Electrosurgical treatment system and non-transitory computer readable storage medium

Abstract

The target is identified based on the reflection spectral characteristics.SOLUTION: An electrosurgical energy system; and a controller circuit configured to receive reflected signals reflected from the target, generate a reflectance spectrum from the reflected signals, and, based on a reflectance feature of the reflectance spectrum, the reflectance feature comprising one or more of a variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths or a rate of change in reflectance across a range of wavelengths: A target is identified as one of a plurality of structure types, a mode of operation of the electrosurgical energy system is determined based at least in part on the identification of the target, and a control signal to the electrosurgical energy system is generated to provide electrosurgical energy to the target in the determined mode of operation.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 2

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (Priority Claim) This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 882,837, filed August 5, 2019, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 017,450, filed April 29, 2020, which applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0002] This document relates generally to laser surgery systems, and more particularly to laser endoscopy systems for selectively applying a surgical laser to a target while maintaining tissue safety. [Background technology]

[0003] Typically, endoscopes are used to provide access to internal locations in a patient, providing visual access to physicians. Some endoscopes are used in minimally invasive surgery to remove defective tissue or foreign bodies from a patient's body. For example, a nephroscope is used by clinicians to examine the renal system to perform various procedures under direct visual control. In a percutaneous nephrectomy (PCNL) procedure, a nephroscope is placed into the renal pelvis through the patient's flank. For example, stones or masses from various areas of the body, including the urinary system, gallbladder, nasal passages, gastrointestinal tract, stomach, or tonsils, can be visualized and removed.

[0004] Laser or plasma systems have been used to deliver surgical laser energy to various target treatment areas, such as soft or hard tissue. Examples of laser therapy include ablation, coagulation, vaporization, fragmentation, etc. In lithotripsy applications, lasers have been used to break up stone structures in the kidney, gallbladder, ureter, or other stone-forming areas, or to ablate large stones into smaller fragments. In endoscopic laser therapy, it is desirable to apply the laser only to the target treatment structure (e.g., stone or cancerous tissue) and spare non-treatment tissue from unintentional laser irradiation. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] This document describes systems, devices, and methods for identifying various tissue or stone types having different compositions in vivo during a medical procedure, such as a laser endoscopy procedure, and automatically adjusting therapy according to the identified tissue or stone type. An exemplary electrosurgical treatment system includes an electrosurgical energy system configured to generate electrosurgical energy for delivery to a target within a subject's body, and a controller circuit configured to receive a signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source and generate one or more spectral signatures from the reflected signal. The controller circuit may use the one or more spectral signatures to identify the target as one of a plurality of structure types each having a different composition, and determine an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system based on the identification of the target. In one example, the control circuit may control the electrosurgical energy system to deliver electrosurgical energy toward a target of a particular type of interest, such as a stone type or cancerous tissue, and adjust laser settings based on the classified tissue type or stone type.

[0006] Example 1 is an electrosurgical treatment system for providing electrosurgical energy to a target within a subject's body, comprising: an electrosurgical energy system; a controller circuit; The controller circuit receiving a reflected signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation produced by a light source; generating a reflectance spectrum from the received reflected signals; identifying the target as one of a plurality of structure types based on reflectance characteristics of the reflectance spectrum, the reflectance characteristics including one or more of a variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths or a rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths; determining an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system based at least in part on the identification of the target; configured to generate a control signal to the electrosurgical energy system to provide electrosurgical energy to the target in the determined mode of operation. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0007] Example 2 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 1, the reflectance characteristics include reflectance intensity at a particular wavelength; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0008] Example 3 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 1, the controller circuit is configured to identify the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure based on the reflectance characteristics, and determine the mode of operation including a first mode of operation when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second mode of operation when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third mode of operation when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0009] Example 4 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 1, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the operating mode includes setting laser parameters of the laser system; the laser system is configured to deliver laser energy to the target in accordance with the laser parameter settings; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0010] Example 5 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 4, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective different compositions based on the reflectance characteristics, and determine the laser parameter settings based on the classified stone type of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0011] Example 6 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 4, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of tissue types based on the reflectivity characteristics and determine the laser parameter settings based on the classified tissue type of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0012] Example 7 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 1, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as a treatment area or a non-treatment area based on the reflectance characteristics, and to enable or withhold delivery of the electrosurgical energy to the target based on the classification of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0013] Example 8 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 1, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system configured to emit a laser beam; the controller circuit is configured to calculate a distance between a distal end (i) of an optical path transmitting the laser beam and the target (ii), and to enable or disable laser emission from the laser system based at least on the calculated distance; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0014] Example 9 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 8, the controller circuit is configured to calculate the distance using the reflectance features of the reflectance spectrum. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0015] Example 10 is the electrosurgical treatment system of Example 8, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the controller circuit is configured to control the laser system to deliver the laser energy to the target if (1) the target is identified as a treatment structure type, and (2) the calculated distance is within a designated laser firing range. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

[0016] Example 11 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program that, when executed by one or more processors, causes the processors to perform operations, the operations including: receiving a reflected signal reflected from a target within the subject's body in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source; generating a reflectance spectrum from the received reflected signal; identifying the target as one of a plurality of structure types based on reflectance characteristics of the reflectance spectrum, the reflectance characteristics including one or more of a variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths or a rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths; determining a mode of operation of the electrosurgical energy system based at least in part on the identification of the target; generating a control signal to the electrosurgical energy system to provide electrosurgical energy to the target in the determined mode of operation. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

[0017] Example 12 is the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Example 11, the act of identifying the target as one of the plurality of structure types includes identifying the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure based on the reflectance characteristics; determining the mode of operation includes determining a first mode of operation when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second mode of operation when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third mode of operation when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

[0018] Example 13 is the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Example 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the act of classifying the target as one of the plurality of structural types includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective different compositions based on the reflectance characteristics; determining the operating mode includes determining laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified stone type of the target. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

[0019] Example 14 is the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Example 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the act of identifying the target as one of the plurality of structure types includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of tissue types based on the reflectance characteristics; the operation of determining the mode of operation includes determining laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified tissue type of the target. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

[0020] Example 15 is the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of Example 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system configured to emit a laser beam; The execution by the one or more processors may include causing the processors to: calculating a distance between a distal end (i) of an optical path transmitting said laser beam and said target (ii); enabling or disabling laser emission from the laser system based at least on the calculated distance. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

[0021] This Summary is an overview of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details about the present subject matter are set forth in the Detailed Description and the claims. Other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following Detailed Description and viewing the Drawings that form a part thereof, each of which is not to be considered in a limiting sense. The scope of the present disclosure is defined by the claims and their legal equivalents.

[0022] Various embodiments are illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are illustrative and are not intended to be exhaustive or exclusive embodiments of the present subject matter. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0023] [Figure 1] 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a laser treatment system configured to provide laser therapy to a target structure within the body, such as an anatomical structure or a stone structure. [Figure 2] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a laser feedback control system and a portion of an environment in which the system may be used. [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 shows examples of normalized reflectance spectra of different kidney stone types. [Figure 3B] FIG. 1 shows examples of normalized reflectance spectra of different kidney tissue types. [Figure 4A]FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an endoscope configured to provide feedback-controlled laser therapy. [Figure 4B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an endoscope configured to provide feedback-controlled laser therapy. [Figure 4C] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an endoscope configured to provide feedback-controlled laser therapy. [Figure 5A] FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of an exemplary endoscope configured to provide feedback-controlled laser therapy. [Figure 5B] FIG. 1 illustrates a portion of an exemplary endoscope configured to provide feedback-controlled laser therapy. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system including an endoscope integrated with a feedback-controlled laser therapy system that receives camera feedback. [Figure 7] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system including an endoscope integrated with a feedback-controlled laser therapy system that receives spectroscopic sensor feedback. [Figure 8A] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system including an endoscope with an integrated multi-fiber accessory. [Figure 8B] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system including an endoscope with an integrated multi-fiber accessory. [Figure 8C] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system including an endoscope with an integrated multi-fiber accessory. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 illustrates a laser treatment system including a dedicated spectroscopic signal fiber and a separate surgical laser fiber. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a calibration curve that uses a feedback signal reflected from a target structure to represent the relationship between the spectral reflected signal intensity and the distance between the distal end of the fiber and the target structure. [Figure 11]1 is a flowchart illustrating a method for controlling a laser system to deliver a laser beam to a target structure within a subject's body, such as an anatomical structure or a stone structure. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example machine on which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may be implemented. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] Laser endoscopy is a medical procedure for observing and operating on internal organs, delivering a surgical laser to a targeted body region to achieve a specific diagnostic or therapeutic effect. Laser endoscopy has been used in soft and hard tissue treatment (e.g., damaging or destroying cancer cells) or lithotripsy applications. For example, in PCNL, a practitioner may insert a rigid scope into a patient's kidney through an incision in the patient's back. The scope allows the practitioner to locate a specific stone within the kidney or upper urinary tract and break the stone into smaller fragments by illuminating the stone using a relatively high-power infrared laser beam. The laser beam may cut the stone into smaller fragments. The stone fragments may then be extracted from the kidney. The scope may include an endoscope, a nephroscope, and / or a cystoscope.

[0025] In endoscopic laser therapy, it is desirable to recognize different tissues and apply laser energy only to target treatment structures (e.g., cancerous tissue or specific stone types) while avoiding or reducing exposure of non-treatment tissues (e.g., normal tissue) to laser irradiation. Traditionally, identification of target treatment structures of interest is performed manually by an operator, such as by visualizing the target surgical site and its surrounding environment through an endoscope. Such manual techniques can lack accuracy in at least some cases and may not be able to determine the composition of the target, due to factors such as cramped access to the surgical site that provides only limited surgical visibility. Biopsy techniques have been used to remove target structures (e.g., tissue) from the body and analyze their composition in vitro. However, in many clinical applications, it is desirable to determine tissue composition in vivo, thereby reducing surgical time and complexity and improving therapeutic efficacy. For example, in laser lithotripsy, in which a laser is applied to stones to break them up or pulverize them, automatic and in vivo recognition of specific types of stones (e.g., the chemical composition of kidney or pancreatic bile duct or gallbladder stones) and distinguishing stones from surrounding tissue would allow a physician to adjust laser settings (e.g., power, exposure time, or firing angle) to more effectively cut the target stone while avoiding irradiating non-treated tissue adjacent to the target stone.

[0026] Conventional endoscopic laser therapy also has the limitation that tissue type (e.g., composition) cannot be continuously monitored during the procedure. There are many moving parts during an endoscopic procedure, and the tissue seen by the endoscope can change throughout the procedure. Conventional biopsy techniques cannot monitor tissue composition throughout the procedure because they require removing a tissue sample to identify the composition. Continuous monitoring and recognition of the structure type (e.g., soft tissue type, hard tissue type, normal tissue vs. cancerous tissue, or stone structure composition) at the tip of the endoscope may provide the physician with more information to better tailor treatment during the procedure. For example, if a physician is pulverizing a kidney stone that has a hard surface rather than a soft center, continuous tissue composition information from the endoscope may allow the physician to adjust laser settings based on the continuously detected stone surface composition, e.g., from a first setting that works better on the stone's hard surface to a second, different setting that works better on the stone's soft center.

[0027] For at least the above reasons, the inventors have recognized an unmet need for systems and methods that are capable of distinguishing different structural types in vivo by their distinct compositions, and adjusting therapy according to the distinction of structural type.

