigens may be administered to an animal in the form of purified protein, or protein mixtures including whole cells or cell or tissue extracts, or the antigen may be formed de novo in the animal’s body from nucleic acids encoding said antigen or a portion thereof.
[0148] In a specific embodiment, the parental anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., GBD002-hS019-WS) , anti-CTLA-4 antibody (e.g., GBD008-hS005-3-2) and anti-TIGIT antibody (e.g., GB005-10-H0302) were obtained from alpaca, respectively.
[0149] The anti-PD-1 antibody GBD002-hS019-WS obtained from alpaca in the present disclosure has the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences as shown in Table 2.
[0150] Table 2. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of GBD002-hS019-WS antibody
[0151] The anti-CTLA-4 antibody GBD008-hS005-3-2 obtained from alpaca in the present disclosure has the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences as shown in Table 3.
[0152] Table 3. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of or GBD008-hS005-3-2 antibody
[0153] The anti-TIGIT antibody GB005-10-H0302 obtained from alpaca in the present disclosure has the CDR sequences as showed in Table 4 and the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences as shown in Table 5.
[0154] Table 4. The CDR Sequences of GB005-10-H0302
[0155] Table 5. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of GB005-10-H0302
[0156] Generation of trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies of the invention
[0157] The trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies of the invention may be generated by combining PD-1 binding VH (or VH / VL) domains, CTLA-4 binding VH (or VH / VL) domains with TIGIT binding VH (or VH / VL) domains, isolated and characterized herein. Alternatively, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies may be engineered using VH (or VH / VL) domains from publicly available monospecific anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA or anti-TIGIT antibodies, and / or by mix-matching the PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT binding VH (or VH / VL) domains identified herein with publicly available PD-1, CTLA-4 or TIGIT binding VH (or VH / VL) domains.
[0158] Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibodies that may be used to engineer trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies include for example pembrolizumab, and Nivolumab. Exemplary anti-CTLA-4 antibodies that may be used to engineer trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies include for example Ipilimumab. Exemplary anti-TIGIT antibodies that may be used to engineer trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies include for example Tiragolumab, Vibostolimab (MK-7694) and Ociperlimab (BGB-A1217) . Exemplary monospecific domains also can be derived from bispecific antibodies, for example, anti-PD-1xCTLA-4 bispecific antibodies Cadonilimab and MEDI5752.
[0159] The generated trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibodies may be tested for their binding to PD-1, CTLA-4 and TIGIT, and for their desired functional characteristics, such as enhancement of activation of antigen specific CD4+and CD8+T cells using methods described herein.
[0160] Mutations are typically made at the DNA level to a molecule such as the constant domain of the antibody using standard methods.
[0161] The representative trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody (e.g., TsAb-GBD209-24-3) constructed in the present disclosure has the amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences as shown in Table 6.
[0162] Table 6. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of TsAb-GBD209-24-3
[0163] Polynucleotides, vectors and host cells
[0164] The invention also provides an anti-TIGIT antibody, or a trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody, wherein the antibody VH and / or VL are encoded by a polynucleotide. The polynucleotide may be a complementary deoxynucleic acid (cDNA) , and may be codon optimized for expression in suitable host. Codon optimization is a well-known technology.
[0165] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding the VH of the antibody of the invention, the VL of the antibody of the invention, the heavy chain of the antibody of the invention or the light chain of the antibody of the invention.
[0166] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding the VH, the VL, or the VH and the VL of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention.
[0167] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding the VHs of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 10, and / or 16.
[0168] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding the heavy chain and / or light chain of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention.
[0169] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide encoding the heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0170] The invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising the polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
[0171] The polynucleotide sequences encoding the VH or the VL or an antigen-binding fragment thereof of the antibodies of the invention, or the heavy chain or the light chain of the antibodies of the invention may be operably linked to one or more regulatory elements, such as a promoter or enhancer, that allow expression of the nucleotide sequence in the intended host cell. The polynucleotide may be a cDNA.
[0172] The invention also provides a vector comprising the polynucleotide of the invention. Such vectors may be plasmid vectors, viral vectors, vectors for baculovirus expression, transposon based vectors or any other vector suitable for introduction of the synthetic polynucleotide of the invention into a given organism or genetic background by any means. For example, polynucleotides encoding light and / or heavy chain variable regions of the antibodies of the invention, optionally linked to constant regions, are inserted into expression vectors. The light and / or heavy chains may be cloned in the same or different expression vectors. The DNA segments encoding immunoglobulin chains may be operably linked to control sequences in the expression vector (s) that ensure the expression of immunoglobulin polypeptides. Such control sequences include signal sequences, promoters (e.g. naturally associated or heterologous promoters) , enhancer elements, and transcription termination sequences, and are chosen to be compatible with the host cell chosen to express the antibody. Once the vector has been incorporated into the appropriate host, the host is maintained under conditions suitable for high level expression of the proteins encoded by the incorporated polynucleotides.
