Blockchain-based asset authentication method and system

Abstract

Systems and methods for blockchain-based asset authentication are described. The disclosed embodiments leverage the traceability and immutability of blockchain (or, generally, distributed ledgers) to enable authentication and ownership of assets, e.g., luxury goods. In examples, this is accomplished by first pairing an authentication chip with a physical product and writing a transaction correlating with the first pairing to the blockchain. (Re)acquiring the product results in the blockchain being updated (e.g., an updated transaction being written to the blockchain), and the (subsequent) owner being provided with a digital passport that can be added to the owner's digital Web3 wallet. The described embodiments advantageously allow a digital identity to be associated with a physical good, which adds value to customers' long-term investments in luxury goods and promotes sustainability and transparency in the manufacturing and retail processes.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 428,889, filed November 30, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to blockchain technology, and more particularly to systems and methods for blockchain-based authentication of ownership of physical goods. [Background technology]

[0003] Many luxury brands have partnered with distributed ledger technology to track the provenance of products and materials from manufacturing to delivery. Using a distributed ledger (e.g., blockchain), brands can digitize, track, and trace the entire lifecycle of luxury goods. With blockchain, brands can create an immutable record of every step in the supply chain, capture specific data points such as sustainability certificates and declarations, and provide open access to this data to the public. This traceability is also leveraged when using blockchain to support the supply chain. For example, blockchain can greatly improve supply chains by enabling faster and more cost-effective product delivery, increasing product traceability, improving collaboration between partners, and assisting with financing methods. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The present disclosure provides systems and methods for blockchain-based asset authentication that leverage the traceability and immutability of distributed ledger technology to enable authentication and ownership of assets, such as luxury goods, raw materials used in their production, and / or products or goods within a supply chain. In an example, this is accomplished by first pairing an authentication chip with a physical product and creating an initial record (e.g., writing a transaction) on the blockchain. Once the product is sold (or resold), the blockchain is updated (e.g., a new transaction is written with the updated information), and the owner is provided with a digital passport that can be added to the owner's digital wallet. The described embodiments advantageously allow digital identities to be associated with physical goods, which adds value to customers' long-term investments in luxury goods and promotes sustainability and transparency in the manufacturing and retail processes. In another example, procurement and manufacturing processes can benefit from the traceability and immutability of distributed ledger technology. The described embodiments provide methods and systems for registering previously grey area manufacturing, procurement, and supply chain outcomes, making them a transparent and trackable experience for customers, thus creating a valuable experience while also providing cross-marketing and real-world (IRL) community building and partnership experiences.

[0005] In an exemplary embodiment, a system for blockchain-based asset authentication is disclosed. The system includes at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform, at least one database configured to store information associated with a physical item, and at least one application program associated with an owner of the physical item, e.g., an initial purchaser of the item. In this system, the at least one platform server configures a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information, and then writes a transaction correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API). This is followed by the at least one application program sending a first message to the at least one platform server using a second API different from the first API, indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item. Once the physical item is purchased or otherwise acquired (e.g., either online or in-person), the at least one platform server receives the first message from the at least one application program using the second API. Upon receiving the first message, the at least one platform server generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the first message and information associated with the physical item. Another transaction correlating with the second pairing is then written to the blockchain platform using the first API such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0006] For purposes of this disclosure, "writing" a transaction to a blockchain follows a similar process in many blockchain technologies. For example, in Ethereum™, the process of writing a transaction to a blockchain involves a series of operations including transaction creation, transaction contracting, transaction broadcasting, transaction verification and pooling, block formation, block mining (for proof-of-work) or validation (proof-of-stake), and the final addition of the block (containing the transaction) to the blockchain to complete the transaction. For purposes of this disclosure, a platform server may be one or more computing devices associated with the blockchain that perform these various operations, either alone or collectively.

[0007] In another exemplary aspect, a method for blockchain-based asset authentication is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform, information associated with a physical item from at least one database. The at least one platform server then configures a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information, and writes a transaction correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API). The method continues by receiving, using a second API different from the first API, a first message from at least one application program (associated with the owner) indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item. Upon receiving the first message, the method then generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the first message and the information associated with the physical item. Another transaction correlated with the second pairing is written to the blockchain platform using the first API, such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0008] In yet another exemplary aspect, a system for blockchain-based asset authentication is disclosed. The system includes a processor in at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a non-transitory memory coupled to the processor, the non-transitory memory storing code that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform a series of operations. The operations include receiving, by the at least one platform server, information associated with a physical item from at least one database. The at least one platform server then configures a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information, and writes a transaction correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API). The at least one platform server then receives a first message from at least one application program using a second API different from the first API, indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item. Upon receiving the first message, the at least one platform server generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the first message and the information associated with the physical item. Another transaction that correlates with the second pairing is written to the blockchain platform using the first API such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0009] In yet another exemplary aspect, a system for blockchain-based asset authentication is disclosed. The system includes at least one platform server, at least one database configured to store information associated with raw materials for manufacturing physical goods, a first application program associated with a source of the raw materials, and a second application program associated with a manufacturer of the physical goods. In this example, the at least one platform server is associated with a blockchain platform and multiple smart contracts on the blockchain platform, and the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction and the physical goods are manufactured in a second jurisdiction. The system instructs the first application program to configure (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of information, and (b) a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw materials complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction and / or the second jurisdiction. Here, procurement compliance is associated with a procurement identifier. The at least one platform server then writes a first transaction correlated with the first pairing and a second transaction correlated with the second pairing to the blockchain platform, with the second pairing immutably linked to the first pairing and the second transaction including the sourcing identifier. Upon detecting that the first and second transactions have been written to the blockchain platform, a first smart contract generates a digital passport corresponding to the first and second pairings. The digital passport is sent to a second application program, which also receives the source of the raw material and the sourcing identifier. Upon receiving the digital passport and the sourcing identifier, the second application program sends the digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable import of the raw material into the second jurisdiction, and configures a third pairing between the raw material and another authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies the manufacturer of the physical goods.Finally, upon determining that the raw materials have been physically obtained by the manufacturer, the second smart contract revokes or invalidates the digital passport by invalidating the link between the second pairing and the first pairing. Additionally, the second smart contract writes a third transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing such that the third pairing is immutably linked to the second pairing, generates a new digital passport corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing, and sends the new digital passport to the manufacturer.

[0010] In yet another exemplary aspect, a method for blockchain-based asset authentication is disclosed. The method includes receiving, by at least one platform server, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical commodity and a second physical commodity from at least one database. Here, the at least one platform server is associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform. In the method, the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, and at least one of the first physical commodity or the second physical commodity is manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction. The first physical commodity is manufactured using a first portion of the raw materials, and the second physical commodity is manufactured using a second portion of the raw materials. The method continues by configuring (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of information, and (b) a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw materials complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction or the second jurisdiction. Here, procurement compliance is associated with a procurement identifier. The at least one platform server then writes a transaction correlating the first pairing and the second pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing, the transaction including the procurement identifier. Upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, the first smart contract generates a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw material, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw material, the first pairing, and the second pairing. Finally, the method concludes with the at least one platform sending the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw material and sending the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with a manufacturer of the second physical good.

[0011] In yet another exemplary aspect, an apparatus is disclosed that includes a memory and a processor for implementing the above-described methods.

[0012] In yet another exemplary aspect, the method may be embodied as processor-executable code and stored on a non-transitory computer-readable program medium.

[0013] These and other aspects and features of the disclosed technology are explained in more detail in the drawings, detailed description, and claims.