[0028] Described herein are systems, devices, and methods for identifying different structure types having different compositions in vivo and adjusting surgical laser output accordingly in a medical procedure. An exemplary laser therapy system includes a laser system configured to generate a laser beam for delivery to a target within the body and a controller circuit configured to receive a signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source and generate one or more spectroscopic signatures from the reflected signal. The controller circuit may use the one or more spectroscopic signatures to identify the target as one of multiple structure types, such as a tissue type or a stone type, having different compositions. The laser system may be controlled to operate in an operating mode based on the target identification. The operating mode may include delivering or withholding delivery of the laser beam or setting laser parameters for the laser system. In one example, the control circuit may control the laser system to fire a laser beam toward a target of interest, such as a stone type or cancerous tissue, and adjust laser settings based on the classified tissue type or stone type.

[0029] Systems, devices, and methods according to various embodiments described herein provide improved in vivo target structure diagnosis and laser therapy. Features described herein may be used in connection with endoscopy, laser surgery, laser lithotripsy, laser settings, and / or spectroscopy. Example targets and applications may include laser lithotripsy of kidney stones and laser dissection or vaporization of soft tissue. In one example of an endoscopic system incorporating features as described herein, tissue or stone type or composition may be identified and monitored in vivo. Automatic and in vivo identification of tissue type or stone type, such as the chemical composition of the target, may be used to adjust laser settings for optimal delivery of laser energy. The ability to continuously monitor and identify tissue type or stone type allows for immediate adjustment of laser settings. For example, according to various aspects herein, a laser system may provide input data to another system, such as an image processor, whereby procedure monitoring may display information about a medical procedure to a user. One example of this is more clearly distinguishing between different chemical compositions within the same target, such as various soft tissues, vasculature, capsular tissues, and stones within the field of view during a procedure. With improved recognition and classification of target structures, patients may be protected from accidental or misplaced laser firing, and improved therapeutic efficacy and tissue safety may be achieved.

[0030] According to various embodiments described herein, the present specification also provides techniques for estimating and controlling the distance between a laser fiber and a target structure. For example, if a suitable targeted element (e.g., a cancerous lesion or a stone) is not within range of the laser, the laser may be "locked," i.e., prevented from firing. For example, when the present technology is used in a laser lithotripsy procedure, the laser may be locked if a stone is not within range (e.g., only tissue is within range). This locking control may also be used to improve the performance of existing laser lithotripsy systems by ensuring that the target is within the optimal firing distance, conserving power, improving patient safety, and improving stone removal efficacy.

[0031] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a laser therapy system 100 configured to provide laser treatment to a target structure 122 within a subject's body, such as an anatomical structure (e.g., soft tissue, hard tissue, or abnormal tissue such as cancerous tissue) or a stone structure (e.g., kidney, pancreas, or gallbladder stones). The laser therapy system 100 may include a laser feedback control system 101 and at least one laser system 102. The laser feedback control system 101 may be configured to receive a signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source, generate one or more spectroscopic characteristics using the reflected signal from the target, identify the target as one of a plurality of structure types (e.g., stone type or tissue type) having respective distinct compositions, and determine an operating mode of the laser system based on the identified structure type. The laser feedback control system 101 may be used in a variety of applications, such as industrial and / or medical applications for the treatment of soft (e.g., non-calcified) tissue or hard (e.g., calcified) tissue or stone structures such as kidney, pancreas, or gallbladder stones. In some examples, the laser treatment system 100 may deliver precisely controlled therapeutic treatment of tissue or another anatomical structure (e.g., tissue ablation, coagulation, vaporization, etc.), or treatment of a non-anatomical structure (e.g., ablation or pulverization of a stone structure).

[0032] The laser feedback control system 101 may be in operative communication with one or more laser systems. FIG. 1 shows the laser feedback system connected to a first laser system 102 and, optionally, to a second laser system 104 (shown by a dotted line). Additional laser systems are contemplated within the scope of this disclosure. The first laser system 102 may include a first laser source 106 and associated components, such as a power supply, a display, a cooling system, etc. The first laser system 102 may also include a first optical path 108 operatively coupled to the first laser source 106. In one example, the first optical path 108 includes an optical fiber. The first optical path 108 may be configured to transmit a laser beam from the first laser source 106 to the target structure 122.

[0033] The laser feedback control system 101 may analyze the feedback signal 130 from the target structure 122 and control the first laser system 102 and / or the second laser system 104 to generate the appropriate laser power to provide the desired therapeutic effect. For example, the laser feedback control system 101 may monitor the characteristics of the target structure 122 during a therapeutic procedure (e.g., ablating a stone, such as a kidney stone, into smaller pieces) to determine whether the tissue has been adequately ablated prior to another therapeutic procedure (e.g., coagulating a blood vessel).

[0034] In one example, the first laser source 106 may be configured to provide a first output 110. The first output 110 may extend over a first wavelength range, such as one that corresponds to a portion of the absorption spectrum of the target structure 122. The first output 110 may provide effective ablation and / or carbonation of the target structure 122 because the first output 110 is present over a wavelength range that corresponds to the absorption spectrum of tissue.

[0035] In one example, the first laser source 106 may be configured such that the emitted first output 110 in a first wavelength range is absorbed by tissue at a high absorption rate (e.g., approximately 250 cm). -1 In an exemplary embodiment, the first laser source 106 may emit a first output 110 between about 1900 nanometers (nm) and about 3000 nm (e.g., corresponding to high absorption by water) and / or between about 400 nm and about 520 nm (e.g., corresponding to high absorption by oxy-hemoglobin and / or deoxy-hemoglobin). Clearly, there are two primary mechanisms of light interaction with tissue: absorption and scattering. High tissue absorption (above 250 cm) -1 absorption coefficient above 250 cm), the first absorption mechanism dominates and absorption is low ( -1 When the absorption coefficient is smaller than 100 Å, for example, for lasers in the wavelength range of 800 to 1100 nm, the scattering mechanism dominates.

[0036] Various commercially available medical grade laser systems may be suitable for the first laser source 106. For example, an In laser system that provides a first output 110 within a first wavelength range of about 515 nm to about 520 nm, or about 370 nm to about 493 nm. x Ga 1-x A semiconductor laser such as a N semiconductor laser may be used. Alternatively, an infrared (IR) laser may be used, such as those summarized in Table 1 below. [Table 1]

[0037] The optional second laser system 104 may include a second laser source 116 for providing a second output 120 and associated components such as a power supply, display, cooling system, etc. The second laser system 104 may be operatively separate from or alternatively operatively coupled to the first laser source 106. In some embodiments, the second laser system 104 may include a second optical fiber 118 (separate from the first optical path 108) operatively coupled to the second laser source 116 for transmitting the second output 120. Alternatively, the first optical path 108 may be configured to transmit both the first output 110 and the second output 120.

[0038] In certain aspects, the second output 120 may extend over a second wavelength range that is different from the first wavelength range. Thus, there may be no overlap between the first and second wavelength ranges. Alternatively, the first and second wavelength ranges may at least partially overlap one another. In advantageous aspects of the present disclosure, the second wavelength range may not correspond to a portion of the absorption spectrum of the target structure 122 where incident radiation is strongly absorbed by tissue that has not previously been ablated or carbonized. In some such aspects, the second output 120 may advantageously not ablate non-carbonized tissue. Furthermore, in another embodiment, the second output 120 may ablate previously ablated carbonized tissue. In further embodiments, the second output 120 may provide an additional therapeutic effect. For example, the second output 120 may be better suited to coagulating tissue or blood vessels.

[0039] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a laser feedback control system 200 and at least a portion of an environment in which it may be used. The laser feedback control system 200, which is an example of the laser feedback control system 101, may include a feedback analyzer 240, a memory 250, and a laser controller 260. The feedback analyzer 240 includes a spectroscopic sensor 242 configured to sense a spectroscopic signal reflected from the target structure 122 and generate one or more spectroscopic characteristics from the reflected signal in accordance with one aspect of the subject matter described herein. The spectroscopic characteristics may include characteristics such as reflectance, reflectance spectrum, and absorption index. Examples of the spectroscopic sensor 242 may include a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a UV-VIS spectrometer, a UV-VIS-IR spectrometer, or a fluorescence spectrometer, among others. Each spectroscopic sensor 242 corresponds to a spectroscopic technique. For example, UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy may be used to gather information from light reflected from an object similar to information obtained from the eye or color images created by a high-resolution camera, but in a more quantitative and objective manner. Reflectance spectroscopy may provide information about materials because the reflection and absorption of light depend on their chemical composition and surface properties. Information about both the surface and bulk properties of a sample may be obtained using this technique. Reflectance spectroscopy may be used to identify the composition of hard or soft tissues. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample. It involves using a beam of light, usually ultraviolet light, to excite material compounds, causing them to emit light, typically in the visible or IR region. This method may be applied to the analysis of some organic components, such as hard and soft tissues. FTIR spectroscopy is used for rapid material analysis and has relatively good spatial resolution, providing information about the chemical composition of materials. Raman spectroscopy may be used to distinguish between hard and soft tissue components. As a high-spatial-resolution technique, it is also useful for determining the distribution of components within a target.

[0040] The above spectroscopic techniques may be used alone or in combination to analyze the feedback signal 130 reflected from the target structure 122 to generate spectroscopic feedback and extract spectroscopic signatures indicative of each different compositional structure type.

[0041] Feedback analyzer 240 may optionally include an imaging sensor 244. Examples of imaging sensor 244, in one embodiment, may include an imaging camera, such as a CCD or CMOS camera, sensitive to ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), or infrared (IR) wavelengths. In some embodiments, spectroscopic sensor 242 includes more than a single type of spectrometer or imaging camera listed herein to improve sensing and detection of various features (e.g., carbonized and non-carbonized tissue, vasculature, etc.).

[0042] In some examples, spectroscopic sensor 242 may include any of the spectrometers listed herein and may further rely on the imaging capabilities of the endoscope used during the therapy procedure. For example, an endoscope may be used to visualize anatomical features during a therapy procedure (e.g., laser ablation of a tumor). In such cases, the imaging capabilities of the endoscope may be enhanced by spectroscopic sensor 242. For example, a conventional endoscope may provide narrowband imaging suitable for enhanced visualization of anatomical features (e.g., lesions, tumors, vasculature, etc.). The combination of spectroscopic sensor 242 and endoscopic imaging (white light and / or narrowband imaging) may precisely control the delivery of a therapy treatment by enhancing detection of tissue characteristics such as the degree of carbonization.

[0043] In one example, the spectroscopic sensor 242 may be operatively coupled to the signal transmission path 280. The signal transmission path 280 may include an optical fiber having optical properties suitable for transmitting the spectroscopic signal reflected from the tissue to the spectroscopic sensor 242. Alternatively, the spectroscopic sensor 242 may be operatively coupled to the first optical path 108 of the first laser system 102 and / or the second optical path 118 of the second laser system 104, thereby detecting the spectroscopic signal via the first optical path 108 and / or the second optical path 118.

[0044] The feedback analyzer 240 may include one or more of a target detector 246 or a target classifier 248. The target detector 246 may be configured to identify the target structure 122 as one of a plurality of structure categories using spectroscopic characteristics, such as those produced by the spectroscopic sensor 242, optionally in combination with imaging characteristics sensed by the optional imaging sensor 244. In one example, the target detector 246 may use one or more spectroscopic characteristics to identify the target structure 122 as a stone structure category or as an anatomical structure category. Examples of stone structures may include stones or stone fragments in various stone-forming regions, such as the urinary system, gallbladder, nasal passages, gastrointestinal tract, stomach, or tonsils. Examples of anatomical structures may include soft tissues (e.g., muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, fascia, skin, fat, fibrous tissue), hard tissues, such as bone, connective tissues, such as cartilage, among others.

