Multi-isotope quantification of dissolution and mineralization during geochemical CO2 removal and storage.

Abstract

A system and method for quantifying carbon mineralization in basalt during carbon sequestration includes the steps of: obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, including establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems; determining the subsequent state after the initiation of carbon dioxide source injection at the geological site; and determining the characteristics of mineralization by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 511,540, filed on June 30, 2023, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This application generally relates to the field of carbon capture, and more particularly, to novel and useful systems and methods for multi-isotope quantification of mineral dissolution and formation (“mineralization”).

Background Art

[0003] The weathering of mafic rocks is currently utilized in various carbon recovery and sequestration technologies. For example, basalt is a mafic rock, which contains small amounts of silica, and many divalent metal cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ (denoted as M 2+ ). In the weathering (or dissolution) process of silicate minerals in such rocks, CO2 is isolated by converting it into a dissolved form, such as bicarbonate HCO3 - , thereby promoting the dissolved capture of carbon dioxide. This serves as the basis for enhanced rock weathering technology that easily accelerates the geochemical reaction between minerals and anthropogenic CO2 and promotes the capture of CO2 in the aqueous phase. Further, the release of calcium and magnesium during the weathering process enables carbon mineralization, or mineral capture of CO2 in the form of CaCO3 or MgCO3. This serves as the basis for carbon storage in underground mafic reservoirs. This method involves in-situ injection into mafic rock formations such as basalt or andesite, where carbon is isolated into the aqueous phase through dissolution and then forms minerals through subsequent carbonate mineral formation.

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0004] Carbon storage in underground mafic reservoirs offers safe and long-term CO2 storage due to its mineralization potential. Because carbon is most thermodynamically stable in solid mineral form, mineralization may offer various advantages over conventional saltwater carbon storage, including improved safety and permanence. Despite the potential for carbon removal and storage using the dissolution of silicate minerals and subsequent mineralization reactions as a climate change mitigation measure, this field still faces challenges in effectively monitoring and verifying weathering and / or mineralization.

[0005] For example, current methods for monitoring geological carbon storage are primarily geophysical approaches adopted from oil and gas industry technologies. While geophysical surveys are a robust and cost-effective means of monitoring pure phase CO2 plumes below the surface, conventional wired logging cannot identify the solubility and mineral capture rates of CO2 induced by geochemical reactions. Currently, there are no suitable methods for quantifying and / or monitoring improved weathering and carbon mineralization.

[0006] Some limited validation techniques for in-situ mineralization may involve comparing the actual measured values ​​with mass balance calculations of the expected dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration in the monitoring fluid (assuming no carbonate precipitation occurs). This relies on inferring the difference between the measured value and the value "expected as not mineralizing" when estimating the mass of carbon lost from the fluid to carbonate minerals. Such techniques rely on inference and are prone to errors due to other reactions. For example, geothermal processes widely found in basaltic regions release magmatic CO2, affecting local groundwater through the weathering of silicates below the surface, which can affect DIC concentrations beyond the values ​​included in the aforementioned mass balance calculations. For example, the approach described in U.S. Patent No. 11,644,454, entitled "VERIFICATION METHODS AND AGROBONIC ENHANCEMENTS FOR CARBON REMOVAL BASED ON ENHANCED ROCK WEATHERING," faces similar limitations and challenges in that it lacks the ability to constrain acid sources (e.g., carbonate source vs. other acid sources). Furthermore, such approaches are not applicable to verifying mineralization processes and are limited to the dissolution of basalt. Therefore, existing technologies are unlikely to be fully reliable monitoring solutions.

[0007] Therefore, in the field of carbon capture technology, there is a need for new and useful systems and methods for multi-isotope geological monitoring of mineralization characteristics. The present invention provides such novel and useful systems and methods. [Means for solving the problem]

[0008] In this invention, A method for quantifying carbon mineralization in basalt during carbon sequestration, A step of obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, comprising the step of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, The steps include determining the subsequent conditions after the start of carbon dioxide source injection at the aforementioned geological site, The subsequent steps involve performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization, A method is provided that has the following characteristics. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0009] [Figure 1] This flowchart shows a modified example of the first method. [Figure 2] This flowchart shows a modified example of the second method. [Figure 3] This flowchart shows a modified example of a method having the step of preparing a carbon dioxide source to be injected into a geological site. [Figure 4] A flowchart shows a variation of another method. [Figure 5] A flowchart shows a variation of another method. [Figure 6] This is a flowchart of a variation of the method used to modify the carbon sequestration process. [Figure 7] This is a chart illustrating multi-isotope interactions. [Figure 8] This is a schematic diagram of a modified system. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0010] The following description of embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the present invention to these embodiments, but rather to enable those skilled in the art to make and use the present invention.

[0011] 1. Overview A system and method are provided for use in the isotopic geochemistry of monitoring fluids to quantify carbon removal and / or storage functions and to detect and measure predictions such as basalt weathering and carbon mineralization. This system and method may be applied as a tool for measuring and monitoring surface-strengthened rock weathering, subsurface carbon mineralization, and / or other mineralization monitoring applications.