[0014] The drawings and detailed description that follow are intended to be illustrative and not to limit the scope of the invention as contemplated by the inventors. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system configured to digitally authenticate ownership of a physical item. [Figure 2] 1 is a flowchart of an exemplary set of high-level operations a system may perform to digitally authenticate possession of a physical item. [Figure 3] 1 is a screenshot of an exemplary digital passport interface. [Figure 4] 1 is a screenshot of an exemplary authentication interface. [Figure 5] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary information stored by public and private databases. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example processing system in which at least some operations described herein may be implemented. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process flow from manufacture to resale in which each operation can utilize the described embodiments. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the interaction between components of an embodiment in accordance with the disclosed technology. [Figure 9A] 1 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for blockchain-based asset authentication. [Figure 9B] 1 is a flowchart of an exemplary method for blockchain-based asset authentication. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] The high-end and luxury goods industry presents several significant challenges that adversely affect retailers and customers alike. While the quality of luxury goods generally far exceeds that of standard goods, the difference is often not immediately apparent upon general inspection at the time of purchase. As a result, luxury goods are easily targeted by counterfeiters who seek to produce affordable fakes that can be sold at a significant discount from the actual luxury goods, yet still at prices significantly above the value of the counterfeit goods.

[0017] Due to the value and cultural stigma of luxury goods, they are also frequently targets for impromptu or organized theft. As an example, it is increasingly common for the inventory of luxury goods stores to be largely or completely stolen by organized groups who simply enter the store's front door during business hours, seize the merchandise, and then leave before security or authorities can intervene. Such goods are then sold directly to buyers, either in person or using various online marketplaces, exposing the buyers to the risk that the purchased goods will later be seized or recalled and returned to the retailer. In certain cases, counterfeits are crafted to closely resemble the original designs and materials, so expert and corporate inspections sometimes fail to flag all imitations and counterfeits.

[0018] Because consumable and luxury products are produced and sold in relatively large quantities, they tend to be fungible and generally indistinguishable from one another, making it very difficult to identify or track counterfeit or stolen goods. While manufacturers may incorporate serial numbers or authenticity markings or identifiers into goods, such physical markings offer imperfect protection against counterfeiting and theft because they are subject to tampering, alteration, or removal.

[0019] Implementations of the disclosed technology can be used to digitally record and verify the authenticity and ownership of a variety of different types of goods or products, including, but not limited to, high-end and luxury items. As disclosed herein, digital authentication provides a public or semi-public set of authentication records that link to specific manufactured goods and may also link to specific owners or purchasers of those products. As an example, a luxury wallet may be uniquely associated with an authenticity record in a public blockchain at the time of manufacture.

[0020] Subsequent wallet purchases can then register the product and be uniquely associated with the product record stored in the blockchain, with the purchaser's personal information stored on the blockchain, in a private database linked to the blockchain record (or transaction), or both. In this manner, the wallet owner, or a third party with access to the blockchain, can verify the wallet's authenticity based on the blockchain record, which can be useful in determining that the wallet is not counterfeit, in addition to knowing other details such as the location and date of manufacture, the materials used during manufacture, and other information. Similarly, the wallet owner, or a third party with access to the blockchain and / or private database, can verify wallet ownership based on the blockchain and / or private database record. As one example of the foregoing, implementations of the disclosed technology can issue and / or revoke digital passports to owners who register particular items in the system, and such digital passports can be presented and / or transmitted by the owner to other parties or systems, for example, to verify authenticity and ownership or to direct inquiries to corresponding public / private database records. Those skilled in the art will understand that the disclosed technology can utilize public blockchain architectures and protocols, permissioned blockchain architectures and protocols, private blockchain architectures and protocols, or any suitable combination thereof. While the present technology utilizes off-chain data storage technology, it is contemplated that aspects of the teachings herein may be beneficial for on-chain data storage, or a combination of on-chain and off-chain storage, where possible.

[0021] Because digital authentication in this manner is not subject to tampering, removal, or interference in the same way as physical serial numbers or authenticity markings, there is a very clear separation from counterfeit and / or stolen goods. Counterfeit goods can still be purchased and sold, but the buyer will immediately recognize that they are counterfeit when they are unable to register the product in the digital authentication system and will not receive their digital passport. Similarly, products and goods can still be subject to theft, but because such stolen goods are identified as stolen before or during registration in the digital authentication system, the buyer will immediately determine that the product has been stolen. In either case, the owner of the product will not be able to present or transmit a digital passport that authenticates the item and ownership, making the item highly undesirable to subsequent buyers and allowing them to quickly and easily determine that the product is likely the result of counterfeiting or theft.

[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary system configured to digitally authenticate ownership of physical goods. As shown therein, a product server (10) is in communication with a user device (40) and is configured to provide interfaces and features usable by a user of the user device (40) to authenticate, review, and provide proof of ownership of a purchased product (60). The purchased product (60) includes an authentication chip (50) that may be affixed to a surface of the product or embedded in a portion of the product (60). The authentication chip may vary depending on the product (60) and implementation, and may be, for example, a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or other wireless communication device capable of storing data and wirelessly exchanging data with nearby devices, such as the user device (40). More generally, the purchased product (60) includes authentication mechanisms that may include the authentication chip (50), an imaging device, an outer hologram sticker, or the like (as described in further detail below). In some implementations, the user device (40) may be a smartphone or other mobile computing device, while the authentication chip (50) may be an RFID or NFC tag, such that the user device (40) can communicate with the chip (50) while it is embedded within the material of the product (60).

[0023] As described in more detail below, when the user device 40 interacts with the chip 50, the user device 40 may be placed in communication with a product server (e.g., via a landing or registration page) to allow the user to complete registration of ownership of the product 60. The product server 10 may be configured to request various information from the owner during registration, which may include personal information, contact information, proof of purchase (e.g., a photo or digital copy of a receipt or other sales document), and other information that may vary depending on the implementation. The product server 10 may further be configured to create and store records based on the products 60 regarding their manufacture and ownership, with the different records being recorded in a product database 30 (e.g., a private database accessible by the product server 10) and on the blockchain 20, as described in more detail below. By storing such records across a combination of a product database (30) and a blockchain (20), the disclosed technology takes advantage of the accessibility and immutability of records stored by the blockchain (20), while preserving the privacy of owners by storing, for example, potentially private information on the product database (30).

[0024] Once the product 60 is successfully registered, the product server 10 may provide the user device 40 with a digital passport 70, which may be stored by the user device 40 and presented by the user in a variety of situations. The digital passport 70 may be, for example, a QR code or other coded visual identifier, a unique signal or information that may be communicated wirelessly (e.g., an encoded data string that may be communicated via NFC, Bluetooth, or other wireless communications, or presented as coded audio, etc.). As described in more detail below, the digital passport 70 and the associated interface provided by the user device 40 may be presented to prove ownership of the product 60, to provide information related to the manufacturing, procurement, and / or legal provenance of the product 60, to gain access to exclusive events or other benefits, and for other purposes.

[0025] Figure 2 is a flowchart of an exemplary set of high-level steps a system may perform to digitally authenticate ownership of a physical item. A system configured to perform steps such as those shown in Figure 2 provides users with proof of authenticity and provenance registered / tied to a blockchain, as well as access to exclusive community features and events (e.g., owner-only social media or a communications platform exclusively for holders of a digital passport (70)). When products (60) are manufactured and offered for sale, a corresponding authentication chip (50) embedded in each product (60) may be configured to be paired (100) with the product (60) so that they are uniquely linked, which may include writing (102) an initial record to the blockchain (20) to uniquely associate the product (60) with the authentication chip (50) (e.g., by serial number or other unique identifier). After initial registration, the product may be sold (104) to a purchaser.

[0026] When a purchaser uses a user device (40) to scan an authentication chip (50) embedded in or attached to their purchased product (60), the received information causes the user device (40) to load (106) a registration page (e.g., by opening a web browser and loading a unique web location based on the received information, or by opening another mobile application). The system may receive (108) various owner information via the loaded (106) registration page, which may include identifying information for the owner, such as name, address, email address, phone number, and other information. The system may also receive (110) various owner documents via the loaded (106) registration page, which may include photos of receipts or other proof of purchase of the product (60), photos of shipping or delivery confirmations, photos of customs or import documents, and other information. The received (108, 110) information may be stored in a public database (20), a private database (30), or both, and in various implementations, private information identifying the owner may be stored in the private database (30), while anonymous information of general interest (e.g., proof of import, legal provenance, manufacturing data, materials of manufacture, etc.) may be stored on the blockchain (20) so that it is publicly available to authenticate product and / or ownership.