[0045] In one example, the feedback analyzer 240 may generate a reflectance spectrum using the received reflected signal and extract one or more spectral features from the reflectance spectrum. The reflectance spectrum represents the reflectance intensity across multiple wavelengths. Reflectance may be determined as the fraction of incident electromagnetic power reflected at a material interface, which represents the effectiveness of the material surface in reflecting radiant energy, such as electromagnetic radiation emitted from a light source. The reflectance spectrum may be formatted as a data array or as a graphical representation, also called a spectral reflectance curve. In one example, the reflectance spectrum represents reflectance across wavelengths in the range of approximately 400 to 1000 nm.

[0046] Referring to Figures 3A-3B, different categories of structures may have different reflectance intensities. For example, the reflectance spectrum of a stone structure (e.g., a kidney stone) may differ from the reflectance spectrum of an anatomical structure (e.g., a subject's soft or hard tissue). By way of example, Figure 3A shows example normalized reflectance spectra of different kidney stone types. The reflectance spectra correspond to a wavelength range of approximately 400 nm to 700 nm and are normalized to the reflectance intensity at 700 nm. By way of example, Figure 3B shows normalized reflectance spectra of different kidney tissue types. The reflectance spectra correspond to a wavelength range of approximately 400 to 900 nm and are normalized to the reflectance intensity at 900 nm.

[0047] As shown in Figure 3A, the reflectance spectrum of kidney stones shows a nearly monotonic increase in reflectance as wavelength increases from 400 to 700 nm. In contrast, as shown in Figure 3B, the reflectance spectrum of kidney tissue shows significant variation in reflectance in the wavelength range of 400 to 650 nm, and a nearly monotonic decrease in reflectance as wavelength increases from 650 to 850 nm.

[0048] One or more spectral features may be extracted from a reflectance spectrum or normalized reflectance spectrum of a known stone structure (hereinafter referred to as a "stone reflectance feature"), as shown in FIG. 3A. Similarly, one or more spectral features may be extracted from a reflectance spectrum or normalized reflectance spectrum of a known anatomical structure (hereinafter referred to as a "tissue reflectance feature"), as shown in FIG. 3B. Examples of characteristic reflectance features may include a reflectance spectrum (or normalized reflectance spectrum) at a particular wavelength or across a range of wavelengths, statistics calculated from the reflectance spectrum (e.g., the variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths, the rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths, etc.), or a graphical feature representing the shape of at least a portion of the spectral reflectance curve (e.g., the slope of the curve, curvature, line segments, etc.). The stone reflectance features and tissue reflectance features may be stored in memory 250 of laser feedback control system 200.

[0049] To identify the target structure 122 as either a stone structure or an anatomical structure, in one example, the target detector 246 may extract one or more target reflectance features from a reflectance spectrum generated from the spectroscopic signal reflected from the target structure 122. The target detector 246 may identify the target structure 122 as a stone structure if the target reflectance feature exceeds a feature threshold or is within a value range, or as kidney tissue if the target reflectance feature is below the feature threshold or is outside a value range. The feature threshold or value range may be determined using the stone reflectance feature and the tissue reflectance feature. In one example, the feature threshold may be determined to separate the stone reflectance feature from the tissue reflectance feature by a specified margin.

[0050] In some examples, the target detector 246 may trend the reflectance intensity of the target structure 122 across a wavelength range and identify the target structure 122 based on the reflectance intensity trend (or "reflectance slope"). In one example, the reflectance trend may be generated within a first range of 400 to 550 nm. The target structure 122 may be identified as a stone structure if a monotonically increasing reflectance trend exists within the first wavelength range. The target structure 122 may be identified as kidney tissue if a monotonically increasing reflectance trend does not exist within the first wavelength range. In another example, the reflectance trend may be generated within a second range of 650 to 700 nm. The target structure 122 may be identified as a stone structure if a monotonically increasing reflectance trend exists within the second wavelength range. The target structure 122 may be identified as kidney tissue if a monotonically decreasing trend exists within the second wavelength range.

[0051] In another example, the target detector 246 may use a template matching technique to identify the target structure 122 as a stone structure or an anatomical structure. The target reflectance feature may be compared to at least one of the stone reflectance features or at least one of the tissue reflectance features stored in the memory 250 to determine whether a matching criterion is met. For example, the target structure 122 may be identified as a stone structure if a dissimilarity metric between the target reflectance feature and the stone reflectance feature is less than a first similarity threshold, or may be identified as kidney tissue if a dissimilarity metric between the target reflectance feature and the tissue reflectance feature is less than a second similarity threshold.

[0052] In addition to inter-category differences in reflectance spectra, such as between stone structures and anatomical structures, different structure types within the same category may exhibit different reflectance characteristics, such as reflectance spectra, as shown and contrasted in Figures 3A and 3B. By way of example, Figure 3A illustrates an example of intra-category differences in reflectance spectra among multiple stone types. As shown, across the wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm, brushite (which is a type of calcium phosphate (CaP) stone) 311 has a higher normalized reflectance than calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) stone 312, which has a higher normalized reflectance than calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stone 313, which has a higher normalized reflectance than magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stone 314. By way of example, Figure 3B illustrates intra-category differences in reflectance spectra among multiple kidney tissue types. As shown therein, the normalized reflectance of the bladder 321 tends to be higher than the normalized reflectance of the ureter 322, calyces 323, medulla 324, and cortex 325 over the wavelength range of 400 to 900 nm. Within a particular wavelength range (e.g., 450 to 500 nm), the ureter 322 has a higher normalized reflectance than the calyces 323, which has a higher normalized reflectance than the medulla 324, which has a higher normalized reflectance than the cortex 325.

[0053] The target classifier 248 may classify the target structure 122 as one of multiple structure types of the same category, such as a particular tissue type within an identified category of anatomical structure, or as a particular stone type within an identified category of stone structure, using intra-category differences in reflectance spectra among different structure types of the same category, as described above. In one example, the target classifier 248 may classify an identified kidney stone as one of stone types having different chemical compositions, such as one of a CaP stone, a MAP stone, a COM stone, a COD stone, a cholesterol-based stone, or a uric acid (UA) stone. The classification may be based on one or more of reflectance at a particular wavelength, statistical characteristics of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths (e.g., variance or another variation metric), or graphical features generated from a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum. For example, based on the different normalized reflectance spectra of various stone types as shown in FIG. 3A, the target classifier 248 may classify the target structure 122 as a particular stone type by comparing the normalized reflectance at a particular wavelength (e.g., 550 nm) or wavelength range to one or more thresholds.

[0054] In another example, the target classifier 248 may be configured to classify an identified anatomical structure as one of a plurality of tissue types using one or more spectral characteristics. In one example, the target classifier 248 may be configured to classify identified kidney tissue as one of tissue types having different anatomical locations, such as renal calyx tissue, cortex tissue, medulla tissue, or ureter tissue. For example, based on different normalized reflectance spectra of various tissue types as shown in FIG. 3B , the target classifier 248 may classify the target structure 122 as a particular tissue type based on a comparison between the normalized reflectance at a particular wavelength (e.g., 480 nm) or wavelength range and one or more reflectance thresholds.

[0055] In another example, target classifier 248 may be configured to classify an identified anatomical structure as normal tissue or abnormal tissue (e.g., cancerous tissue). Normal and cancerous tissue may exhibit different reflectance spectra with different shapes, peak locations (i.e., wavelengths at which the reflectance spectra reach peak values ​​across a range of wavelengths). Classifier 248 may be configured to classify an identified anatomical structure as a treatment region (e.g., a tumor or polyp intended for removal) or a non-treatment region (e.g., a blood vessel, muscle, etc.). Classification may be based on one or more of reflectance at a particular wavelength, a statistical characteristic of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths (e.g., variance or another variation metric), or a graphical feature (e.g., slope) generated from a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum.

[0056] 2 , laser controller 260 may be in operative communication with feedback analyzer 240 and laser system 202. Laser system 202 may represent first laser system 102, optional second laser system 104, and / or any additional laser systems. Laser controller 260 may control laser output from one or more laser systems to produce a desired therapeutic effect at target structure 122 by controlling laser systems 202 operatively connected thereto according to one or more control algorithms described herein.

[0057] According to an exemplary embodiment, laser controller 260 may include a processor, such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or another equivalent integrated circuit or discrete logic circuit, as well as any combination of such components for performing one or more of the functions attributed to laser controller 260. Optionally, laser controller 260 may be coupled by a wired or wireless connection with feedback analyzer 240 and laser system 202. Laser controller 260 may communicate with feedback analyzer 240 (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection) and may determine an operating mode of laser system 202 based on the identification of target structure 122 (as determined by target detector 246) or based on the classification of target structure 122 (as determined by target classifier 248).

[0058] In some examples, the laser system 202 may be associated with one of two different operating modes or states: a first state in which the laser system 202 generates a laser output, and a second state in which the laser system 202 does not generate a laser output. For example, the first laser system 102 may have a first state in which the first output 110 (e.g., across a first wavelength range) is generated and a second state in which the first output 110 is not generated. Similarly, the second laser system 104 may have a first state in which the second output 120 (e.g., across a second wavelength range) is generated and a second state in which the second output 120 is not generated. In such embodiments, the laser controller 260 may control the laser system 220 by sending control signals that change the operating state of the laser system from the first state to the second state or from the second state to the first state. In some examples, the laser system 202 may have an additional state, e.g., a third state in which laser output according to different laser irradiation parameter settings (e.g., a different wavelength range and / or power output) is generated. Accordingly, additional control signals may be sent by laser controller 260 to one or more laser systems to change their state from their current state to one or more additional states (e.g., from the first state to a third state, from the second state to the third state, and from the third state to the first state, or from the third state to the second state) to generate a laser output that provides a desired therapeutic effect.

[0059] In one example, the laser controller 260 may generate a first control signal to the laser system 202 to operate in a first operating mode if the target is identified as a stone structure, a second control signal to the laser system to operate in a second operating mode if the target is identified as an anatomical structure, and a third control signal to the laser system to operate in a third operating mode if the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. In one example, the first operating mode may include activating the laser system 202 to deliver a laser beam programmed with a first irradiation parameter setting to ablate or pulverize the identified stone, such as a kidney stone. In one example, the second operating mode may include withholding laser delivery or delivering a laser beam programmed with a second irradiation parameter setting to the identified tissue, the second irradiation parameter setting being different from the first irradiation parameter setting. In one example, the third operating mode may include deactivating the laser system 202 to prevent delivery of laser energy. Laser irradiation parameters may include wavelength, power, power density, pulse parameters (eg, pulse width, pulse rate, amplitude, duty cycle), exposure time, total dose, or energy, among others.

[0060] In some examples, the laser controller 260 may determine the operating mode of the laser system 202 based on the classification of the target structure 122 as one of a plurality of stone types, such as a CaP stone, a MAP stone, a COM stone, a COD stone, a cholesterol-based stone, a uric acid (UA) stone, etc., as determined by the target classifier 248. The laser controller 260 may adjust irradiation parameter settings based on the stone type classification and generate control signals to control the laser system 202 to deliver laser energy to the target structure 122 according to the adjusted irradiation parameter settings.

