Stabilized heat transfer composition, method, and system

Abstract

The present invention provides a refrigerant composition that can be used as a substitute for R-410A and exhibits a mosaic of desired properties, including excellent heat transfer characteristics, chemical stability, low toxicity or non-toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and lubricant compatibility, in addition to a low global warming potential (GWP) and nearly zero ODP. [Solution] The present invention relates to a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, and optionally but preferably comprises an acid-depleted portion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to compositions, methods, and systems useful in heat exchange applications, including air conditioning and refrigeration applications. In certain aspects, the present invention relates to compositions useful in heat transfer systems of the type in which refrigerant R-410A would be used. The compositions of the present invention are particularly useful for introducing additional heat exchange systems, including systems designed to be used as alternatives to refrigerant R-410A for heating and cooling applications and in systems designed to be used with R-410A.

Background Art

[0002] For industrial, commercial, and household use, mechanical refrigeration systems, as well as related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air conditioners, are well known in the art. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were developed in the 1930s as refrigerants for such systems. However, since the 1980s, the impact of CFCs on the stratospheric ozone layer has received much attention. In 1987, many governments signed the Montreal Protocol for the protection of the global environment, which established a timetable for the gradual reduction of CFC products. More environmentally acceptable materials containing hydrogen, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), replaced CFCs. .

[0003] One of the most commonly used hydrochlorofluorocarbons was chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22). However, subsequent amendments to the Montreal Protocol accelerated the gradual reduction of CFCs and scheduled the gradual reduction of HCFCs, including HCFC-22.

[0004] In response to the need for nonflammable, non-toxic alternatives to CFCs and HCFCs, the industry has developed several hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) with a zero ozone depletion potential. HFCs were developed. Because they do not contribute to ozone depletion, R-410A (a 50:50 w / w blend of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and pentafluoroethane (HFC-125)) was adopted as an industrial substitute for HCFC-22 in air conditioning and cooling applications. However, R-410A is not a drop-in substitute for R-22. Therefore, replacing R-22 with R-410A required the redesign of key components within the heat exchange system, including the replacement and redesign of compressors to accommodate the substantially higher operating pressures and volumes of R-410A compared to R-22.

[0005] While R-410A has a more tolerable ozone depleting potential (ODP) than R-22, its global warming potential is high at 2088, therefore, R-410A Continued use presents problems. Therefore, there is a need in the technical field to replace R-410A with more environmentally acceptable alternatives.

[0006] As shown in Table 1, the EU implemented the F-Gas Regulation to limit the amount of HFCs that can be sold within the EU from 2015 onward. By 2030, only 21% of the amount of HFCs sold in 2015 will be available. Therefore, as a long-term solution, it is desirable to limit the GWP to below 427.

[0007] [Table 1] * The 2015 GWP level is based on UNEP's 2012 usage survey, which did not show an increase in growth rates.

[0008] It is understood in the art that it is highly desirable for alternative heat transfer fluids to possess a mosaic of difficult-to-achieve properties, including, among others, superior heat transfer characteristics (particularly those that adequately suit the needs of a specific application), chemical stability, low or non-toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and / or lubricant compatibility. In addition, any substitute for R-410A should ideally offer a good match to the operating conditions of R-410A to avoid system modification or redesign. Developing a heat transfer fluid that meets all of these requirements, many of which are unpredictable, is a major challenge.

[0009] Regarding usage efficiency, it is important to note that the loss of thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency of refrigerants can lead to increased use of fossil fuels as a result of increased demand for electrical energy. Therefore, the use of such refrigerants will have secondary adverse effects on the environment.

[0010] Flammability is considered an important property for many heat transfer applications. As used herein, the term "non-flammable" refers to the ASTM standard E-681-2009 Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors). In accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Gases, This refers to refrigerants and compounds or compositions determined to be non-flammable under the conditions described in Appendix B1 of ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, which are incorporated herein by reference and are referred to herein for convenience as “non-flammability test.”

[0011] It is crucial for maintaining system efficiency and ensuring the proper and reliable operation of the compressor that the lubricant circulating in a vapor compression heat transfer system is returned to the compressor to perform its intended lubrication function. Otherwise, the lubricant can accumulate and remain in the system's coils and pipes, including in the heat transfer components. Furthermore, if lubricant accumulates on the inner surface of the evaporator, the heat exchange efficiency of the evaporator decreases, thereby reducing the efficiency of the system.

[0012] R-410A is miscible with polyol esters (POE) at the temperatures encountered during the operation of such systems, and is therefore commonly used in HVAC applications with POE lubricants. However, R-410A is immiscible with POE at the temperatures typically encountered during the operation of cryogenic refrigeration and heat pump systems. Therefore, unless measures are taken to mitigate this immiscuity, POE and R-410A cannot be used in cryogenic refrigeration or heat pump systems.

[0013] The applicants have developed a technology for air conditioning applications, particularly for residential and commercial air conditioning applications, including rooftop air conditioning, variable refrigerant flow (VRF) air conditioning, and cooler air conditioning applications. Therefore, we have come to understand that it is desirable to be able to provide a composition that can be used as a substitute for R-410A. We have also come to understand that the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention have the advantage of eliminating the drawback of being miscible with POE at temperatures that occur during the operation of these systems, for example, in heat pumps and cryogenic refrigeration systems. [Overview of the project]

[0014] The present invention provides a refrigerant composition that can be used as a substitute for R-410A and, in a preferred embodiment, exhibits a mosaic of desired properties such as excellent heat transfer characteristics, chemical stability, low toxicity or non-toxicity, non-flammability, lubricant miscibility, and lubricant compatibility, along with a low global warming potential (GWP) and near-zero ODP.

[0015] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene. Alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 1 for convenience in this specification.

[0016] Where used herein in relation to percentages based on a list of specific compounds, the term "relative percentage" means the percentage of a specific compound based on the total weight of the listed compounds.

[0017] Where used herein in relation to weight percentages, the term “approximately” with respect to the amount of a particular component means that the amount of that particular component may vary by + / - 2% by weight.

[0018] In connection with the use of a stabilizer containing alkylated naphthalene in a heat transfer composition comprising a CF3I refrigerant and a lubricant containing POE and / or PVE, the applicants have found that there exists a critical range in which the stabilizing effect of alkylated naphthalene is beneficially and unexpectedly enhanced compared to the stabilizing effect outside the range of 1% to less than 10% by weight, preferably 1.5% to less than 8% by weight, preferably 1.5% to about 6% by weight, or preferably 1.5% to 5% by weight, based on alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The reason for this enhanced performance within the critical range is the discovery that the stabilizing performance of alkylated naphthalene can degrade to an undesirable degree for some applications when used in amounts greater than about 10% in the absence of the other solutions described below. Furthermore, the applicants believe that the stabilizing performance of alkylated naphthalene is also undesirable for some applications when used in amounts less than 1%. The existence of this critical range is unexpected.

[0019] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, the alkylated naphthalene present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 2 for convenience in this specification.

[0020] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant is The heat transfer composition comprises approximately 5% to 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and approximately 35% to 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 3 for convenience in this specification.

[0021] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant essentially consists of about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein, for convenience, as heat transfer composition 4.

[0022] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 5 for convenience in this specification.

[0023] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer. The refrigerant contains from about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The lubricant contains a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The stabilizer contains an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 6 herein.

[0024] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer. The refrigerant contains from about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and from about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The lubricant contains a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The stabilizer contains an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 7 herein.

[0025] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer. The refrigerant consists essentially of from about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3% to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and from about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The lubricant contains a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant. The stabilizer contains an alkylated naphthalene, and the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. For convenience, the heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 8 herein.

[0026] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 9 for convenience in this specification.

[0027] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 8% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 10 for convenience in this specification.

[0028] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to as heat transfer composition 11 in this specification for convenience.

[0029] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 12 for convenience.

[0030] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant essentially consists of about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I); the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant; and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, which is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein, for convenience, as heat transfer composition 13.

[0031] The present invention also includes any of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13, wherein the stabilizer essentially does not contain ADM as defined below. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 13A for convenience.

[0032] The present invention also includes any of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13, wherein the stabilizer is defined as follows: The stabilizer is essentially free of ADM as defined herein and further comprises BHT. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 13B for convenience.

[0033] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene and an acid-depleted portion. The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 14 for convenience.

[0034] As used herein, the term “acid depletion portion” (which may be referred to herein as “ADM” for convenience) means a compound or radical that, when present in a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant containing about 10% by weight or more of CF3I (the percentage being based on the total weight of the refrigerant in the heat transfer composition), has the effect of substantially reducing the acid portion that would otherwise be present in the heat transfer composition. As used herein, the term “substantially reduced” in reference to the acid portion in a heat transfer composition means that the acid portion is reduced sufficiently to result in a reduction of at least about 10 relative percent in the TAN value (as defined below).

[0035] In connection with the use of stabilizers, including alkylated naphthalenes and ADM, the applicants have found that certain materials can substantially and unexpectedly enhance the performance of stabilizers containing or essentially derived from alkylated naphthalene stabilizers. In particular, the applicants have found that certain materials can help deplete the acidic moiety in CF3I-containing heat transfer compositions, including any heat transfer composition of the present invention. The applicants have found that incorporating a heat transfer composition having ADM provides an unexpected and synergistic enhancement to at least the stabilization function of the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention. Although the reason for this synergistic effect is not understood with certainty, by any operating theory, and without being bound by any, it is thought that the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer of the present invention functions largely by stabilizing free radicals formed from CF3I of the refrigerant of the present invention, but this stabilization effect is thought to be at least somewhat reduced in the presence of the acidic moiety. Consequently, the presence of ADM of the present invention allows the alkylated naphthalene stabilizer to have an unexpected and synergistically enhanced effect. Furthermore, the applicants found that the performance degradation observed at relatively high concentrations of alkylated naphthalene (i.e., about 10%) could be neutralized by incorporating ADM into a heat transfer composition (or a stabilizing lubricant).

[0036] Accordingly, the present invention includes a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene and ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 1 in this specification for convenience.

[0037] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising, based on the weight of the stabilizer, about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 2 for convenience in this specification.

[0038] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising, based on the weight of the stabilizer, about 50% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 0.1% to about 50% by weight of ADM. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 3 in this specification for convenience.