[0027] Once the owner information (108, 110) is received, a software process may automatically verify ownership by comparing the provided (108, 110) information with transaction records available to the system. In some implementations, such review (112) and approval of ownership may be performed automatically, manually, or both (e.g., both a software process and manual human review of information and documents may be performed to approve ownership). If ownership cannot be approved (114) (e.g., because the product is already associated with an owner or because of a mismatch between product and owner information due to error or intentional tampering), the system may flag (116) the attempted product registration for further review, which may require updating stored records or reconfiguring the authentication chip (50), or the previous owner's ownership of the product may need to be updated to reflect ownership by the new owner (e.g., resulting from a personal sale or transfer of the product as a gift).

[0028] If ownership can be approved (114), the system can update (118) the blockchain (20) to reflect that the product is now owned by the authenticated owner and can automatically generate and provide a unique digital passport to the user device or user (e.g., using their provided contact information). As described, the digital passport (70) can be an encoded visual identifier, an encoded data string for wireless transmission, or other signal or state that can be exhibited by a function or capability of the user device. The digital passport can be received by the user device and added (120) to a local or remote digital wallet associated with the user device. Adding (120) the passport to a digital wallet (e.g., a Web3 wallet) associated with the user device can be done automatically during registration via a web browser or other mobile application, or can be done as a result of a single click or other simple action. Once added (120) to the digital wallet, the digital passport can be stored and accessed by the user as needed and for various purposes. In some implementations, the product server (10) may be configured to issue and revoke digital passports, which may be necessary, for example, when a digital passport is issued to a first owner of a product, and such product is subsequently transferred to and registered by a subsequent owner.

[0029] While a valid digital passport is stored on the user device, the user may use the passport to receive various benefits or exclusive features associated with product ownership. By way of example, this may include using the digital passport to prove ownership and generate (122) or receive a corresponding digital copy of the product itself (e.g., that may be imported into, registered with, or used with various virtual reality, augmented reality, or standard virtual environments, games, or platforms). In this manner, the holder of the digital passport may be able to generate (122) and receive digital copies of their corresponding products in various games or social networks.

[0030] As another example, a digital copy of a corresponding product may be limited to a single "digital twin" with the same traceability and exclusivity of the original product and may be used in a digital environment, e.g., the Metaverse, Second Life™, etc. In some cases, a physical item and its digital twin must have the same owner and be transferred together (e.g., sold on a secondary market). In other cases, a digital twin of a physical item may be transferred to different persons (e.g., either sold or rented). In still other cases, multiple digital twins may be generated as previously discussed.

[0031] As another example, a user may display or transmit a digital passport, or a portion of a digital passport, to uniquely identify themselves as the owner of a corresponding product. This may be used to access a particular special event (e.g., a party, concert, sporting event, or other real-world activity where the digital passport serves as the holder's ticket or key for admission to the event) by displaying a QR code or other optical code, providing wireless authentication transmission, or other similar communication of the digital passport. Other examples include using the digital passport (124) to access private social networks or communication channels, receive early access to online content or events, receive discounts on product or service purchases, and other examples.

[0032] As another example, the holder of a digital passport may be able to display (126) authenticity documents associated with the corresponding product. This may include displaying proof of ownership, proof of authenticity, and other information. This may also include displaying proof of legality or legal provenance, such as when a particular product may contain or be made from materials whose ownership or import to a particular country is legally regulated, or when a particular product may be independently verified by a non-governmental organization to verify that the materials were ethically sourced. As one example, if a particular product contains crocodile leather or other naturally sourced materials that may be subject to import laws or other legal regulations, the displayed (126) documents may include a description of the materials contained in the product, copies of import documents, copies of legal documents or information attesting to their legality, and other similar documents.

[0033] Figure 3 is a screenshot of an exemplary digital passport interface (200), such as may be presented when displaying passport or authenticity information (124, 126). An optical code (202) is shown, which may be uniquely generated for the owner and product at the time of registration and may serve as the owner's digital passport in some circumstances. Figure 4 is a screenshot of an exemplary authentication interface (204) that may be displayed by the holder of a valid digital passport and may include information from the blockchain (20), the product database (30), or both. As depicted in Figure 4, the interface (204) includes non-private information, for example, which may be stored on the blockchain (20) and may be useful for public review or review of product ownership and provenance.

[0034] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary information stored by public and private databases. As described, the blockchain 20 and product database 30 may be configured to store public and private data, respectively, and link such information to each other via a commonly shared primary key (e.g., a product serial number). In this manner, a layperson familiar with the blockchain 20 may verify the existence, authenticity, and anonymous ownership of a product by directly accessing the blockchain 20 (e.g., bypassing the product server 10 entirely). In the same manner, a product owner or administrator of the product server 10 may combine records from the product database 30 with publicly available records to provide a complete picture of ownership, which may be useful when attempting to track ownership of a lost or stolen product, when attempting to update product ownership when a product is sold or otherwise transferred to a subsequent owner, and in other situations.

[0035] 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example processing system (300) in which at least some operations described herein may be implemented. For example, components of the processing system (300) may be hosted on a computing device using which individuals can interact with a web-based platform (e.g., through an interface presented via a computer program, such as a mobile application, desktop application, or web browser) to access a blockchain-based tokenization system for data access and / or web-facing segregated data storage. As another example, components of the processing system (300) may be hosted on a computing device in which aspects of the described systems and platforms are implemented.

[0036] The processing system (300) may include any combination of a processor (302), a main memory (306), a non-volatile memory (310), a network adapter (312), a video display (318), input and output devices (320), a control device (322) (e.g., a keyboard or pointing device), a drive unit (324) including a storage medium (326), and a signal generating device (330) communicatively coupled to a bus (316). The bus (316) is illustrated as an abstraction representing one or more physical buses or point-to-point connections connected by appropriate bridges, adapters, or controllers. Thus, the bus (316) may include a system bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus or PCI-Express bus, a HyperTransport or Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus, or an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1394 bus (also known as "Firewire").

[0037] Although the main memory (306), non-volatile memory (310), and storage medium (326) are shown as being a single medium, the terms "machine-readable medium" and "storage medium" should be considered to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., centralized / distributed databases and / or associated caches and servers) that store one or more sets of instructions (328). The terms "machine-readable medium" and "storage medium" should also be considered to include any medium that can store, encode, or retain a set of instructions for execution by the processing system (300).

[0038] Generally, the routines executed to implement embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or sequence of instructions (collectively referred to as a "computer program"). A computer program typically includes one or more instructions (e.g., instructions 304, 308, 328) that are configured at various times in various memory and storage devices within a computing device. When read and executed by the processor (302), the instructions cause the processing system (300) to perform operations to execute elements involved in various aspects of the present disclosure.

[0039] Further examples of machine and computer readable media include volatile and non-volatile memory (310), removable disks, hard disk drives, and recordable type media such as optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memories (CD-ROMS) and Digital Versatile Disks (DVDs)), as well as transmission type media such as digital and analog communications links.

[0040] The network adapter (312) enables the processing system (300) to coordinate data within the network (314) with entities external to the processing system (300) through any communication protocol supported by the processing system (300) and the external entities. The network adapter (312) may include a network adapter card, a wireless network interface card, a router, an access point, a wireless router, a switch, a multi-layer switch, a protocol converter, a gateway, a bridge, a bridge router, a hub, a digital media receiver, a repeater, or any combination thereof.

[0041] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process flow from manufacturing to resale of a physical item 60, where each operation can utilize the described embodiments. A manufacturer 400 can utilize a digital passport (e.g., as shown in FIG. 3) to provide (or, in an example, provide a link to) sourcing and environmental impact information associated with manufacturing the product. As discussed at least in the context of FIG. 2, this information in the digital passport is made available to each owner in a secondary market, thereby maintaining the provenance and legitimate manufacture of the physical item 60. Similarly, in yet another example, a subset of this information is made available in an authentication mechanism configured to uniquely identify the physical item 60 and remain with the physical item 60 throughout its lifecycle. In yet another example, a manufacturer 400 can utilize the disclosed technology to authenticate the physical item 60, thereby preventing counterfeiting because any counterfeiter cannot access the digital passport.