[0061] In some examples, the laser controller 260 may determine the operating mode of the laser system 202 based on classifying the target structure 122 as one of multiple tissue types, such as renal tissue in different anatomical locations (e.g., renal calyx tissue, cortical tissue, medullary tissue, or ureteral tissue as shown in FIG. 3B ), normal or abnormal tissue (e.g., cancerous tissue), treatment area (e.g., tumor or polyp intended for removal), or non-treatment area (e.g., blood vessel, muscle, etc.). The laser controller 260 may adjust irradiation parameter settings based on the tissue type classification and generate control signals to the laser system 202 to deliver laser energy to the identified anatomical structure according to the adjusted irradiation parameter settings.

[0062] In some examples, irradiation parameter settings may be determined for each of a plurality of stone types and / or a plurality of tissue types. Stone type-irradiation parameter setting correspondences or tissue type-irradiation parameter setting correspondences may be created and stored in the memory 250 as a look-up table, an association array, etc. The laser controller 260 may use one of such stored correspondences to determine irradiation parameter settings corresponding to the classified stone type or the classified tissue type.

[0063] In various examples, the feedback analyzer 240 may continuously monitor the target structure 122, collect and analyze feedback signals, and continuously communicate with the laser controller 260. Thus, the laser controller 260 may continue to maintain the laser systems in one or more states (e.g., different categories of target structure 122, different tissue types, or different stone types) until a change in feedback is detected. Once a change in feedback is detected, the laser controller 260 may communicate with the one or more laser systems and change their one or more states to provide a desired therapeutic effect. Alternatively or additionally, the laser controller 260 may communicate with an operator (e.g., a medical professional) to display one or more outputs via one or more output systems indicative of the feedback signals and optionally instruct the operator to perform one or more treatment procedures with the first laser system and / or the second laser system to deliver a desired therapeutic effect.

[0064] In the illustrative examples described herein, laser controller 260 may control two or more laser systems by changing the operating state of each laser system. According to one embodiment, laser controller 260 may control each laser system independently. For example, laser controller 260 may send a different control signal to each laser system to control each laser system independently from another laser system. Alternatively, laser controller 260 may send a common signal to control one or more laser systems.

[0065] The laser feedback control system 200 may be in operative communication with an output system 270. The output system 270 may be in communication with the feedback analyzer 240 and / or may deliver signals received thereby and information generated thereby to a user and / or to another system, such as an irrigation / suction / pumping system used in the therapy treatment, an optical display controller, or another system. Examples of delivered signals and information may include one or more of the feedback signal 130 (e.g., a spectroscopic signal reflected from the target tissue or stone), the spectroscopic characteristics generated by the spectroscopic sensor 242, optionally, the imaging characteristics generated by the optional imaging sensor 244, the identification of the target structure 122 generated by the target detector 246, or the classification of the target structure 122 generated by the target classifier 248. In one example, the output system 270 may include a display 272, such as a screen (e.g., a touchscreen), or alternatively, a visual indicator (e.g., one or more colored LED lights). In one example, output system 270 may include an audio output system 274 (e.g., a speaker, an alarm system, etc.) that may provide an audio signal. Output system 270 may indicate that a desired therapeutic effect (e.g., ablation of a stone structure, such as a kidney stone, or carbonation of abnormal tissue, such as cancerous tissue) has been achieved by providing one or more outputs (e.g., an LED light of a first color, a first message on a screen, an audible alarm of a first tone). In some examples, output system 270 may provide one or more different outputs when the desired therapeutic effect is not achieved. For example, output system 270 may indicate that the desired therapeutic effect has not been achieved by providing one or more outputs (e.g., an LED light of a second color, a second message on a screen, an audible alarm of a second tone).In some examples, the therapeutic effects on different identified structure categories (e.g., stones vs. anatomical structures) or different classified structure types (e.g., different types of stones as shown in FIG. 3A or different types of tissue as shown in FIG. 3B) may be indicated on the output system 270 using different outputs (e.g., different colored LED lights, different messages on a screen, or different tones of alarms). Such outputs may prompt an operator (e.g., a medical professional) to take appropriate action, such as providing additional treatment using one or more laser systems.

[0066] According to one aspect of the present invention, the laser feedback control system 101, or variations thereof, such as the laser feedback control system 200, may be implemented at least in part in an endoscope used in medical procedures to disrupt and remove anatomical structures such as stones (e.g., kidney, pancreatic, or gallbladder stones or stone fragments) or tumor tissue. Laser lithotripsy procedures may be performed via a nephroscope. FIG. 4A is a side view of an exemplary endoscope 400. FIG. 4B is an end view of the distal tip of the endoscope 400. Examples of the endoscope 400 may include a nephroscope, a cystoscope, and a ureteroscope, among other variations of endoscopes with different uses. The endoscope includes a body 402 that is at least partially insertable into a patient's kidney. The body 402 may include a handle, hub, or another graspable proximal portion 404, an elongated rigid portion 406 extending from the graspable proximal portion 404, and a flexible distal portion 408 extending distally from the elongated rigid portion 406 to a distal end 410. An articulation controller 414 may be disposed on the graspable proximal portion 404. The articulation controller 414 may be actuable by the thumb of a human hand when the human hand grasps the graspable proximal portion 404. The articulation controller 414 may adjust the position of the flexible distal portion 408. The graspable proximal portion 404 may also include an electrical port 424 that may be coupled (e.g., via one or more wires 126 extending along the body 402) to a substrate 416 (as shown in FIG. 4B ) located at the distal end 410 of the body 402. Substrate 416 may include one or more of a circuit board, a hybrid chip, a ceramic component, or another suitable component or element. Electrical port 424 may receive electrical power to power a circuit board on substrate 416. Substrate 416, such as a circuit board, may wirelessly communicate digital video signals to a display device external to endoscope 400, such as a user device, a display, a computer monitor, a heads-up display, a wearable display, a virtual reality display, an augmented reality display, or the like.

[0067] 1, may be incorporated into the endoscope 400, as shown in FIG. 4B. For example, the optical fiber 428 may extend along a working channel within the body 402 of the endoscope 400. In some examples, the optical fiber 428 may be separate from the endoscope. For example, the optical fiber 428 may be routed along the working channel of the endoscope before use and then retrieved from the working channel of the endoscope after use.

[0068] The optical fiber 428 may be coupled to a laser or laser emitter external to the endoscope 400 via an appropriate connector and deliver a laser beam to a target structure, such as a stone structure, to ablate it into stone fragments. The laser beam generated by the laser emitter may have a wavelength corresponding to the spectral peaks of absorption of human blood and saline, such as 2100 nm, 1942 nm, etc. For example, wavelengths in the range of 1900 nm to 3000 nm may correspond to the spectral region where water absorbs, while wavelengths from 400 nm to 520 nm may correspond to the spectral region where oxy-hemoglobin and / or deoxy-hemoglobin absorb. For example, a thulium fiber laser may produce a laser beam with a wavelength of 1908 nm or 1940 nm, a thulium YAG laser may produce a laser beam with a wavelength of 2010 nm, a holmium YAG laser may produce a laser beam with a wavelength of 2120 nm, and an erbium YAG laser may produce a laser beam with a wavelength of 2940 nm. Other wavelengths within these ranges may also be used. Generally, delivering a laser beam with significant absorption in blood and saline is beneficial because such a laser beam can minimize invasion of surrounding tissue, which may reduce or eliminate tissue damage at or near the stone structure. The laser may provide light with an output power within a suitable range of output power, such as 20 watts to 120 watts, about 20 watts to about 120 watts, etc. These ranges of output power are merely examples, and other suitable output powers or ranges of output power may also be used. The optical fiber 428 may be a multimode fiber or a single-mode fiber.

[0069] A laser controller 432 may be located in the graspable proximal portion 404. The laser controller 432 may switch the state of the laser beam between an operating state (“on”) and a non-operating state (“off”). For example, the laser controller 432 may direct a wired and / or wireless signal to a laser located external to the endoscope 400. The signal may turn the laser on or off. In some embodiments, a practitioner may adjust one or more settings of the laser, such as output power, at the laser housing. In some examples, a practitioner may adjust one or more settings of the laser via the laser controller 432.

[0070] During a typical procedure, the practitioner may operate the laser controller 432 to allow the laser to operate for 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, or any suitable length of time. During the laser operation period, the practitioner may operate the body 402 to move the delivered laser beam across the surface of the stone structure. In some examples, the laser power level and exposure time may be such that the practitioner can manually and safely turn the laser power on and off without the need for a mechanized or automated exposure mechanism. The laser power may also be low enough so that accidental exposure of surrounding tissue does not damage the tissue.

[0071] A practitioner may ablate a stone structure by dusting the surface of the stone structure. Dusting may abrade the stone structure in a controlled manner and generate stone particles that may be smaller than the stone fragments obtained from breaking up or breaking up the stone structure. For example, a typical kidney stone may be about 1 mm to about 20 mm in size. Breaking up or breaking up a kidney stone may generate kidney stone fragments that may be smaller than the size of the stone, such as a few mm to less than about 10 mm in size. Dusting a kidney stone may generate kidney stone particles that are less than about 1 mm in size.

[0072] To remove the stone or stone fragments, the practitioner may use a stone retrieval device, such as a basket, that may pass through an orifice in the endoscope 400. The practitioner may use the stone retrieval device to select and remove individual fragments. In addition to or instead of the stone retrieval device, the endoscope 400 may include an irrigation system for flushing away stone fragments. The irrigation system may include an irrigation controller 438 located on the graspable proximal portion 404 and may operatively control the flow of irrigation fluid through the irrigation lumen 434 and the aspiration of fluid and wastewater through the aspiration lumen 436.

[0073] Endoscope 400 may optionally include a tube, chamber, additional working channel, or another passageway 440 within the body of endoscope 400. A practitioner may use passageway 440 to deploy a separate tool or instrument, such as a lithotriptor, stone retrieval basket, or another suitable tool or instrument.

[0074] The endoscope 400 may include a visualization system at the distal end 410 of the body 402 to allow the operator to visualize the stone fragments. The visualization system may illuminate a working area for the stone (e.g., a kidney, pancreas, or gallbladder stone) and generate a video image or one or more still images of the illuminated area of ​​the stone. The visualization system may direct the video image to a display, such as a video monitor. The display may be external to the endoscope 400 and may be visible during the stone removal procedure.

[0075] The visualization system may include at least one light source 418 mounted on a substrate 416. The substrate 416 may be a circuit board that mechanically supports and powers the light source 418. Examples of the light source 418 may include light-emitting diodes (LEDs), xenon lights, among others. In one example, the light source 418 may emit light in a distal direction, away from the distal end 410 of the body 402, to illuminate the stone. In some examples, an external light source (e.g., external to the endoscope 400) may be used to provide light transmitted through the body 402 (e.g., via an internal optical pathway) to illuminate the stone. The light source 418 may emit white light to illuminate the stone. The white light allows a practitioner to observe discoloration or another color-based effect in the stone or tissue proximate the distal end 410 of the body 402. The light source 418 may emit blue light to illuminate the stone. The blue light may be suitable for indicating the spread of thermal tissue and thereby detecting tissue damage. Other colors and / or color bands may be used, such as red, amber, yellow, green, etc.