[0039] The present invention also provides a stabilizer containing approximately 40% to approximately 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 5% to approximately 30% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. This includes stabilizers. The stabilizers described in this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 4 in this specification for convenience.

[0040] The present invention also includes stabilizers comprising about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and about 5% to about 20% by weight of ADM, based on the weight of alkylated naphthalene and ADM in the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 5 in this specification for convenience.

[0041] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 15 for convenience.

[0042] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 16 for convenience.

[0043] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 17 for convenience.

[0044] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 18 for convenience.

[0045] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 19 for convenience.

[0046] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 20% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 20 for convenience.

[0047] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 21 for convenience.

[0048] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 22 for convenience.

[0049] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 4, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 5% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32) and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 23 for convenience.

[0050] A refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 1, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 24 for convenience.

[0051] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 2, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 25 for convenience.

[0052] The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant comprising a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and a stabilizer 3, wherein the refrigerant comprises about 30% to about 50% by weight of difluoromethane (HFC-32), 3 to 15% by weight of pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), and about 35% to about 70% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I). The heat transfer composition according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as heat transfer composition 26 for convenience.

[0053] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of stabilizers 1 to 5. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0054] Definition: For the purposes of this invention, the term "approximately" with respect to a temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) means that the given temperature may vary by an amount of + / - 5°C. In a preferred embodiment, the temperature designated as approximately is preferably + / - 2°C, more preferably + / - 1°C, and even more preferably + / - 0.5°C from the given temperature.

[0055] The term "capacity" refers to the amount of cooling (BTU / hour) provided by a refrigerant in a refrigeration system. This is experimentally determined by multiplying the change in the enthalpy (BTU / lb) of the refrigerant as it passes through the evaporator by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Enthalpy can be determined from measurements of the refrigerant's pressure and temperature. The capacity of a cooling system relates to its ability to maintain a specific temperature in the area being cooled. The capacity of a refrigerant represents the amount of cooling or heating it provides, and provides some degree of performance of the compressor in delivering a certain amount of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of the refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with higher capacity will provide more cooling or heating power.

[0056] The term "Coefficient of Performance" (COP) is a widely accepted measure of refrigerant performance, particularly useful for representing the relative thermodynamic efficiency of a refrigerant in a specific heating or cooling cycle involving evaporation or condensation of the refrigerant. This term represents the ratio of effective refrigeration or cooling capacity to the energy applied by the compressor during vapor compression, and therefore the ability of a given compressor to deliver a given amount of heat for a given volumetric flow rate of a heat transfer fluid such as a refrigerant. In other words, given a particular compressor, a refrigerant with a higher COP will deliver more cooling or heating power. One means of estimating the COP of a refrigerant under specific operating conditions is from the thermodynamic properties of the refrigerant using standard refrigeration cycle analysis techniques (see, for example, RCDowning, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference).

[0057] The term "discharge temperature" refers to the temperature of the refrigerant at the compressor outlet. The advantage of a low discharge temperature is that it allows the use of existing equipment without activating the system's thermal protection surfaces, which are preferably designed to protect compressor components, and avoids the use of expensive control devices such as liquid injection to lower the discharge temperature.

[0058] The term "Global Warming Potential" (GWP) was developed to allow for comparison of the global warming impacts of various gases. Specifically, it is a measure of how much energy is absorbed over a given period by the emission of one ton of a particular gas compared to the emission of one ton of carbon dioxide. The larger the GWP, the more the given gas will warm the Earth over that period compared to CO2. The period typically used for GWP is 100 years. GWP provides a common measure that allows analysts to sum up emission estimates for different gases. See www.epa.gov.

[0059] The term "Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP)" refers to a method for evaluating the impact of air conditioning and refrigeration systems on global warming throughout their product lifecycle. LCCP includes the direct impact of refrigerant emissions and the indirect impacts of energy consumption used to operate the system, energy used to manufacture the system, and the transportation and safe disposal of the system. The direct impact of refrigerant emissions is obtained from the GWP value of the refrigerant. For indirect emissions, system performance and energy consumption are obtained using measured refrigerant characteristics. LCCP is determined using the following equations 1 and 2: Equation 1: Direct emissions = Refrigerant charge (kg) × (Annual leakage rate × Product life + Loss due to end of product life) × GWP. Equation 2: Indirect emissions = Annual electricity consumption × Product life × CO2 per kW-hr of electricity production. The LCCP is obtained by adding together the direct emissions, as determined by Equation 1, and the indirect emissions, as determined by Equation 2. The analysis uses TMY2 and TMY3 data generated by the National Renewable Laboratory and available with BinMaker® Pro version 4 software. The GWP values ​​reported in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report 4 (AR4) (2007) are used for calculation. LCCP is calculated as the mass of carbon dioxide (kg-CO2) over the product life of an air conditioning or refrigeration system. 2eq It is represented as ).

[0060] The term "mass flow rate" refers to the mass of refrigerant passing through a conduit per unit time.

[0061] The term "Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL)" is used in ASH. This is determined in accordance with RAE Standard 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.

[0062] When used herein, the present invention is defined as a substitute for a specific prior refrigerant. The term “substitute for ~” with respect to heat transfer compositions or refrigerants means the use of the specified compositions of the present invention in heat transfer systems that have been commonly used with the preceding refrigerant. For example, when the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in heat transfer systems that have been commonly designed for and / or used with R410A, such as residential and commercial air conditioning systems (including rooftop systems, variable flow (VRF) systems and refrigerator systems), the refrigerant of the present invention will be a substitute for R410A in such systems.

[0063] The term "thermodynamic glide" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures having varying temperatures during a phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

[0064] The term "thermodynamic glide" applies to non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures having varying temperatures during a phase change process in an evaporator or condenser at constant pressure.

[0065] As used herein, the term "TAN value" refers to the total acid number determined according to ASHRAE Standard 97 - "Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems" for simulating the long-term stability of heat transfer compositions under accelerated aging.

[0066] Heat transfer composition The applicants have found that the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, each comprising one of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, offer very advantageous properties, particularly stability and non-flammability during use, when the heat transfer compositions are used as a substitute for R-410A, especially in conventional R-410A residential air conditioning systems and conventional R-410A commercial air conditioning systems (including conventional R-410A rooftop systems, conventional R-410A variable flow (VRF) systems, and conventional R-410A cooler systems).

[0067] As used herein, references to heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 refer to each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, including heat transfer compositions 13A and 13B.

[0068] A unique advantage of the refrigerant contained in the heat transfer composition of the present invention is that it is non-flammable when tested according to a non-flammability test, and as described above, it can be used in various systems as a substitute for R-410A, and there is a need in the art to provide a refrigerant and heat transfer composition that has excellent heat transfer properties, low environmental impact (particularly low GWP and nearly zero ODP), excellent chemical stability, low toxicity or non-toxicity, and / or lubricant compatibility, and maintains non-flammability during use. This desirable advantage can be achieved by the refrigerant and heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0069] Preferably, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, contains a refrigerant in an amount exceeding 40% by weight, or exceeding 70% by weight, or exceeding 80% by weight, or exceeding 90% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0070] Preferably, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, essentially consists of a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer.

[0071] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention may contain other components for the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functionality to the composition without impairing the enhanced stability provided according to the present invention. Such other components or additives include dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, This may include auxiliary stabilizers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and wear-resistant additives.

[0072] Stabilizer: Alkylated naphthalene To our surprise and unexpectedly, we have found that alkylated naphthalenes are highly effective as stabilizers for the heat transfer compositions of the present invention. As used herein, the term "alkylated naphthalene" refers to a compound having the following structure:

[0073] [ka] In the formula, each R1 to R8 is independently selected from a linear alkyl group, a branched alkyl group, and hydrogen. The specific length of the alkyl chain, as well as the mixture or branched and linear and hydrogen, can vary within the scope of the present invention, and it will be recognized and understood by those skilled in the art that such variations are reflected in the physical properties of alkylated naphthalenes, particularly the viscosity of the alkylated compound, and manufacturers of such substances often define the substance by referring to one or more of these properties instead of specifying a particular R group.

[0074] The applicants have found that unexpected, surprising, and advantageous results lead to the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers according to the present invention having the following properties, and the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are referred to herein, for convenience, as alkylated naphthalene 1 (or AN1) to alkylated naphthalene 5 (or AN5), as shown in columns 1 to 5 of the table below, respectively.

[0075] [Table 2]

[0076] When used herein in relation to viscosity at 40°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "approximately" means + / - 4 cSt.

[0077] When used herein in relation to viscosity at 100°C measured according to ASTM D467, the term "approximately" means + / - 0.4 cSt.

[0078] When used herein in relation to the pour point measured according to ASTM D97, the term "about" means + / - 5°C.

[0079] The applicants have also found that unexpected, surprising, and advantageous results lead to the use of alkylated naphthalenes as stabilizers according to the present invention having the following properties, and the alkylated naphthalene compounds having the indicated properties are, for convenience herein, referred to as alkylated naphthalene 6 (or AN6) to alkylated naphthalene 10 (or AN10), as shown in columns 6 to 10 of the table below, respectively.

[0080] [Table 3]

[0081] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the scope of the meanings of alkylated naphthalene 1 and alkylated naphthalene 6 include those sold by King Industries under the trademark names NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, KR-015, KR-019, KR-005FG, KR-015FG, and KR-029FG.

[0082] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the scope of the meanings of alkylated naphthalene 2 and alkylated naphthalene 7 include those sold by King Industries under the trademark names NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, and KR-005FG.

[0083] Examples of alkylated naphthalenes within the scope of meaning of alkylated naphthalene 5 and alkylated naphthalene 10 include the trademarked product NA-LUBE by King Industries. One example is the product sold as KR-008.

[0084] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN1.

[0085] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN2.

[0086] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN3.

[0087] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN4.

[0088] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5.

[0089] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN6.

[0090] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN7.

[0091] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN8.

[0092] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN9.

[0093] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition containing each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 described herein, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10.

[0094] Acid Depleting Moiety (ADM) Those skilled in the art can determine various useful ADMs according to the present invention without conducting experiments, and all such ADMs are within the scope of this specification.