[0012] In particular, this system and method constrains mineralization behavior to determine the state of mineralization through multi-isotope monitoring. Monitoring via multiple isotopes may be used to more accurately monitor and quantify carbon mineralization by using the monitoring of selected isotopes that construct constrained behavior. In particular, the use of two isotopic ratios may limit the behavior of divalent metal cations (e.g., calcium (Ca)), which are key components of mineralization reactions. Multi-isotope monitoring may provide a direct measurement of carbon sequestration that is recoverable to other isotopic reactions at geological sites. For example, a higher quality and more rigorous verification of mineralization may be provided by using selective analysis of Ca and C isotopic pairs beneath basaltic surfaces.

[0013] The system and method described herein can provide a carbon sequestration monitoring and quantification approach that is flexible to other mineralization reactions, and that allows for the direct measurement of mineralization rather than indirectly inferring results as sometimes used by existing approaches.

[0014] This system and method may also detect dissolution and mineralization using a double isotope or multi-isotope MRV (Measurement, Reporting, and Verification) approach. In particular, this system and method may detect divalent metal cations (M 2+ ) and isotopic pairs containing carbon (C) isotopes may be used. In some specific modifications, the system and method may integrate the use of both stable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), or strontium (Sr) and carbon (C) isotopes to determine the range of captured carbon as a result of reacting anthropogenic CO2 geological material.

[0015] In the systems and methods for multi-isotope monitoring (e.g., dual-isotope monitoring or monitoring of three or more isotopes) described herein, isotopic measurement techniques may be used to record changes in the isotopic ratios in the monitoring fluid. In some variations using stable calcium, stable magnesium, or stable and / or radioactive strontium and carbon isotopes, the percentage of carbon mineralization may be monitored using the isotopic ratio in the monitoring fluid of a well relative to a geological site (e.g., the isotopic ratio of Ca, Mg, or Sr combined with C). Using these values, isotopic fractionation formulas can be applied to calculate the exact amount of carbon sequestrated by the dissolution of silicate minerals and subsequently mineralized into calcite or other phases. By incorporating multiple isotopes into the systems and methods, more accurate monitoring of mineralization analysis is possible by considering possible parallel geochemical processes to avoid errors.

[0016] Therefore, this system and method can avoid errors and challenges in other mineralization techniques that may arise from, for example, the difficulty in constraining the behavior of divalent metal cations (e.g., calcium) that are components of dissolution and mineralization reactions. For example, the dissolution of non-silicate Ca-containing minerals such as naturally formed hydrothermal calcite can introduce errors into current MRV techniques for both reinforced rock weathering and subsurface mineralization. Methods using C isotopes alone also introduce uncertainty. For example, geothermal processes common in basaltic regions release magmatic CO2, affecting local groundwater through the weathering of subsurface silicates, which can impact dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations beyond what is included in the mass balance calculations of single-isotope analysis.

[0017] In some variations, the system and method can be used in connection with "in-situ mineral carbonation" which involves injecting CO2 into subsurface mafic rocks for mineral storage. In this process, subsurface carbon is geochemically sequestered through the dissolution of primary minerals associated with the formation of carbonate minerals. Mafic rocks (e.g., basalt) contain a high proportion of reactive primary minerals which, when altered, release divalent metal cations (M 2+ ) such as Ca 2+ into the water. Subsequently, the metal (M 2+ ) combines with carbon to form carbonate minerals according to the following reaction: CO2 + H2O + (M 2+ )SiO3 → (M 2+ )CO3 + H2O + SiO2 (1) Carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid which reacts with the silicate mineral (simplified in equation (1)) and carbon is sequestered in the mineral ((M 2+ )CO3, e.g., CaCO3 calcite). Importantly, the acid that dissolves the silicate mineral needs to be carbonic acid and the metal cation with the resulting carbonate mineral needs to be supplied from the silicate mineral in order to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide. Carbon isotopes can resolve this issue by tracking the source and sink of carbon and confirming that the source is atmospheric or injected carbon and the sink is the carbonate mineral.

[0018] Also, (M 2+ ) can be readily incorporated by other secondary minerals (clays, zeolites) and (M 2+ ) may not be able to form carbonate minerals. (M 2+ ) isotope measurements (e.g., stable calcium, δ 44 / 40 Ca) can help resolve this issue. (M 2+ ) isotope measurements of water can track such processes when the (M 2+ ) isotope measurements of the mineral source and sink are well characterized.

[0019] The multi-isotope technique of this system and method provides robust and highly accurate verification of mineralization below the Earth's surface. This system and method helps to identify the mineralogical sources of dissolved divalent metal cations after injection or reaction with anthropogenic CO2, and to quantify the amounts of calcium, magnesium, and iron-containing carbonates formed.

[0020] This system and method may be used in the field of subsurface carbon storage. In particular, this system and method may have specific applications in verifying carbon storage through subsurface mineralization resulting from the injection of CO2-doped water or other methods of introducing CO2.

[0021] Alternatively, the system and method may be used for enhanced rock weathering in surface water environments, where basalt or other Ca and Mg-rich alkaline materials are applied to onshore or coastal systems for carbon dioxide capture. Preferably, the system and method are described to be applicable and adaptable for use below the surface, but the method and system may also be used in surface-based geological systems.

[0022] In some variations, the system and method may be used to manage and control a carbon sequestration system by dynamically controlling carbon dioxide sequestration.

[0023] This system and method can offer many potential benefits. However, this system and method are not necessarily limited to offering such benefits, and are provided only as an illustrative description of how they may be used. The list of benefits is not intended to be exhaustive, and additional or alternative benefits may exist.