[0076] Each light source 418 may be coupled to an optional lens 420 (see FIG. 4B) that allows for angular adjustment of the light output from the light source 418. The lens 420 may narrow the light output from the light source 418. The lens 420 may widen the light output from the light source 418. Such angular adjustment may help ensure that stones and tissue are adequately illuminated within a specified angular field of view.

[0077] The visualization system may include a camera 422 (see FIG. 4B ) mounted on a substrate 416. The substrate 416 may be a circuit board that mechanically supports and powers the camera 422. The camera 422 may capture a video image or one or more still images of the illuminated concretion. The video image may be real-time or near real-time with relatively low latency for processing, allowing the practitioner to observe the concretion and surrounding tissue as the practitioner manipulates the body 402 to control the endoscope 400. The camera 422 may include a lens and a multi-pixel sensor located in the focal plane of the lens. The sensor may be a color sensor, such as a sensor that provides red, green, and blue intensity values ​​for each pixel in the video image. The circuit board may generate a digital video signal representing the captured video image of the illuminated concretion. The digital video signal may have a video refresh rate of 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 24 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, or another suitable video refresh rate.

[0078] 4C shows another example of an endoscope that may be used in a ureteroscopy procedure, also known as a ureteroscope 470. Similar to endoscope 400, ureteroscope 470 may be used to deliver feedback-controlled laser therapy. Ureteroscope 470 includes a graspable proximal portion 474 that is distinct from graspable portion 404 of endoscope 400. Ureteroscope 470 may include a slim, elongated shaft 476 that, when used with an access sheath, aids in scope insertion into the smaller ureter and maximizes visualization.

[0079] 5-9 illustrate various examples of endoscopes and their use in feedback-controlled laser therapy systems, such as laser therapy system 100. FIG. 5A is a cutaway view of an elongated body portion of an exemplary endoscope 510 including various components, and FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the elongated body of endoscope 510. Endoscope 510 may include a laser fiber 512, an illumination light 514, and a camera 516. Laser fiber 512 is an example of optical path 108 of laser system 102 or laser system 202. Laser fiber 512 may extend along a working channel 513 within the elongated body of endoscope 510. In some examples, laser fiber 512 may be separate from the endoscope. For example, laser fiber 512 may be routed along the working channel of the endoscope before use and retrieved from the working channel of the endoscope after use.

[0080] The illumination light 514 may be part of a visualization system that allows the operator to visualize the target structure (e.g., tissue or stone structure). An example of an illumination light may include one or more LEDs configured to emit light in a distal direction, away from the distal end of the elongate body of the endoscope, to illuminate a field of view of the target structure. In one example, the illumination light 514 may emit white light to illuminate the target structure. The white light may allow the practitioner to observe discoloration or another color-based effect in the stone or tissue proximate the distal end of the body of the endoscope. In one example, the illumination light 514 may emit blue light to illuminate the target structure. Blue light may be suitable for detecting tissue damage by indicating the spread of thermal tissue. Other colors and / or color bands, such as red, amber, yellow, green, etc., may also be used.

[0081] The camera 516 is part of the visualization system. The camera 516 is an example of the imaging sensor 244. The camera 516 may capture a video image or one or more still images of the illuminated target structure and surrounding environment. The video image may be real-time or near real-time with relatively low latency for processing, allowing the practitioner to observe the target structure as they manipulate the endoscope. The camera 516 may include a lens and a multi-pixel sensor located in the focal plane of the lens. The sensor may be a color sensor, such as a sensor that provides red, green, and blue light intensity values ​​for each pixel in the video image. The circuit board may generate a digital video signal representing the captured video image of the illuminated stone. The digital video signal may have a video refresh rate of 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 24 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 40 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, or another suitable video refresh rate.

[0082] 6 illustrates an example of a laser treatment system 600 that includes an endoscope 510 integrated with a feedback-controlled laser treatment system 610 that receives camera feedback. The laser treatment system 600, which is an example of the laser treatment system 100, includes the endoscope 510, the feedback-controlled laser treatment system 610, a laser source 620, and a light source 630. In various examples, some or all of the feedback-controlled laser treatment system 610 may be incorporated into the endoscope 510.

[0083] A feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610, an example of the laser feedback control system 200, includes a spectrometer 611 (an example of the spectroscopic sensor 242), a feedback analyzer 612 (an example of at least a portion of the feedback analyzer 240), and a laser controller 613 (an example of the laser controller 260). A laser source 620, an example of the laser system 202, may be coupled to the laser fiber 512. Fiber-integrated laser systems may be used for endoscopic procedures based on their ability to pass laser energy through a flexible endoscope to effectively treat hard and soft tissue. These laser systems generate laser output beams within a wide wavelength range from the UV to IR region (200 nm to 10,000 nm). Some fiber-integrated lasers generate output in wavelength ranges that are highly absorbed by soft or hard tissue, such as 1900 to 3000 nm for water absorption or 400 to 520 nm for oxy-hemoglobin and / or deoxy-hemoglobin absorption. Table 1 above is a summary of IR lasers emitting in the high water absorption range of 1900-3000 nm.

[0084] Some fiber-integrated lasers produce output in wavelength ranges that are minimally absorbed by target soft or hard tissue. These types of lasers provide effective tissue coagulation due to penetration depths similar to small capillary diameters of 5-10 μm. Examples of laser sources 620 include, among others, GaN lasers with emissions at 515-520 nm, InP lasers with emissions at 370-493 nm, and GaN lasers with emissions at 515-520 nm. x Ga 1-x N laser, Ga with emission at 750-850 nm x Al 1-x As laser or In laser with emission from 904 to 1065 nm x Ga 1-x In such as As laser x Ga 1-x The optical fiber may include a UV-VIS emitting N semiconductor laser.

[0085] The light source 630 may generate an electromagnetic radiation signal that can be transmitted to the target structure 122 via a first optical pathway extending along the elongated body of the endoscope. The first optical pathway may be located within the working channel 513. In one example, the first optical pathway may be an optical fiber separate from the laser fiber 512. In another example, as shown in FIG. 6, the electromagnetic radiation signal may be transmitted through the same laser fiber 512 used to transmit the laser beam. The electromagnetic radiation exits the distal end of the first optical pathway and projects onto the target structure and the surrounding environment. As shown in FIG. 6, the target structure is within the field of view of the endoscopic camera 516, such that in response to the electromagnetic radiation projecting onto the target structure and the surrounding environment, the endoscopic camera 516 (e.g., a CCD or CMOS camera) may collect signals reflected from the target structure 122, generate an imaging signal 650 of the target structure, and deliver the imaging signal to the feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610.

[0086] In addition to or instead of a feedback signal (e.g., an imaging signal) generated and transmitted through the camera system 516, in some cases, a signal reflected from the target structure may additionally or alternatively be collected and transmitted to the feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610 through a separate fiber channel or laser fiber, such as that associated with the endoscope 510. FIG. 7 shows an example of a laser therapy system 700 including an endoscope 510 integrated with a feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610 configured to receive spectroscopic sensor feedback. The reflected spectroscopic signal 750 (which is an example of the feedback signal 130 of FIGS. 1 and 2 ) may travel back to the feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610 through the same optical path as the laser fiber 512 used to transmit electromagnetic radiation from the light source 630 to the target structure. In another example, the reflected spectroscopic signal 750 may travel to the feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610 through a second optical path, such as an optical fiber channel separate from the first optical fiber transmitting electromagnetic radiation from the light source 630 to the target structure.

[0087] The feedback-controlled laser therapy system 610 may analyze one or more feedback signals (e.g., the imaging signal 650 of the target structure or the reflected spectroscopic signal 750) to determine an operating state for the laser source 620. The spectrometer 611 may generate one or more spectroscopic characteristics from the one or more feedback signals, such as by using one or more of an FTIR spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a UV-VIS spectrometer, a UV-VIS-IR spectrometer, or a fluorescence spectrometer, as described above with respect to the spectroscopic sensor 242. The feedback analyzer 612 may be configured to identify or classify the target structure as one of a plurality of structure categories or types, such as by using one or more of the target detector 246 or the target classifier 248. The laser controller 613 may be configured to determine an operating mode for the laser system 620, as described above with respect to FIG. 2. The light source 630 may generate electromagnetic radiation in the UV to IR optical range (see Table 2 below).

[0088] The table shows examples of light sources 630 for spectroscopy systems as applicable to the embodiments discussed herein. [Table 2]

[0089] In some examples, the feedback analyzer 612 may determine a distance 660 (as shown in FIG. 6 ) between the distal end of the laser fiber 512 and the target structure 122, or between the distal end of an optical path for receiving and transmitting reflected signals back to the spectrometer 611 and the target structure 122. The distance 660 may be calculated using a spectroscopic characteristic, such as a reflectance spectrum, generated by the spectrometer 611. The laser controller 613 determines whether the distance 660 is greater than a threshold (d th) or within a specified laser firing range. In one example, the laser source 620 may be controlled to deliver laser energy to the target structure 122 if the target structure 122 is identified as an intended treatment structure type (e.g., a specified soft tissue type or a specified stone type), but the target structure 122 is not within range of the laser (e.g., d > d th ), the laser controller 613 may generate a control signal to "lock" the laser source 620 (i.e., prevent the laser source 620 from firing). Using information about the distance 660 and whether the target structure is out of range of the laser (d > d th ) may be presented to the practitioner, who may then adjust the endoscope 510 to reposition the distal end of the laser fiber 512 closer to the target. The target structure type, as well as the distance 660, may be monitored, continuously determined, and presented to the practitioner. When the target is recognized as the intended treatment structure type and is within range of the laser (d≦d th ), the laser controller 613 generates a control signal to "unlock" the laser source 620, which may then aim and fire at the target structure 122 according to the laser operating mode (e.g., power setting). An example of how to calculate the distance 660 from the spectroscopic data is described below, such as with reference to FIG. 10 .

[0090] In some examples, the spectrometer 611 may be configured to generate a spectral characteristic (e.g., a reflectance spectrum) using further information about the geometry and arrangement of an optical pathway configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation from the light source to the target. For example, the outer diameter of the laser fiber 512 or another optical pathway for transmitting the spectroscopic signal reflected from the target to the spectrometer 611, or the projection angle of the fiber or pathway from the endoscope 510, may affect the intensity of the reflected signal. The outer diameter and / or projection angle may be measured and provided to the spectrometer 611 to obtain the reflectance spectrum data. The distance 660 between the target structure and the distal end of the fiber may be calculated using the spectral data, the measured outer diameter of the fiber or optical pathway and its projection angle, and / or an input signal from the endoscope image processor, as described above.

[0091] 8A-8C illustrate a laser treatment system 800 including an endoscope 810 with an integrated multi-fiber accessory and a surgical laser system including a feedback-controlled laser treatment system 610 and a laser source 620. The multi-fiber accessory includes an optical path 816 used to transmit a spectroscopic signal back to the spectrometer 611 and to transmit surface laser energy from the laser source 620 to a target structure. A laser controller 613 may control the timing of laser firing so that the transmission of the spectroscopic signal and the delivery of the laser energy occur at different times. The multi-fiber accessory also includes multiple light source fibers 814 embedded within the endoscope 810 and extending along its elongated body. By way of example and not limitation, FIG. 8B illustrates six light source fibers 814 distributed radially around the optical path 816, such as circumferentially around the optical path 816 on a radial cross-section of the elongated body of the endoscope. In the example shown in FIG. 8B, the optical path 816 may be located approximately along the central longitudinal axis of the elongated body of the endoscope 810. Other numbers of source fibers and / or other locations of the source fibers relative to the optical path 816 may be used. For example, Figure 8C shows two source fibers 814 radially arranged on either side of the optical path 816.