[0095] Epoxy The applicants have found that epoxides, particularly alkylated epoxides, when used in combination with alkylated naphthalene stabilizers, are effective in producing the enhanced stability discussed herein, and while the applicants are not necessarily bound by theory, they believe that the stems that enhance this synergistic effect are at least partially responsible for the effective function of ADM in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention.

[0096] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide is selected from the group consisting of epoxides that undergo a ring-opening reaction with an acid, thereby depleting the acid system without adversely affecting the system.

[0097] Useful epoxides include aromatic epoxides, alkyl epoxides, and alkenyl epoxides.

[0098] Preferred epoxides include the epoxide of formula I shown below:

[0099] [ka] In the formula, at least one of R1 to R4 is selected from 2 to 15 carbon (C2 to C15) acyclic groups, C2 to C15 aliphatic groups, and C2 to C15 ethers. The epoxide according to formula 1 may be referred to as ADM1 in this specification for convenience.

[0100] In a preferred embodiment, at least one of R1 to R4 of formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0101] [ka] In the formula, each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl group, preferably an unsubstituted alkyl group. The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to as ADM2 for convenience in this specification.

[0102] In a preferred embodiment, one of R1 to R4 in formula I is an ether having the following structure:

[0103] [ka] In the formula, each of R5 and R6 is independently a C1-C14 linear or branched alkyl group, preferably an unsubstituted alkyl group, and the remaining three of R1-R4 are H. The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to as ADM3 for convenience in this specification.

[0104] In a preferred embodiment, the epoxide comprises, is essentially, or consists of 2-ethylhexylglycidyl ether. The epoxide according to this paragraph may be referred to herein for convenience as ADM4.

[0105] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN1 and ADM1.

[0106] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN5 and ADM1.

[0107] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM1.

[0108] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN1 and ADM4.

[0109] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN5 and ADM4.

[0110] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, wherein the composition comprises AN10 and ADM4.

[0111] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 of this specification, each comprising AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 and ADM1.

[0112] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 of this specification, each comprising AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10 and ADM2, respectively.

[0113] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 of this specification, each comprising AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN5 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 or AN10 and ADM3.

[0114] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 of this specification, each comprising AN2 or AN3 or AN4 or AN6 or AN7 or AN8 or AN9 and ADM4.

[0115] When ADM is present in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1-13 and 14-26, alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of 0.01% to about 10%, or about 1.5% to about 4.5%, or about 2.5% to about 3.5%, where these amounts are weight percentages based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and refrigerant in the system.

[0116] When ADM is present in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, which comprises each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26, alkylated naphthalene is preferably present in an amount of 0.1% to about 20%, or about 1.5% to about 10%, or 1.5% to about 8%, where these amounts are weight percent based on the amount of alkylated naphthalene and refrigerant in the system.

[0117] Carbodiimide ADM may include carbodiimides. In preferred embodiments, the carbodiimide includes a compound having the following structure.

[0118] [ka]

[0119] Other stabilizers It is intended that stabilizers other than alkylated naphthalene and ADM may be included in the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26. Examples of such other stabilizers are described below.

[0120] Phenolic compounds In a preferred embodiment, the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

[0121] Phenolic compounds include 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols containing 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol). 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methylphenol (BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2'6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone, and preferably one or more selected from BHT. It could be the compound shown above.

[0122] Phenol compounds, particularly BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0123] Phenolic compounds, particularly BHT, may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight based on the weight of the lubricant in the heat transfer composition.

[0124] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising, based on the weight of all stabilizing components in the composition, about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN10) and 0.1% to about 10% by weight of BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 6 in this specification for convenience.

[0125] The present invention also includes a stabilizer comprising, based on the weight of all stabilizing components in the composition, about 40% to about 95% alkylated naphthalene (including each of AN1 to AN10), 5% to about 30% by weight ADM (including each of ADM1 to ADM4), and 0.1% to about 10% by weight BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 7 in this specification for convenience.

[0126] The present invention comprises a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 specified herein, wherein the heat transfer composition comprises a stabilizer 6. The present invention also comprises a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 specified herein, wherein the heat transfer composition comprises a stabilizer 7.

[0127] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 specified herein, which include AN1 and BHT. The present invention also includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 specified herein, which include AN5 and BHT.

[0128] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 specified herein, which includes AN10 and BHT.

[0129] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 of this specification, which include AN5, ADM4, and BHT.

[0130] The present invention includes a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26 specified herein, which include AN10, ADM4, and BHT.

[0131] diene compounds The diene compounds include C3-C15 dienes and compounds formed by the reaction of any two or more C3-C4 dienes. Preferably, the diene compounds are selected from the group consisting of allyl ethers, propadiene, butadiene, isoprene, and terpenes. The diene compounds are preferably terpenes, which include, but are not limited to, terebene, retinal, geraniol, terpinene, delta-3-carene, terpinolene, phellandrene, fenkene, myrcene, farnesene, pinene, nerol, citral, camphor, menthol, limonene, nerolidol, phytol, carnosic acid, and vitamin A1. Preferably, the stabilizer is farnesene. Preferred terpene stabilizers are incorporated herein by reference in the U.S. Patent Application Filed December 12, 2004. It is disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60 / 638,003, which was published as Publication No. 2006 / 0167044(A1).

[0132] In addition, the diene compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0133] Phosphorus compounds The phosphorus compound may be a phosphite compound or a phosphate compound. For the purposes of the present invention, the phosphite compound may be one or more compounds selected from diaryl, dialkyl, triaryl, and / or trialkyl phosphites, and / or mixed aryl / alkyl di- or trisubstituted phosphites, particularly hindered phosphites, tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, di-n-octyl phosphite, iso-octyldiphenyl phosphite, isodecyldiphenyl phosphite, tri-iso-decyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, and diphenyl phosphite, particularly diphenyl phosphite.

[0134] The phosphate compound may be a triaryl phosphate, a trialkyl phosphate, an alkylmono acid phosphate, an aryldio acid phosphate, an amine phosphate, preferably a triaryl phosphate and / or a trialkyl phosphate, particularly a tri-n-butyl phosphate.

[0135] The phosphorus compound may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, by weight refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0136] Nitrogen compounds When the stabilizer is a nitrogen compound, the stabilizer may include amine compounds such as one or more secondary or tertiary amines selected from diphenylamine, p-phenylenediamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, diisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, and triisobutylamine. The amine compounds are amine antioxidants, for example, substituted piperidine compounds, i.e., alkyl-substituted piperidyl, piperidinyl, piperazinone, or alkyloxypiperidinyl derivatives, in particular 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol; bis-(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidyl) sebacate; di(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate, poly(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) Methyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate; alkylated paraphenylenediamines, e.g., N-phenyl-N'-(1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-p-phenylenediamine or N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, and hydroxylamines, e.g., tallowamines, methylbistallowamines, and bistallowamines, or phenol-alpha-naphthylamine, or Tinuvin® 765 (Ciba), BLS® 1944 (Mayzo The amine compound may be one or more amine antioxidants selected from (Mayzo Inc.) and BLS(registered trademark) 1770 (Mayzo Inc.). For the purposes of the present invention, the amine compound may also be an alkyldiphenylamine such as bis(nonylphenylamine), a dialkylamine such as (N-(1-methylethyl)-2-propylamine, or one or more of phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine. Preferably, the amine compound is phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine One or more of mine (PANA), alkyl-phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (APANA), and bis(nonylphenyl)amine, more preferably phenyl-alpha-naphthylamine (PANA).

[0137] Alternatively, or in addition to the nitrogen compounds specified above, one or more compounds selected from dinitrobenzene, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitrosobenzene, and TEMPO[(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-yl)oxyl] may be used as stabilizers.

[0138] Nitrogen compounds may be provided in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, ranging from 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably from 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, and more preferably from 0.01% to about 1% by weight. In each case, the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0139] Isobutylene Isobutylene can also be used as a stabilizer according to the present invention.

[0140] Additional stabilizer composition The present invention also provides a stabilizer essentially comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, and phenol. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 8 in this specification for convenience.

[0141] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 9 in this specification for convenience.

[0142] The present invention also provides stabilizers comprising alkylated naphthalenes containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADMs containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, and combinations of phosphate and phenol. The stabilizers according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 10 in this specification for convenience.

[0143] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 25% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from phosphate, phenol, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 11 in this specification for convenience.

[0144] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 15% by weight, and an additional stabilizer selected from phosphates, phenols, and combinations thereof in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 12 in this specification for convenience.

[0145] The present invention also provides a stabilizer essentially comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 13 in this specification for convenience.

[0146] The present invention also includes alkylated naphthalenes comprising each of AN1 to AN10, and ADM1 to We also provide a stabilizer comprising ADM containing each of ADM4 and BHT. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 14 in this specification for convenience.

[0147] The present invention also provides a stabilizer essentially comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilizer 15 for convenience.

[0148] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4, BHT, and a phosphate. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 16 in this specification for convenience.

[0149] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 50% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 17 in this specification for convenience.

[0150] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 70% to about 95% by weight, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 25% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 18 in this specification for convenience.

[0151] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising an alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, an ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and a third stabilizer compound selected from BHT, phosphate, and combinations thereof in an amount of 1% to about 55% by weight, the weight percentage being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 19 in this specification for convenience.

[0152] The present invention also provides a stabilizer comprising alkylated naphthalene containing each of AN1 to AN10 in an amount of about 40% to about 95% by weight, ADM containing each of ADM1 to ADM4 in an amount of about 5% to about 25% by weight, and BHT in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the stabilizer. The stabilizer according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilizer 20 in this specification for convenience.

[0153] Each of the stabilizers of the present invention, comprising stabilizers 1 to 20, may be used in any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising any of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 13 and 14 to 26.

[0154] The stabilizers of the present invention, each comprising stabilizers 1 to 6, may also be used in either heat transfer composition 13A or 13B.

[0155] Lubricant Generally, the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, each comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, include a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, wherein the lubricant is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 5% by weight, or 0.1% to about 1% by weight, or 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight, based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0156] POE lubricant The POE lubricant of the present invention comprises a neopentyl POE lubricant in a preferred embodiment. As used herein, the term neopentyl POE lubricant refers to a polyol ester (POE) derived from a reaction between a neopentyl polyol (preferably pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, or neopentyl glycol, and in embodiments where higher viscosity is preferred, dipentaerythritol) and a linear or branched carboxylic acid.

