Electrophotographic member and electrophotographic image forming apparatus

Abstract

To provide an electrophotographic member that can prevent interfacial peeling and a reduction in resistance in a high temperature and high humidity environment even when it is used over a long period.SOLUTION: An electrophotographic member includes a base layer, an elastic layer including silicone rubber, and a surface layer including a cured product of a fluorine rubber composition, which are laminated in this order. The elastic layer contains an ion conductive agent. The fluorine rubber composition includes a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an electrophotographic member used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus such as a copying machine or a printer, and to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus. [Background technology]

[0002] In electrophotographic image forming devices, the tandem method is widely used, in which toner images of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) are superimposed on an intermediate transfer belt, and then all of the toner images are transferred onto paper at once to obtain a full-color image.

[0003] In such electrophotographic image forming apparatuses (hereinafter simply referred to as "image forming apparatuses"), in order to further improve image quality, there are cases where an intermediate transfer belt using an elastic layer in at least one layer of the layer structure (hereinafter referred to as an elastic intermediate transfer belt) is adopted instead of an intermediate transfer belt using a resin. The elastic intermediate transfer belt is soft because it has at least one elastic layer in the layer structure, and is known to be effective in preventing the hollowing phenomenon because it can reduce the pressure acting on the toner in the transfer section. In addition, since it has good adhesion to the paper in the secondary transfer section, it is known to be effective not only in improving the transfer efficiency for general paper, but also in the transferability for thick paper and paper with unevenness.

[0004] The material used for the surface layer of the elastic intermediate transfer belt is usually a material that is harder than the elastic layer, so long as it is not worn or peeled off due to friction with various contact members. However, if a material with too high a hardness is used, the media tracking ability, which is an advantage of the elastic belt, is lost, so a material with higher flexibility is used as long as it is not worn or peeled off.

[0005] Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose intermediate transfer belts in which silicone rubber is used as the material for the elastic layer and fluororubber is used as the material for the surface layer. It is also known to include an ionic conductive agent in the elastic layer in order to suppress uneven resistance of the intermediate transfer belt. Patent Document 3 describes an intermediate transfer belt in which an ionic liquid containing a cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain and an anion is included as an ionic conductive agent in an elastic layer containing silicone rubber. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0006] [Patent Document 1] JP 2007-240939 A [Patent Document 2] JP 2012-108545 A [Patent Document 3] JP 2018-194822 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0007] However, according to the study by the present inventors, when an electrophotographic member in which the elastic layer contains silicone rubber containing an ion conductive agent and the surface layer contains fluororubber is used as an elastic intermediate transfer belt for a long period of time, the following problems arise: That is, while such an elastic intermediate transfer belt has excellent media tracking properties and toner releasability, interfacial peeling between the elastic layer and the surface layer and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment may occur. Therefore, at least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to an electrophotographic member capable of suppressing interfacial peeling and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment even when used for a long period of time. At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to an electrophotographic image forming apparatus capable of forming stable images for a long period of time. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is an electrophotographic member, comprising: The electrophotographic member comprises a base layer, an elastic layer containing silicone rubber, and a surface layer containing a cured product of a fluororubber composition, laminated in this order; The elastic layer contains an ion conductive agent, The fluororubber composition contains a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group, and is intended for electrophotographic members.

[0009] At least one aspect of the present disclosure provides a toner image forming apparatus comprising: an image carrier that carries a toner image; an intermediate transfer belt for secondarily transferring the toner image, which has been primarily transferred from the image carrier, onto a transfer material, The intermediate transfer belt is intended for an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, which is the electrophotographic member described above. Effect of the Invention

[0010] According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrophotographic member capable of suppressing interfacial peeling and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment even when used for a long period of time. According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrophotographic image forming apparatus capable of forming stable images for a long period of time. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1] 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an example of an image forming apparatus using an electrophotographic member of the present disclosure. [Diagram 2] 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the layer configuration of an electrophotographic member of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] In the present disclosure, the description of "XX or more and YY or less" or "XX to YY" expressing a numerical range means a numerical range including the lower and upper limits, which are the endpoints, unless otherwise specified. When a numerical range is described in stages, the upper and lower limits of each numerical range can be arbitrarily combined. In addition, in the present disclosure, the unit of surface resistivity "Ω / □" means "Ω / square". In addition, in the present disclosure, a description such as "at least one selected from the group consisting of XX, YY, and ZZ" means any of XX, YY, ZZ, a combination of XX and YY, a combination of XX and ZZ, a combination of YY and ZZ, or a combination of XX, YY, and ZZ.

[0013] The present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to preferred embodiments. At least one aspect of the present disclosure is an electrophotographic member, comprising: The electrophotographic member comprises a base layer, an elastic layer containing silicone rubber, and a surface layer containing a cured product of a fluororubber composition, laminated in this order; The elastic layer contains an ion conductive agent, The present invention relates to an electrophotographic member, in which the fluororubber composition contains a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group.

[0014] The present inventors speculate as follows why the electrophotographic member can suppress interfacial peeling and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment even when used for a long period of time. As described above, when an electrophotographic member containing silicone rubber containing an ion conductive agent in the elastic layer and fluororubber in the surface layer is used as an elastic intermediate transfer belt for a long period of time, there are problems such as interfacial peeling between the elastic layer and the surface layer and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. It is speculated that this occurs when moisture bleeds to the interface, reducing the adhesion of the interface. It is also speculated that the decrease in resistance in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment occurs when moisture penetrates into the interface where adhesion has been reduced.