[0092] The light source fiber 814 may be coupled to a light source 630, as described above with respect to Figures 6-7. Alternatively, the light source fiber 814 may be coupled to an illumination light 514, as shown in Figures 5A-5B. Light from an endoscopic light source, either the illumination light 514 (e.g., one or more LEDs) or a remote light source 630, such as external to the endoscope, may serve to illuminate the target and generate a spectroscopic signal reflected from the target surface that may be collected for spectroscopic analysis. The feedback analyzer 612 may determine the distance 660 between the distal end of the endoscope 810 and the target structure 122, similar to that shown in Figures 6-7.

[0093] 9 shows laser treatment system 900, which is a variation of laser treatment system 800. Instead of delivering laser energy through optical pathway 816, a separate surgical laser fiber 820 may be used to deliver surface laser energy from laser source 620 to the target structure. Optical pathway 816 is used as a dedicated spectroscopic signal fiber to transmit the spectroscopic signal back to spectrometer 611.

[0094] FIG. 10 illustrates a calibration curve 1000 representing the relationship between the spectral reflected signal intensity (e.g., the spectral signal reflected from the target structure in response to electromagnetic radiation) and the distance 660 between the distal end of the fiber and the target structure, using a feedback signal reflected from the target structure as shown in FIGS. 6-9. The calibration curve 1000 may be generated by measuring the reflected light intensity at different distances between the tissue and the distal end of the spectroscopic probe when the target structure is illuminated by electromagnetic radiation of a particular wavelength (e.g., 450 nm or 730 nm). By referencing the calibration curve, analysis of the spectroscopic signal allows for a quick estimation of the distance.

[0095] An exemplary process for generating a calibration curve is as follows: First, a reference value for each distance may be calculated. The calibration curve itself may not be used to identify the distance because the reflected light intensity depends on the reflectance of the sample, etc. An example of a reference value for canceling the effect of the reflectance of the sample is as follows:

number

[0096] During in vivo surgery, the operator may move the fiber or endoscope with continuous recording of spectroscopic feedback until the reflectance spectrum of the target tissue composition can be detected.

[0097] 10, a first spectrum may be measured at a distance x1 where the reflected light intensity is I1. At this time, the actual measured value and curve of the reflected signal intensity x1 are unknown. Then, the fiber or the distal end of the endoscope (reflected light detector) may be continuously moved, and the next reflected light intensity I2 corresponding to a distance x2 may be measured. x2 may be close to x1, so that the curve between x1 and x2 may be approximated by a straight line. At this time, the reflected signal intensity x1, x2, and curve are unknown. A comparison value may be calculated using I1, I2, and delta(x2-x1) as follows:

number

[0098] The reference value is then searched for to be identical to the comparison value. The reference value (x) found to be identical to the comparison value given in equation (2) is r ), if there is only one x r can be determined as the distance between two reference values ​​(x r1 , x r2 ), the fiber or endoscope distal end (reflected light detector) may continue to be moved, and the next reflected light intensity I3 corresponding to distance x3 may be measured. x3 may be close to x2, so that the curve between x2 and x3 may be approximated as linear. At this time, x1, x2, x3, and the curve of reflected signal intensity are unknown. A new comparison value may be calculated using I1, I2, I3, delta(x2-x1), and delta(x3-x2) as follows:

number

[0099] Then the reference value is x r1 +delta(x2-x1) and x r2 +delta(x2-x1). The reference value can be compared with the comparison value given in equation (3). The distance with the reference value that is more similar to the comparison value is estimated as the actual distance.

[0100] During an in vivo surgical procedure, an exemplary method may include moving a fiber or endoscope using continuous recording of spectroscopic feedback until a reflectance spectrum of the target composition is detected. For the primary case in which the spectrometer distal tip is moving toward the target, the detected reflected light intensity is initially weak and increases as the distance between the target and the fiber end decreases. For example, a first spectrum may be measured at distance d1 where the reflected light intensity is I1. As the fiber or endoscope distal tip continues to move slightly toward the target while continuously collecting reflectance data, the method may measure the next reflected light intensity I2, which corresponds to distance d2. The method may then include calculating the value of the reflected signal change slope = delta(I2 - I1) / delta(d2 - d1) [1]. The calculated slope may be normalized to make the calculated slope independent of the reflected light intensity. The final formula for calculating the slope of the reflected light at a measured distance is:

number

[0101] The method may then estimate the required distance by comparing the calculated slope with the slope in a calibration curve in the library. All calculations can be performed quickly using software.

[0102] 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 for controlling a laser system to deliver a laser beam to a target structure within a subject's body, such as an anatomical structure (e.g., a soft tissue, hard tissue, or a metamorphosis such as cancerous tissue) or a stone structure (e.g., a kidney, pancreas, or gallbladder stone). Method 1100 may be implemented in and performed by a laser therapy system, such as laser therapy system 100 or variations thereof, laser feedback control system 200, etc. Although the processes of method 1100 are depicted in a flowchart, they need not be performed in a particular order. In various embodiments, some of the processes may be performed in a different order than shown herein.

[0103] At 1110, a target within the subject's body is illuminated with electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source, such as light source 630. The light source may generate electromagnetic radiation in the optical range from UV to IR. Examples of light sources and their corresponding electromagnetic radiation wavelengths are provided in Table 2 above. The electromagnetic radiation may be transmitted to the target structure via an optical path extending along the elongated body of the endoscope, as described above with reference to FIGS. 6-9. Alternatively, the light source may include an illumination light, such as one or more LEDs, of a visualization system positioned at the distal end of the endoscope and configured to illuminate the target structure and surrounding environment during an endoscopic procedure, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B.

[0104] At 1120, a signal reflected from the target in response to the electromagnetic radiation may be sensed by a spectroscopic sensor, such as using spectroscopic sensor 242 or a variation thereof. Examples of spectroscopic sensors may include a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a UV-VIS spectrometer, a UV-VIS-IR spectrometer, or a fluorescence spectrometer, among others. The reflected signal may be transmitted to the spectroscopic sensor through an optical path, such as signal transmission path 250 as shown in FIG. 2 or optical path 816 as shown in FIGS. 8-9. The optical path has optical properties suitable for transmitting the spectroscopic signal reflected from the tissue to the spectroscopic sensor. Alternatively, the spectroscopic sensor may be operably coupled to a laser fiber for transmitting a laser beam, such as first optical path 108 or second optical path 118 as shown in FIG. 1, laser fiber 512 as shown in FIGS. 6-7, or optical path 816 as shown in FIGS. 8A-8C.

[0105] Additionally or alternatively, reflected signals from the target in response to the electromagnetic radiation may be sensed using one or more imaging sensors, such as imaging sensor 244 as shown in Figure 2. Example imaging sensors may include imaging cameras, such as CCD or CMOS cameras, sensitive to ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), or infrared (IR) wavelengths in embodiments. The camera may be embedded in the endoscope, such as camera 516 integrated into endoscope 510, as shown in Figures 5-7.

[0106] At 1130, one or more spectral characteristics may be generated from the sensed reflected signal, such as using a feedback analyzer 240 as shown in FIG. 2. The spectral characteristics may include characteristics such as reflectance, reflectance spectrum, absorption index, etc. The spectral characteristics may indicate a structure category (e.g., anatomical tissue or stone) or a particular structure type indicative of the chemical composition of the target structure. In one example, the spectral characteristics may include a reflectance spectrum, which represents the reflected intensity across multiple wavelengths. Reflectance may be determined as a fraction of incident electromagnetic power reflected at a material interface, which represents the effectiveness of a material surface in reflecting radiant energy, such as electromagnetic radiation emitted from a light source. The reflectance spectrum may be formatted as a data array or a graphical representation, also called a spectral reflectance curve.

[0107] The spectral characteristics may include one or more characteristic spectral features extracted from the reference spectrum. Examples of characteristic reflectance features may include reflectance intensity (or normalized reflectance spectral intensity) at a particular wavelength or across a range of wavelengths, statistics calculated from the reflectance spectrum (e.g., the variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths, the rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths, etc.), or graphical features representing the shape of at least a portion of the spectral reflectance curve (e.g., the slope of the curve, curvature, line segments, etc.).

[0108] In some examples, the spectral characteristics (e.g., reflectance spectra) may be generated further using geometry and configuration information for at least one optical pathway associated with the endoscope and configured to transmit one or more of the laser beam, a signal reflected from a target, or electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source. The geometry and configuration information may include an outer diameter of the at least one optical pathway and / or a projection angle of a distal end of the at least one optical pathway relative to the endoscope.

[0109] At 1140, based on the one or more spectroscopic characteristics, the target structure may be identified as one of a plurality of structure types having respective compositions, such as using the feedback analyzer 240. In one example, the target structure may be identified as a stone structure category or an anatomical structure category, such as using the target detector 246. Examples of stone structures may include stones or stone fragments in various stone-forming regions, such as the urinary system, gallbladder, nasal passages, gastrointestinal tract, stomach, or tonsils. Examples of anatomical structures may include soft tissues (e.g., muscle, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, fascia, skin, fat, and fibrous tissue), hard tissues such as bone, connective tissues such as cartilage, etc. As described above with reference to FIGS. 3A-3B, stone structures (e.g., kidney stones) and anatomical structures (e.g., soft or hard tissues of a subject) may have different reflectance spectra. Spectral features extracted from the reflectance spectrum of the target structure may be used to classify the target structure as either a stone structure or an anatomical structure (e.g., soft tissue or hard tissue), as described above with reference to Figures 2 and 3A-3B.

[0110] Additionally or alternatively, the target structure may be classified as one of multiple stone types or one of multiple tissue types, such as using the target classifier 248. As shown in FIGS. 3A-3B, different structure types within the same category (e.g., stone category or anatomical structure category) may exhibit different reflectance characteristics. Such intra-category reflectance spectral differences may be used to classify the target structure as a specific tissue type, such as a specific tissue type within an identified anatomical structure category, or as a specific stone type within an identified stone structure category. Classification may be based on one or more reflectances at a specific wavelength, statistical characteristics of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths (e.g., variance or another variation metric), or graphical features generated from a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum. In one example, an identified stone target (e.g., a kidney stone) may be classified as one of stone types having different chemical compositions, such as one of CaP stones, MAP stones, COM stones, COD stones, cholesterol-based stones, or uric acid (UA) stones. In one example, an identified tissue target may be classified as one of tissue types having different anatomical locations. For example, a kidney tissue target may be classified as one of renal calyx tissue, cortical tissue, medullary tissue, or ureteral tissue. In another example, an identified tissue target may be classified as normal tissue or abnormal tissue (e.g., cancerous tissue). In yet another example, an identified tissue target may be classified as a treatment region (e.g., a tumor or polyp intended for removal) or a non-treatment region (e.g., a blood vessel, muscle, etc.). Spectral features extracted from the reflectance spectrum of the target structure may be used to classify the target structure as a particular stone type or a particular tissue type, as described above with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3A-3B.