[0157] Commercially available POEs include neopentyl glycol diperargonic acid, available as Emery 2917 (registered trademark) and Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark), and pentaerythritol derivatives such as those sold by CPI Fluid Engineering under the trade names Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H. Emkarate RL32-3MAF and Emkarate RL68H are preferred neopentyl POE lubricants having the properties specified below.

[0158] [Table 4]

[0159] Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.

[0160] A lubricant essentially made of POE having a viscosity of approximately 30 cSt to approximately 70 cSt at 40°C as measured according to ASTM D445, and a viscosity of approximately 5 cSt to approximately 10 cSt as measured according to ASTM D445, is referred to herein as Lubricant 1.

[0161] A lubricant essentially derived from neopentyl POE with a viscosity of approximately 30 cSt to 70 cSt at 40°C, as measured according to ASTM D467, is conveniently referred to as lubricant 2.

[0162] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a POE lubricant.

[0163] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a lubricant essentially derived from a POE lubricant.

[0164] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a lubricant made of a POE lubricant.

[0165] A preferred heat transfer composition comprises heat transfer composition 1, wherein the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0166] A preferred heat transfer composition includes heat transfer composition 2, wherein the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0167] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 3 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0168] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 4 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0169] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 5 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0170] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 6 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0171] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 7 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0172] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 8 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0173] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 9 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0174] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 10 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0175] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 11 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0176] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 12 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0177] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 13 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0178] A preferred heat transfer composition includes heat transfer composition 13A, wherein the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0179] A preferred heat transfer composition includes heat transfer composition 13B, wherein the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0180] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 14 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0181] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 15 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0182] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 16 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0183] A preferred heat transfer composition is one in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2. Includes item 17.

[0184] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 18 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0185] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 19 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0186] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 20 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0187] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 21 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0188] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 22 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0189] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 23 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0190] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 24 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0191] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 25 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0192] A preferred heat transfer composition includes a heat transfer composition 26 in which the lubricant is lubricant 1 and / or lubricant 2.

[0193] PVE lubricant The lubricants of the present invention may generally include PVE lubricants. In preferred embodiments, the PVE lubricant is PVE according to the following formula II,

[0194] [ka] In the formula, R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-C10 hydrocarbon, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbon, R1 and R4 are each independently an alkyl, alkylene glycol, or polyoxyalkylene glycol unit, n and m are preferably selected to obtain a lubricant having desired properties according to the needs of those skilled in the art, and preferred n and m are selected to obtain a lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 to about 70 cSt at 40°C as measured according to ASTM D467. The PVE lubricant described above is for convenience referred to as lubricant 3. Examples of commercially available polyvinyl ethers include lubricants sold by Idemitsu under the trademark names FVC32D and FVC68D.

[0195] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a PVE lubricant.

[0196] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a lubricant essentially derived from a PVE lubricant.

[0197] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a lubricant comprising a PVE lubricant.

[0198] In a preferred embodiment, the PVE in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, which comprises each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is the PVE according to formula II.

[0199] In a preferred embodiment, the heat transfer composition of the present invention, comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, includes a lubricant essentially consisting of lubricant 3.

[0200] Stabilizing lubricant The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilized lubricant 1 for convenience in this specification.

[0201] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a neopentyl POE lubricant and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilized lubricant 2 for convenience in this specification.

[0202] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) lubricant 1 or lubricant 2, and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilized lubricant 3 for convenience in this specification.

[0203] The present invention also provides a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a lubricant 3 and (b) a stabilizer of the present invention comprising each of stabilizers 1 to 20. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to as stabilized lubricant 4 in this specification for convenience.

[0204] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) stabilizer 1. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 5 for convenience.

[0205] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) a stabilizer 2. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 6 for convenience.

[0206] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) a stabilizer 3. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 7 for convenience.

[0207] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) a stabilizer 4. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 8 for convenience.

[0208] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant and (b) a stabilizer 5. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph is In this specification, for convenience, it may be referred to as stabilizing lubricant 9.

[0209] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1% to less than 10% by weight of alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 10 for convenience.

[0210] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1% to 8% by weight of alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 11 for convenience.

[0211] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1.5% to 8% by weight of alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 12 for convenience.

[0212] The present invention also includes a stabilized lubricant comprising (a) a POE lubricant and / or a PVE lubricant, and (b) 1.5% to 6% by weight of alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the lubricant and alkylated naphthalene. The stabilized lubricant according to this paragraph may be referred to herein as stabilized lubricant 13 for convenience.

[0213] The present invention includes a thermal stabilization composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, wherein the lubricant and stabilizer are each of the stabilizing lubricants of the present invention, each comprising each of the stabilizing lubricants 1 to 13.

[0214] Methods, uses, and systems The heat transfer compositions disclosed herein are provided for use in heat transfer applications, including air conditioning applications, most preferred air conditioning applications include residential air conditioning applications and commercial air conditioning applications (such as rooftop applications, VRF applications, and coolers).

[0215] The present invention also includes methods for providing heat transfer, including air conditioning methods, most preferred air conditioning methods include providing residential air conditioning, providing commercial air conditioning (such as methods for providing rooftop air conditioning, methods for providing VRF air conditioning, and methods for providing air conditioning using a cooler).

[0216] The present invention also includes a heat transfer system including an air conditioning system, and highly preferred air conditioning systems include residential air conditioning systems and commercial air conditioning systems (such as rooftop air conditioning systems, VRF air conditioning systems, and air conditioning and cooling systems).

[0217] The present invention also provides the use of heat transfer compositions, methods of using heat transfer compositions, and systems comprising heat transfer compositions, relating to refrigeration, heat pumps, and coolers (including portable water coolers and centralized water coolers).

[0218] Any reference to any of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention refers to any of the heat transfer compositions described herein. Therefore, for the following considerations of the use, methods, systems, or applications of the compositions of the present invention, the heat transfer compositions may include, or be essentially, any of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26.

[0219] The present invention relates to a heat transfer system including a compressor, and a lubricant for the compressor within the system, wherein the amount of lubricant filling in the system is about 5% to 60% by weight, or about 10% by weight. The amount of refrigerant and lubricant may be such as ~60% by weight, or about 20% to about 50% by weight, or about 20% to about 40% by weight, or about 20% to about 30% by weight, or about 30% to about 50% by weight, or about 30% to about 40% by weight. As used herein, the term “lubricant amount” refers to the total weight of lubricant contained in the system as a percentage of the total amount of lubricant and refrigerant contained in the system. Such a system may also contain a lubricant amount of about 5% to about 10% by weight, or about 8% by weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0220] The heat transfer system according to the present invention may include a compressor, evaporator, condenser, and expansion device that are in fluid communication with each other, and heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 and a sealing material in the system, the sealing material preferably includes i. copper or copper alloy, or ii. activated alumina, or iii. zeolite molecular sieves containing copper, silver, lead, or a combination thereof, or iv. anion exchange resin, or v. moisture removal material, preferably a moisture removal molecular sieve, or vi. a combination of two or more of the above.

[0221] The present invention also includes a method for transferring heat of the type that includes evaporating a refrigerant liquid to generate a refrigerant vapor, compressing at least a portion of the refrigerant vapor with a compressor, and condensing the refrigerant vapor in a plurality of repeating cycles, the method being (a) To provide a heat transfer composition according to the present invention comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, (b) Optional but preferred: to provide a lubricant to the compressor, (b) Exposing at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant to the sealing material.

[0222] Usage, equipment, and systems In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0223] In a preferred embodiment, the residential air conditioning system and method used in heating mode have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C ​​and a condensation temperature in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

[0224] In a preferred embodiment, the commercial air conditioning system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0225] In a preferred embodiment, the hot water system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

[0226] In a preferred embodiment, the medium-temperature system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0227] In a preferred embodiment, the low-temperature system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0228] In a preferred embodiment, the rooftop air conditioning system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0229] In a preferred embodiment, the VRF system and method have a refrigerant evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0230] The present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 1 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0231] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 2 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0232] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 3 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0233] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 4 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0234] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 5 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0235] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 6 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0236] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 7 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0237] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 8 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0238] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 9 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0239] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 10 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0240] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 11 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0241] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 12 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0242] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 13 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0243] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 13A in a residential air conditioning system.

[0244] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 13B in a residential air conditioning system.

[0245] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 14 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0246] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 15 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0247] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 16 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0248] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 17 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0249] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 18 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0250] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 19 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0251] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 20 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0252] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 21 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0253] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 22 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0254] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 23 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0255] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 24 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0256] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 25 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0257] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 26 in a residential air conditioning system.

[0258] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 1 in a cooler system.

[0259] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 2 in a cooler system.

[0260] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of heat transfer composition 3 in a cooler system.

[0261] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 4 in a cooler system.

[0262] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 5 in a cooler system.

[0263] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 6 in a cooler system.

[0264] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 7 in a cooler system.

[0265] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 8 in a cooler system.

[0266] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 9 in a cooler system.

[0267] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 10 in a cooler system.

[0268] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 11 in a cooler system.

[0269] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 12 in a cooler system.

[0270] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 13 in a cooler system.

[0271] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 13A in a cooler system.

[0272] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 13B in a cooler system.

[0273] Thus, the present invention includes the use of the heat transfer composition 14 in a cooler system.

[0274] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 15 in a cooler system.

[0275] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 16 in a cooler system.

[0276] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 17 in a cooling system.

[0277] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 18 in a cooler system.

[0278] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 19 in a cooler system.

[0279] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 20 in a cooling system.

[0280] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 21 in a cooling system.

[0281] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 22 in a cooler system.

[0282] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 23 in a cooler system.

[0283] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 24 in a cooler system.

[0284] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 25 in a cooler system.

[0285] Therefore, the present invention includes the use of a heat transfer composition 26 in a cooler system.

[0286] Examples of commonly used compressors, for the purposes of this invention, include reciprocating, rotary (including rolling pistons and rotary valves), scroll, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Accordingly, the present invention provides each of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in heat transfer systems including reciprocating, rotary (including rolling pistons and rotary valves), scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressors.

[0287] Examples of commonly used expansion devices, for the purposes of this invention, include capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Therefore, the present invention relates to a heat transfer system including capillary tubes, fixed orifices, thermal expansion valves, and electronic expansion valves. Each of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein is provided for use in a stem.