[0173] Suitable expression vectors are typically replicable in the host organisms either as episomes or as an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA. Commonly, expression vectors contain selection markers such as ampicillin-resistance, hygromycin-resistance, tetracycline resistance, kanamycin resistance or neomycin resistance to permit detection of those cells transformed with the desired DNA sequences.
[0174] Suitable promoter and enhancer elements are known in the art. For expression in a eukaryotic cell, exemplary promoters include light and / or heavy chain immunoglobulin gene promoter and enhancer elements; cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter; herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter; early and late SV40 promoters; promoter present in long terminal repeats from a retrovirus; mouse metallothionein-I promoter; and various known tissue specific promoters. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.
[0175] Exemplary vectors that may be used are Bacterial: pBs, phagescript, PsiX174, pBluescript SK, pBs KS, pNH8a, pNH16a, pNH18a, pNH46a (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA) ; pTrc99A, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) . Eukaryotic: pWLneo, pSV2cat, pOG44, PXR1, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL (Pharmacia) , pEE6.4 (Lonza) and pEE12.4 (Lonza) .
[0176] The invention also provides a host cell comprising one or more vectors of the invention. “Host cell” refers to a cell into which a vector has been introduced. It is understood that the term host cell is intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell, and also to a stable cell line generated from the particular subject cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term "host cell" as used herein. Such host cells may be eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, plant cells or archeal cells. Escherichia coli, bacilli, such as Bacillus subtilis, and other enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella, Serratia, and various Pseudomonas species are examples of prokaryotic host cells. Other microbes, such as yeast, are also useful for expression. Saccharomyces (for example, S. cerevisiae) and Pichia are examples of suitable yeast host cells. Exemplary eukaryotic cells may be of mammalian, insect, avian or other animal origins. Mammalian eukaryotic cells include immortalized cell lines such as hybridomas or myeloma cell lines such as SP2 / 0 (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) , Manassas, VA, CRL-1581) , NS0 (European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) , Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK, ECACC No. 85110503) , FO (ATCC CRL-1646) and Ag653 (ATCC CRL-1580) murine cell lines. An exemplary human myeloma cell line is U266 (ATTC CRL-TIB-196) . Other useful cell lines include those derived from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells such as CHOK1SV (Lonza Biologics, Walkersville, MD) , CHOK2SV (Lonza) , CHO-K1 (ATCC CRL-61) or DG44.
[0177] The invention also provides a method of producing an antibody of the invention comprising culturing the host cell of the invention in conditions that the antibody is expressed, and recovering the antibody produced by the host cell. Methods of making antibodies and purifying them are well known in the art. Once synthesized (either chemically or recombinantly) , the whole antibodies, their dimers, individual light and / or heavy chains, or other antibody fragments such as VH and / or VL, may be purified according to standard procedures, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification, gel electrophoresis, and the like (see generally Scopes, Protein Purification (Springer-Verlag, N.Y., (1982) ) . A subject antibody may be substantially pure, for example, at least about 80%to 85%pure, at least about 85%to 90%pure, at least about 90%to 95%pure, or at least about 98%to 99%, or more, pure, for example, free from contaminants such as cell debris, macromolecules, etc. other than the subject antibody.
[0178] The polynucleotide sequences of the invention may be incorporated into vectors using standard molecular biology methods. Host cell transformation, culture, antibody expression and purification are done using well known methods.
[0179] Another embodiment of the invention is a method of producing the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, comprising:
[0180] incorporating the polynucleotide encoding the VH, the VL, the heavy chain and / or the light chain of the antibody of the invention into an expression vector; transforming a host cell with the expression vector;
[0181] culturing the host cell in culture medium under conditions wherein the VH, the VL,the heavy chain and / or the light chain are expressed and form the antibody; and
[0182] recovering the antibody from the host cell or culture medium.
[0183] Pharmaceutical compositions / Administration
[0184] The invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the antibodies of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For therapeutic use, the antibodies of the invention may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions containing an effective amount of the antibody as an active ingredient in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. "Carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the antibody of the invention is administered. Such vehicles may be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. For example, 0.4%saline and 0.3%glycine may be used. These solutions are sterile and generally free of particulate matter. They may be sterilized by conventional, well-known sterilization techniques (e.g., filtration) . The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents, etc. The concentration of the antibodies of the invention in such pharmaceutical formulation may vary, from less than about 0.5%, usually to at least about 1%to as much as 15 or 20%by weight and may be selected primarily based on required dose, fluid volumes, viscosities, etc., according to the particular mode of administration selected. Suitable vehicles and formulations, inclusive of other human proteins, e.g., human serum albumin, are described, for example, in e.g. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Edition, Troy, D.B. ed., Lipincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2006, Part 5, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing pp 691-1092, See especially pp. 958-989.