[0015] The electrophotographic member of the present disclosure includes an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in a fluororubber composition. The alkoxysilane compound having an amino group has an alkoxysilyl group, and therefore has high chemical affinity with silicone rubber. Therefore, it is considered that the surface layer formed from the fluororubber composition can exhibit high adhesion with an elastic layer containing silicone rubber.

[0016] And, since the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group has an amino group, it can form a chemical bond with the copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure when forming the surface layer. Therefore, the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is unlikely to bleed from the surface layer. For the above reason, even if the ion conductive agent bleeds, it is considered that the adhesion between the elastic layer and the surface layer can be maintained for a long period of time. It is speculated that the above mechanism can suppress interfacial peeling during long-term use and a decrease in resistance in high-temperature, high-humidity environments.

[0017] The content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the fluororubber composition is preferably 2 to 15 mass%, more preferably 3 to 10 mass%, and even more preferably 4 to 7 mass%, based on the mass of the fluororubber composition. By being in this range, the effect of suppressing the decrease in resistance in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment is further improved. Since the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group has low hydrophobicity, it is considered that by being in the above content, the compound is less susceptible to the influence of moisture and the decrease in resistance in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment can be further suppressed. The fluororubber composition contains a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure capable of forming a surface layer, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group. Therefore, the mass of the fluororubber composition does not include the mass of the dispersion medium (water, alcohol-based solvent, etc.). The fluororubber composition dispersed in the dispersion medium is used as a surface layer coating liquid containing the fluororubber composition.

[0018] The alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is preferably a compound represented by the following formula (1). [ka]

[0019] In formula (1), R is a methyl group or an ethyl group, and X is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is a divalent alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (preferably 2 or 3, more preferably 3), and n is an integer of 1 to 3 (preferably 2 or 3, more preferably 3).

[0020] When the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is a compound represented by formula (1), the hydrophobicity of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is increased, and it is believed that the decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment can be further suppressed. It is more preferable that n in the compound represented by formula (1) is 3. In this case, it is believed that the chemical affinity with silicone rubber is increased, and the adhesion between the elastic layer and the surface layer is further improved.

[0021] Specific examples of alkoxysilane compounds having an amino group (exemplary compounds (1-1) to (1-6)) are listed below, but the present disclosure is not limited to these. [ka]

[0022] Next, the configuration of the electrophotographic member will be described. In addition, each component of the electrophotographic member will be described, and a manufacturing method thereof will also be described. Note that the present disclosure is not limited to the following description.

[0023] The electrophotographic member is a laminate in which at least three layers, a base layer 21, an elastic layer 22, and a surface layer 23, are laminated in this order, as exemplified in Fig. 2. However, the present invention is not limited to these three layers, and for example, another layer, such as a primer layer for improving adhesion, may be added between the base layer 21 and the elastic layer 22. The primer layer is not particularly limited, and a known one may be used. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of not impairing the flexibility of the elastic layer, it is preferable that no other layer, such as a primer layer for improving adhesion, is provided between the elastic layer 22 and the surface layer 23.

[0024] (base layer) The base layer 21 will be described. For example, the base layer 21 is a cylindrical, seamless type in the form of a roll or belt, and may be in the form of an endless belt. Suitable materials for the base layer 21 include resin materials such as polyether ether ketone, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polyester, polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyacetal, polyphenylene sulfide, and polyvinylidene fluoride. The base layer 21 preferably contains polyimide.

[0025] The resin of the base layer 21 may be made conductive by adding a conductive compound such as metal powder, conductive oxide powder, conductive carbon, lithium salt, ionic liquid, etc. Other combinations of resins and conductive agents may be used. The thickness of the base layer 21 is preferably 10 to 500 μm, and more preferably 30 to 150 μm. If the thickness is 10 μm or more, the mechanical strength is further improved, and if it is 500 μm or less, the rigidity is appropriate.

[0026] (Elastic layer) Next, the elastic layer 22 will be described. The elastic layer 22 needs to have a suitable degree of flexibility in order to conform to the surface shape of the recording medium. In the present disclosure, the elastic layer 22 contains silicone rubber because the compression set (JISK 6262) is small even in the low hardness region, for example.

[0027] The silicone rubber is, for example, a cured product of an addition-curing liquid silicone rubber mixture. In general, an addition-curing liquid silicone rubber mixture contains the following components (a), (b), and (c): (a) an organopolysiloxane having an unsaturated aliphatic group; (b) an organopolysiloxane having active hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms; (c) Platinum compounds as cross-linking catalysts.