[0024] As some potential advantages, this system and method may be able to address one or more of the main causes of errors and problems in current MRV applications, both surface and subsurface.

[0025] One such potential advantage is that the system and method can better address the challenges in identifying carbon sources. In conventional weathering of reinforced rocks, such traditional approaches can introduce errors because carbonic acid must dissolve minerals and reliably release metals into the water. Below the surface, another carbon source may be existing carbonate minerals.

[0026] A second such potential advantage is that the system and method can enhance the ability to identify the source of the metal. The system and method can be better addressed by dissolving the appropriate mineral rather than the existing carbonate.

[0027] A third such potential advantage is that the system and method can enhance the identification and characterization of metal and carbon sinks. The sinks of carbon and metal sources may be the same (secondary carbonate minerals) for valuable and accurate MRV. The dual isotope technique of the system and method can identify that the sinks of these two elements are the same. In this method, the system and method allows for more accurate characterization of the behavior of mineralized carbon. In coordinated isotope geochemical analysis, the analysis is constrained, sources of error are eliminated, and thus accurate results are produced. The system and method allows for the dissolution of primary minerals and the deposition of M into water by weathering with other acids (not carbonic acid, but acids that do not affect carbon sequestration). 2+ This can be useful in explaining the causes of errors, including the emission of certain substances.

[0028] Furthermore, this system and method can, for example, confine a divalent metal cation initial mineral source to a downstream body of the Earth's surface, or to other non-carbonate minerals (e.g., clay and zeolite) that do not have a net effect on carbon sequestration. 2+ This can explain the dynamic and diverse geochemical reactions that can occur with the injection of CO2 into the ground for incorporation. In some variations, this system and method may be modified or adapted to specific geological conditions at a given location.

[0029] 2 methods As shown in Figure 1, a method for quantifying mineralization below the surface involves step S110 determining the initial conditions at a geological site, and at least two isotope systems, the first of which is M 2+ The method comprises the steps of: establishing initial ratio conditions for isopropyl alcohol (C), where the second isopropyl alcohol is C; determining the subsequent state after the initiation of injection or reaction at a geological site (S120); and performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization. This method functions to perform monitoring of two or more isotope systems when characterizing changes in mineralization at a geological site.

[0030] The step of determining initial or post-injection conditions may include, or be performed in connection with, a step of collecting additional samples. Water / fluid and / or rock samples in the region of interest may be collected and analyzed. In some modifications, a single location may be examined. In other modifications, the method may include a step of collecting samples from multiple locations and / or depths.

[0031] The method is preferably carried out so that it is coordinated for two or more isotope systems and analysis is performed based on coordinated fractionation. In some variations, as shown in Figure 2, a method for quantifying subsurface mineralization is more specifically a step S110 of determining initial conditions at a geological site, comprising a step S112 of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, a step S114 of determining subsurface environmental conditions at the injection or reaction point, and a step S116 of determining the value of the temperature-dependent fractionation coefficient, a step 120 of determining the subsequent state at the geological site after the start of the reaction (e.g., injection), and a step S130 of performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine the characteristics of the mineralization.

[0032] In some modifications, the method may include a step S113 of preparing a carbon dioxide source having one anthropogenically enhanced isotope, thereby establishing specific initial ratio conditions for at least some of the carbon isotope systems. Accordingly, in some modifications as shown in Figure 3, the method may include a step S110 of determining initial conditions at a geological site, which includes a step S113 of preparing a carbon dioxide source having at least one anthropogenically enhanced isotopic ratio, a step S112 of establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, a step S120 of determining the subsequent state at the geological site after the initiation of injection or reaction, and a step S130 of performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine mineralization characteristics.

[0033] This method may be used, for example, to monitor the mineralization state in basalt weathering and carbon mineralization by sampling water or other samples during or after perturbing a geological site. In particular, this method may be used for verifying and monitoring carbon storage.

[0034] It is preferable that at least two isotopes are selected such that the isotopes of at least two isotopes share a common mechanism for their geochemical behavior during the mineralization process. In particular, the two isotopes may share carbonate precipitation as a common mechanism during carbon mineralization. For example, in the case of calcium and carbon, there are many processes that can affect both isotopes separately, and carbonate precipitation may be a common mechanism between the two. Therefore, carbonate precipitation is preferably a shared mechanism for the geochemical behavior of both isotopes of at least two isotopes. The shared mechanism functions so that mineralization can be directly characterized by the analysis of the two isotopes without being influenced by other geochemical reactions that affect the isotopic ratios of the individual isotopes.