[0185] The mode of administration for therapeutic use of the antibodies of the invention may be any suitable route that delivers the antibody to the host, such as parenteral administration, e.g., intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous or subcutaneous, pulmonary, transmucosal (oral, intranasal, intravaginal, rectal) , using a formulation in a tablet, capsule, solution, powder, gel, particle; and contained in a syringe, an implanted device, osmotic pump, cartridge, micropump; or other means appreciated by the skilled artisan, as well known in the art. Site specific administration may be achieved by for example intratumoral, intrarticular, intrabronchial, intraabdominal, intracapsular, intracartilaginous, intracavitary, intracelial, intracerebellar, intracerebroventricular, intracolic, intracervical, intragastric, intrahepatic, intracardial, intraosteal, intrapelvic, intrapericardiac, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, intraprostatic, intrapulmonary, intrarectal, intrarenal, intraretinal, intraspinal, intrasynovial, intrathoracic, intrauterine, intravascular, intravesical, intralesional, vaginal, rectal, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, or transdermal delivery.
[0186] The antibodies of the invention may be administered to a subject by any suitable route, for example parentally by intravenous (i.v. ) infusion or bolus injection, intramuscularly or subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. i.v. infusion may be given over for example 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, or 240 minutes, or from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 hours.
[0187] The dose given to a subject is sufficient to alleviate or at least partially arrest the disease being treated ( “therapeutically effective amount” ) and may be sometimes 0.005 mg to about 100 mg / kg, e.g. about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg / kg or about 5 mg to about 25 mg / kg, or about 4 mg / kg, about 8 mg / kg, about 16 mg / kg or about 24 mg / kg, or for example about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10mg / kg, but may even higher, for example about 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg / kg.
[0188] A fixed unit dose may also be given, for example, 50, 100, 200, 500 or 1000 mg, or the dose may be based on the patient's surface area, e.g., 500, 400, 300, 250, 200, or 100 mg / m2. Usually between 1 and 8 doses, (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8) may be administered to treat the patient, but 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more doses may be given.
[0189] The administration of the antibodies of the invention may be repeated after one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, one week, two weeks, three weeks, one month, five weeks, six weeks, seven weeks, two months, three months, four months, five months, six months or longer. Repeated courses of treatment are also possible, as is chronic administration. The repeated administration may be at the same dose or at a different dose. For example, the antibodies of the invention may be administered at 8 mg / kg or at 16 mg / kg at weekly interval for 8 weeks, followed by administration at 8 mg / kg or at 16 mg / kg every two weeks for an additional 16 weeks, followed by administration at 8 mg / kg or at 16 mg / kg every four weeks by intravenous infusion.
[0190] For example, the antibodies of the invention may be provided as a daily dosage in an amount of about 0.1-100 mg / kg, such as 0.5, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100 mg / kg, per day, on at least one of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40, or alternatively, at least one of week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 after initiation of treatment, or any combination thereof, using single or divided doses of every 24, 12, 8, 6, 4, or 2 hours, or any combination thereof.
[0191] The antibodies of the invention may also be administered prophylactically in order to reduce the risk of developing cancer, delay the onset of the occurrence of an event in cancer progression, and / or reduce the risk of recurrence when a cancer is in remission.
[0192] The antibodies of the invention may be lyophilized for storage and reconstituted in a suitable carrier prior to use. This technique has been shown to be effective with conventional protein preparations and well known lyophilization and reconstitution techniques can be employed.
[0193] Methods and Uses
[0194] The antibodies of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and the host cell of the invention, have in vitro and in vivo diagnostic, as well as therapeutic and prophylactic utilities. For example, the antibodies of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, or the vector of the invention may be administered to cells in culture, in vitro or ex vivo, or to a subject to treat, prevent, and / or diagnose a variety of disorders, such as cancers and infectious disorders.
[0195] The invention provides a method of modifying an immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject the antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention for a time sufficient to modify the immune response.
[0196] In some embodiments, the immune response is enhanced, stimulated or up-regulated.
[0197] In some embodiments described herein, the subject is a human patient.
[0198] In some embodiments described herein, the subject is a human patient in need of enhancement of the immune response.
[0199] In some embodiments, the subject is immunocompromised.
[0200] In some embodiments, the subject is at risk of being immunocompromised. Immunocompromised subject may be undergoing, or has undergone a chemotherapeutic or radiation therapy.
[0201] In some embodiment, the subject is or is at risk of being immunocompromised as a result of an infection.
[0202] The antibodies of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention are suitable for treating a subject having a disorder that may be treated by augmenting T-cell mediated immune responses.
[0203] In some embodiments, the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody used in the methods of the invention is those as defined in the present disclosure.
[0204] In some embodiments, the anti-TIGIT antibody used in the methods of the invention is GB005-10-H0302. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of such antibody are shown in Table 5. In some embodiments, the trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody used in the methods of the invention is TsAb-GBD209-24-3. The amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences of such antibody are shown in Table 6.
[0205] The invention also provides a method of inhibiting growth of tumor cells in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention for a time sufficient to inhibit growth of tumor cells.
[0206] The invention also provides a method of treating a cancer by administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention for a time sufficient to treat the cancer.
[0207] Cancer may be a hyperproliferative condition or disorder, a solid tumor, a hematological malignancy, a soft tissue tumor, or a metastatic lesion.