[0028] Examples of the organopolysiloxane having an unsaturated aliphatic group, which is component (a), include the following. Either or both of intermediate units selected from the group consisting of intermediate units represented by R1R1SiO and intermediate units represented by R1R2SiO, and R1R1R2SiO 1 / 2 and a molecular end represented by the following structural formula 1. [ka]

[0029] Either or both of intermediate units selected from the group consisting of intermediate units represented by R1R1SiO and intermediate units represented by R1R2SiO, and R1R1R1SiO 1 / 2 and a molecular end represented by the following structural formula 2. [ka]

[0030] Intermediate unit: R1SiO 3 / 2 or SiO 4 / 2 A branched organopolysiloxane comprising: Each R1 bonded directly to a silicon atom is independently an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group that does not contain an unsaturated aliphatic group, each R2 is independently an unsaturated aliphatic group bonded to a silicon atom, and each m and n is independently an integer of 0 or greater. Examples of the unsubstituted hydrocarbon group not containing an unsaturated aliphatic group, represented by R1, include an alkyl group and an aryl group. The alkyl group may be an alkyl group having preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and further preferably 1 or 2 carbon atoms, and preferred examples include, for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, and a hexyl group. Examples of the aryl group include, for example, a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Among the above groups, R is particularly preferred because it allows easy synthesis and handling of the organopolysiloxane and gives a silicone rubber cured product with excellent heat resistance. 1 It is preferable that 50% or more of R are methyl groups, and all R 1is more preferably a methyl group. stomach.

[0031] Further, examples of the substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group that does not have an unsaturated aliphatic group include the above-mentioned hydrocarbon groups in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted with a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group or an ethoxy group, or a cyano group. Specific examples include a chloromethyl group, a 3-chloropropyl group, a 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl group, a 3-cyanopropyl group, and a 3-methoxypropyl group. Examples of the unsaturated aliphatic group represented by R2 that is directly bonded to a silicon atom include vinyl, allyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 5-hexenyl groups. Among these, vinyl groups are preferred because they are easy to synthesize and handle and the crosslinking reaction of the liquid silicone rubber proceeds more easily.

[0032] In structural formula 1, linear organopolysiloxanes where n=0 have unsaturated aliphatic groups only at both ends, while linear organopolysiloxanes where n=1 or more have unsaturated aliphatic groups at both ends and in the side chains. Also, linear organopolysiloxanes represented by structural formula 2 have unsaturated aliphatic groups only in the side chains.

[0033] The component (a) may be a commercially available product, for example, product name: TSE3032A / B, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.

[0034] The organopolysiloxane having active hydrogen bonded to silicon atoms, component (b), is a crosslinking agent that reacts with the unsaturated aliphatic groups in component (a) under the catalytic action of the platinum compound, component (c), to form a crosslinked structure. The number of active hydrogens bonded to silicon atoms in component (b) is preferably more than 3 on average per molecule.

[0035] The organic group bonded to the silicon atom in the organopolysiloxane having active hydrogen bonded to silicon, which is component (b), is exemplified by the same unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group that does not contain an unsaturated aliphatic group as R1 in component (a). In particular, the organic group is preferably a methyl group, because it is easy to synthesize and handle. The molecular weight of the organopolysiloxane having active hydrogen bonded to silicon atom is not particularly limited.

[0036] The siloxane skeleton of component (b) may be linear, branched, or cyclic, or a mixture of these may be used. From the viewpoint of ease of synthesis, linear structures are particularly preferred. In component (b), the Si-H bond may be present in any siloxane unit in the molecule, but at least a portion of it should be represented by the formula (R1)2HSiO 1 / 2 It is preferred that the siloxane units are present at the terminals of the molecules, such as units.

[0037] As the component (b) having a linear siloxane skeleton, for example, linear organopolysiloxanes shown in the following structural formulas 3 and 4 can be used. [ka]

[0038] In Structural Formula 3 and Structural Formula 4, R1 is defined as the same as R1 in Structural Formula 1 and Structural Formula 2. p represents an integer of 0 or more, and q represents an integer of 1 or more. The component (b) may be a commercially available product, such as HMS-301 manufactured by Gelest Co., Ltd. "HMS-301" has the structure shown in structural formula 4, in which all R1s are methyl groups.

[0039] The addition-curing liquid silicone rubber mixture preferably has an unsaturated aliphatic group content of 0.1 mol % or more and 2.0 mol % or less, and more preferably 0.2 mol % or more and 1.0 mol % or less, per mole of silicon atom.

[0040] As the component (c), a known platinum compound can be used, for example, 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane platinum complex.

[0041] Further, a conductive agent is added to the elastic layer 22 for the purpose of imparting electrical conductivity to the elastic layer 22. In the present disclosure, the elastic layer 22 contains an ionic conductive agent for the purpose of suppressing uneven resistance caused by the dispersibility of the conductive agent. Examples of the ionic conductive agent include lithium salts, potassium salts, ionic liquids, etc. Among these, the ionic liquids are preferred from the viewpoint of suppressing uneven resistance.

[0042] The ionic liquid is not particularly limited, and a combination of a known cation and anion can be used. The cation may be at least one selected from the group consisting of ammonium cations (quaternary ammonium cations) such as tributylmethylammonium, pyridinium cations (cations having a pyridinium structure), imidazolium cations (cations having an imidazolium structure), phosphonium cations such as quaternary phosphonium cations, lithium, potassium, cations modified with dimethylsiloxane chains, and cations having an alkoxysilyl group. The cation is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium and ammonium cations.

[0043] The anion may be, for example, a tetrafluoroborate anion, a hexafluorophosphate anion, or a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion (CF3SO2)2N - , AlCl4 - , Al2Cl7 - , NO3 - , BF4 - , PF6 - , CH3COO - , CF3COO - , CF3SO3 - , (CF3SO2)3C - , AsF6 - , SbF6 - , F(HF)n - , CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3 -, (CF3CF2SO2)2N - , CF3CF2CF2COO - etc. The anion is preferably a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anion.