[0035] In practice, fluid monitoring is plotted in the upper left portion of the figure shown in Figure 7, as a result of such common mechanisms affecting both isotopic systems. The isotopic ratios of the monitoring fluids for both isotopic systems appear to converge over time to specific points along the quantification line (indicated by the black arrows). In Figure 7, the X-axis is a measure of variation in the ratio of carbon-13 isotopes (13C) to carbon-12 isotopes (12C) in the sample compared to a standard reference (e.g., Vienna Pee Dee Beremnite (VPDB) standard), referred to as the delta (δ) value, provided in parts per thousandth. The Y-axis is a measure of variation in the ratio of carbon-13 isotopes (13C) to carbon-12 isotopes (12C) in the sample compared to another standard reference (e.g., Atlantic Seawater (ASW) standard), also referred to as the delta (δ) value. 40 Ca 44 This is a measure of variation in the ratio of Ca, and is provided in parts per thousand. Typically, the isotopic ratio value for a given sample is expressed in delta notation (δ), calculated from the following formula: δ A X(‰)=((R A sample X / R A standard )-1)×1000 Here, δ A X is the isotopic value of sample X of isotope system A, expressed in δ notation for parts per thousandth, and is the standard reference material (R A standard Sample X(R) divided by the same ratio in ) A sample XIt is calculated from the ratio R of rare isotope A to abundant isotope A in the sample. By plotting these two isotopic values ​​against each other, the graph reveals correlations or patterns in the isotopic composition of related samples. Since carbonate precipitation is a common mechanism for the isotopic behavior of both calcium and carbon isotopes during the mineralization process, comparative plots monitoring linearly correlated fluid compositions can directly show the percentage of mineralization along a defined quantification line (or vector). This allows for direct indication of the rate of carbon mineralization through post-injection monitoring of fluid geochemistry.

[0036] This method allows for the use of a specific formula in plotting the quantitative line (black line) and relates to the overall concept of using a double isotope plot to quantify carbon mineralization in basalt. The quantitative line is constructed by calculating the theoretical isotopic ratio values ​​of the monitoring fluid for various values ​​of f according to the following formula: (1) δM 2+ monitoring solution,theoretical =δM 2+ initial + 1000(α-1)lnf (2) δ 13 C monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 13 C initial carbon + 1000(α-1)lnf Equation (1) represents the reacted basalt or other primary minerals, for example, δ 44 / 40 This shows the divalent metal isotope composition of the monitoring fluid compared to Ca, and equation (2) always represents the carbon isotope system. Initial carbon δ 13 C initial carbonThe concentration needs to be approximately -8% or between -5% and -9% (VPDB) to sequester atmospheric CO2. In both equations, "α" (i.e., alpha) represents the fractionation factor, or the difference in isotopic composition between carbonate minerals and the fluid in which they precipitate. All isotopic element systems have unique values, which may vary based on temperature or other factors. Alpha may also be calculated using the measured isotopic ratios of relevant samples in a geological context. The value of "f" is the amount of M present in the monitoring solution relative to the amount mineralized into the second phase. 2+ This represents the proportion. In short, equations 1 and 2 measure the magnitude by which a chemical reaction causes the fluid isotopic chemistry to deviate from the initial conditions. The only chemical reaction that linearly affects both isotopic systems discussed here (e.g., Ca and C isotopic systems) is the precipitation of secondary carbonate materials. A quantification line for a particular geological situation is constructed by using equations (1) and (2) and the measured initial condition isotopic values ​​(e.g., δM 2+ initial basalt and δ 13 C initial carbon Along with this, a series of theoretical monitoring solution values ​​are calculated for various values ​​of f between 0 and 1. For each f value used in the calculation, the calculated δM calculated from Equation 1 is used. 2+ monitoring solution,theoretical And δ13C which can be theoretically obtained from Equation 2. monitoring solution,theoretical These generate the X and Y coordinates, respectively. In the example in Figure 7, theoretical monitoring solution values ​​(e.g., δ) are used. 44 / 40 Ca monitoring solution,theoretical The values ​​of f were calculated at intervals of 0.1 from 0 to 1, where f=0 corresponds to zero Ca remaining in the monitoring solution, meaning that 100% of the Ca supplied from basalt was mineralized into carbonates. Ten (x,y) coordinates were generated, from which a quantitative line was formed. Mineralization was measured using the actual monitored solution isotope values ​​(e.g., measured δ) for both isotopic element systems. 44 / 40 monitoring solution,measured、 and δ 13 C monitoring solution,measuredQuantification can be achieved by plotting the isotopes and analyzing where they lie along the quantification line (i.e., which f value corresponds to the measured sample). If the measured sample does not plot along the quantification line, this indicates that one of the isotopes may have been affected by a process other than carbonate precipitation. For example, if the measured monitoring fluid sample forms a vertical vector when plotted, this indicates that a non-carbonate mineral sink of Ca, such as the zeolite in Figure 7, was present in the system. This method can be similarly applied to other variations of multi-isotope mineralization analysis. For example, multi-isotope mineralization analysis may be applied to Mg or Sr isotopes combined with carbon.

[0037] As described herein, the method may be carried out using monitoring and analysis using two or more isotopes. One of the isotopes is preferably stable carbon (e.g., 13 / 12C), and the other is preferably a divalent metal cation (M 2+ This is an isotopic system of carbon. Divalent metal cations may include, for example, calcium, strontium, or magnesium. In some variations, other isotopes may include calcium (e.g., 44 / 40Ca) and / or strontium (e.g., 87 / 86Sr or 88 / 86Sr) and / or magnesium (e.g., 26 / 24Mg). In one variation, the method may have a step of monitoring and analyzing a combination of carbon and calcium isotopes. In another variation, the method may have a step of monitoring and analyzing variations in carbon, calcium, and strontium isotopes. In yet another variation, the method may have a step of monitoring carbon and strontium.