[0208] “Cancer” is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathology type or stage of invasiveness. Examples of cancers include solid tumors, hematological malignancies, soft tissue tumors, and metastatic lesions. Exemplary solid tumors include malignancies, e.g., sarcomas, and carcinomas (including adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas) of the various organ systems, such as those affecting liver, lung, breast, lymphoid, gastrointestinal (e.g., colon) , genitourinary tract (e.g., renal, urothelial cells) , prostate and pharynx. Adenocarcinomas include malignancies such as most colon cancers, a rectal cancer, a renal-cell carcinoma, a liver cancer, a non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, a cancer of the small intestine and a cancer of the esophagus. Squamous cell carcinomas include malignancies, e.g., in the lung, esophagus, skin, head and neck region, oral cavity, anus, and cervix.
[0209] In some embodiments, the cancer is a melanoma.
[0210] Metastatic lesions of the aforementioned cancers may also be treated or prevented using the methods and antibodies of the invention described herein.
[0211] Exemplary cancers whose growth may be inhibited or reduced using the antibodies of the invention include cancers that may be responsive to immunotherapy. Exemplary such cancers include a melanoma, a renal cancer, a prostate cancer, a breast cancer, a colon cancer, a gastrointestinal cancer, a stomach cancer, an esophageal cancer, a lung cancer, a metastatic malignant melanoma, a clear cell carcinoma, a hormone refractory prostate adenocarcinoma, a non-small cell lung cancer or cancer of the head and neck. Refractory or recurrent malignancies may be treated using the antibodies of the invention described herein.
[0212] Exemplary other cancers that may be treated with the antibodies of the invention include an anal cancer, a basal cell carcinoma, a biliary tract cancer, a bladder cancer, a bone cancer, brain and CNS cancers, a carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the vagina, a carcinoma of the vulva, a cutaneous or intraocular malignant melanoma, a astro-esophageal cancer, a testicular cancer, an ovarian cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a rectal cancer, an uterine cancer, a primary CNS lymphoma; a neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS) , a cervical cancer, a choriocarcinoma, a rectum cancer, a connective tissue cancer, a cancer of the digestive system, an endometrial cancer, an eye cancer; an intra-epithelial neoplasm, a kidney cancer, a larynx cancer, a liver cancer; a small cell lung cancer, a neuroblastoma, an oral cavity cancer (e.g., lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx) , a nasopharyngeal cancer, a retinoblastoma, a rhabdomyosarcoma, a cancer of the respiratory system, a sarcoma, a thyroid cancer, a cancer of the urinary system, a hepatocarcinoma, a cancer of the anal region, a carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, a carcinoma of the vagina, a carcinoma of the vulva, a cancer of the small intestine, a cancer of the endocrine system, a cancer of the parathyroid gland, a cancer of the adrenal gland, a sarcoma of soft tissue, a cancer of the urethra, a cancer of the penis, solid tumors of childhood, a tumor angiogenesis, a spinal axis tumor, a brain stem glioma, a pituitary adenoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Merkel cell cancer, an epidermoid cancer, a squamous cell cancer, an environmentally induced cancers including those induced by asbestos, as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas, and combinations of said cancers.
[0213] Exemplary hematological malignancies that may be treated with the antibodies of the invention include leukemias, lymphomas and myeloma, such as a precursor B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia / lymphoma and a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, an acute promyelocytic leukemia, an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) , a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) / small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) , a B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, a B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, a mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) , a follicular lymphoma (FL) , including low-grade, intermediate-grade and high-grade FL, a cutaneous follicle center lymphoma, a marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MALT type, nodal and splenic type) , a hairy cell leukemia, a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) , Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) , a plasmacytoma, a multiple myeloma (MM) , a plasma cell leukemia, a post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, plasma cell disorders, an anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) , a T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, a primary systemic amyloidosis (e.g. light chain amyloidosis) , a pro-lymphocytic / myelocytic leukemia, an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , a chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , a large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia, a NK-cell leukemia and Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
[0214] “Plasma cell disorder” refers to disorders characterized by clonal plasma cells, and includes a multiple myeloma, a light chain amyloidosis and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Light chain amyloidosis and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia can arise independently from multiple myeloma. They may also present simultaneously with multiple myeloma, and develop either before or after the development of multiple myeloma.
[0215] Exemplary B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a lymphomatoid granulomatosis, a primary effusion lymphoma, an intravascular large B-cell lymphoma, a mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, heavy chain diseases (including γ, μ, and a disease) , lymphomas induced by therapy with immunosuppressive agents, such as cyclosporine-induced lymphoma, and methotrexate-induced lymphoma.
[0216] In some embodiments, the subject has a tumor that expresses PD-L1.
[0217] In some embodiments, the subject has a tumor that expresses CTLA-4.
[0218] In some embodiments, the subject has a tumor that expresses TIGIT.
[0219] In some embodiments, the subject has been treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody.
[0220] In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody.