[0044] As the ionic liquid, an ionic liquid containing a cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain and an anion is preferred. The cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain may be a known cation such as the above-mentioned cation, to which a dimethylsiloxane chain is bonded. The cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain is considered to be capable of suppressing the resistance decrease in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, since the hydrophobicity of the ionic liquid is high. As the ionic liquid containing a cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain and an anion, for example, X-40-2450 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd. can be used.

[0045] Also preferred is an ionic liquid containing a cation having an alkoxysilyl group and an anion. Examples of the cation having an alkoxysilyl group include those in which an alkoxysilyl group is bonded to a known cation, including those described above. In this case, since it is chemically bonded to an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition, it is considered that the adhesion between the elastic layer and the surface layer is further improved, and the interfacial peeling and the decrease in resistance under a high temperature and high humidity environment can be further suppressed. As an ionic liquid containing a cation having an alkoxysilyl group and an anion, for example, IL-S6 manufactured by Koei Chemical Co., Ltd. can be used.

[0046] From the viewpoint of mechanical strength, the amount of the ion conductive agent contained in the elastic layer 22 is preferably 0.01 to 10.0 parts by mass, more preferably 2.0 to 8.0 parts by mass, and even more preferably 3.0 to 6.0 parts by mass, relative to 100 parts by mass of silicone rubber. This provides the elastic layer 22 with more stable conductivity suitable for an intermediate transfer belt.

[0047] The thickness of the elastic layer 22 is preferably about 100 to 1000 μm, more preferably 150 to 500 μm, and further preferably 200 to 300 μm. The hardness of the elastic layer 22 measured using a micro rubber hardness meter (MD-1 Type C, manufactured by Kobunshi Keiki Co., Ltd., temperature 23° C., relative humidity 40%) is preferably 85° or less.

[0048] In addition, the elastic layer 22 may contain other additives such as fillers, crosslinking accelerators, crosslinking retarders, crosslinking assistants, scorch inhibitors, anti-aging agents, softeners, heat stabilizers, flame retardants, flame retardant assistants, ultraviolet absorbers, and rust inhibitors.

[0049] The intermediate transfer belt may be required to be flame retardant because it is electrically conductive at the transfer portion. In order to ensure flame retardancy, the elastic layer may contain a flame retardant. Examples of flame retardants include metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide that utilize endothermic action, platinum compounds and phenolic compounds that suppress thermal decomposition, intumescent compounds that have an oxygen blocking effect, and phosphate ester condensation compounds.

[0050] Examples of the filler include reinforcing fillers such as fumed silica, crystalline silica, wet silica, fumed titanium oxide, and cellulose nanofibers.

[0051] Furthermore, a primer layer (not shown) may be provided between the base layer 21 and the elastic layer 22 to improve adhesion, if necessary. The primer used here is a compound containing a silane coupling agent, a silicone polymer, a hydrogenated methylsiloxane, an alkoxysilane, a reaction agent, etc., in an organic solvent. It is a paint in which an accelerating catalyst and a colorant such as red iron oxide are appropriately mixed and dispersed. The primer can be appropriately selected depending on the material of the base layer 21, the type of the elastic layer 22, or the form of the crosslinking reaction. As the primer, for example, DY39-051A / B or DY39-067A / B manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd. can be used. From the viewpoint of reducing cohesive failure within the primer layer, the thickness of the primer layer is preferably 0.1 μm or more and 3 μm or less.

[0052] The structure of the ionic conductive agent in the elastic layer can be confirmed by immersing the elastic layer in a solvent such as methanol or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), extracting the components dissolved in the solvent, and analyzing them. Examples of analytical methods include liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The structure of the silicone rubber in the elastic layer can be confirmed by analytical means such as solid-state Si-NMR or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

[0053] (Surface layer) Next, the surface layer 23 will be described. The surface layer includes a cured product of a fluororubber composition. Fluororubber has excellent media conformability due to its excellent flexibility, and has low surface energy, so it has sufficiently low friction without the addition of fillers, etc., is resistant to cracks, and has low gas permeability. Therefore, fluororubber has the property of blocking bleeding from the elastic layer.

[0054] The fluororubber composition used for the surface layer contains a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group. The means for obtaining a cured product of the fluororubber composition to form the surface layer is not particularly limited. For example, the fluororubber composition is dispersed in a dispersion medium such as water or an alcohol-based solvent to prepare a coating liquid for the surface layer containing the fluororubber composition, and the coating liquid for the surface layer containing the fluororubber composition is applied onto the elastic layer by means such as spray coating, and cured by heating to form the surface layer 23.

[0055] Generally, there are methods for vulcanizing fluororubber, such as amine vulcanization, polyol vulcanization, and peroxide vulcanization. In the present disclosure, however, in order for the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group to form a chemical bond with the copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure during the formation of the surface layer, the vulcanization method for the fluororubber composition is required to be amine vulcanization.