[0038] In one exemplary modification, the method may be carried out via the process shown in Figure 4, where divalent metal ions (M 2+ ) Isotope systems (e.g., M 2+ (This may be an isotopic system of calcium, strontium, or magnesium), and 13 / 12A biisotope approach based on the 1C isotope system may be used. This may have the following steps: - Step S1110 is to determine the initial conditions at the geological site, M before injection 2+ Isotope element ratios and 13 / 12 For the C ratio, Sr / Ca ratio, and other major anions and cations, the subsurface water, rocks, and minerals from the target reservoir were analyzed, and the injected carbon dioxide was found to be present. 13 / 12 Steps to determine the C ratio, Step S1111, Step S1112 determines the temperature below the ground surface at the injection site, the injection rate of CO2, and the total amount injected. Using initial condition data, the expected composition of water immediately after injection is given by δM 2+ initial (If unknown, δM) 2+ initial =δM 2+ bulk reservoir rock Step S1113 to determine (which may be assumed), and Step S1114: Using initial condition data, determine the value of the temperature-dependent fractionation coefficient (α). Step S1110, - Step S1120, which determines the subsequent conditions after the start of injection at the geological site, Step S1121 involves collecting water samples from the target reservoir periodically throughout the injection period during the CO2 injection into the subsurface, and over a long period after the injection is completed, as well as M 2+ Step S1122, which analyzes the chemical properties of water with respect to C isotopes, dissolved inorganic carbon content, divalent and monovalent ions and anions (including, but not limited to, Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, HCO3), Step S1120, -Step S1130 involves determining the mineralization characteristics from the step of performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions, -Formula δM 2+ monitoring solution,theoretical =δM 2+ initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and δ13C monitoring solution,theoretical =δ13Ca initial + 1000(α-1)lnf Using this, the input f is varied from 0 to 1 to calculate a series of theoretical isotopic element values ​​and generate a quantification line in the diisotope XY coordinate space. - Both isotope systems (e.g., δ 44 / 40 Ca monitoring solution,measured and δ 13 C monitoring solution,measured The step of plotting the measured values ​​for ) - A step to determine which value of -f corresponds to the measured isotopic system value, -Step S1131 calculates the percentage of mineralized carbon dioxide injected into the calcite = 100 x (1-f), and -Step S1132: Determine the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into other carbonate species (amorphous calcite, Mg- or Fe-carbonate) by subtracting the carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite determined by this method from the determined value of mineralized carbon dioxide using isotopic elemental analysis. Step S1130 comprises the above. This method may be combined with a carbon isotope and modified using a calcium, strontium, or magnesium isotope.

[0039] In practice, in subsurface carbon sequestration operations, this method may be used for monitoring and quantifying carbon mineralization. This may be particularly for carbon mineralization in basaltic layers / sediments for carbon sequestration. This method can be carried out in connection with wells that provide subsurface access to basaltic, mafic, or other suitable formations. Some variations of this method may be carried out in connection with the injection of a carbon dioxide source or other reactions within a geological site. Thus, as shown in Figure 5, a variation of the method for managing carbon sequestration via carbon mineralization treatment in basaltic formations of a geological site accessed via a well is: Step S110 is to obtain the initial conditions at the geological site, Step S112 involves constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, and Step S114: Determine the subsurface environmental conditions at the injection point, including at least the temperature. Steps having, Step S200 involves injecting a carbon dioxide source into the well, Step S120 is to determine the subsequent state after the step of injecting a carbon dioxide source, Step S122 involves collecting a sample from the well, and Step S124: Determine the post-injection ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems. Steps having, Step S130 involves performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine the mineralization characteristics. The method has the following characteristics. For surface application, instead of injection, the method may include a step of introducing a metal cation source (e.g., basalt, olivine, alkaline industrial waste) into the atmospheric carbon dioxide source at the reaction surface (e.g., applying powdered rock to farmland).

[0040] In some variations, this method may be additionally used to monitor, manage, and / or control the carbon sequestration process. This may be used to quantify and verify the amount of carbon stored in the carbon sequestration operation. Furthermore, the characteristics of the mineralization process may be used for other operations within the carbon sequestration system. For example, in some variations, the injection of the carbon dioxide source may be dynamically modified based on the mineralization characteristics. Thus, as shown in Figure 6, some variations of this method are: Step S110 for determining initial conditions at a geological site, which includes step S112 for establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, Step S120 determines the subsequent state after the start of injection or reaction at a geological site, Step S130 involves performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization. Step S140 modifies the carbon reaction based on the properties of mineralization, It may have.

[0041] Block S110 has a step of determining the initial conditions of the geological site and functions to prepare a baseline measurement of the site's condition. The geological site may be a subsurface region or reservoir that can be used for carbon storage. The geological site preferably includes the formation of mafic rocks. In particular, the geological site may have a basalt layer, but other suitable rock layers, such as peridotite layers, may be additionally or alternatively present. Other types of geological sites that are perturbed or whose potential geochemical changes are being monitored may be used instead as the geological site.

[0042] The step of determining the initial conditions may include analyzing the initial conditions of the groundwater, rocks and minerals from the target reservoir before injection, and / or the materials used to perturb the geological site (e.g., a carbon dioxide source such as CO2 injection water used for injection into the reservoir).

[0043] Block S110 preferably has a step S112 to establish initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic systems. This serves to establish initial conditions for isotopic ratios for at least two different elemental isotopes. The initial conditions for primary rock (e.g., δ44 / 40Ca initial basalt) may be between -0.90% and -1.15%, or -1.05%, relative to the ASW standard. 13 The initial carbon conditions may be -5‰ to -9%, or approximately -8% (VPDB).