[0042] Similarly, retailers (402) can utilize the disclosed embodiments to streamline regulatory and licensing processes, thereby ensuring that physical goods (60) can quickly get from manufacturers (400) to retailers (402) (and are further detailed in the context of FIG. 9B). Currently, regulatory and licensing processes in the international trade of luxury goods (and even their raw materials) are subject to the whims of export and import authorities. For example, a physical good (60) made primarily in Switzerland and destined for sale in Paris would require a Swiss export license and a French import license. However, each of the licensing authorities operates largely independently and on its own timeline due to the required permits and inspections. An exporting country (e.g., Switzerland) may require two days, while an importing country (e.g., France) may require weeks to process the paperwork. If the digital passport and pairing between the physical product (60) and manufacturer (400) are correlated with transactions written to the blockchain, import and export authorities will have real-time access to the same digital information, which is likely to significantly speed up the permitting and inspection process. Additionally, the disclosed technology will provide total supply chain transparency for customers, tackling counterfeit goods while simultaneously addressing Philippine government organizations (NGOs) and government processes and inefficiencies globally.

[0043] At the end of a typical retail chain, a first purchaser (404) may acquire a physical product (60) from a retailer (402) either in-store or online. Upon acquisition of the physical product (60), a digital passport corresponding to a first pairing between the physical product (60) and an authentication mechanism (not shown in FIG. 7 ) and a second pairing between the first purchaser (404) and the physical product (60) may be generated and downloaded to the first purchaser's (404) digital Web3 wallet.

[0044] As previously discussed, the digital passport may be a QR code associated with the physical product (60) that allows the first purchaser (404) to access, for example, exclusive events and / or promotions associated with the manufacturer (400) of the physical product (60). The digital passport (e.g., a QR code in a Web3 wallet) allows the first purchaser (404) to benefit from the investment made in the physical product (60) from both online and in-person events.

[0045] In the secondary market, a second purchaser (406) may acquire the physical product (60) from the first purchaser (404). Upon verifying the second purchaser's (406) acquisition of the physical product (60), the first purchaser's (404) digital passport is revoked or invalidated. In an example, the revocation or invalidation may be performed by the described embodiments. Alternatively, the described embodiments may instruct third-party software to perform the revocation or invalidation procedure. A new digital passport is generated for the second purchaser (406), who is now the new owner of the physical product (60). Here, the second purchaser (406) may benefit from access to, for example, exclusive events and / or promotions associated with the manufacturer (400) of the physical product (60), while the first purchaser (404) is now restricted from these events due to the revocation or invalidation (or revocation) of his / her digital passport.

[0046] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the interaction between components of an embodiment in accordance with the disclosed technology. As shown herein, the exemplary system includes a platform server (500), an application program (502) that may be running on a wireless device of an owner of a physical good or product (60), and a database (504) that stores information associated with the physical good (60). In an example, the platform server (500) is configured to perform the exemplary method shown in FIG. 9A and described below. In another example, the database (504) corresponds to the public database (30) shown in FIGS. 1 and 5. As previously discussed, the database stores information associated with the physical good (60). A first subset of the information may be stored on an authentication mechanism (e.g., an RFID tag or an NFC tag), and a second subset of the information may be stored in a digital passport. A database (504) communicatively coupled to the platform server (500) associated with the blockchain platform ensures that information remains consistent, traceable, and immutable across the database (504), authentication mechanisms, and digital passports, ensuring that any purchaser who uses the application program (502) and verifiably acquires the physical item (60) can access the benefits associated with ownership of the physical item (60).

[0047] In some embodiments, the exemplary system shown in FIG. 8 is used in the transport of raw materials from a first jurisdiction to a second jurisdiction where physical goods are manufactured using the raw materials from the first jurisdiction. In other embodiments, the raw materials may be split before only a portion is transported to the second jurisdiction. In an example, alligator leather ethically sourced in a first jurisdiction may be used to create a clutch wallet (by a manufacturer in the second jurisdiction) and as part of an art piece (by a supplier in the first jurisdiction). Herein, the platform server (500) is configured to implement the method shown in FIG. 9B, where the platform server (500) generates two digital passports for the supplier, one for each piece of alligator leather that will be used separately. The first digital passport, owned by the supplier, is sent to the manufacturer to provide to any border authority to enable import of one piece of alligator leather, while the second digital passport remains with the supplier (corresponding to the portion of alligator leather that will be used to create the art piece). Once the manufacturer obtains their piece of crocodile leather, the first digital passport is revoked (or invalidated) and a new digital passport is generated corresponding to the pairing between the manufacturer and the ethically sourced piece of crocodile leather to be used for the clutch wallet. Using the described embodiments automates the current document-based authorization process, which is highly prone to tampering and error, and is subject to many drawbacks, e.g., fraud, counterfeiting, and long processing times.

[0048] 9A is a flowchart of an example method 600 for blockchain-based asset authentication. The method 600 includes, in act 602, performing a first pairing between a physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information.

[0049] The method (600) includes, at operation (604), using a first application programming interface (API) to write a transaction correlated with the first pairing to a blockchain platform. In this example and other examples discussed herein, the platform server writes the transaction to the blockchain platform. Alternatively, in these examples, the platform server may instruct a third party to write the transaction to the blockchain.

[0050] The method (600) includes, at operation (606), receiving a first message from an application program using a second API different from the first API, the first message indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item (e.g., by sale, exchange, gift, etc.). In some embodiments, the application program is associated with the owner. In an example, the first API is the Polygon.io Crypto API and the second API is a third-party API compatible with the application program.

[0051] The method (600) includes, at operation (608), generating a digital passport upon receiving the first message and based on information associated with the first message and the physical item, where the digital passport corresponds to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item.

[0052] The method (600) includes, at operation (610), writing another transaction to the blockchain platform using the first API, the transaction correlating with the second pairing, with the second pairing immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0053] In some embodiments, the method (600) includes an act of receiving, by a platform server associated with the blockchain platform, information associated with the physical item from a database.

[0054] In some embodiments, the authentication mechanism is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or a holographic sticker affixed to the exterior of the physical item, and the authentication mechanism is configured to remain with the physical item throughout its lifecycle. In an example, the holographic sticker is created using an electron beam lithography system, and the holographic sticker displays "OnChain Verified™" as part of the authentication mechanism.

[0055] In some embodiments, the authentication mechanism is an image capture device (e.g., a cell phone camera as implemented by the Veracity Protocol™ for authentication). In examples, a vectorized or rasterized image of the physical item is generated as the authentication mechanism, and the unique variations of a particular copy of the physical item can be captured; i.e., any manufacturing variations in luxury items, which are typically handmade, are preserved in the vectorized or rasterized image of the physical item. This authentication information can be stored, partially or completely, in a database, authentication tag, and / or digital passport, as shown in FIGS. 1, 5, and 8. In other embodiments, the authentication mechanism is a secure hologram sticker (e.g., created using an electron beam lithography system and displaying "OnChain Verified") that can be placed on the exterior of the physical item to verify its authenticity.

[0056] In some embodiments, the application program is further configured to store the digital passport in a digital Web3 wallet.

[0057] In some embodiments, the platform server is further configured to create a digital representation of the physical item and use the first API to write yet another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with a third pairing between the digital representation and the physical item. Herein, the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the second pairing, and the digital representation may be used exclusively by the owner within the metaverse. Herein, the owner may use the physical item and the digital representation, for example, within Second Life™, any augmented reality (AR) or virtual reality (VR) platform, or the Facebook™ metaverse.

[0058] In some embodiments, the digital representation is a non-fungible token (NFT).

[0059] In some embodiments, the digital passport allows the holder to access marketing events associated with the manufacturer of the physical product, partnership promotions associated with other owners of other instances of the physical product, or cross-selling events associated with manufacturers of other products similar to the physical product.

[0060] In some embodiments, the physical goods include luxury goods, collectibles, artwork, or products within a supply chain. In an example, the described embodiments apply to luxury goods, artwork, collectibles, and / or memorabilia that are typically produced in limited quantities. An authentication mechanism authenticates the provenance of these physical goods, and a digital passport allows verified owners of these physical goods to access exclusive events and partnership promotions. In another example, the described embodiments apply to products (or raw materials, natural goods, or manufactured goods) within a supply chain. Here, the authentication mechanism authenticates the sourcing of the product to ensure it complies with any jurisdictional requirements.