[0056] When the vulcanization method of the fluororubber is amine vulcanization, the fluororubber composition contains a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure and an amine-based vulcanizing agent. The copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure preferably includes at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, etc. The copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure more preferably includes vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

[0057] The amine-based vulcanizing agent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines such as hexamethylenediamine and hexamethylenediamine carbamate and their salts, aromatic polyamines such as phenylenediamine and xylylenediamine and their salts, etc. From the viewpoint of imparting flexibility to the surface layer, it is preferable that the amine-based vulcanizing agent contains at least one selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines and their salts. When an aliphatic polyamine or a salt thereof is used, the formed surface layer has at least one structure selected from the group consisting of the following formulas (2) and (3). By having such a structure, the surface layer has flexibility, and therefore cracks and interfacial peeling between the elastic layer and the surface layer can be further suppressed. [ka]

[0058] In formula (2), m 1 is an integer of 1 to 12 (preferably 3 to 9, more preferably 4 to 8), and in formula (3), m 2 is an integer of 1 to 12 (preferably 3 to 9, more preferably 4 to 8). The amine vulcanizing agent more preferably contains hexamethylenediamine carbamate. The thickness of the surface layer 23 is preferably 3 to 10 μm, and more preferably 5 to 10 μm, so as not to impair the flexibility of the elastic layer.

[0059] In order to improve the adhesion between the elastic layer 22 and the surface layer 23, the outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer 22 may be surface-treated. Examples of the surface treatment method include corona discharge and excimer UV irradiation. Preferably, the outer peripheral surface of the elastic layer 22 is excimer UV treated. By carrying out the above surface treatment, hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups are generated on the surface of the elastic layer, which chemically bond with an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition, and it is considered that the adhesion between the elastic layer and the surface layer is further improved, and interfacial peeling and a decrease in resistance in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment can be further suppressed.

[0060] (Image forming device) The electrophotographic image forming apparatus includes an image carrier that carries a toner image, and an intermediate transfer belt that performs a second transfer of the toner image, which is primarily transferred from the image carrier, onto a transfer material. The intermediate transfer belt is the electrophotographic member described above. The electrophotographic member is not limited to the intermediate transfer belt, and may also be used as a pressure member or the like. The electrophotographic member is preferably an intermediate transfer belt.

[0061] An example of an image forming apparatus using an elastic intermediate transfer belt will be described with reference to Fig. 1. The electrophotographic image forming apparatus 100 in Fig. 1 is a color electrophotographic image forming apparatus (color laser printer). In this electrophotographic image forming apparatus, image forming units Py, Pm, Pc, and Pk of the respective colors of yellow (Y), magenta (M), cyan (C), and black (K) are arranged in that order in the moving direction along a flat portion of the intermediate transfer belt 7, which is an intermediate transfer body.

[0062] Here, 1Y, 1M, 1C, and 1K respectively represent electrophotographic photosensitive members, 2Y, 2M, 2C, and 2K respectively represent charging rollers, 3Y, 3M, 3C, and 3K respectively represent laser exposure devices, 4Y, 4M, 4C, and 4K respectively represent developers, and 5Y, 5M, 5C, and 5K respectively represent primary transfer rollers. Since the basic configuration of each image forming unit is the same, the details of the image forming units will only be described for the yellow image forming unit Py.

[0063] The yellow image forming unit Py has a drum-shaped electrophotographic photosensitive member (hereinafter also referred to as a "photosensitive drum" or a "first image bearing member") 1Y as an image bearing member. The photosensitive drum 1Y is formed by laminating a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer, and a surface protective layer in this order on an aluminum cylinder as a base.

[0064] Further, the yellow image forming unit Py includes a charging roller 2Y as a charging means. By applying a charging bias to the charging roller 2Y, the surface of the photosensitive drum 1Y is uniformly charged.

[0065] A laser exposure device 3Y is disposed above the photosensitive drum 1Y as an image exposure means. The laser exposure device 3Y scans and exposes the uniformly charged surface of the photosensitive drum 1Y in accordance with image information, forming an electrostatic latent image of a yellow color component on the surface of the photosensitive drum 1Y.

[0066] The electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 1Y is developed by the developing device 4Y as a developing means with toner, which is a developer. That is, the developing device 4Y includes a developing roller 4Ya, which is a developer carrier, and a regulating blade 4Yb, which is a developer amount regulating member, and also contains yellow toner, which is a developer. The developing roller 4Ya, to which the yellow toner is supplied, is lightly pressed against the photosensitive drum 1Y in the developing section, and rotates in the forward direction with a speed difference from the photosensitive drum 1Y. The yellow toner conveyed to the developing section by the developing roller 4Ya adheres to the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive drum 1Y by applying a developing bias to the developing roller 4Ya. As a result, a toner image (yellow toner image), which is a visible image, is formed on the photosensitive drum 1Y.

[0067] The intermediate transfer belt 7 is stretched around a drive roller 71, a tension roller 72, and a driven roller 73, and is moved (rotationally driven) in the direction of the arrow in the figure while in contact with the photosensitive drum 1Y. The yellow toner image formed on the photosensitive drum (first image carrier) that has reached the primary transfer portion Ty is primarily transferred onto the intermediate transfer belt 7 by a primary transfer body (primary transfer roller 5Y) that is arranged opposite the photosensitive drum 1Y via the intermediate transfer belt 7.

[0068] Similarly, the above image forming operation is performed in each of the magenta (M), cyan (C) and black (K) units Pm, Pc and Pk as the intermediate transfer belt 7 moves, and toner images of four colors, yellow, magenta, cyan and black, are stacked on the intermediate transfer belt 7. The four color toner layers are transported as the intermediate transfer belt 7 moves, and are transferred collectively at the secondary transfer portion T' by a secondary transfer roller 8 as a secondary transfer means onto a transfer material S (hereinafter also referred to as a "second image carrier") transported at a predetermined timing. In such secondary transfer, a transfer voltage of several kV is usually applied to ensure a sufficient transfer rate.