[0044] As described in this application, the isotopes used in this method preferably share a mechanism of isotopic behavior during the mineralization process. Therefore, the isotopes of interest are preferably selected specifically for monitoring the intended mineralization properties, i.e., the mineralization of carbon. Accordingly, the selected isotopes are divalent metal cations (M 2+ ) and carbon. Among divalent metal cations, isotopic systems that show clear fractionation effects across different assumed mineralogical sinks of the metal (e.g., carbonate minerals, clay minerals, zeolites) are preferred. In some variations, Ca isotopes may be a preferred system in double isotope quantification techniques. In some variations, Mg isotopes may show clear fractionation effects in secondary clay minerals. In some variations, Sr isotopes may show clear fractionation effects in secondary zeolite minerals.

[0045] This method includes a step of monitoring the isotopic ratios of different elements. In particular, carbonate precipitation is a common mechanism for the isotopic behavior of at least two isotopic ratios of isotopes (e.g., calcium and carbon isotopes) during the mineralization process. Specifically, the common mechanism may be carbonate precipitation. Alternatively, at least two isotopic systems may have (or may exhibit) carbonate precipitation as a shared mechanism between the isotopes of the isotope system. Preferably, the selection of such isotopic systems is carried out so that the shared mechanism excludes other reactions from influencing the characterization of the mineralization process. For example, the calcium (e.g., 44 / 40Ca) and carbon (13 / 12C) isotopes may share carbonate precipitation as a common mechanism for their isotopic behavior during mineralization. Other geological reactions that may affect 44 / 40Ca and 13 / 12C will have little to no effect on their combined use for characterizing the mineralization (e.g., the rate of carbon mineralization).

[0046] In some variations, it is preferable that one of the isotopes analyzed relates to carbon isotopes. In particular, the carbon isotopes of interest are stable carbon isotopes. Thus, one isotopic ratio of at least two isotopes may be the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio (i.e., the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12). In this case, step S112 of constructing the initial ratio conditions of at least two isotopes may include a step of determining the carbon isotopic ratio (e.g., 13 / 12C). As shown below, this includes a step of measuring the carbon isotopic ratio at geological sites and carbon dioxide sources. As another option, the 14 / 12C isotopic ratio (i.e., the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12) may be determined additionally or alternatively.

[0047] The second or additional isotope is preferably an isotope relating to a non-carbon element. In particular, the second or additional isotope may be an isotope relating to a metallic element, especially a Group 2 metal such as calcium, magnesium, and / or strontium. For example, the other isotope may be a divalent metal cation (M 2+ ) may also be an isotopic system.

[0048] Therefore, at least two isotopes may include a first isotope relating to the metallic elements calcium, strontium, and magnesium, and a second isotope relating to carbon. Thus, the isotopes may include combination pairs of isotopes containing calcium and carbon, strontium and carbon, or magnesium and carbon. Some variations may have a monitoring step for two or more isotopes. Thus, multi-isotopes relating to the elements calcium, strontium, and / or magnesium may be used in combination with carbon isotopes. For example, the isotopes may include 44 / 40Ca, 26 / 24Mg, and 13 / 12C.

[0049] In one modification, the method may utilize calcium and carbon isotopes, particularly stable calcium and carbon isotopes. Thus, a modification of the method has a step S112 to construct initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic systems, the at least two isotopic systems including an isotopic ratio of calcium-44 to calcium-40 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12, or an isotopic ratio of calcium-44 to calcium-42 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

[0050] In another variation, the method may use isotopes of strontium and carbon. This includes the use of isotopic ratios of strontium-87 and carbon-12. Thus, the variation of the method has a step S112 of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic systems, the at least two isotopic systems including an isotopic ratio of strontium-88 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12. In another variation, the method may include the use of isotopic ratios of radioactive strontium and carbon-12. Thus, the variation of the method has a step S112 of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic systems, the at least two isotopic systems including an isotopic ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

[0051] In another variation, the method may use magnesium and carbon isotopes, particularly stable magnesium and stable carbon isotopes. Thus, the variation of the method may have a step S112 to construct initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic systems, where the at least two isotopic systems include an isotopic ratio of magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

[0052] The step of establishing the initial ratio conditions may additionally include a step of determining the cations and anions known to be involved in the reaction.

[0053] Step 112 of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems may include steps of measuring isotopic ratios in a carbon dioxide source, or otherwise obtaining or determining isotopic ratios in a carbon dioxide source, and steps of measuring isotopic ratios of at least two different elements in a geological site, or otherwise obtaining or determining them. This may be used to construct initial conditions within a geological site, as well as initial conditions for materials intended to be injected into the ground (e.g., carbon dioxide sources such as water containing integrated CO2).

[0054] In some variations, the carbon dioxide source may have a high isotopic ratio. For example, isotopic spike-ins or additives may be added to artificially increase the isotopic ratio. In particular, the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio may be increased in the carbon dioxide source.

[0055] If a source is used with a known (or assumed) isotopic ratio, the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio in the carbon dioxide source may be assumed. Alternatively, as described herein, the method may include preparing a carbon dioxide source, which may include the step of preparing a carbon dioxide source having a set isotopic ratio of 13 / 12. Alternatively, the method may include the steps of collecting a sample of the carbon dioxide source and then determining the isotopic ratio (e.g., the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio). The step of determining the isotopic ratio may include the step of measuring the isotopic ratio in the sample.