[0221] In some embodiments, the subject has a relapsed tumor after treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody.
[0222] In some embodiments, the subject has been treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (pembrolizumab) ) .
[0223] In some embodiments, the subject has been treated with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (nivolumab) ) .
[0224] In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (pembrolizumab) ) .
[0225] In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (nivolumab) ) .
[0226] In some embodiments, the subject has a relapsed tumor after treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (pembrolizumab) .
[0227] In some embodiments, the subject has a relapsed tumor after treatment with the anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g. (nivolumab) ) .
[0228] In some embodiments, the subject has been treated or is being treated with an anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g. MEDI-4736, MDX-1105, Avelumab or Atezolizumab) .
[0229] In some embodiments, the subject is refractory to treatment with the anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g. MEDI-4736, MDX-1105, Avelumab or Atezolizumab) .
[0230] In some embodiments, the subject has a relapsed tumor after treatment with the anti-PD-L1 antibody (e.g. MEDI-4736, MDX-1105, Avelumab or Atezolizumab) .
[0231] In some embodiments, the subject has been treated or is being treated with an anti-PD-L2 antibody.
[0232] In some embodiments described herein, the subject is refractory to treatment with an anti-PD-L2 antibody.
[0233] In some embodiments, the subject has a relapsed tumor after treatment with an anti-PD-L2 antibody.
[0234] Various qualitative and / or quantitative methods may be used to determine relapse or refractory nature of the disease. Symptoms that may be associated with relapse or resistance are, for example, a decline or plateau of the well-being of the patient or re-establishment or worsening of various symptoms associated with solid tumors, and / or the spread of cancerous cells in the body from one location to other organs, tissues or cells.
[0235] The invention also provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, wherein the subject is being treated or has been treated with an anti-PD-1 antibody.
[0236] The invention also provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, wherein the subject is being treated or has been treated with an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
[0237] The invention also provides a method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-TIGIT antibody, or trispecific anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT antibody of the invention, wherein the subject is being treated or has been treated with an anti-PD-L2 antibody.
[0238] Combination therapies for cancer treatment
[0239] The antibodies of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention may be administered in combination with a second therapeutic agent.
[0240] The antibodies of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention, the polynucleotide of the invention, the vector of the invention, and / or the host cell of the invention may be administered in combination with one, two, three, four, five or six additional therapeutic agents.
[0241] “In combination with” refers to administering of the antibodies of the invention and at least one second therapeutic agent concurrently as single agents or sequentially as single agents in any order. In general, each agent will be administered at a dose and / or on a time schedule determined for that agent.
[0242] In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agent modulates activity of a molecule involved in the cancer-immunity cycle, e.g. a molecule involved in stimulatory or inhibitory pathways functioning in release of cancer cell antigens, cancer antigen presentation, T cell priming and activation, trafficking of T cells to tumors, infiltration of T cells into tumors, recognition of cancer cells by T cells, and killing of cancer cells. The cancer-immunity cycle is described in Chen and Mellman (2013) Immunity 39: 1-10. In some embodiments, the second therapeutic agend modulates activity of a molecule involved in regulation of activity of T regulatory cells (Treg) , co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory ligands expressed on tumors, activating or inhibitory receptors on natural killer (NK) cells, or immunosuppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment. Combination cancer immunotherapies are described in Manoney et al., (2015) Nature Reviews 14: 561-584.
[0243] The second therapeutic agent typically enhances the activity of stimulatory molecules and suppresses the activity of inhibitory molecules, as is well known. Thus, “modulate” refers to the enhancement of immune response by the second therapeutic agent, wheatear the agent itself is agonist or antagonist of a specific molecule.
[0244] The efficacy of the combinations described herein may be tested in animal models known in the art.
[0245] Example
[0246] The present invention will now be described with reference to the following specific, non-limiting examples.
[0247] Examples
[0248] Example 1: Generation of anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, and anti-TIGIT antibody
[0249] Anti-human PD-1 antibody, anti-human CTLA-4 antibody, and anti-human TIGIT antibody were generated by immunizing alpaca with recombinant, Human PD-1, human CTLA-4, and human TIGIT extracellular domain (ECD) proteins, respectively. The total RNAs of PBMC were extracted and the cDNAs were synthesized and amplified. The framework regions of alpaca VH genes were replaced with human frameworks by CDR-grafting technique and were cloned into expression vectors to create corresponding clones of humanized antibodies. The resulting anti-PD-1 antibody GBD002-hS019-WS had a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 4. The resulting anti-CTLA-4 antibody had a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 10 (GBD008-hS005-3-2) . The resulting anti-TIGIT antibody had a heavy chain variable region of SEQ ID NO: 16 (GB005-10-H0302) . All of antibodies had a human IgG1 constant region.