[0069] The transfer material S is supplied to a conveying path from a cassette 12 in which the transfer material S is stored by a pickup roller 13. The transfer material S supplied to the conveying path is conveyed to a secondary transfer portion T' in synchronization with the four-color toner image transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 7 by a conveying roller pair 14 and a registration roller pair 15.

[0070] The toner image transferred to the transfer material S is fixed by a fixing device 9 to become, for example, a full-color image. The fixing device 9 has a fixing roller 91 equipped with a heating means and a pressure roller 92, and fixes the unfixed toner image on the transfer material S by applying heat and pressure. Thereafter, the transfer material S is discharged outside the machine by a pair of conveying rollers 16, a pair of discharge rollers 17, etc.

[0071] A cleaning unit 11 for the intermediate transfer belt 7 is disposed downstream of the secondary transfer portion T' in the driving direction of the intermediate transfer belt 7, and removes residual toner that has not been transferred to the transfer material S at the secondary transfer portion T' and remains on the intermediate transfer belt 7.

[0072] As described above, the electrical transfer process of the toner image is repeated from the photoconductor to the intermediate transfer belt and from the intermediate transfer belt to the transfer material. Furthermore, by repeating recording on a large number of transfer materials, the electrical transfer process is further repeated. EXAMPLES

[0073] The present disclosure will be described in more detail below using examples and comparative examples. The present disclosure is not limited in any way by the following examples, as long as it does not exceed the gist of the disclosure. In the following examples, "parts" are based on mass unless otherwise specified.

[0074] [Production of electrophotographic belt] Example 1 (base layer) A polyimide endless belt with an inner diameter of 370 mm, width of 370 mm, and thickness of 80 μm was prepared as the base layer. The outer peripheral surface of the base layer was irradiated with excimer UV, and then a primer (product name: DY39-051A / B; manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.) was applied and heated at 160°C for 10 minutes.

[0075] (Elastic layer) An addition-curing liquid silicone rubber mixture was prepared as follows: 100 parts of an organopolysiloxane having an unsaturated aliphatic group (product name: TSE3032A / B, manufactured by Momentive Performance Materials, Inc.) as component (a) were mixed with 4.2 parts of tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as an ion conductive agent, 0.2 parts of 1-ethynyl-1-cyclohexanol (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as a cure retarder, 0.1 parts of a hydrosilylation catalyst (platinum catalyst: a mixture of 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane platinum complex, 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane, and 2-propanol) as component (c), and 1.5 parts of a silicone polymer having active hydrogen groups bonded to silicon only on the side chains (product name: HMS-301, manufactured by Gelest, Inc.) as a crosslinker (b). This was stirred and degassed in a stirring and degassing device (product name: HM-500, manufactured by Keyence Corporation) to prepare an addition-curing liquid silicone rubber mixture, which is a coating liquid for the elastic layer.

[0076] Next, the polyimide endless belt that becomes the base layer was attached to a cylindrical core, and a ring nozzle for discharging rubber was attached coaxially with the core. The elastic layer coating liquid was supplied to the ring nozzle using a liquid pump and discharged from the slit to apply the elastic layer coating liquid onto the base layer. At this time, the relative movement speed and the discharge amount of the liquid pump were adjusted so that the elastic layer after curing had a thickness of 260 μm, and a coating film was formed. The belt was placed in a heating furnace while attached to the core, and heated at 180 ° C for 10 minutes to cure the coating film. After cooling, the belt was removed from the core to obtain a laminated belt of the base layer and the elastic layer.

[0077] (Surface treatment of elastic layer) The surface of the elastic layer was treated using an excimer lamp (manufactured by M.D. COM) that emits a single wavelength of 172 nm as an excimer UV irradiation unit. The belt on which the elastic layer was laminated was fitted into a cylindrical core, and irradiation was performed for 30 minutes in a space filled with nitrogen gas and air while rotating the core at a rotation speed of 5 rpm from a distance of 1 mm from the surface of the excimer UV lamp.

[0078] (Surface layer) 50 parts of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (product name: KYNAR FLEX2801-00, manufactured by Tokyo Materials Co., Ltd.) was dispersed in 50 parts of water, and 0.5 parts of an amine-based vulcanizing agent (product name: Sanfel 6-MC, manufactured by Sanshin Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) and 2.7 parts of the above-mentioned exemplary compound (1-6) as an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group were mixed to prepare a surface layer coating liquid containing a fluororubber composition.

[0079] At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 5% by mass based on the mass of the fluororubber composition (hereinafter, this content is also simply referred to as the "content of alkoxysilane compound having an amino group"). Next, the laminate belt of the base layer and the elastic layer was attached to a cylindrical core, and the surface layer coating liquid was spray-coated onto the elastic layer so that the thickness of the surface layer after drying would be 7 μm. The belt was placed in a heating furnace while attached to the core, and heated at 200° C. for 15 minutes to harden the coating film, thereby producing electrophotographic belt 1 in which a surface layer was formed on the elastic layer.

[0080] Example 2 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 1.0 part, an electrophotographic belt 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 2 mass%.

[0081] Example 3 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 1.6 parts, an electrophotographic belt 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 3 mass%.

[0082] Example 4 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 5.6 parts, an electrophotographic belt 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 10 mass %.