[0288] For the purposes of the present invention, the evaporator and condenser may each be in the form of a heat exchanger, preferably selected from finned-tube heat exchangers, microchannel heat exchangers, shell-and-tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and tube-in-tube heat exchangers. Accordingly, the present invention provides each of the refrigerants and / or heat transfer compositions described herein for use in a heat transfer system in which the evaporator and condenser together form a finned-tube heat exchanger, a microchannel heat exchanger, a shell-and-tube heat exchanger, a plate heat exchanger, or a tube-in-tube heat exchanger.

[0289] Accordingly, the system of the present invention preferably includes a sealing material that comes into contact with at least a portion of the refrigerant and / or at least a portion of the lubricant according to the present invention, wherein the temperature of the sealing material and / or the temperature of the refrigerant and / or the temperature of the lubricant at the time of contact is preferably at least about 10°C, and the sealing material preferably includes a combination of anion exchange resin, activated alumina, a zeolite molecular sieve containing silver, and a moisture removal material, preferably a moisture removal molecular sieve.

[0290] As used in this application, the term "in contact with at least a portion" is intended, in a broad sense, to include each and every one of such sealing materials and any combination of sealing materials that are in contact with the same or separate portions of the refrigerant and / or lubricant within the system, and is not necessarily limited, but various types or specific sealing materials are (i) located physically together with each other type or specific material, if present, (ii) located physically separately from each other type or specific material, if present, and (iii) combinations of two or more materials being physically together and at least one sealing material being physically separate from at least one other sealing material, and is intended to include embodiments.

[0291] The heat transfer composition of the present invention can be used in heating and cooling applications.

[0292] In certain features of the present invention, the heat transfer composition can be used in a cooling method that includes condensing the heat transfer composition and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be cooled.

[0293] Thus, the present invention relates to a cooling method in a heat transfer system that includes an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, and the process includes (i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein, and (ii) evaporating the composition in the vicinity of the body or article to be cooled. The evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of about -40°C to about +10°C.

[0294] Alternatively, or in addition, the heat transfer composition can be used in a heating method that includes condensing the heat transfer composition in the vicinity of the article or body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

[0295] Therefore, the present invention relates to a heating method in a heat transfer system including an evaporator, a condenser, and a compressor, the process comprising i) condensing a heat transfer composition as described herein near the body or article to be heated, ii) Evaporating the composition, wherein the evaporator temperature of the heat transfer system is in the range of approximately -30°C to approximately 5°C.

[0296] The heat transfer composition of the present invention is used in air conditioning applications, including both transport and stationary air conditioning applications. Provided for use. Therefore, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be used in any one of the following: - Mobile air conditioning, including air conditioning for trains and buses, air conditioning applications, - Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, - Coolers, especially positive displacement coolers, in particular air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or individually packaged by conventional methods), - Residential air conditioning systems, especially duct-split or ductless-split air conditioning systems. - Residential heat pumps, - Residential air-water heat pump / hot water system, - Industrial air conditioning systems, - Packaged rooftop unit or variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system, - Commercial air-source, water-source, or soil-source heat pump systems.

[0297] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided for use in refrigeration systems. The term "refrigeration system" means any system or apparatus that uses a refrigerant to provide cooling, or any component or part of such system or apparatus. Accordingly, any of the heat transfer compositions described herein may be used in any one of the following: - Low-temperature freezing system, - Medium-temperature refrigeration system, - Commercial refrigerators, -Commercial freezer, - Ice maker, - Vending machine, - Transport refrigeration system, -Household freezer, -Household refrigerator, - Industrial freezers, - Industrial refrigerators, and -Cooler.

[0298] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided for use in residential air conditioning systems (with evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10°C for cooling, particularly about 7°C, and / or in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​for heating, particularly about 0.5°C). Alternatively, or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided for use in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll compressors.

[0299] Each of the heat transfer compositions described, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided for use in air-cooled coolers (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), air-cooled coolers having positive displacement compressors, and in particular air-cooled coolers having reciprocating scroll compressors.

[0300] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided particularly for use in residential air-water heat pump hot water systems (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -20 to about 3°C, particularly about 0.5°C, or in the range of about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C).

[0301] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided for use in medium-temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, particularly about -8°C).

[0302] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided particularly for use in low-temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -40 to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C, or preferably about -32°C).

[0303] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in residential air conditioning systems, which are used, for example, in summer to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C) to a building.

[0304] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are therefore provided for use in split-type residential air conditioning systems, which are used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0305] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are therefore provided for use in duct-split type residential air conditioning systems, which are used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0306] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are therefore provided for use in window-type residential air conditioning systems, which are used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0307] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are therefore provided for use in portable residential air conditioning systems, which are used to supply cool air (the air having a temperature of, for example, about 10°C to about 17°C, particularly about 12°C).

[0308] A residential air conditioning system described herein, including the residential air conditioning system of the preceding paragraph, preferably comprises an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The evaporator and condenser may be round-tube plate fins, finned tubes, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor may be reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll compressor. The expansion valve may be a capillary tube, a thermostatic expansion valve, or an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of 0°C to 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of 40°C to 70°C.

[0309] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in residential heat pump systems, which are used to supply warm air (for example, air having a temperature of about 18°C ​​to about 24°C, particularly about 21°C) to buildings during winter. This may be the same system as a residential air conditioning system, but in heat pump mode the refrigerant flow is reversed, with the indoor coil becoming the condenser and the outdoor coil becoming the evaporator. Typical system types are split-type and mini-split-type heat pump systems. The evaporators and condensers are usually round-tube plate-fin, finned, or microchannel heat exchangers. The compressor is usually reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll compressor. The expansion valve is usually a thermostatic expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve. The evaporation temperature of the medium is preferably in the range of about -20°C to about 3°C, or -30°C to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 35°C to about 50°C.

[0310] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in commercial air conditioning systems, which may be coolers used to supply chilled water (for example, having a temperature of about 7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Depending on the application, the cooler system may operate year-round. The cooler system may be air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled coolers typically have plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-in-tube evaporators for supplying chilled water, reciprocating or scroll compressors, round-tube plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel condensers for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve. Water-cooled systems typically have shell-and-tube evaporators for supplying chilled water, reciprocating, scroll, screw, or centrifugal compressors, shell-and-tube condensers for exchanging heat with cooling towers or water from lakes, seas, and other natural sources, and a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C.

[0311] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in residential air-water heat pump hot water systems, which are used to supply hot water (the water having a temperature of, for example, about 50°C or about 55°C) to a building for underfloor heating or similar applications in winter. The hot water system typically includes a round-tube plate-fin, fin-tube, or microchannel evaporator, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor for exchanging heat with ambient air, a plate, tube-in-tube, or shell-and-tube condenser for heating water, and a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant evaporation temperature is preferably in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or -30 to about 5°C. The condensation temperature is preferably in the range of about 50°C to about 90°C.

[0312] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in a medium-temperature refrigeration system, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, and in such a system, the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40 to about 70°C, or about 20 to about 70°C.

[0313] Accordingly, the present invention provides a medium-temperature refrigeration system used for cooling food or beverages, such as a refrigerator or bottle cooler, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -12°C to about 0°C, and in such a system, the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0314] The medium-temperature system of the present invention, including a system as described in the preceding paragraph, preferably comprises, for example, an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverage contained therein, a reciprocating, scroll, screw, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve. The heat transfer compositions of the present invention, comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, are provided for use in low-temperature cooling systems, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0315] Accordingly, the present invention provides a low-temperature refrigeration system used to provide cooling in a freezer, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0316] Accordingly, the present invention also provides a low-temperature refrigeration system used to provide cooling in a cream making machine, wherein the refrigerant preferably has an evaporation temperature in the range of about -40°C to about -12°C, and the refrigerant preferably has a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C, or about 20°C to about 70°C.

[0317] The cryogenic system of the present invention, including the system described in the preceding paragraph, preferably comprises an air-refrigerant evaporator for cooling food or beverages, a reciprocating, scroll, or rotary compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser for exchanging heat with ambient air, and a thermal expansion valve or an electronic expansion valve.

[0318] Accordingly, the present invention provides for the use of a heat transfer composition in a cooler, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0319] Accordingly, the present invention provides for the use of a heat transfer composition in a cooler, each comprising heat transfer composition 1 to 26, wherein the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0320] For the purposes of the present invention, each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided for use in a cooler having an evaporation temperature in the range of about 0°C to about 10°C and a condensation temperature in the range of about 40°C to about 70°C. The cooler is provided for use in air conditioning or refrigeration, preferably for commercial air conditioning. The cooler is preferably a positive displacement cooler, in particular an air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion cooler (either modular or conventionally packaged in individual units).

[0321] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of each of the heat transfer compositions according to the present invention, each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, in stationary air conditioning systems, particularly residential, industrial, or commercial air conditioning systems.

[0322] Accordingly, the present invention provides the use of a heat transfer composition comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant.

[0323] Accordingly, the present invention provides for the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, each comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, in stationary air conditioning, particularly residential, industrial, or commercial air conditioning, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5, and the heat transfer composition further comprises BHT, wherein AN5 is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition, and BHT is present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the heat transfer composition.

[0324] Each heat transfer composition according to the present invention, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided as a low GWP alternative to the refrigerant R-410A.

[0325] Each of the heat transfer compositions according to the present invention, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided as a low GWP add-on product for the refrigerant R-410A.

[0326] Therefore, the heat transfer compositions and refrigerants of the present invention, each comprising heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, can be used as additional refrigerants / heat transfer compositions or as alternative refrigerants / heat transfer compositions.

[0327] Accordingly, the present invention includes a method for introducing an existing heat transfer system designed for and containing R-410A refrigerant without requiring substantial engineering modifications to the existing system, and in particular without modifications to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve.

[0328] Accordingly, the present invention also includes a method of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a substitute for R-410A, particularly as a substitute for R-410A in residential air conditioning refrigerants, without requiring substantial engineering changes to existing systems, and in particular without modifications to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve.

[0329] Therefore, the present invention also includes a method of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a substitute for R-410A, particularly as a substitute for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems.

[0330] Therefore, the present invention also includes a method of using the refrigerant or heat transfer composition of the present invention as a substitute for R-410A, particularly as a substitute for R-410A in a cooling system.