[0250] Example 2: Generation of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 antibody
[0251] Construction of the trispecific antibody TsAb-GBD209-24-3: the DNA sequence encoding the heavy chain variable regions (SEQ ID NO: 4, and SEQ ID NO: 16, respectively) of anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies on the N-terminal of Fc region of IgG1 LALA, and encoding the heavy chain variable region (SEQ ID NO: 10) of anti-CTLA4 antibody on the C-terminal of Fc region of IgG1 LALA was cloned into pcDNA3.4 expression vector. The linker 1 and / or linker 2 were added as a flexible connection. The obtained trispecific antibody was named “TsAb-GBD209-24-3” . The schematic diagram of TsAb-GBD209-24-3 structure was shown in Figure 1.
[0252] Example 3: Generation of benchmark (BMK) antibodies
[0253] DNA sequences encoding the variable region of anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab (as disclosed on IMGT website) , anti-PD-1 antibody Nivolumab (as disclosed as clone 5C4 in the U.S. patent US9084776B2) , anti-CTLA-4 antibody Ipilimumab (as disclosed in patent document US20150283234) , anti-PD-1xCTLA-4 bispecific antibody Cadonilimab (as disclosed on IMGT website) , anti-PD-1xCTLA-4 bispecific antibody MEDI5752 (as disclosed on IMGT website) , and anti-TIGIT antibody Tiragolumab (as disclosed on IMGT website) were synthesized and expressed in Biointron or BioMetas (Shanghai, China) , respectively. The obtained anti-PD-1 benchmark antibodies were named as Pembrolizumab analog and Nivolumab analog, respectively. The obtained anti-CTLA-4 benchmark antibody was named as Ipilimumab analog. The obtained anti-TIGIT benchmark antibody was named as Tiragolumab analog. The obtained anti-PD-1xCTLA-4 bispecific antibodies were named as Cadonilimab analog and MEDI5752 analog, respectively.
[0254] Example 4: Binding of TsAb-GBD209-24-3, parental PD-1 (GBD002-hS019-WS) , CTLA-4 (GBD008-hS005-3-2) or TIGIT (GB005-10-H0302) nanobody to cell surface antigens
[0255] For PD-1 binding, the binding of the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating HEK293T-human PD-1 over expressing cells (Kyinno, Catalog#KC-0204) with the serially diluted (1: 3) antibodies. The cells were washed, and binding was detected with an APC anti-human IgG Fc antibody (Jackson lab, Catalog#309-605-008) by flow cytometry (BD LSRFortessa) . The antibodies of the present disclosure showed comparable or better binding abilities to HEK293T-human PD-1 overexpressing cell line as compared to benchmark (i.e., Pembrolizumab analog) (Fig. 2A) .
[0256] For CTLA-4 binding, the binding of the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating CHOK1-human CTLA-4 over expressing cells (Kyinno Catalog#KC-1406) with the serially diluted (1: 5) antibodies. Similar to the procedure of PD-1 binding, the cells were finally analyzed by flow cytometry. The antibodies of the present disclosure showed weaker binding abilities to CHOK1-human CTLA-4 overexpressing cell line as compared to benchmark (i.e., Ipilimumab analog) (Fig. 2B) .
[0257] For PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT binding, the binding of the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating HEK293T-human PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT over expressing cells (constructed in house) with the serially diluted (1: 3) antibodies. Similar to the procedure of PD-1 binding, the cells were finally analyzed by flow cytometry. The antibodies of the present disclosure showed comparable or better binding abilities to HEK293T-human PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT overexpressing cell line as compared to parental anti-PD-1 (GBD002-hS019-WS) antibody (Fig. 2C) .
[0258] For TIGIT binding, the binding of the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating CHOK1-human TIGIT over expressing cells (Kyinno Catalog#KC-2000) with the serially diluted (1: 3) antibodies. The cells were washed, and binding was detected with an APC anti-human IgG Fc antibody (Jackson lab, Catalog#309-605-008) by flow cytometry (BD LSRFortessa) . The antibodies of the present disclosure showed comparable or better binding abilities to CHOK1-human TIGIT overexpressing cell line as compared to benchmark (i.e., Tiragolumab analog) (Fig. 7) .
[0259] Example5: PD-1 / PD-L1 blocking activity in a Jurkat NFAT-Luc reporter assay
[0260] The PD-1 / PD-L1 Blockade Assay System (J1252, Promega) was used following guidance provided by the manufacturer. Briefly, CHOK1-PD-L1-TCRa cells were plated in a white 96-well plate at 4×104 cells / well in a 100-μL volume and cultured at 37 ℃ for 16-18 h. Antibodies were prepared at a 2×working concentration and with 1: 3 serial dilutions in assay buffer (RPMI 1640medium+1%FBS) . Jurkat-PD1-NFAT-Luc cells were centrifuged and re-suspended in assaybuffer at 1×106cells / ml. Then, the 2×concentrated antibodies and Jurkat-PD1-NFAT-Luc cells were mixed at a 1: 1 volume ratio and incubated at 37 ℃ for 6 h. To measure the luminescence signal, 100 μL of Bio-GloTM Reagent was added to each well at room temperature, and the plate was incubated for 4 min and then read by an Envision (perkinElmer) . The antibodies of the present disclosure significantly blocked the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1 (Fig. 3) .