[0056] The step of determining the isotopic ratios of at least two different elemental isotopes at a geological site may include the steps of collecting a sample from the geological site and then determining initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopic ratios (e.g., 44 / 40Ca and 13 / 12C isotopic ratios). The step of determining the isotopic ratios may include the step of measuring the isotopic ratios in the sample. The sample may be water or a liquid collected from the geological site.

[0057] In such an example, step 112 of establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope ratios may include the steps of measuring or obtaining the 13 / 12C isotope ratio in a carbon dioxide source, collecting an initial sample from a well (e.g., a sample before carbon dioxide injection), and determining the 44 / 40Ca isotope ratio and the 13 / 12C isotope ratio. In other variations of the method, isotope ratios of strontium and / or magnesium isotopes may be used in addition to, or as a substitute for, the 44 / 40Ca isotope ratio.

[0058] As described above, some variations of the method may additionally or alternatively include step S113 of preparing a carbon dioxide source having at least one artificially enhanced isotopic ratio. This serves to construct the target carbon isotopic ratio in the material to be injected into the subsurface carbon dioxide source. In particular, the method may include a step of preparing a carbon dioxide source having an enhanced 13 / 12C isotopic ratio, or a step of otherwise adjusting the initial isotopic ratio of any element within a certain range of interest that is different from the initial geological material. This may (at least partially) construct the initial ratio condition of the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio as part of S112. Alternatively, the isotopic system may be 14C isotopically modified (e.g., an enhanced 14 / 12C isotopic ratio).

[0059] The step of preparing a carbon dioxide source having an elevated 13 / 12C isotope ratio includes modifying the carbon dioxide source with an isotope spike-in or additive, which may serve to set initial conditions for the isotope ratio. The isotope spike-in may provide an artificially elevated known carbon isotope coefficient.

[0060] Block S114 has a step S114 for defining subsurface environmental conditions at the injection or reaction site and functions to collect data on the relevant conditions. The step for defining subsurface environmental conditions may include a step for defining the subsurface temperature at the injection point. The temperature may be used when calculating a temperature-dependent fractionation factor to be used at the geological site.

[0061] The step of defining subsurface environmental conditions may additionally include a step of defining conditions for CO2 injection, including the total amount and / or percentage of CO2 to be injected. This may be based on information or data tracked or detected within the geological site or from the injection system.

[0062] Characterizing the isotopic composition of other materials may be used to quantify mineralization in scenarios where the sample being measured falls outside the theoretical quantification curve. The isotopic composition of other materials (e.g., natural water) is given by the following formula α A-B = (1 + (δ A / 1000)) / (1 + (δ B / 1000)) may be used for the calculation of the value of α using. In one example, A represents the composition of the mineralized calcite (e.g., δ 44 / 40 Ca calcite ), and B represents the initial water composition in the system (e.g., δ 44 / 40 Ca water ). In this example, the alpha value can be calculated based on specific data collected from a geological context.

[0063] Block S116 has a step of defining the initial conditions at a geological site, which may additionally have a step S116 of determining the value of the temperature-dependent fractionation coefficient (α).

[0064] The initial temperature may be used when calculating the temperature-dependent fractionation coefficient (α) used in the calculation of the calibration curve. The isotope value of the initial mineral source of M 2+ determined through the measurement of the initial geological material is also used in the calculation of the calibration curve.

[0065] In some variations, the method has a process related to managing the injection of a carbon dioxide source and can facilitate capturing CO2 in the aqueous phase. Thus, the method may have a step S200 of injecting a carbon dioxide source into a well or a geological site, which functions to deposit or expose anthropogenic-origin CO2 to a subsurface geological site. The carbon dioxide source is preferably water containing dissolved CO2, but may alternatively contain supercritical CO2 or other forms. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source may be provided with a high isotope ratio. In some variations, the initial carbon dioxide source may be modified to have a high isotope ratio before or during injection. The carbon dioxide source may be injected directly into a subsurface basalt layer. In another surface application, the method may have a step of introducing the carbon dioxide source to a reaction surface (e.g., a waterway or a surface rock layer) instead of injection.

[0066] Block S120 has a step to define the subsequent state after the start of injection (or after some geochemical change / reaction), which functions to monitor changes after any carbon reaction (e.g., resulting from injection or some other artificial or natural action). This may include a step to periodically collect samples throughout the reaction or during and after the injection period. The samples may be water samples collected from within the geological site.

[0067] The subsequent steps to determine the state may include analyzing the following water chemistry: isotopes, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, and, but not limited to, divalent and monovalent ions and anions including Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3. Ion measurements may be used to obtain a complete geochemical understanding of the water in the system, to calculate the mineralization saturation state, and to secondarily verify the results of multi-isotope quantification. For example, a series of ion measurements may be used to calculate the saturation index of calcite (CaCO3), i.e., the thermodynamic likelihood that calcite can be mineralized from water at a particular time.