[0331] Accordingly, a method is provided for introducing an existing heat transfer system containing R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention, each of which comprises one of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26.

[0332] The replacement step preferably includes removing at least a substantial portion, preferably substantially all, of the existing refrigerant (which may be, but is not limited to, R-410A) without any substantial modification of the system to apply the refrigerant of the present invention, and introducing a heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 26. Preferably, this method includes removing at least about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 25% by weight, about 50% by weight, or about 75% by weight of R-410A from the system and replacing it with a heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0333] Alternatively, the heat transfer composition may be designed to contain R410A refrigerant, or may be used in a manner that adds it to an existing heat transfer system, which is modified for use with the heat transfer composition of the present invention.

[0334] Alternatively, the heat transfer composition can be used as a substitute in a heat transfer system that is designed to contain or is suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

[0335] It will be understood that the present invention encompasses the use of the heat transfer compositions of the present invention, each comprising one of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 17 as a low-global-warming alternative to R-410A, or is used in a method of adding to an existing heat transfer system, or is used in a heat transfer system suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant as described herein.

[0336] When a heat transfer composition is provided for use in a manner that adds to an existing heat transfer system as described above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that this method preferably involves removing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant from the system. Preferably The method includes removing at least about 5% by weight, about 10% by weight, about 25% by weight, about 50% by weight, or about 75% by weight of R-410A from the system and replacing it with a heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of the heat transfer compositions 1 to 17.

[0337] The heat transfer composition of the present invention can be used in existing or novel heat transfer systems, or as a substitute in systems that are used with or suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant.

[0338] The composition of the present invention exhibits many of the desired properties of R-410A, but has a substantially lower GWP than R-410A, while simultaneously having substantially the same or identical, and more preferably equivalent or higher, operating characteristics, i.e., capacity and / or efficiency (COP), as R-410A. This makes it possible for the claimed composition to replace R-410A in existing heat transfer systems without requiring any major system modifications, for example, to the condenser, evaporator, and / or expansion valve. Therefore, the composition can be used as a direct substitute for R-410A in heat transfer systems.

[0339] Therefore, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits operating characteristics in which the efficiency (COP) of the composition in the heat transfer system is more than 90% of that of R-410A.

[0340] Therefore, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits operating characteristics in which its capacity in a heat transfer system is 95 to 105% of that of R-410A.

[0341] It will be understood that R-410A is an azeotropic composition. Therefore, in order for the composition described in the claims to be comparable to the operating characteristics of R-410A, any of the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, preferably exhibit a low gradient. Thus, the refrigerants contained in the heat transfer composition of the present invention, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26 according to the present invention as described herein, can provide an evaporator gradient of less than 2°C, preferably less than 1.5°C.

[0342] Therefore, the heat transfer composition of the present invention preferably exhibits operating characteristics in which the efficiency (COP) of the composition in the heat transfer system is 100 to 102% of the efficiency of R-410A, and the capacity in the heat transfer system is 92 to 102% of the capacity of R-410A, compared to R-410A.

[0343] Preferably, the heat transfer composition of the present invention exhibits the following operating characteristics compared to R-410A in a heat transfer system in which the composition of the present invention replaces R-410A refrigerant. - The efficiency (COP) of the composition is 100-105% of the efficiency of R-410A, and / or -Its capability is 92-102% of that of the R-410A.

[0344] To enhance the reliability of the heat transfer system, the heat transfer composition of the present invention is preferably more likely to exhibit the following characteristics compared to R-410A when used in a heat transfer system in which the composition of the present invention is used as a substitute for R-410A refrigerant. - The discharge temperature is not more than 10°C higher than the discharge temperature of R-410A, and / or - The compressor pressure ratio is 98-102% of the compressor pressure ratio of R-410A.

[0345] Existing heat transfer compositions used as a replacement for R-410A are preferably air conditioning heat transfer systems that include both mobile and stationary air conditioning systems. When used in this text, the term "mobile air conditioning system" means a mobile air conditioning system for non-passenger vehicles, such as air conditioning systems for trucks, buses, and trains. Accordingly, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, may be used to replace R-410A in any one of the following: - Mobile air conditioning systems, including air conditioning systems for trucks, buses, and trains, - Mobile heat pumps, especially heat pumps for electric vehicles, - Coolers, especially positive displacement coolers, in particular air-cooled or water-cooled direct expansion coolers (either modular or individually packaged by conventional methods), - Residential air conditioning systems, especially duct-split or ductless-split air conditioning systems. - Residential heat pumps, - Residential air-water heat pump / hot water system, - Industrial air conditioning systems, and - Packaged rooftop unit or variable refrigerant flow (VRF) system, - Commercial air-source, water-source, or soil-source heat pump systems.

[0346] The heat transfer compositions of the present invention are provided as alternatives to R410A in refrigeration systems. Accordingly, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, including each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, may be used as a substitute for R10A in any one of the following: - Low-temperature freezing system, - Medium-temperature refrigeration system, - Commercial refrigerators, -Commercial freezer, - Ice maker, - Vending machine, - Transport refrigeration system, -Household freezer, -Household refrigerator, - Industrial freezers, - Industrial refrigerators, and -Cooler.

[0347] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically as a substitute for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems (with cooling in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly about 7°C, and / or heating in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or 30 to about 5°C, particularly having an evaporator temperature of about 0.5°C). Alternatively or additionally, each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically as a substitute for R-410A in residential air conditioning systems having reciprocating, rotary (rolling piston or rotary valve), or scroll compressors.

[0348] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically as a substitute for R-410A in air-cooled coolers (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about 0 to about 10°C, particularly about 4.5°C), in particular air-cooled coolers having positive displacement compressors, and especially air-cooled coolers having reciprocating or scroll compressors.

[0349] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically as a substitute for R-410A in residential air-water heat pump hot water systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -20 to about 3°C ​​or about -30 to about 5°C, particularly about 0.5°C). It will be done.

[0350] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically to replace R-410A in a medium-temperature refrigeration system (having an evaporator temperature in the range of about -12 to about 0°C, particularly about -8°C).

[0351] Each of the heat transfer compositions described herein, comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26, is provided specifically to replace R-410A in low-temperature refrigeration systems (having evaporator temperatures in the range of about -40 to about -12°C, particularly about -40°C to about -23°C, or preferably about -32°C).

[0352] Accordingly, a method is provided for introducing an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains R-410A refrigerant, or is suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition of the present invention comprising each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26.

[0353] Accordingly, a method is provided for introducing an existing heat transfer system that is designed to contain or contains R-410A refrigerant, or is suitable for use with R-410A refrigerant, the method comprising replacing at least a portion of the existing R-410A refrigerant with a heat transfer composition according to the present invention, each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26.

[0354] The present invention further provides a heat transfer system comprising a fluid-connected compressor, condenser, and evaporator, and a heat transfer composition in the system, wherein the heat transfer composition comprises each of heat transfer compositions 1 to 26.

[0355] In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air conditioning system (with an evaporator temperature in the range of approximately 0 to approximately 10°C for cooling, especially approximately 7°C, and / or in the range of approximately -20 to approximately 3°C or approximately -30 to approximately 5°C, especially approximately 0.5°C for heating).

[0356] In particular, the heat transfer system is an air-cooled cooler (with an evaporator temperature in the range of approximately 0°C to approximately 10°C, especially approximately 4.5°C), an air-cooled cooler having a positive displacement compressor, and especially an air-cooled cooler having a reciprocating or scroll compressor.

[0357] In particular, the heat transfer system is a residential air-water heat pump hot water system (with a range of approximately -20°C to approximately 3°C or approximately -30°C to approximately 5°C, especially with an evaporator temperature of approximately 0.5°C).

[0358] Heat transfer systems can be refrigeration systems, such as low-temperature refrigeration systems, medium-temperature refrigeration systems, commercial refrigerators, commercial freezers, ice makers, vending machines, transport refrigeration systems, household freezers, household refrigerators, industrial freezers, and coolers. [Examples]

[0359] The refrigerant compositions identified in Table 2 below as refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 are refrigerants within the scope of the present invention as described herein. Each refrigerant was subjected to thermodynamic analysis to determine its ability to match the operating characteristics of R-4104A in various refrigeration systems. Analysis was performed using experimental data collected for the properties of various binary pairs of components used in the compositions. The vapor / liquid equilibrium behavior of CF3I was measured and investigated for a series of binary pairs including HFC-32 and R125, respectively. In the experimental evaluation, the composition of each binary pair was varied over a series of relative percentages, and the mixing parameters of each binary pair were regressiond to experimentally obtained data. In the examples, National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Reference Flui d Thermodynamic and Transport Properties We used vapor / liquid equilibrium behavior data for two-component pairs of HFC-32 and HFC-125, available from the Database software (Refprop 9.1 NIST Standard Database 2013). The parameters selected for the analysis were the same compressor volume, operating conditions, and compressor adiabatic and volumetric efficiencies for all refrigerants. Simulations were performed in each example using the measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data. The simulation results for each example are reported below.

[0360] [Table 5]

[0361] Refrigerant A1 is non-flammable and consists of 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2, in relative percentages. Refrigerant A2 is non-flammable and consists of 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2, in relative percentages. Refrigerant A2 is non-flammable and consists of 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2, in relative percentages. Refrigerant A3 is non-flammable and consists of 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2, in relative percentages. Refrigerant A3 is non-flammable and consists of 100% by weight of the three compounds listed in Table 2, in relative percentages.

[0362] Example 1 - Environment / GWP The Life Cycle Costs (LCCPs) were determined for R410, other known refrigerants, and the refrigerant of the present invention, and are reported in Table 3. In Table 3, refrigerants with a GWP of 400 are the refrigerants of the present invention. As known refrigerants, refrigerants with GWPs of 1, 150, 250, 750, and 2088 were used. The known refrigerant with a GWP of 2088 is R410A.