[0261] Example 6: Blocking of PD-1-PD-L2 binding
[0262] The blocking on PD-L2 ligand by the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating HEK293T-human PD-1 overexpressing cells with the serially diluted (1: 3) antibodies. The cells were washed twice, and added 1μg / mL Human PD-L2 to the designated row of the assay plate, mixed well and incubated at 4℃for 1 h. After incubation, the cells were washed once and re-suspended in 120μL FACS buffer (BioLegend, Catalog#420201) . The assay plate was detected by flow cytometry. The results are shown in Fig. 4. The antibodies of the present disclosure significantly blocked the binding of PD-L2 to PD-1.
[0263] Example 7: Blocking of CTLA4-CD80 / 86 binding
[0264] The blocking on CD80 or CD86 ligands by the antibodies of the present disclosure was assessed by incubating CHOK1-human CTLA-4 or HEK293T-human PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT overexpressing cells with the serially diluted (1: 5) antibodies, in the presence of anti-human CD80 Fc&his&biotinylated tag (Sino Biological, Catalog#10698-H49H-B) or anti-human CD86 Fc&his&biotinylated tag (Sino Biological, Catalog#10699-H02H) . After incubation for 30 min at 4℃, the cells were washed once and re-suspended in 120μL FACS buffer. The assay plate was detected by flow cytometry. The antibodies of the present disclosure only partially blocked CD80 or CD86-CTLA4 interaction on CHOK1-human CTLA-4 overexpressing cells (Figs. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B) but significantly blocked the binding of CD80 or CD86 to CTLA-4 on HEK293T-human PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIToverexpressing cells (Figs. 5B and 6B) .
[0265] Example 8: TIGIT / CD155 blocking activity in a Jurkat NFAT-Luc reporter assay
[0266] The TIGIT / CD155 Blockade Assay System (J2201, Promega) was used following guidance provided by the manufacturer. Briefly, CHOK1-CD155-TCRa cells were plated in a white 96-well plate at 5×104 cells / well in a 100-μL volume and cultured at 37 ℃ for 16-18 h. Antibodies were prepared at a 2×working concentration and with 1: 3 serial dilutions in assay buffer (RPMI 1640 medium+1%FBS) . Jurkat-TIGIT-NFAT-Luc cells were centrifuged and re-suspended in assay buffer at 5×105 cells / ml. Then, the 2×concentrated antibodies and Jurkat-TIGIT-NFAT-Luc cells were mixed at a 1: 1 volume ratio and incubated at 37 ℃ for 6 h. To measure the luminescence signal, 100 μL of Bio-GloTM Reagent was added to each well at room temperature, and the plate was incubated for 5-10 min and then read by an Envision (perkinElmer) . The antibodies of the present disclosure significantly blocked the binding of CD155 to TIGIT (Fig. 8) .
[0267] Example 9: Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)
[0268] Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was used to test the agonistic effect of antibodies on cytokine secretion and proliferation of activated CD4+T cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were freshly isolated from healthy donors. Human monocytes were isolated using EasySep TM Human CD14 positive selection kit II (Stem cell, Catalog#17858) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Monocytes were cultured in complete RPMI-1640 medium with 50ng / ml recombinant human GM-CSF (R&D, catalog#215-GM-500) and 50ng / ml rhIL-4 (R&D, catalog#204-IL-500) for 5 to 7 days to differentiate into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) . Human CD4+T cells were isolated using EasySep TM Human T cell isolation kit (Stemcell, catalog#17951) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. For allogeneic MLR, isolated CD4+T cells were co-cultured with immature DCs. And various concentrations of antibodies (1: 10 diluted from 100nM) were added to 96-well round bottom plates in complete RPMI-1640 medium. The plates were incubated at 37℃in 5%CO2 incubator. IFNγin the supernatant were quantified on day5. The antibodies of the present disclosure showed significant T cell activation compared with benchmark, as Pembrolizumab analog (Fig. 9) .
[0269] Example 10: PD-1 receptor downregulation analyses
[0270] To determine the effect of antibody internalization on surface PD-1 levels, HEK293T-humanPD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT cells were incubated with serial dilutions of control and test antibodies, starting at a concentration of 500 nmol / L. Cells were added at 4×105 cells / well followed by incubation at 37℃ with 5%CO2 for 20 h. After incubation, cells were washed twice with FACS buffer to remove excess antibody, and residual surface PD-1 receptor was detected by incubation with 10 μg / mL of a noncompeting anti–PD-1 antibody labeled with AF-647 at 4℃ for 30 minutes. After staining, cells were fixed with 4%PFA for 10 minutes, and analysis using flow cytometry (BD LSRFortessa) . The antibodies of the present disclosure showed significant downregulation of PD-1 receptor (Fig. 10) .