[0061] In some embodiments, the method 600 further includes an act of sending the digital passport to an insurer that issues an insurance policy insuring the physical goods against loss due to theft or destruction of the physical goods. Having access to the digital passport streamlines the insurance process for the insurer, as the provenance and procurement of the physical goods are already verified within the digital passport, and the insurer typically does not require any additional information.

[0062] In some embodiments, the at least one application program is further configured to use the second API to send a second message to the at least one platform server indicating that the subsequent owner will acquire the physical product. The at least one platform server is then further configured to revoke or invalidate the digital passport upon receiving the second message. Upon revoking or invalidating the digital passport, the at least one platform server generates a new digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a third pairing between the subsequent owner and the physical product based on the second message and the information. The at least one platform server then uses the first API to write yet another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing. Herein, the link between the second pairing and the first pairing is invalidated, and the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing. The new digital passport is finally sent to the subsequent owner. As previously discussed, this allows the subsequent owner to now use the new digital passport to access exclusive events and / or promotions associated with the physical product. These benefits, which the owner previously had access to when he / she owned the physical goods, are no longer accessible because the digital passport has been revoked or invalidated.

[0063] In some embodiments, the platform server is further configured to create a digital representation of the physical item and use the first API to write yet another transaction that correlates with a fourth pairing between the digital representation and the physical item, wherein the fourth pairing is immutably linked to the third pairing and the first pairing, and the digital representation may be used exclusively by subsequent owners within the metaverse.

[0064] In some embodiments, the new digital passport allows a subsequent owner to access an event associated with the manufacturer of the physical item, but the owner is restricted from accessing that event due to the digital passport being revoked or invalidated.

[0065] In some embodiments, the information associated with the physical item includes a product serial number, a product description, a manufacturing date, a certificate of authenticity, and / or compliance information.

[0066] In some embodiments, the digital passport comprises a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal. In other embodiments, the digital passport comprises a portion of a subset of information associated with the physical item.

[0067] An embodiment of the disclosed technology further provides an exemplary system for blockchain-based asset authentication. The system includes at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform, at least one database configured to store information associated with a physical item, and at least one application program associated with an owner of the physical item. In this system, the at least one platform server configures a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information, and then writes a transaction correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API). This is followed by the at least one application program sending a first message to the at least one platform server using a second API different from the first API, indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item. Once the physical item is purchased by the owner (e.g., either online or in-person), the at least one platform server receives the first message from the at least one application program using the second API. Upon receiving the first message, the at least one platform server generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the first message and information associated with the physical item. Another transaction correlating with the second pairing is then written to the blockchain platform using the first API such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0068] In some embodiments, the blockchain platform includes a public blockchain platform, such as the Polygon™ blockchain platform or the Ethereum™ blockchain platform, that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

[0069] In some embodiments, the blockchain platform includes a permissioned blockchain platform. In an example, using a permissioned blockchain allows the authenticity of purchases of physical goods by subsequent owners to be based on a third-party validator or a gated NFT. In another example, the permissioned blockchain is configured to operate with participants (e.g., manufacturers, retailers, initial and subsequent purchasers, and, if applicable, regulators or validators) each having their own credentials and blockchain permissions (e.g., read and / or write capabilities).

[0070] 9B is a flowchart of another example method (650) for blockchain-based asset authentication. The method (650) includes, in operation (652), receiving, by at least one platform server, from at least one database, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical commodity and a second physical commodity. Herein, the at least one platform server is associated with a blockchain platform and multiple smart contracts on the blockchain platform. In this example, the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, and the first physical commodity and the second physical commodity are manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction. Furthermore, a first portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the first physical commodity, and a second portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the second physical commodity.

[0071] The method (650) includes, in operation (654), configuring a first pairing between the raw material and an authentication mechanism and a second pairing between the raw material and a verification mechanism that verifies that sourcing of the raw material complies with applicable laws and regulations of a first jurisdiction or a second jurisdiction, wherein compliance of the sourcing is associated with a sourcing identifier. Herein, the authentication mechanism uniquely identifies a source of the raw material and stores a subset of the information.

[0072] The method (650) includes, at act (656), writing a transaction correlating with the first pairing and the second pairing to a blockchain platform, with the second pairing immutably linked to the first pairing and the transaction including the procurement identifier. Herein, the transaction is written to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), for example, the Polygon.io Crypto API for the Polygon™ blockchain platform.

[0073] The method (650) includes, in operation (658), generating, by at least the first smart contract and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, a first digital passport and a second digital passport, wherein the first digital passport corresponds to the first portion of the raw material, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and the second digital passport corresponds to the second portion of the raw material, the first pairing, and the second pairing.

[0074] The method (650) includes, in an operation (660), transmitting the first digital passport to a source of the raw material.

[0075] The method (650), in act (662), includes transmitting the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with the manufacturer of the second physical good.

[0076] In some embodiments, the method (650) further includes an application program configured, upon receiving the second digital passport and the procurement identifier, to transmit the second digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable import of the second portion of the raw material into the second jurisdiction. The application program then configures a third pairing between the second portion of the raw material and a manufacturer of the second physical commodity.

[0077] In some embodiments, the method (650) further includes at least one platform server configured to revoke or invalidate the second digital passport by invalidating the link between the first pairing and the second pairing upon determining that the raw material was physically obtained by the manufacturer. The at least one platform server then writes another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing, such that the third pairing is immutably linked to the second pairing. Finally, the at least one platform server generates a new digital passport corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing and sends the new digital passport to an application program associated with the manufacturer of the second physical good.

[0078] In some embodiments, the first digital passport and the new digital passport are valid simultaneously and allow both the supplier and the manufacturer access to the raw materials and / or one or more events associated with the first physical commodity and the second physical commodity.

[0079] An embodiment of the disclosed technology further provides another exemplary system for blockchain-based asset authentication. The system includes a processor in at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a non-transitory memory coupled to the processor, the non-transitory memory storing code that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to perform a series of operations. The operations include receiving, by the at least one platform server, information associated with a physical item from at least one database. The at least one platform server then configures a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information, and writes a transaction correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API). The at least one platform server then receives a first message from at least one application program using a second API different from the first API, indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item. Upon receiving the first message, the at least one platform server generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the first message and the information associated with the physical item. Another transaction correlated with the second pairing is written to the blockchain platform using the first API such that the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0080] In some embodiments, the blockchain platform includes a blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions, and the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor.

[0081] The described features may be implemented to further provide one or more of the following technical solutions:

[0082] A1. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform; at least one database configured to store information associated with physical goods; and at least one application program associated with an owner of the physical goods, wherein the at least one platform server is configured to: configure a first pairing between the physical goods and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information, and write transactions correlated with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), and the at least one application program is configured to: configure a first AP and (b) sending a first message to at least one platform server using a second API different from I, the first message indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item, wherein the at least one platform server is further configured to: receive the first message from the at least one application program using the second API; upon receiving the first message, generate a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item based on information associated with the first message and the physical item; and write another transaction to the blockchain platform using the first API that correlates with the second pairing, wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0083] A2. The system described in Solution A1, wherein the authentication mechanism is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or a holographic sticker affixed to the exterior of the physical item, and the authentication mechanism is configured to remain on the physical item throughout the lifecycle of the physical item.

[0084] A3. The system of Solution A2, wherein the holographic sticker is created using an electron beam lithography system, and wherein the holographic sticker displays "OnChain Verified" as part of the authentication mechanism.

[0085] A4. The system of any of solutions A1 to A3, wherein the authentication mechanism is an image capture device.

[0086] A5. The system of any of Solutions A1 to A4, wherein the at least one application program is further configured to store the digital passport in the digital Web3 wallet.

[0087] A6. The system of any of Solutions A1 to A5, wherein at least one platform server is further configured to: create a digital representation of the physical item; and use the first API to write another transaction that correlates with a third pairing between the digital representation and the physical item, wherein the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the second pairing, and wherein the digital representation may be used exclusively by the owner within the metaverse.