[0111] At 1150, a control signal may be generated to operate the laser system in an operating mode based on the identification of the target, such as using the laser controller 260. The operating mode may include delivering or withholding delivery of a laser beam or laser parameter settings for the laser system. In one example, the laser system may operate in a first operating mode when the target is identified as a stone structure, in a second operating mode when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or in a third operating mode when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. In one example, the first operating mode may correspond to activating the laser system to deliver a laser beam programmed with a first irradiation parameter setting to ablate or pulverize the identified stone, such as a kidney stone. In one example, the second operating mode may correspond to withholding delivery of laser energy to the identified tissue or delivering a laser beam programmed with a second irradiation parameter setting different from the first irradiation parameter setting to treat the identified tissue. In one example, the third operating mode may correspond to the laser system deactivating delivery of laser energy. Examples of laser irradiation parameters may include wavelength, power, power density, pulse parameters (eg, pulse width, pulse rate, amplitude, duty cycle), exposure time, total dose, or energy, among others.

[0112] In some examples, irradiation parameter settings may be determined for each of multiple stone types and / or multiple tissue types. Stone-type irradiation parameter setting correspondences or tissue-type irradiation parameter setting correspondences may be created and stored in memory 250 in a look-up table, an association array, etc. Laser controller 260 may use one of such stored correspondences to determine irradiation parameter settings corresponding to the classified stone type or the classified tissue type.

[0113] In some examples, determining the operating mode of the laser system may further be based on a distance 660 between the target structure and a distal end of an optical path, such as between the distal end of laser fiber 512 and target structure 122 as shown in Figures 6-7, or between the distal end of optical path 816 for receiving and transmitting reflected signals and target structure 122 as shown in Figures 8-9. Distance 660 may be calculated using spectral characteristics, such as a reflectance spectrum. Additionally, in some examples, the measured outer diameter of the fiber or optical path and its projection angle, and / or an input signal from an endoscope image processor may be used to calculate distance 660.

[0114] The laser system may be controlled to deliver the laser beam to the target structure if the distance 660 meets a condition, such as being below a threshold or within a specified laser firing range. In one example, the target structure is identified as an intended treatment structure type (e.g., a specified soft tissue type or a specified stone type), but the target structure is not within range of the laser (e.g., d > d th ), a control signal may be generated to "lock" the laser source and prevent it from firing at the target. th ) is presented to the practitioner, who may then adjust the endoscope, such as to reposition the distal end of the laser fiber. The distance 660 and target structure type may be continuously monitored and presented to the practitioner. Once the target is recognized as the intended treatment structure type and is within range of the laser (d≦d th ), a control signal may be generated to "unlock" the laser source and aim and fire the laser beam at the target structure according to the laser operating mode (e.g., power setting). The distance 660 may be calculated using a pre-generated calibration curve that represents the relationship between the spectral reflected signal intensity and the distance 660 between the distal end of the fiber and the target structure, as described above with reference to FIG. 10.

[0115] 12 is a block diagram of an example machine 1200 on which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) described herein may be implemented. Portions of this description may apply to the computational framework of various portions of control circuitry integrated into laser therapy system 100 (e.g., laser feedback control system 101), laser feedback control system 200, or an endoscope, such as endoscope 400.

[0116] In alternative embodiments, machine 1200 may operate as a stand-alone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to another machine. In a networked deployment, machine 1200 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in a server-client network environment. In one example, machine 1200 may operate as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. Machine 1200 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a web appliance, a network router, switch, or bridge, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be performed by that machine. Furthermore, while only a single machine is shown, the term “machine” should also be considered to include a collection of machines individually or collectively executing a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies described herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), another computer cluster configuration, etc.

[0117] Examples may include or operate by logic or multiple components or mechanisms, as described herein. A circuit set is a collection of circuits implemented in a tangible entity including hardware (e.g., simplex circuits, gates, logic, etc.). Circuit set membership can be flexible over time and underlying hardware variations. A circuit set includes elements that, when operated, may perform specified operations, either alone or in combination. In one example, the hardware of a circuit set may be invariably designed to perform specified operations (e.g., hardwired). In one example, the hardware of a circuit set may include variably connected physical components (e.g., execution units, transistors, simplex circuits, etc.) that include physically modified computer-readable media (e.g., magnetically, electrically movable arrangements of invariant mass particles, etc.) to encode instructions for the specified operations. In connecting the physical components, the underlying electrical properties of the hardware components are changed, for example, from insulator to conductor or vice versa. The instructions enable embedded hardware (e.g., execution units or loading mechanisms) to create elements of the circuit set within the hardware through variable connections to perform portions of the specified operations when operated. Thus, the computer-readable medium is communicatively coupled to another component of the circuit set member when the device is operating. In one example, any of the physical components may be used in more than one member of two or more multiple circuit sets. For example, during operation, an execution unit may be used in a first circuit of a first circuit set at one time and reused by a second circuit in the first circuit set or by a third circuit in a second circuit set at a different time.

[0118] The machine (e.g., computer system) 1200 may include a hardware processor 1202 (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a main memory 1204, and a static memory 1206, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., a bus) 1208. The machine 1200 further includes a display unit 1210 (e.g., a raster display, a vector display, a holographic display, etc.), an alphanumeric input device 1212 (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 1214 (e.g., a mouse). In one example, the display unit 1210, the input device 1212, and the UI navigation device 1214 may be touchscreen displays. Machine 1200 may further include a storage device (e.g., a drive unit) 1216, a signal generating device 1218 (e.g., a speaker), a network interface device 1220, and one or more sensors 1221, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, a compass, an accelerometer, or another sensor. Machine 1200 may include an output controller 1228, such as a serial (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection, for communicating with or controlling one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, a card reader, etc.).

[0119] Storage device 1216 may include machine-readable medium 1222 on which is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 1224 (e.g., software) embodied or utilized by any one or more of the techniques or functions described herein. Instructions 1224 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within main memory 1204, within static memory 1206, or within hardware processor 1202 during execution thereof by machine 1200. In one example, one or any combination of hardware processor 1202, main memory 1204, static memory 1206, or storage device 1216 may constitute a machine-readable medium.

[0120] Although machine-readable medium 1222 is shown as a single medium, the term "machine-readable medium" may include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and / or associated caches and servers) configured to store one or more instructions 1224.

[0121] The term "machine-readable medium" may include any medium that can store, encode, or transmit instructions for execution by machine 1200 and cause machine 1200 to perform any one or more of the techniques of this disclosure, or that can store, encode, or transmit data structures used by or associated with such instructions. Non-limiting examples of machine-readable media may include solid-state memory and optical and magnetic media. In one example, a mass machine-readable medium includes a machine-readable medium having a plurality of particles with an unchanging (e.g., at rest) mass. Thus, a mass machine-readable medium is not a transiently propagating signal. Specific examples of mass machine-readable media may include non-volatile memory such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., electrically programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)) and flash memory devices, magnetic disks such as central hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

[0122] The instructions 1224 may further be transmitted or received over a communications network 1226 using a transmission medium via a network interface device 1220 utilizing any one of several transfer protocols (e.g., Frame Relay, Interlocking Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), etc.). Exemplary communications networks may include local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), packet data networks (e.g., the Internet), cellular networks (e.g., mobile communications networks), plain old telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, the IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), the IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In one example, network interface device 1220 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jack) or one or more antennas for connecting to communications network 1226. In one example, network interface device 1220 may include multiple antennas for wireless communication using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) technologies. The term “transmission medium” should be considered to include any intangible medium capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by machine 1200 and facilitating communication of such software, including digital or analog communications signals or another intangible medium.

[0123] [Note] The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as "examples." Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Furthermore, the inventors also contemplate examples in which any combination or permutation of those elements (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described is used either with a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof) or with another example (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

[0124] In this document, the terms "a" or "an" are used to include one or more, as is common in patent documents, regardless of any other examples or the use of "at least one" or "one or more." In this document, the term "or" is used to refer to an inclusive or, unless otherwise indicated, such that "A or B" includes "A but not B," "B but not A," and "A and B." In this document, the terms "including" and "in which" are used as the plain English equivalents of the respective terms "comprising" and "wherein." Also, in the claims that follow, the terms "including" and "comprising" are open-ended, i.e., systems, devices, articles, compositions, formulations, or processes that include elements in addition to those listed after such terms within the scope of the claim are still considered to be within the scope of the claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms "first," "second," and "third," etc., are used merely as labels and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

[0125] The above description is intended to be illustrative, not limiting. For example, the foregoing examples (or one or more aspects thereof) could be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments could be employed, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R. 1.72(b) to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. The Abstract is presented with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be construed as intending any unclaimed disclosed feature to be essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Accordingly, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description as an example or embodiment, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations and permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

[0126] [Appendix 2] Example 1 is an electrosurgical treatment system comprising: an electrosurgical energy system configured to generate electrosurgical energy for delivery to a target within a subject's body; and a controller circuit configured to receive a signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source; generate one or more spectroscopic characteristics from the received reflected signal; identify the target as one of a plurality of structural types having respective distinct compositions using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; and determine an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system based on the identification of the target, the operating mode including delivery or withholding delivery of electrosurgical energy or energy parameter settings for the electrosurgical energy system.

[0127] In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1 optionally includes the electrosurgical energy system including a laser system configured to generate a laser beam for delivery to a target within the subject's body, and the energy parameter settings include laser parameter settings.

[0128] In Example 3, the subject matter of Example 2 optionally includes a controller circuit configured to: generate a reflectance spectrum using the received reflectance signal, the reflectance spectrum representing reflectance intensity across a plurality of wavelengths; and generate one or more spectral characteristics including extracting one or more spectral features from the reflectance spectrum, the spectral features comprising reflectance intensity at a particular wavelength, a statistical characteristic of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths, or a graphical characteristic of a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum.

[0129] In Example 4, the subject matter of Example 3 optionally includes wherein the controller circuit is configured to identify the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics.

[0130] In Example 5, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 3-4 optionally includes the controller circuit being configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of stone types, each having a different composition, using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; adjust laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified stone type of the target; and generate control signals to the laser system to deliver a laser beam to the target of the classified stone type in accordance with the adjusted laser parameter settings.

[0131] In Example 6, the subject matter of Example 5 optionally includes: the controller circuitry configured to classify the target as one of the kidney stone types, the kidney stone types including at least one of a calcium phosphate (CaP) stone, a magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) stone, a calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stone, a cholesterol-based stone, a calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) stone, or a uric acid (UA) stone.

[0132] In Example 7, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 3-6 optionally includes: the controller circuitry being configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of tissue types using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; and determine an operating mode of the laser system based on the classified tissue type of the target.

[0133] In Example 8, the subject matter of Example 7 optionally includes the controller circuit being configured to classify the target as a treatment area or a non-treatment area using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics, and generate control signals to the laser system to deliver the laser beam to the treatment area and to withhold delivery of the laser beam to the non-treatment area.

[0134] In Example 9, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 7-8 optionally includes the controller circuit being configured to classify the target as normal tissue or cancerous tissue using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics, and to generate control signals to the laser system to deliver a laser beam to the classified cancerous tissue target and to withhold delivery of the laser beam if the target is classified as normal tissue.

[0135] In Example 10, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-9 optionally includes the controller circuit being configured to determine an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system comprising one of a first operating mode when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second operating mode when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third operating mode when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure.

[0136] In Example 11, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 2-9 optionally includes an endoscope coupled to the laser system, the endoscope including a controller circuit and at least one optical path configured to transmit one or more of the laser beam, a signal reflected from a target, or electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source.