[0083] Example 5 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 8.9 parts, an electrophotographic belt 5 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 15 mass %.

[0084] Example 6 An electrophotographic belt 6 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the surface layer coating liquid was changed from Example compound (1-6) to Example compound (1-4).

[0085] Example 7 An electrophotographic belt 7 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the surface layer coating liquid was changed from Example compound (1-6) to Example compound (1-2).

[0086] Example 8 An electrophotographic belt 8 was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to potassium (bistrifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (product name: EF-N112, manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Electronic Chemicals Co., Ltd.).

[0087] Example 9 An electrophotographic belt 9 was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to X-40-2450 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.).

[0088] Example 10 An electrophotographic belt 10 was produced in the same manner as in Example 7, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to IL-S6 (manufactured by Koei Chemical Co., Ltd.).

[0089] Example 11 The elastic layer was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 up to the surface treatment step. Next, 100 parts of fluororubber paint (product name: Daiel Latex GLS-213CRRA, solid content 50 mass%, Daikin Industries, Ltd.) and a hardener containing an amine-based vulcanizing agent (product name: Daikin 5 parts of YEL LATEX GL-200RB (solid content 35 mass %, manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.) and 2.7 parts of exemplary compound (1-6) as an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group were mixed to prepare a surface layer coating liquid containing a fluororubber composition. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 5 mass %. Note that Dai-El Latex GLS-213CRRA is a fluororubber coating material containing vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. Next, the surface layer coating liquid was sprayed onto the elastic layer so that the thickness of the surface layer after drying would be 7 μm, and the elastic layer was placed in a heating furnace while attached to the core and heated at 200° C. for 15 minutes to harden the coating, thereby producing an electrophotographic belt 11 having a surface layer formed on the elastic layer.

[0090] Example 12 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 1.0 part, an electrophotographic belt 12 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 2 mass%.

[0091] (Example 13) Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 1.7 parts, an electrophotographic belt 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 3 mass%.

[0092] Example 14 An electrophotographic belt 14 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution was changed from 2.7 parts to 5.7 parts. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 10 mass%.

[0093] Example 15 Except for changing the amount of the exemplary compound (1-6) in the surface layer coating solution from 2.7 parts to 8.9 parts, an electrophotographic belt 15 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11. At this time, the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group contained in the fluororubber composition was 15 mass%.

[0094] (Example 16) An electrophotographic belt 16 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the surface layer coating liquid was changed from Example compound (1-6) to Example compound (1-4).

[0095] (Example 17) An electrophotographic belt 17 was produced in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the surface layer coating liquid was changed from Example compound (1-6) to Example compound (1-2).

[0096] (Example 18) An electrophotographic belt 18 was produced in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (product name: EF-N112, manufactured by Mitsubishi Materials Electronic Chemicals Co., Ltd.).

[0097] (Example 19) An electrophotographic belt 19 was produced in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to X-40-2450 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.).

[0098] (Example 20) An electrophotographic belt 20 was produced in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the ionic conductive agent in the coating liquid for the elastic layer was changed from tributylmethylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide to IL-S6 (manufactured by Koei Chemical Co., Ltd.).

[0099] Comparative Example 1 An electrophotographic belt C1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group was not used in the surface layer coating liquid.

[0100] Comparative Example 2 An electrophotographic belt C2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 9, except that an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group was not used in the surface layer coating liquid.

[0101] Comparative Example 3 An electrophotographic belt C3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 10, except that an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group was not used in the surface layer coating liquid.

[0102] Comparative Example 4 An electrophotographic belt C4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amine-based vulcanizing agent in the surface layer coating liquid was changed to a polyol-based vulcanizing agent (product name: 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.).

[0103] Table 1 shows the formulations of the elastic layer coating liquid and the surface layer coating liquid of the electrophotographic belts shown in Examples 1 to 20 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

[0104] [Table 1]

[0105] [evaluation] The electrophotographic belts shown in the present embodiment and the comparative example were installed as intermediate transfer belts in a full-color electrophotographic image forming apparatus (product name: imagePRESS C800, manufactured by Canon Inc.). Durable printing was performed on A4-size plain paper in a normal temperature and humidity environment (temperature 25° C., relative humidity 55%).

[0106] (Interface peeling evaluation) The intermediate transfer belt was observed every 100,000 sheets to check for the occurrence of interfacial peeling between the elastic layer and the surface layer. The number of sheets passed at the point when interfacial peeling was confirmed was regarded as the result of the evaluation of interfacial peeling. In the present disclosure, if no interfacial peeling occurred after 1 million sheets were passed, it was determined that there was no problem. If no interfacial peeling occurred after 2 million sheets were passed, it was determined that the product was good, and the paper passing durability test was terminated.

[0107] (Resistance measurement in a high temperature and high humidity environment) After 300,000 sheets had been passed, the intermediate transfer belt was removed from the image forming apparatus. The surface resistivity of the intermediate transfer belt in a high temperature and high humidity environment (temperature 30°C, relative humidity 80%) was measured by a double electrode method using a high resistivity meter (product name: Hiresta UP MCP-HT450, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Analytech Co., Ltd.). A UR probe was brought into contact with the outer surface of the surface layer, and the value at an applied voltage of 100V and a measurement time of 10 seconds was taken as the measured value. Measurements were taken at four points every 90° phase in the circumferential direction of the surface layer, and the average of these measured values ​​was calculated. The average value was taken as the surface resistivity of the outer surface of the electrophotographic belt. In this disclosure, 1.0×10 10 If it was Ω / □ or more, it was determined that there was no problem.