[0088] A7. The system of solution A6, wherein the digital representation is a non-fungible token (NFT).

[0089] A8. The system of any of solutions A1 to A7, wherein the digital passport enables the holder to access marketing events associated with the manufacturer of the physical good, partnership promotions associated with other owners of other instances of the physical good, or cross-selling events associated with manufacturers of other goods similar to the physical good.

[0090] A9. The system of any of Solutions A1 to A8, wherein the physical goods include luxury goods, collectibles, art, or products in the supply chain.

[0091] A10. The system of any of Solutions A1 to A9, wherein the at least one application program is further configured to: use a second API to send a second message to at least one platform server indicating that a subsequent owner will acquire the physical item; and the at least one platform server is further configured to: upon receiving the second message, revoke or invalidate the digital passport, generate a new digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a third pairing between the subsequent owner and the physical item based on the second message and information, write using the first API yet another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing, wherein the link between the second pairing and the first pairing is invalidated and the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing, and send the new digital passport to the subsequent owner.

[0092] A11. The system of Solution A10, wherein at least one platform server is further configured to: create a digital representation of the physical item and use the first API to write yet another transaction that correlates with a fourth pairing between the digital representation and the physical item, wherein the fourth pairing is immutably linked to the third pairing and the first pairing, and wherein the digital representation may be used exclusively by subsequent owners within the metaverse.

[0093] A12. The system of solution A10, wherein a new digital passport allows a subsequent owner to access an event associated with the manufacturer of the physical item, and each previous owner is restricted from accessing the event due to the digital passport being revoked or invalidated.

[0094] A13. The system of solution A10, wherein the authenticity of the purchase of the physical item by the subsequent owner is based on a digital indication to a third-party validator, a gated non-fungible token (NFT), or a third pairing on a blockchain platform.

[0095] A14. The system of any of solutions A1 to A13, wherein the information associated with the physical item includes a product serial number, a product description, a manufacturing date, proof of authenticity, and / or compliance information.

[0096] A15. The system of any of solutions A1 to A13, wherein the digital passport comprises a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal.

[0097] A16. The system of any of solutions A1-A13, wherein the digital passport includes a portion of a subset of information associated with the physical item.

[0098] A17. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: receiving, by at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform, information associated with a physical item from at least one database; configuring a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information; writing a transaction that correlates with the first pairing to the blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API); receiving a first message from at least one application program using a second API different from the first API, the first message indicating that an owner will acquire the physical item, the at least one application program being associated with the owner; upon receiving the first message and based on the first message and the information associated with the physical item, generating a digital passport that corresponds to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item; and writing another transaction that correlates with the second pairing to the blockchain platform using the first API, the second pairing being immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0099] A18. The method of solution A17, wherein the blockchain platform includes a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

[0100] A19. The method of solution A17 or A18, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a permissioned blockchain platform.

[0101] A20. The method of any of solutions A17-A19, further comprising: sending the digital passport to an insurer; and receiving from the insurer an insurance policy insuring the physical item against loss resulting from theft or damage to the physical item.

[0102] A21. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: a processor of at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform; and a non-transitory memory coupled to the processor, the non-transitory memory storing code that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to: receive, by the at least one platform server, from at least one database, information associated with physical items and configure a first pairing between the physical items and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information; and block transactions correlated with the first pairing using a first application programming interface (API). a first message from at least one application program using a second API, different from the first API, indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item; the at least one application program is associated with the owner; upon receiving the first message and based on information associated with the first message and the physical item, generates a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item; and, using the first API, writes another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the second pairing, wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

[0103] A22. The system of solution A21, wherein the blockchain platform includes a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions.

[0104] A23. The system of solution A22, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor.

[0105] A24. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication comprising: at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform; at least one database configured to store information associated with raw materials for manufacturing physical goods; and a first application program associated with a source of the raw materials;and a second application program associated with a manufacturer of physical goods, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction and the physical goods are manufactured in a second jurisdiction, the first application program configuring: a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of the information, and a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw materials complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction and / or the second jurisdiction, the procurement compliance being associated with a procurement identifier, the at least one platform server writing a first transaction that correlates with the first pairing and a second transaction that correlates with the second pairing to the blockchain platform, the second pairing being immutably linked to the first pairing, the second transaction including the procurement identifier, and at least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts: upon detecting that the first transaction and the second transaction have been written to the blockchain platform, generating a digital passport corresponding to the pairing, sending the digital passport to a supplier of the raw materials, and sending the digital passport and procurement identifier to a second application program, which, upon receiving the digital passport and procurement identifier, sends the digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable import of the raw materials into the second jurisdiction; configuring a third pairing between the raw materials and another authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a manufacturer of the physical goods; and, upon at least a second smart contract of the multiple smart contracts determining that the raw materials were physically obtained by the manufacturer, revoking or invalidating the digital passport by invalidating the link between the second pairing and the first pairing, writing a third transaction to a blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing that is immutably linked to the second pairing; generating a new digital passport corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing; and sending the new digital passport to the manufacturer.

[0106] A25. The system described in Solution A24, wherein the procurement identifier includes a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit certificate number.

[0107] A26. A system described in solution A24 or A25, in which information associated with the raw material includes common name, scientific name, country of origin, and license number.

[0108] A27. The system of solutions A24 to A26, wherein the blockchain platform includes a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

[0109] A28. The system of solution A27, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor of the at least one platform server.

[0110] A29. The system of any of solutions A24 to A28, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a permissioned blockchain platform.

[0111] A30. The system of any of solutions A24 to A29, wherein the digital passport comprises a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal.

[0112] A31. The system of any of solutions A24 to A30, wherein writing the transaction on the blockchain platform uses a first application programming interface (API) and transmitting the digital passport uses a second API different from the first API.

[0113] A32. The system of any of solutions A24 to A31, wherein the first application program is configured to store the digital passport in the digital Web3 wallet.

[0114] A33. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: receiving, by at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform, from at least one database, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical commodity and a second physical commodity, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, the first physical commodity and the second physical commodity are manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction, and a first portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the first physical commodity and a second portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the second physical commodity; and configuring (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of the information, and (b) a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw materials complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction or the second jurisdiction, wherein the verification mechanism ... a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, generating a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing; transmitting the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw materials; and transmitting the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with a manufacturer of a second physical good.

[0115] A34. The method of solution A33, wherein the application program is configured to: upon receiving the second digital passport and the procurement identifier, send the second digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable import of the second portion of the raw materials into the second jurisdiction; and configure a third pairing between the second portion of the raw materials and a manufacturer of the second physical goods.

[0116] A35. The method of solution A34, wherein the at least one platform server is configured to, when it determines that the raw materials have been physically obtained by the manufacturer: revoke or invalidate the second digital passport by invalidating the link between the first pairing and the second pairing; write another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with a third pairing that is immutably linked to the second pairing; generate a new digital passport corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing; and send the new digital passport to the application program.

[0117] A36. The method of solution A35, wherein the first digital passport and the new digital passport are valid simultaneously and allow both the supplier and the manufacturer access to the raw materials and / or one or more events associated with the first physical product and the second physical product.

[0118] A37. The method according to any of solutions A33 to A36, wherein the procurement identifier includes the certificate number of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit.

[0119] A38. The method of solution A37, wherein the information associated with the raw material includes common name, scientific name, country of origin, and license number.

[0120] A39. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication using the system of one or more of solutions A1 to A16, solutions A21 to A23, and solutions A24 to A32.

[0121] A40. A system comprising a processor and a non-transitory memory having code stored therein, the code, when executed by the processor, causing the processor to implement the methods in one or more of solutions A17 to A20 and solutions A33 to A38.

[0122] The described features may be implemented to further provide one or more of the following technical solutions:

[0123] B1. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: receiving, by at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform, from at least one database, information associated with a first physical commodity and raw materials for producing a second physical commodity, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, and the first physical commodity or the second physical commodity is manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction, and a first portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the first physical commodity, and a second portion of the raw materials is used to manufacture the second physical commodity; and configuring (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of the information, and (b) a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw materials complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction or the second jurisdiction, wherein the verification mechanism verifies compliance of the procurement. writing a transaction correlating with the first pairing and the second pairing to a blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the transaction includes the procurement identifier; generating, by at least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing; sending the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw materials; and sending the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with a manufacturer of a second physical good.