[0137] In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11 optionally further comprises: the controller circuit calculating a distance between the target and a distal end of the at least one optical path using at least one of the one or more spectral characteristics; determining an operating mode of the laser system, including delivering a laser beam to the target if (1) the target is identified as a treatment structure type and (2) the calculated distance is within a specified laser firing range; The method further includes:

[0138] In Example 13, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-12 optionally includes wherein the at least one optical path includes a first optical path configured to transmit a signal reflected from the target to a spectroscopic sensor coupled to the controller circuit.

[0139] In Example 14, the subject matter of Example 13 optionally includes the first optical path further configured to transmit the laser beam to the target.

[0140] In Example 15, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 13-14 optionally includes the first optical path further configured to transmit electromagnetic radiation from the light source to the target.

[0141] In Example 16, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 13-15 optionally includes wherein the at least one optical path includes a second optical path different from the first optical path, the second optical path configured to transmit the laser beam to the target.

[0142] In Example 17, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-16 optionally includes the controller circuitry being configured to further use information regarding an outer diameter of the at least one optical path to generate the one or more spectroscopic characteristics.

[0143] In Example 18, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 11-17 optionally includes the controller circuit being configured to further use information regarding a projection angle of a distal end of the at least one optical pathway relative to the endoscope to generate the one or more spectral characteristics.

[0144] In Example 19, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-18 optionally includes wherein the electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source includes one or more of ultraviolet waves, visible light waves, or infrared waves.

[0145] In Example 20, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-19 optionally includes: the control circuitry is coupled to a spectroscopic sensor configured to sense a signal reflected from the target structure in response to electromagnetic radiation illuminating the target structure; and the spectroscopic sensor includes one or more of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a UV-VIS spectrometer, a UV-VIS-IR spectrometer, or a fluorescence spectrometer.

[0146] In Example 21, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 1-20 optionally includes: the control circuitry is coupled to an imaging sensor configured to sense a signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation illuminating the target structure.

[0147] Example 22 is a method of controlling an electrosurgical energy system to deliver electrosurgical energy to a target within a subject's body, the method including: illuminating the target with electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source; sensing, via a spectroscopic sensor coupled to a controller circuit, a signal reflected from the target in response to the electromagnetic radiation; generating, via the controller circuit, one or more spectroscopic characteristics using the detected reflected signal; identifying, via the controller circuit, the target as one of a plurality of structural types having respective distinct compositions using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; and generating, via the controller circuit, a control signal to operate the electrosurgical energy system in an operating mode based on the identification of the target, the operating mode including delivering or withholding delivery of electrosurgical energy or setting energy parameters for the electrosurgical energy system.

[0148] In Example 23, the subject matter of Example 22 optionally includes: the control signal being generated to operate the laser system in an operating mode based on an identification of the target, the operating mode including delivering or withholding delivery of a laser beam, or setting laser parameters for the laser system.

[0149] In Example 24, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 22-23 optionally includes using the sensed reflectance signal to generate a reflectance spectrum, the reflectance spectrum representing reflectance intensities across multiple wavelengths, and generating the one or more spectral characteristics includes extracting one or more spectral features from the reflectance spectrum, the spectral features including reflectance intensities at specific wavelengths, statistical characteristics of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths, or graphical features of a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum.

[0150] In Example 25, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-24 optionally includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective distinct compositions using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; adjusting laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified stone type of the target; and generating control signals to the laser system to deliver a laser beam to the target of the classified stone type in accordance with the adjusted laser parameter settings.

[0151] In Example 26, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-25 ​​optionally includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of tissue types using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics, and determining an operating mode of the laser system based on the classified tissue type of the target.

[0152] In Example 27, the subject matter of Example 26 optionally includes classifying the target as a treatment area or a non-treatment area using one or more spectroscopic characteristics, and generating a control signal to the laser system to deliver a laser beam to the treatment area and to withhold delivery of the laser beam to the non-treatment area.

[0153] In Example 28, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 26-27 optionally includes classifying a target as normal tissue or cancerous tissue using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics, and generating a control signal to the laser system to deliver a laser beam to the classified cancerous tissue target and to withhold delivery of the laser beam if the target is classified as normal tissue.

[0154] In Example 29, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-28 optionally includes determining an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system includes one of a first operating mode when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second operating mode when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third operating mode when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure.

[0155] In Example 30, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-29 optionally includes calculating a distance between a target and a distal end of an optical path associated with the endoscope using at least one of the one or more spectral characteristics, and determining an operating mode of the laser system including delivering a laser beam to the target if (1) the target is identified as a therapeutic structure type, and (2) the calculated distance is within a specified laser firing range.

[0156] In Example 31, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 23-30 optionally includes using geometry and configuration information for at least one optical path associated with the endoscope and configured to transmit one or more of a laser beam, a signal reflected from a target, or electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source, wherein the geometry and configuration information includes at least one of an outer diameter of the at least one optical path or a projection angle of a distal end of the at least one optical path relative to the endoscope.

[0157] Example 32 is at least one non-transitory machine-readable storage medium containing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of the machine, cause the machine to perform operations including illuminating a target within a subject's body with electromagnetic radiation generated by a light source; receiving a signal reflected from the target in response to the electromagnetic radiation; generating one or more spectroscopic characteristics using the reflected signal; identifying the target as one of a plurality of structural types having respective distinct compositions using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; and generating a control signal for operating an electrosurgical energy system in an operating mode based on the identification of the target, the operating mode including delivering or withholding delivery of electrosurgical energy or setting energy parameters for the electrosurgical energy system.

[0158] In Example 33, the subject matter of Example 32 optionally includes: the control signal being generated to operate the laser system in an operating mode based on an identification of the target, the operating mode including delivering or withholding delivery of a laser beam, or setting laser parameters for the laser system.

[0159] In Example 34, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-33 optionally causes the machine to perform operations, wherein the instructions further include using the received reflectance signal to generate a reflectance spectrum representing reflectance intensities across a plurality of wavelengths, wherein the operation of generating the one or more spectral characteristics includes extracting one or more spectral features from the reflectance spectrum, the spectral features including reflectance intensities at particular wavelengths, statistical characteristics of reflectance across two or more different wavelengths, or graphical features of a graphical representation of the reflectance spectrum.

[0160] In Example 35, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-34 optionally includes wherein the act of identifying the target as one of a plurality of structure types includes identifying the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure using one or more spectroscopic characteristics.

[0161] In Example 36, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-35 is optional, wherein the instructions cause the machine to perform operations, the operations further including classifying the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective distinct compositions using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; adjusting laser parameter settings for the electrosurgical energy system based on the classified stone type of the target; and generating control signals to the electrosurgical energy system to deliver a laser beam to the target of the classified stone type in accordance with the adjusted laser parameter settings.

[0162] In Example 37, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-36 optionally includes wherein the instructions cause the machine to perform operations including classifying the target as one of a plurality of tissue types using the one or more spectroscopic characteristics; and determining an operating mode of the laser system based on the classified tissue type of the target.

[0163] In Example 38, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-37 optionally includes the instructions causing the machine to perform an operation, the operation further including: calculating a distance between the target and a distal end of an optical path associated with the endoscope using at least one of the one or more spectral characteristics; and determining an operating mode of the laser system including delivering a laser beam to the target if (1) the target is identified as a therapeutic structure type, or (2) if the calculated distance is within a specified laser firing range.

[0164] In Example 39, the subject matter of any one or more of Examples 32-38 optionally includes using geometry and configuration information for at least one optical path associated with the endoscope and configured to transmit one or more of a laser beam, a signal reflected from a target, or electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source, wherein the geometry and configuration information includes at least one of an outer diameter of the at least one optical path or a projection angle of a distal end of the at least one optical path relative to the endoscope.

Claims

1. 1. An electrosurgical treatment system for providing electrosurgical energy to a target within a subject's body, comprising: an electrosurgical energy system; a controller circuit; The controller circuit receiving a reflected signal reflected from the target in response to electromagnetic radiation produced by a light source; generating a reflectance spectrum from the received reflected signals; identifying the target as one of a plurality of structure types based on reflectance characteristics of the reflectance spectrum, the reflectance characteristics including one or more of a variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths or a rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths; determining an operating mode of the electrosurgical energy system based at least in part on the identification of the target; configured to generate a control signal to the electrosurgical energy system to provide electrosurgical energy to the target in the determined mode of operation. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

2. 10. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 1, the reflectance characteristics include reflectance intensity at a particular wavelength; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

3. 10. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 1, the controller circuit is configured to identify the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure based on the reflectance characteristics, and determine the mode of operation including a first mode of operation when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second mode of operation when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third mode of operation when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

4. 10. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 1, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the operating mode includes setting laser parameters of the laser system; the laser system is configured to deliver laser energy to the target in accordance with the laser parameter settings; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

5. 5. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 4, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective different compositions based on the reflectance characteristics, and to determine the laser parameter settings based on the classified stone type of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

6. 5. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 4, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as one of a plurality of tissue types based on the reflectivity characteristics and determine the laser parameter settings based on the classified tissue type of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

7. 10. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 1, the controller circuit is configured to classify the target as a treatment area or a non-treatment area based on the reflectance characteristics, and to enable or withhold delivery of the electrosurgical energy to the target based on the classification of the target. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

8. 10. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 1, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system configured to emit a laser beam; the controller circuit is configured to calculate a distance between a distal end (i) of an optical path transmitting the laser beam and the target (ii), and to enable or disable laser emission from the laser system based at least on the calculated distance; An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

9. 9. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 8, the controller circuit is configured to calculate the distance using the reflectance features of the reflectance spectrum. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

10. 9. The electrosurgical treatment system of claim 8, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the controller circuit is configured to control the laser system to deliver the laser energy to the target if (1) the target is identified as a treatment structure type, and (2) the calculated distance is within a designated laser firing range. An electrosurgical treatment system comprising:

11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a program that, when executed by one or more processors, causes the processors to perform operations, the operations including: receiving a reflected signal reflected from a target within the subject's body in response to electromagnetic radiation generated by the light source; generating a reflectance spectrum from the received reflected signal; identifying the target as one of a plurality of structure types based on reflectance characteristics of the reflectance spectrum, the reflectance characteristics including one or more of a variation in reflectance across two or more different wavelengths or a rate of change of reflectance across a range of wavelengths; determining a mode of operation of the electrosurgical energy system based at least in part on the identification of the target; generating a control signal to the electrosurgical energy system to provide electrosurgical energy to the target in the determined mode of operation. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

12. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the act of identifying the target as one of the plurality of structure types includes identifying the target as one of a stone structure or an anatomical structure based on the reflectance characteristics; determining the mode of operation includes determining a first mode of operation when the target is identified as a stone structure, a second mode of operation when the target is identified as an anatomical structure, or a third mode of operation when the target is identified as neither an anatomical structure nor a stone structure. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

13. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the act of classifying the target as one of the plurality of structural types includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of stone types having respective different compositions based on the reflectance characteristics; determining the operating mode includes determining laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified stone type of the target. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

14. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system; the act of identifying the target as one of the plurality of structure types includes classifying the target as one of a plurality of tissue types based on the reflectance characteristics; determining the operating mode includes determining laser parameter settings for the laser system based on the classified tissue type of the target. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

15. 12. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 11, the electrosurgical energy system includes a laser system configured to emit a laser beam; The execution by the one or more processors may include causing the processors to: calculating a distance between a distal end (i) of an optical path transmitting said laser beam and said target (ii); enabling or disabling laser emission from the laser system based at least on the calculated distance. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium comprising:

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