[0271] Example 11: Efficacy study in A375 xenograft model
[0272] The anti-tumor activity of the TsAb-GBD209-24-3 was measured in A375 melanoma cell line (Cobioer, Catalog#CBP60329) xenograft model. 6-8 weeks old female NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgem1Smoc mice (Shanghai Model Organisms Center, Inc) were each implanted SC with 5×106 A375 tumor cells and intravenously injected 6×105 healthy PBMC, following randomized into treatment groups of6 mice / group 11 days post-implantation. Abs (TsAb-GBD209-24-3 or a control hIgG1-LALAAb) were administered at noted dose in a volume of200μL via IP injection at day 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 post-implantation. Tumor measurements were recorded twice per week for up to 18 days post-implantation, after which the mice were euthanized. Compared with the negative control (human IgG1-LALA) , TsAb-GBD209-24-3 exhibited significant anti-tumor activity and well tolerance (Fig. 11A) . In addition, TsAb-GBD209-24-3 showed better in vivo anti-tumor efficacy compared to MEDI5752 analog (PD-1×CTLA-4 bsAb developed byAstraZeneca) in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 11B) .
[0273] Example 12: Kinetics parameters of antibodies detected by Octet
[0274] Kinetic assays were performed by first capturing mAb using anti-human Fc (AHC) Octet (Sartorius) biosensors followed by at least two baseline steps of30 s each in HBS-EBT buffer. The mAb-captured biosensors were then submerged in wells containing different concentrations of antigen for 4–6 min followed by 10–15 min of dissociation time in HBS-EBT buffer. The mAb-captured sensors were also dipped in wells containing HBS-EBT buffer to allow single reference subtraction in order to compensate for the natural dissociation of captured mAb. The binding sensorgrams were collected using the high sensitivity 16-channel detection mode on the Octet HTX biosensor. Unless specified, fresh AHC biosensors were used without any regeneration step. Kinetics parameters of the antibodies of the present disclosure were shown in Table 7.
[0275] Table 7. Kinetics parameters of antibodies detected by Octet
[0276] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0277] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
[0278] References
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Claims
1.An anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody, comprising a first domain specifically binding to PD-1, a second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4, and a third domain specifically binding to TIGIT.2.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of claim 1, whereina) the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively;b) the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 7, 8, and 9, respectively; and / orc) the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.3.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of claim 1 or2, whereina) the first domain specifically binding to PD-1 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 4;b) the second domain specifically binding to CTLA-4 comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 10; and / orc) the third domain specifically binding to TIGIT comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.4.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-3, wherein the antibody further comprises an Fc region of IgG.5.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of claim 4, wherein the first domain, the second domain, the third domain, and / or the Fc region are connected to each other directly or via one or more linkers.6.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of claim 5, wherein the linkers are same or different, and / or wherein the linker is a flexible linker, and / or wherein the linker is a peptide linker.7.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-6, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19, or consists of a heavy chain of SEQ ID NO: 19.8.The anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-7, wherein the antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype, optionally comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten substitutions in an Fc region.9.An anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof specifically binding to TIGIT, comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising heavy chain complementarity determining regions 1 (HCDR1) , 2 (HCDR2) and 3 (HCDR3) of SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, and 15, respectively.10.The anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 9, wherein the anti-TIGIT antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16, or consists of a heavy chain variable region (VH) of SEQ ID NO: 16.11.The anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 9 or 10, wherein the anti-TIGIT antibody further comprises an Fc region of IgG.12.The anti-TIGIT antibody of or antigen-binding fragment thereof claim 11, wherein the heavy chain variable region (VH) and the Fc region are connected to each other directly or via one or more linkers.13.The anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of claim 12, wherein the linkers are same or different, and / or wherein the linker is a flexible linker, and / or wherein the linker is a peptide linker.14.The anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the claims 9-13, wherein the anti-TIGIT antibody is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 isotype, optionally comprising one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten substitutions in an Fc region.15.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-8, or the anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the claims 9-14, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.16.A polynucleotide encoding the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-8 or the anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof of any of the claims 9-14.17.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 16.18.An isolated host cell comprising the vector of claim 17.19.A method of producing an anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody or anti-TIGIT antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising culturing the host cell of claim 18 in conditions that the antibody is expressed, and recovering and purifying the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody or anti-TIGIT antibody produced by the host cell.20.A method of treating a cancer in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-PD-1 / CTLA-4 / TIGIT trispecific antibody of any of the claims 1-8, the anti-TIGIT antibody of any of the claims 9-14, the pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, the polynucleotide of claim 16, the vector of claim 17, or the host cell of claim 18 to the subject in need thereof for a time sufficient to treat the cancer.21.The method of claim 20, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor or a hematological malignancy.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the solid tumor is a melanoma, a lung cancer, a squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , a non-squamous NSCLC, a colorectal cancer, a prostate cancer, a castration-resistant prostate cancer, a stomach cancer, an ovarian cancer, a gastric cancer, a liver cancer, a pancreatic cancer, a thyroid cancer, a squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, carcinomas of the esophagus or gastrointestinal tract, a breast cancer, a fallopian tube cancer, a brain cancer, an urethral cancer, a genitourinary cancer, an endometriosis, a cervical cancer or a metastatic lesion of the cancer.