[0124] B2. The method of Solution B1, wherein the application program is configured to: upon receiving the second digital passport and the procurement identifier, send the second digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable import of the second portion of raw materials into the second jurisdiction; and configure a third pairing between the second portion of raw materials and a manufacturer of the second physical commodity.

[0125] B3. The method of Solution B2, wherein the at least one platform server is configured to, upon determining that the raw materials have been physically obtained by the manufacturer,: revoke or invalidate the second digital passport by invalidating the link between the first pairing and the second pairing; write another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with a third pairing that is immutably linked to the second pairing; generate a new digital passport corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing; and send the new digital passport to the application program.

[0126] B4. The method of solution B3, wherein the first digital passport and the new digital passport are valid simultaneously and allow both the supplier and the manufacturer access to one or more events associated with the raw material, the first physical commodity and / or the second physical commodity.

[0127] B5. The method described in Solution B1, wherein the procurement identifier includes the certificate number of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit.

[0128] B6. A method according to Solution B5, in which the information associated with the raw material includes common name, scientific name, country of origin, and license number.

[0129] B7. The method of Solution B1, wherein the authentication mechanism is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or a holographic sticker affixed to the exterior of the first physical item or the second physical item, and the authentication mechanism is configured to remain on the first physical item or the second physical item throughout the lifecycle of the physical item.

[0130] B8. The method of solution B7, wherein the holographic sticker is created using an electron beam lithography system, and wherein the holographic sticker displays "OnChain Verified" as part of the authentication mechanism.

[0131] B9. The method of Solution B1, wherein the second physical good comprises a luxury item.

[0132] B10. The method of solution B9, wherein the manufacturer is configured to: send the second digital passport to an insurer; and receive from the insurer an insurance policy insuring the luxury item against loss resulting from theft or damage to the luxury item.

[0133] B11. The method of solution B1, wherein the first digital passport or the second digital passport includes a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal.

[0134] B12. The method of Solution B1, wherein the blockchain platform includes a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

[0135] B13. The method of solution B12, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by at least one processor in at least one platform server.

[0136] B14. The method of solution B1, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a permissioned blockchain platform.

[0137] B15. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: a processor of at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform; and a non-transitory memory coupled to the processor, wherein the non-transitory memory has stored therein code that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to receive, by the at least one platform server associated with the blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform, from at least one database, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical good and a second physical good, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, the first physical good or the second physical good is manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction, the first physical good is manufactured using a first portion of the raw materials, and the second physical good is manufactured using a second portion of the raw materials; (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of information; and (b) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of information. configuring a second pairing between the first and second pairings and a verification mechanism that verifies compliance with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction or the second jurisdiction, wherein the procurement compliance is associated with a procurement identifier; writing a transaction correlating with the first pairing and the second pairing to a blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the transaction includes the procurement identifier; generating, by at least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing; transmitting the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw materials; and transmitting the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with a manufacturer of a second physical good.

[0138] B16. The system of solution B15, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions.

[0139] B17. The system of solution B16, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor.

[0140] B18. The system of solution B15, wherein the sourcing identifier includes a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit certificate number, and the information associated with the raw material includes common name, scientific name, country of origin, and permit number.

[0141] B19. The system of Solution B15, wherein the authentication mechanism is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or a holographic sticker affixed to the exterior of the first physical item or the second physical item, and the authentication mechanism is configured to remain on the first physical item or the second physical item throughout the lifecycle of the physical item.

[0142] B20. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to perform a method for blockchain-based asset authentication, the instructions including: instructions for receiving, by at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform, from at least one database, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical good and a second physical good, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, the first physical good or the second physical good is manufactured in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction, and the first physical good is manufactured using a first portion of the raw materials, and the second physical good is manufactured using a second portion of the raw materials; and (a) a first pairing between the raw materials and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw materials and stores a subset of the information, and (b) a second pairing between the raw materials and a verification mechanism that verifies that the sourcing of the raw materials complies with applicable law of the first jurisdiction or the second jurisdiction. 1. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising: instructions for configuring a pairing, wherein procurement compliance is associated with a procurement identifier; instructions for writing a transaction correlated with the first pairing and the second pairing to a blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API), wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the transaction includes the procurement identifier; instructions for generating, by at least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing; instructions for sending the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw materials; and instructions for sending the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with a manufacturer of a second physical good.

[0143] Implementations of the subject matter and functional operations described in this patent document may be implemented in various systems, digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed herein and their structural equivalents, or in one or more combinations thereof. At least some implementations of the subject matter described herein may be implemented as one or more computer program products, e.g., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible and non-transitory computer-readable medium, for execution by or to control the operation of a data processing apparatus. The computer-readable medium may be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composite producing a machine-readable propagated signal, or one or more combinations thereof. The term "data processing unit" or "data processing apparatus" encompasses all apparatuses, devices, and machines for processing data, including, by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. In addition to hardware, an apparatus may include code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, such as code constituting processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or one or more combinations thereof.

[0144] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and can be deployed in any form, such as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files storing one or more modules, subprograms, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located in a single location or distributed across multiple locations and interconnected by a communications network.

[0145] The processes and logic flows described herein may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows may also be performed by, and apparatus may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, such as an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).

[0146] Processors suitable for executing a computer program include, by way of example, both general-purpose and special-purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Typically, a processor receives instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory, or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Typically, a computer also includes one or more mass storage devices, such as magnetic, magneto-optical, or optical disks, for storing data, or is operatively coupled to receive data from or transmit data to them, or both. However, a computer need not have such devices. Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include, by way of example, all forms of non-volatile memory, media, and memory devices, such as semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices. The processor and memory may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special-purpose logic circuitry.

[0147] While this patent document contains many details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any invention or what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of a particular invention. Certain features described in this patent document in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, while features may be described above as working in a particular combination and may initially be claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may, in some cases, be deleted from that combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variations of the subcombination.

[0148] Similarly, although operations are depicted in a particular order in the figures, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order shown, or sequentially, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. Furthermore, the separation of various system components in the embodiments described in this patent document should not be understood as requiring such separation in all embodiments.

[0149] Only a few implementations and examples are described; other implementations, improvements, and variations may be made based on what is described and illustrated in this patent document.

Claims

1. 1. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: at least one platform server associated with the blockchain platform; at least one database configured to store information associated with the physical goods; at least one application program associated with the owner of the physical item; Equipped with At least one platform server configuring a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of the information; configured to write a transaction correlated with the first pairing to a blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API); At least one application program configured to send a first message to at least one platform server using a second API different from the first API, the first message indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item; At least one platform server receiving a first message from the at least one application program using the second API; Upon receiving the first message and based on information associated with the first message and the physical item, generating a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item; The system is further configured to use the first API to write another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the second pairing, wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

2. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the authentication mechanism is a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, a Near Field Communication (NFC) tag, or a holographic sticker affixed to an exterior of the physical item, the authentication mechanism being configured to remain with the physical item throughout its lifecycle.

3. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the holographic sticker is created using an electron beam lithography system, and the holographic sticker displays "OnChain Verified" as part of the authentication mechanism.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the authentication mechanism is an image capture device.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one application program is further configured to store the digital passport in a digital Web3 wallet.

6. At least one platform server Create digital representations of physical products, 10. The system of claim 1, further configured to use the first API to write another transaction that correlates with a third pairing between the digital representation and the physical item, wherein the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the second pairing, and wherein the digital representation may be used exclusively by the owner within the metaverse.

7. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the digital representation is a non-fungible token (NFT).

8. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the digital passport enables the holder to access marketing events associated with the manufacturer of the physical item, partnership promotions associated with other owners of other instances of the physical item, or cross-selling events associated with manufacturers of other items similar to the physical item.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the physical goods include luxury goods, collectibles, art, or products in a supply chain.