[0363] Table 3 shows the LCCP results for four regions: the United States, the EU, China, and Brazil. As GWP decreases, direct emissions decrease. However, due to lower system efficiency, more energy is consumed, and indirect emissions increase. Therefore, total emissions (kg-CO2) 2eq The emissions initially decrease, and then increase as the GWP decreases. The different energy structures within these regions indicate the optimal GWP value, which is the lowest total emissions. The number of AC units also differs between these regions; namely, the USA and the EU have more AC units than China and Brazil. The last column of Figure 1 and Table 3 shows the total emissions considering all four regions and the total number of AC units. As the GWP decreases, the total emissions decrease until they reach the lowest value for the refrigerant of the present invention, where the GWP is 400. In the GWP range of 250 to 750, the total emissions are very similar. However, when the GWP is less than 150, the total emissions increase significantly due to a substantial increase in indirect emissions. Thus, the present invention demonstrates surprising and unexpected results.

[0364] [Table 6]

[0365] Example 2A - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) Residential air conditioning systems are used to supply cool air (26.7°C) to buildings during the summer. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in a simulation of the residential air conditioning system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 4 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensing temperature = 46°C, condenser supercooling = 5.5°C, evaporation temperature = 7°C, evaporator superheating = 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C.

[0366] [Table 7]

[0367] Table 4 shows the thermodynamic performance of residential air conditioning systems compared to R410A systems. Refrigerants A1-A3 exhibit over 92% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 exhibit 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and there is no need to change to an R410A compressor.

[0368] Example 2B - Residential Air Conditioning System (Cooling) A residential air conditioning system is configured to supply cool air according to Example 2A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way is operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant is tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0369] Example 3A - Residential heat pump system (heating) Residential heat pump systems are used to supply warm air (21.1°C) to buildings during the winter. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in the simulation of the residential air conditioning system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 5 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensation temperature = 41°C, condenser supercooling = 5.5°C, evaporation temperature = 0.5°C, evaporator superheating = At 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C.

[0370] [Table 8]

[0371] Table 5 shows the thermodynamic performance of residential heat pump systems compared to R410A systems. The capacity of refrigerant A1 can be recovered with a larger compressor. Refrigerants A2-A3 show more than 90% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and there is no need to change to an R410A compressor.

[0372] Example 3B - Residential heat pump system (heating) The heat pump system is configured according to Example 3A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized using alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0373] Example 4A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Cooler Commercial air conditioning systems (coolers) are used to supply cooling water (7°C) to large buildings such as offices and hospitals. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in the simulation of the commercial air conditioning system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 6 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensation temperature = 46°C, condenser supercooling = 5.5°C, evaporation temperature = 4.5°C, evaporator superheating = 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in the intake line = 2°C.

[0374] [Table 9]

[0375] Table 6 shows the thermodynamic performance of commercial air conditioning systems compared to R410A systems. Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 92% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 show 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to R410A. Therefore, a change to an R410A compressor is not necessary.

[0376] Example 4B. Commercial air conditioning system - Cooler The commercial air conditioning system is configured according to Example 4A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized using alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way was operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0377] Example 5A - Residential Air-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System A residential air-water heat pump hot water system is used to supply hot water (50°C) to a building in winter for underfloor heating or similar purposes. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in the simulation of the residential heat pump system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 7 below. The operating conditions are as follows: Condensation temperature = 60°C, condenser supercooling = 5.5°C, evaporation temperature = 0.5°C, evaporator superheating = 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, temperature rise in the intake line = 2°C.

[0378] [Table 10]

[0379] Table 7 shows the thermodynamic performance of residential heat pump systems compared to R410A systems. Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 93% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A. Refrigerants A1-A2 show 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and there is no need to change to an R410A compressor.

[0380] Example 5B - Residential Air-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System The residential air-water heat pump hot water system is configured according to Example 5A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized using alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0381] Example 6A - Medium Temperature Refrigeration System Medium-temperature refrigeration systems are used to cool food or beverages in refrigerators and bottle coolers. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in the simulation of the medium-temperature refrigeration system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 8 below. Operating conditions: condensation temperature = 40.6°C, condenser supercooling = 0°C (system with receiver), evaporation temperature = -6.7°C, evaporator superheating = 5.5°C, isotropic efficiency = 70%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and superheating degree in intake line = 19.5°C.

[0382] [Table 11]

[0383] Table 8 shows the thermodynamic performance of a medium-temperature cooling system compared to an R410A system. Refrigerants A1-A3 show over 94% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A. Refrigerants A1-A2 show 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and there is no need to change to an R410A compressor.

[0384] Example 6B. Medium-temperature refrigeration system The medium-temperature refrigeration system, configured to cool food or beverages in refrigerators and bottle coolers, etc., comprises a POE lubricant and is stabilized using alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention, as in Example 6A. The system configured in this way operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0385] Example 7A - Low-temperature refrigeration system Low-temperature refrigeration systems are used in ice cream makers and freezers to freeze food. Refrigerants A1, A2, and A3 were used in the simulation of the low-temperature refrigeration system described above, and the performance results are shown in Table 9 below. Operating conditions: Condensation temperature = 40.6°C, condenser supercooling = 0°C (system with receiver), evaporation temperature = -28.9°C, superheat at evaporator outlet = 5.5°C, isentropy efficiency = 65%, volumetric efficiency: 100%, and superheat at intake line = 44.4°C.

[0386] [Table 12]

[0387] Table 9 shows the thermodynamic performance of the cryogenic refrigeration system compared to the R410A system. Refrigerants A1-A3 exhibit over 96% of the capacity and efficiency compared to R410A. This indicates that the system performance is similar to that of R410A. Refrigerants A1-A3 exhibit 99% or 100% of the pressure ratio compared to R410A. This indicates that the compressor efficiency is similar to that of R410A, and there is no need to change to an R410A compressor.

[0388] Example 7B. Low-temperature refrigeration system The low-temperature freezing system, configured for freezing food in ice cream makers and freezers, is comprised of Example 7A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized using alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to 10% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% to 0.5% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0389] Example 8A. Commercial air conditioning system - packaged rooftop This study tests packaged rooftop commercial air conditioning systems configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building. The experimental system includes a packaged rooftop air conditioning / heat pump system comprising an air-refrigerant evaporator (indoor coil), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of the results obtained from such systems. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approximately 46°C (corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = approximately 67°C) 2. Condenser supercooling = approximately 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approximately 7°C (corresponding ambient room temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator overheating = approximately 5.5°C 5. Thermal insulation efficiency = 70% 6. Volumetric efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5℃

[0390] The performance of each refrigerant A1 to A3 is found to be acceptable.

[0391] Example 8A. Commercial air conditioning system - packaged rooftop A packaged commercial air conditioning system is configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building, according to Example 8A, in which a POE lubricant is included in the system and stabilized with alkylated naphthalene (AN4 in an amount of about 6% to about 10% based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM (ADM4 in an amount of about 0.05% by weight based on the weight of the lubricant) according to the present invention. The system configured in this way is operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant is tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0392] Example 9A - Commercial Air Conditioning System - Variable Refrigerant Flow System This specification tests commercial air conditioning systems using variable refrigerant flow configured to supply cooled or heated air to a building. The experimental system includes multiple (four or more) air-refrigerant evaporators (indoor coils), a compressor, an air-refrigerant condenser (outdoor coil), and an expansion valve. The tests described herein are representative of the results obtained from such systems. The operating conditions for the tests are as follows: 1. Condensation temperature = approximately 46°C, corresponding outdoor ambient temperature = 67°C 2. Condenser supercooling = approximately 5.5°C 3. Evaporation temperature = approximately 7°C (corresponding ambient room temperature = 26.7°C) 4. Evaporator overheating = approximately 5.5°C 5. Thermal insulation efficiency = 70% 6. Product efficiency = 100% 7. Temperature rise in the intake line = 5.5°C. The performance of each refrigerant A1 to A3 is found to be acceptable.

[0393] Example 9B. Commercial air conditioning system - variable flow refrigerant A commercial air conditioning system with variable refrigerant flow supplies cooled or heated air to a building. Example 9A comprises a system in which a POE lubricant is included and stabilized using alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention (in an amount of about 6% to about 10% of AN4 based on the weight of the lubricant) and ADM according to the present invention (in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.5% by weight of ADM4 based on the weight of the lubricant). The system configured in this way operated continuously for a long period of time, and after such operation, the lubricant was tested and found to have remained stable during such actual operation.

[0394] Comparative Example 1 - Heat transfer composition containing refrigerant, lubricant, and BHT The heat transfer composition of the present invention is ASHRAE Standard 97-"Sealed The long-term stability of the heat transfer composition under accelerated aging was simulated by testing according to the "Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability of Materials for Use within Refrigerant Systems". The test refrigerant consisted of 41 wt% R-32, 3.5 wt% R-125, and 55.5 wt% CF3I, with 1.7 vol% air in the refrigerant. The tested POE lubricant was ISO 32 POE (lubricant A) with a viscosity of approximately 32 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The lubricant contained the stabilizer BHT but did not contain alkylated naphthalene or ADM. After the test, the fluid was observed for clarification and the total acid number (TAN) was determined. The TAN value This is thought to reflect the stability of the lubricant in the fluid under the conditions of use in the heat transfer composition. Since this compound is thought to be a product of the breakdown of CF3I, the fluid will also be tested for the presence of trifluoromethane (R-23), which is thought to reflect the refrigerant stability.

[0395] The experiment was carried out by preparing sealed tubes containing 50% by weight of R-466a and 50% by weight of the indicated lubricant (each of which was degassed). Each tube contained a coupon made of steel, copper, aluminum, and bronze. The stability of the sealed tubes was tested by placing them in a furnace maintained at approximately 175°C for 14 days. The results were as follows: Lubricant appearance - yellow to brown TAN -> 2 mg KOH / g R-23->1% by weight

[0396] Example 10 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except that 2% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results (denoted as E10) are reported in Table 10 below, along with the results from Comparative Example 1 (denoted as CE1).

[0397] [Table 13]

[0398] As can be seen from the data above, the refrigerant / lubricant fluid without the alkylnaphthalene stabilizer according to the present invention exhibits relatively high TAN and R-23 values, smaller than the ideal appearance. This result is achieved regardless of the presence of the BHT stabilizer. In contrast, the addition of 2% alkylated naphthalene according to the present invention results in dramatic and unexpected improvements in all tested stability results, including dramatic and orders-of-magnitude improvements in both TAN and R-23 concentrations. It brings about external improvements.

[0399] Example 11 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 was repeated, except that 4% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were the same as those of Example 10.