[0108] Table 2 shows the evaluation results of the electrophotographic belts produced in Examples 1 to 20 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4.

[0109] [Table 2]

[0110] As a result of the evaluation, in the examples, the interface did not peel off even after long-term use, and resistance was maintained in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. In the comparative example, interfacial peeling occurred during long-term use, and a decrease in resistance occurred in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment.

[0111] The present disclosure relates to the following configurations. (Configuration 1) 1. An electrophotographic member comprising: The electrophotographic member comprises: base layer, An elastic layer comprising a silicone rubber; and Surface layer containing a cured product of a fluororubber composition are layered in this order, The elastic layer contains an ion conductive agent, The fluororubber composition comprises a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group. (Configuration 2) 2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the fluororubber composition is 3 to 10% by mass based on the mass of the fluororubber composition. (Configuration 3) 3. The electrophotographic member according to configuration 1 or 2, wherein the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is a compound represented by the following formula (1): TIFF2025032909000009.tif20153 In formula (1), R is a methyl group or an ethyl group, X is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of 1 to 3. (Configuration 4) The electrophotographic member according to Constitution 3, wherein the n in the compound represented by formula (1) is 3. (Constitution 5) The electrophotographic member according to any one of configurations 1 to 4, wherein the surface layer has at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by the following formula (2) and a structure represented by the following formula (3). TIFF2025032909000010.tif15153 In formula (2), m 1 is an integer from 1 to 12, and in formula (3), m 2 is an integer between 1 and 12. (Configuration 6) 6. The electrophotographic member according to any one of configurations 1 to 5, wherein the ionic conductive agent contains an ionic liquid containing a cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain and an anion. (Configuration 7) 7. The electrophotographic member according to any one of configurations 1 to 6, wherein the ionic conductive agent contains an ionic liquid containing a cation having an alkoxysilyl group and an anion. (Configuration 8) The copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure is a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer. 8. The electrophotographic member according to any one of configurations 1 to 7, comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroethylene copolymers. (Configuration 9) 9. The electrophotographic member according to any one of Configurations 1 to 8, wherein the electrophotographic member is an intermediate transfer belt. (Configuration 10) an image carrier that carries a toner image; an intermediate transfer belt for secondarily transferring the toner image, which has been primarily transferred from the image carrier, onto a transfer material, 10. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, wherein the intermediate transfer belt is the electrophotographic member according to any one of Configurations 1 to 9. [Explanation of symbols]

[0112] Py: yellow image forming unit, Pm: magenta image forming unit, Pc: cyan image forming unit, Pk: black image forming unit, 1Y: Yellow photosensitive drum, 1M: Magenta photosensitive drum, 1C: Cyan photosensitive drum, 1K: Black photosensitive drum, 4Y: Yellow developing unit, 4M: Magenta developing unit, 4C: Cyan developing unit, 4K: Black developing unit, 5Y, 5M, 5C, 5K: primary transfer rollers, Ty, Tm, Tc, Tk: primary transfer section, 73: secondary transfer inner roller, 100: image forming device, 2Y, 2M, 2C, 2K: charger, 3Y, 3M, 3C, 3K: laser scanner, 11: transfer belt cleaning unit, 12: paper feed cassette, 15: registration roller pair, 7: intermediate transfer belt, 8: secondary transfer outer roller, 9: fixing unit, 91: fixing film, 92: pressure roller, S: recording material, 21: Base layer, 22: Elastic layer, 23: Surface layer

Claims

1. 1. An electrophotographic member comprising: The electrophotographic member comprises: base layer, An elastic layer comprising a silicone rubber; and Surface layer containing a cured product of a fluororubber composition are layered in this order, The elastic layer contains an ion conductive agent, The fluororubber composition comprises a copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure, an amine-based vulcanizing agent, and an alkoxysilane compound having an amino group.

2. 2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1, wherein the content of the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group in the fluororubber composition is 3 to 10% by mass based on the mass of the fluororubber composition.

3. 2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1, wherein the alkoxysilane compound having an amino group is a compound represented by the following formula (1): In formula (1), R is a methyl group or an ethyl group, X is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and n is an integer of 1 to 3.

4. 4. The electrophotographic member of claim 3, wherein said n in said compound represented by formula (1) is 3.

5. 2. The electrophotographic member of claim 1, wherein the surface layer has at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by the following formula (2) and a structure represented by the following formula (3). In formula (2), m １ is an integer from 1 to 12, and in formula (3), m ２ is an integer from 1 to 12.

6. 2. The electrophotographic member of claim 1, wherein said ionic conductive agent comprises an ionic liquid containing a cation modified with a dimethylsiloxane chain and an anion.

7. 2. The electrophotographic member of claim 1, wherein the ionic conductive agent comprises an ionic liquid containing a cation having an alkoxysilyl group and an anion.

8. 2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer having a vinylidene fluoride structure includes at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

9. 2. The electrophotographic member of claim 1, wherein said electrophotographic member is an intermediate transfer belt.

10. an image carrier that carries a toner image; an intermediate transfer belt for secondarily transferring the toner image, which has been primarily transferred from the image carrier, onto a transfer material, 10. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, wherein the intermediate transfer belt is the electrophotographic member according to claim 1.

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