10. At least one application program further configured to send, using the second API, to the at least one platform server a second message indicating that a subsequent owner will acquire the physical item; At least one platform server Revoke or invalidate the digital passport upon receiving the second message; generating a new digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a subsequent third pairing between the owner and the physical item based on the second message and the information; using the first API to write yet another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the third pairing, wherein the link between the second pairing and the first pairing is invalidated and the third pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing; Send new digital passports to subsequent owners The system of claim 1 further configured to:

11. At least one platform server Create digital representations of physical products, 11. The system of claim 10, further configured to use the first API to write yet another transaction that correlates with a fourth pairing between the digital representation and the physical item, wherein the fourth pairing is immutably linked to the third pairing and the first pairing, and wherein the digital representation may be used exclusively by subsequent owners within the metaverse.

12. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein a new digital passport allows subsequent owners to access an event associated with the manufacturer of the physical item, and each previous owner is limited in access to the event due to the digital passport being revoked or invalidated.

13. 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the authenticity of a purchase of the physical item by a subsequent owner is based on a digital indication to a third-party validator, a gated non-fungible token (NFT), or a third pairing on a blockchain platform.

14. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the information associated with the physical item includes a product serial number, a product description, a manufacturing date, proof of authenticity, and / or compliance information.

15. 14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the digital passport comprises a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal.

16. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the digital passport comprises a portion of a subset of information associated with a physical product.

17. 1. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: receiving, by at least one platform server associated with the blockchain platform, information associated with the physical goods from at least one database; Configuring a first pairing between a physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information; writing a transaction correlated with the first pairing to a blockchain platform using a first application programming interface (API); receiving a first message from at least one application program using a second API different from the first API, the first message indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item, the at least one application program being associated with the owner; upon receiving the first message and based on information associated with the first message and the physical item, generating a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item; using the first API to write another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with the second pairing, wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing; and A method comprising:

18. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

19. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a permissioned blockchain platform.

20. transmitting the digital passport to the insurer; receiving an insurance policy from an insurer insuring the physical goods against loss resulting from theft or destruction of the physical goods; 20. The method of claim 17, further comprising:

21. 1. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: a processor of at least one platform server associated with the blockchain platform; a non-transitory memory coupled to the processor, the non-transitory memory having code stored therein that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to: receiving, by the at least one platform server, information associated with the physical goods from the at least one database; forming a first pairing between the physical item and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies and stores a subset of information; Using a first application programming interface (API) to write a transaction correlated with the first pairing to a blockchain platform; receiving a first message from at least one application program using a second API different from the first API, the first message indicating that the owner will acquire the physical item, the at least one application program being associated with the owner; upon receiving the first message and based on information associated with the first message and the physical item, generating a digital passport corresponding to the first pairing and a second pairing between the owner and the physical item; The system uses the first API to cause another transaction that correlates with the second pairing to be written to the blockchain platform, where the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing.

22. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions.

23. 23. The system of claim 22, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake consensus mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor.

24. 1. A system for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: at least one platform server associated with a blockchain platform and a plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform; at least one database configured to store information associated with raw materials for producing physical goods; a first application program associated with a source of raw materials; a second application program associated with the manufacturer of the physical goods; wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction and the physical goods are manufactured in a second jurisdiction; a first application program; a first pairing between the raw material and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies the source of the raw material and stores a subset of the information; and forming a second pairing between the raw material and a verification mechanism that verifies that the sourcing of the raw material complies with applicable laws and regulations of the first jurisdiction and / or the second jurisdiction; Procurement compliance is associated with the procurement identifier, at least one platform server writes a first transaction correlated with the first pairing and a second transaction correlated with the second pairing to the blockchain platform, the second pairing being immutably linked to the first pairing; the second transaction includes a procurement identifier; At least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts Upon detecting that the first transaction and the second transaction have been written to the blockchain platform, generating digital passports corresponding to the first pairing and the second pairing; Send the digital passport to the raw material supplier, transmitting the digital passport and the procurement identifier to a second application program; A second application program Upon receiving the digital passport and the sourcing identifier, transmitting the digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable importation of the raw materials into the second jurisdiction; forming a third pairing between the raw material and another authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies the manufacturer of the physical good; When at least a second smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts determines that the raw material has been physically obtained by the manufacturer, Revoke or invalidate the digital passport by invalidating the link between the second pairing and the first pairing; writing a third transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with a third pairing that is immutably linked to the second pairing; generating new digital passports corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing; The system sends the new digital passport to the manufacturer.

25. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the procurement identifier comprises a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit certificate number.

26. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the information associated with the ingredient includes a common name, a scientific name, a country of origin, and a license number.

27. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a public blockchain platform that uses a proof-of-stake consensus mechanism for processing on-chain transactions and a native token that is compatible with ERC-20 tokens.

28. 28. The system of claim 27, wherein the completion time of the proof-of-stake agreement mechanism is based on the number of threads supported by the processor of the at least one platform server.

29. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the blockchain platform comprises a permissioned blockchain platform.

30. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the digital passport comprises a QR code, an encoded visual identifier, or a unique wireless signal.

31. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein writing the transaction on the blockchain platform uses a first application programming interface (API) and transmitting the digital passport uses a second API that is different from the first API.

32. 25. The system of claim 24, wherein the first application program is configured to store the digital passport in a digital Web3 wallet.

33. 1. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication, comprising: receiving, by at least one platform server associated with the blockchain platform and the plurality of smart contracts on the blockchain platform, from at least one database, information associated with raw materials for producing a first physical commodity and a second physical commodity, wherein the raw materials are sourced in a first jurisdiction, the first physical commodity and the second physical commodity are produced in a second jurisdiction different from the first jurisdiction, and the first physical commodity is produced using a first portion of the raw materials and the second physical commodity is produced using a second portion of the raw materials; (a) configuring a first pairing between the raw material and an authentication mechanism that uniquely identifies a source of the raw material and stores a subset of the information; and (b) configuring a second pairing between the raw material and a verification mechanism that verifies that the procurement of the raw material complies with applicable laws and regulations of a first jurisdiction or a second jurisdiction, wherein the procurement compliance is associated with a procurement identifier; using a first application programming interface (API) to write a transaction to a blockchain platform that correlates with the first pairing and the second pairing, wherein the second pairing is immutably linked to the first pairing and the transaction includes a procurement identifier; generating, by at least a first smart contract of the plurality of smart contracts and upon detecting that the transaction has been written to the blockchain platform, a first digital passport corresponding to the first portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing, and a second digital passport corresponding to the second portion of the raw materials, the first pairing, and the second pairing; transmitting the first digital passport to a supplier of the raw material; transmitting the second digital passport and the procurement identifier to an application program associated with the manufacturer of the second physical good; A method comprising:

34. The application program upon receiving the second digital passport and the procurement identifier, transmitting the second digital passport to a border authority of the second jurisdiction to enable importation of the second portion of the raw materials into the second jurisdiction; and forming a third pairing between the second portion of the raw material and the manufacturer of the second physical commodity.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein the method is configured to:

35. When the at least one platform server determines that the raw material has been physically obtained by the manufacturer, Revoke or invalidate the second digital passport by invalidating the link between the first pairing and the second pairing; writing another transaction to the blockchain platform that correlates with a third pairing that is immutably linked to the second pairing; generating new digital passports corresponding to the second pairing and the third pairing; Send the new digital passport to the application program 35. The method of claim 34, wherein the method is configured to:

36. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the first digital passport and the new digital passport are valid simultaneously and allow both the supplier and the manufacturer access to the raw materials and / or one or more events associated with the first physical commodity and the second physical commodity.

37. 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the procurement identifier comprises a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permit certificate number.

38. 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the information associated with the raw material includes a common name, a scientific name, a country of origin, and a license number.

39. 33. A method for blockchain-based asset authentication using a system according to one or more of claims 1 to 16, claims 21 to 23, and claims 24 to 32.

40. 39. A system comprising a processor and a non-transitory memory having code stored thereon, the code, when executed by the processor, causing the processor to implement a method in one or more of claims 17 to 20 and claims 33 to 38.

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