[0400] Example 12 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 was repeated, except that 6% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were the same as those of Example 10.

[0401] Example 13 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 10 was repeated, except that 8% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The results were the same as those of Example 10.

[0402] Example 14 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except that 10% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant. The result (denoted as E14) is reported in Table 11 below, along with the results from Comparative Example 1 (denoted as CE1) and Example 10 (denoted as E10).

[0403] [Table 14]

[0404] As the data above shows, refrigerant / lubricant fluids with 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer (and without ADM) unexpectedly exhibit substantial degradation in stabilization performance for each criterion tested compared to fluids with 2% AN level.

[0405] Example 15 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 14 was repeated, except that 10% by weight of alkylated naphthalene (AN4) was added based on the weight of the lubricant, in addition to adding 1000 ppm by weight (0.1% by weight) of ADM (ADM4). The results (denoted as E15) are reported in Table 12 below, along with the results from Comparative Example 1 (denoted as CE1), Example 10 (denoted as E10), and Example 14 (denoted as E14).

[0406] [Table 15]

[0407] As can be seen from the data above, the refrigerant / lubricant fluid containing 10% alkylated naphthalene stabilizer and 0.1% by weight (1000 ppm) ADM unexpectedly delivers the best performance. The R-23 values ​​are even better than the excellent results from Example 10.

[0408] Example 16 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 15 was repeated, except that the lubricant was ISO 74 POE (lubricant B) with a viscosity of approximately 74 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were as follows. Lubricant appearance - clear to slightly yellowish TAN < 0.1 mg KOH / g R-23-<0.05wt%

[0409] Example 17 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 15 was repeated, except that the lubricant was ISO 68 PVE (lubricant c) with a viscosity of approximately 68 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were as follows. Lubricant appearance - extremely clear TAN < 0.1 mg KOH / g R-23-0.028% by weight

[0410] Example 18 - Stabilizer for a heat transfer composition containing a refrigerant and lubricant The test of Example 15 was repeated, except that the lubricant was ISO 32 PVE (lubricant c) with a viscosity of approximately 32 cSt at 40°C and a water content of 300 ppm or less. The results were the same as those from Example 17.

[0411] Example 19 - Mimicry with POE oil The miscibility of ISO POE-32 oil (having a viscosity of approximately 32 cSt at a temperature of 40°C) will be tested with R-410A refrigerant, and with refrigerants A1 and A3 as shown in Table 1 of Example 1, for different weight ratios of lubricant to refrigerant and at different temperatures. The results of this test are reported in Table 11 below.

[0412] [Table 16]

[0413] As can be seen from the table above, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil below approximately -22°C, and therefore cannot be used in low-temperature refrigeration applications unless measures are taken to overcome the accumulation of POE oil in the evaporator. Furthermore, R-410A is immiscible with POE oil above 50°C, which causes problems in the condenser and fluid delivery lines when R-410A is used under high ambient conditions (e.g., separated POE oil becomes trapped and accumulates). Conversely, the applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that the refrigerant of the present invention is completely miscible with POE oil over a temperature range of -40°C to 80°C, and therefore offers substantial and unexpected advantages when used in such systems.

[0414] The present invention is further illustrated by the following numbered embodiments. The subject matter of the numbered embodiments may be further combined with one or more subject matters of this specification or the claims.

[0415] Embodiment 1, numbered: A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant containing about 10% to about 75% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF3I), a lubricant containing a POE and / or PVE lubricant, and a stabilizer containing alkylated naphthalene.

[0416] Numbered Embodiment 2. The heat transfer composition according to Numbered Embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

[0417] Numbered Embodiment 3. The heat transfer composition according to Numbered Embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to less than 10%.

[0418] Numbered Embodiment 4. The heat transfer composition according to Numbered Embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to less than 8%.

[0419] Numbered Embodiment 5. The heat transfer composition according to Numbered Embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to less than 6%.

[0420] Numbered Embodiment 6. The heat transfer composition according to Numbered Embodiment 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to less than 5%.

[0421] Numbered Embodiment 7. The heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is selected from AN1, AN2, AN3, AN4, AN5, AN6, AN7, AN8, AN9, or AN10.

[0422] Numbered Embodiment 8. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5.

[0423] Numbered Embodiment 9. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is essentially made from AN5.

[0424] Numbered Embodiment 10. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN5.

[0425] Numbered Embodiment 11. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN10.

[0426] Numbered Embodiment 12. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is essentially made from AN10.

[0427] Numbered Embodiment 13. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is AN10.

[0428] Numbered Embodiment 14. The heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the stabilizer further comprises ADM.

[0429] Numbered Embodiment 15. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the ADM comprises ADM4.

[0430] Numbered Embodiment 16. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the ADM essentially consists of ADM4.

[0431] Numbered Embodiment 17. The heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the ADM naphthalene consists of ADM4.

[0432] Numbered Embodiment 18. A heat transfer composition according to any one of Numbered Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the stabilizer is selected from stabilizer 1, stabilizer 2, stabilizer 3, stabilizer 4, stabilizer 5, stabilizer 6, stabilizer 7, stabilizer 8, stabilizer 9, stabilizer 10, stabilizer 11, stabilizer 12, stabilizer 13, stabilizer 14, stabilizer 15, stabilizer 16, stabilizer 17, stabilizer 18, stabilizer 19, and stabilizer 20.

[0433] Numbered Embodiment 19. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the lubricant comprises POE.

[0434] Numbered Embodiment 20. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the lubricant is essentially made of POE.

[0435] Numbered Embodiment 21. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the lubricant is made of POE.

[0436] Numbered Embodiment 22. The heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the lubricant comprises lubricant 1.

[0437] Numbered Embodiment 23. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the lubricant essentially consists of lubricant 1.

[0438] Numbered Embodiment 24. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the lubricant comprises lubricant 1.

[0439] Numbered Embodiment 25. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 19, wherein the lubricant comprises PVE.

[0440] Numbered Embodiment 26. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the lubricant is essentially made of PVE.

[0441] Numbered Embodiment 27. A heat transfer composition according to any one of numbered embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the lubricant is PVE.

[0442] Numbered Embodiment 28. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of dyes, solubilizers, compatibilizers, corrosion inhibitors, extreme pressure additives, and wear-resistant additives.

[0443] Numbered Embodiment 29. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phenolic compound.

[0444] Numbered Embodiment 30. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the stabilizer further comprises a phosphorus compound.

[0445] Numbered Embodiment 31. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 6 and 13 to 30, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is one or more of NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, KR-0105, KR-019, and KR-005FG.

[0446] Numbered Embodiment 32. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 6 and 13 to 30, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is one or more of NA-LUBE KR-007A, KR-008, KR-009, and KR-005FG.

[0447] Numbered Embodiment 33: A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is NA-LUBE KR-008.

[0448] Numbered Embodiment 34. Stabilizers include 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols containing 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl -6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol ( BHT); 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl- A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 1 to 33, comprising a phenolic compound selected from 6-tert-butylphenol; bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfide; bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, tocopherol, hydroquinone, 2,2',6,6'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'-methylenediphenol, and t-butylhydroquinone.

[0449] Numbered Embodiment 35. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the stabilizer comprises BHT.

[0450] Numbered Embodiment 36. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the phenol is essentially derived from BHT.

[0451] Numbered Embodiment 37. A heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the phenol is BHT.

[0452] Numbered Embodiment 38. The phenol is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 2.5% by weight, more preferably 0.01% to about 1% by weight, where the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition, as described in any one of the numbered embodiments 30 to 34. A finished product.

[0453] Numbered Embodiment 39. The heat transfer composition according to any one of the numbered embodiments 30 to 34, wherein the phenol is present in the heat transfer composition in an amount greater than 0, preferably 0.0001% to about 5% by weight, preferably 0.001% to about 4% by weight, and more preferably 1% to about 4% by weight, and the weight percentage refers to the weight of the heat transfer composition.

Claims

1. A heat transfer composition comprising a refrigerant, a lubricant, and a stabilizer, wherein the refrigerant is approximately 5% to 100% by weight of trifluoroiodomethane (CF ３ A heat transfer composition comprising (i), wherein the lubricant comprises a polyol ester (POE) lubricant and / or a polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricant, and the stabilizer comprises alkylated naphthalene, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

2. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1% to 8% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

3. The heat transfer composition according to claim 1, wherein the alkylated naphthalene is present in the composition in an amount of 1.5% to 6% by weight, based on the weight of the alkylated naphthalene and the lubricant.

4. The heat transfer composition according to claim 3, wherein the stabilizer further comprises an acid-depleted portion (ADM).

5. The heat transfer composition according to claim 4, wherein the stabilizer comprises, based on the weight of the stabilizer, about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM.

6. The heat transfer composition according to claim 5, wherein the stabilizer comprises, based on the weight of the stabilizer, about 40% to about 95% by weight of alkylated naphthalene and 1% to about 20% by weight of ADM.

7. The heat transfer composition according to claim 6, wherein the alkylated naphthalene comprises AN5 and the ADM comprises ADM4.

8. The heat transfer composition according to claim 7, wherein the alkylated naphthalene essentially consists of AN5 and the ADM essentially consists of ADM4.

9. The heat transfer composition according to claim 8, wherein the stabilizer further comprises BHT.

10. A stabilized heat transfer composition comprising: (a) a lubricant selected from POE lubricants and PVE lubricants; and (b) a stabilizer comprising about 50% to about 99.9% by weight of alkylated naphthalene, based on the weight of the stabilizer.

11. The stabilized heat transfer composition according to claim 10, wherein the lubricant comprises a neopentyl POE lubricant having a viscosity of about 30 cSt to about 70 cSt at 40°C as measured according to ASTM D445.

12. The stabilized heat transfer composition according to claim 11, wherein the stabilizer further comprises 0.05% to about 50% by weight of ADM based on the weight of the stabilizer.

13. The stabilized heat transfer composition according to claim 12, wherein the alkylated naphthalene essentially consists of AN5 and the ADM essentially consists of ADM4.

14. The stabilized heat transfer composition according to claim 13, wherein the stabilizer further comprises BHT.

15. The stabilized heat transfer composition according to claim 12, wherein the alkylated naphthalene essentially consists of AN10, the ADM essentially consists of ADM4, and further comprises BHT.

Images