[0068] To confirm the thermodynamic feasibility of calcite precipitation, for example, δ 44 / 40 Ca and δ 13In the C isotope system, if the measured sample decreases along the quantitative curve, it is beneficial to verify the results of the multi-isotope tool. Furthermore, the ratios of concentrations of specific cations in fluid and rock samples, e.g., Ca / Sr, Ca / Na, can represent the mineralogical sources and sinks of metals in a geological environment, and thus this is useful in interpreting multi-isotope measurements related to carbon sequestration. This may have a step S122 of collecting a sample from a well and a step S124 of determining the conditions for the post-injection ratios of at least two isotopic ratios. The sample may include water and / or rock samples. The sample may be collected downstream or in the well. Preferably, their conditions reflect the geological conditions subject to carbon mineralization. Block S120 may be repeated periodically to update the characterization.

[0069] Block S130 includes a step of performing multi-isotope analysis using subsequent states and initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization, which functions to output measurements regarding the state of mineralization within the reservoir. In some modifications, the mineralization characteristics serve as some indicator of the degree of captured carbon. In particular, a direct measurement of the proportion of mineralized carbon dioxide can be obtained using co-modeling of specially selected isotopes (e.g., Group II metallic isotopes and stable carbon). By determining the amount of carbon dioxide introduced into the geological system, this method may be used to provide a measurement of the mass / amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated within rock layers as carbonate mineral layers. For example, the output can verify the portion of carbon injected for storage that is robustly stored through reactions with subsurface material (e.g., mafic rocks). This can be applied to the quantification and verification of carbon fixation amounts.

[0070] The steps for determining the mineralization characteristics include the two-fraction-based analysis of two or more isotopes and then combining them to determine the expected results. This may have the step of determining the proportion of the injected carbon mineralized in different carbonate species, including calcite and other things like amorphous calcite, Mg or Fe carbonates, for the variation of carbon isotopes. As an additional step, block S130 has the following formula δ44 / 40Ca measured groundwater=δ44 / 40Ca initial + 1000(α-1)lnf and may have the step of calculating the amount of CO2 mineralized in calcite based on this. Next, in block S130, the isotope analysis may be combined by calculating the proportion of CO2 mineralized in other carbonate species by subtracting the CO2 mineralized in calcite determined previously from the value of the mineralized CO2 determined using isotope analysis.

[0071] In particular, in the case of a variant where at least two isotope systems include the divalent metal ion (M 2+ ) isotope system and the carbon isotope system (e.g., 13 / 12 C isotope system), the step of performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions to determine the mineralization characteristics may have the step of generating a quantitative line and plotting by changing the value of f between 0 and 1 in the following two formulas to calculate the theoretical δM 2+ and δ 13 C values: (Equation 1) δM 2+ monitoring solution,theoritical =δM 2+ initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and (Equation 2) δ 13 C monitoring solution,theoritical =δ 13 C initial + 1000(α-1)lnf Next, by comparing the isotopic values ​​measured in both isotope systems with the quantitative curve, the proportion of the injected carbon dioxide that was mineralized into calcite is determined as 100 × (1-f).

[0072] As mentioned above, equation (1) represents the divalent metal isotope composition of the monitoring fluid compared to the reacted basalt or other primary minerals, e.g., δ 44 / 40 With respect to Ca, equation (2) represents the carbon isotope system. δ 13 C initial carbon When sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere, the concentration should be approximately -8% or between -5% and -9% (VPDB). In both formulas, alpha (i.e., "α") represents the fractionation factor, or the difference in isotopic composition between carbonate minerals and the fluid in which they precipitate. All isotopic systems have singular values ​​for α, and α can vary based on temperature or other factors. Alpha may also be calculated using measured isotopic ratios of relevant samples in a geological context. The value of "f" is the amount of M present in the monitoring solution relative to the amount mineralized into the second phase. 2+ This represents the proportion.

[0073] Such modifications are M 2+ The isotopic systems may be used in variations such as the 44 / 40Ca isotopic system, the 87 / 86Sr isotopic system, the 88 / 86Sr isotopic system, and / or the 26 / 24Mg isotopic system, paired with a carbon isotopic system (e.g., the 13 / 12C isotopic system).

[0074] In the example of the calcium-13 isotope, two isotope systems 44 / 40 Ca and 13 / 12 If a C isotope system is present, the step of determining the characteristics of mineralization by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions is to vary the value of f between 0 and 1 in the following two equations, thereby determining the theoretical δ 44 / 40 Ca and δ 13 The steps involve calculating the C value to generate and plot a quantitative line: δ 44 / 40 Ca monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 44 / 40Ca initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and δ 13 C monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 13 C initial + 1000(α-1)lnf Next, the method includes the step of determining the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 × (1-f) by comparing the isotopic values ​​measured in both isotopic systems with a quantitative curve.

[0075] In the case of strontium-88, there are two isotopic systems. 88 / 86 Sr and 13 / 12 If a 13C isotope system is present, the step of determining the mineralization characteristics by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using subsequent and initial conditions involves varying the value of f between 0 and 1 in the two equations, thereby determining the theoretical δ 88 / 86 Sr and δ 13 The steps involve calculating the C value to generate and plot a quantitative line: δ 88 / 86 Sr monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 88 / 86 Sr initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and δ 13 C monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 13 C initial + 1000(α-1)lnf Next, the method includes the step of determining the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 × (1-f) by comparing the measured isotopic values ​​in both isotopic systems with a quantitative curve.

[0076] In the case of magnesium-26, there are two isotopic systems. 26 / 24 Mg and 13 / 12 If a 13C isotope system is present, the step of determining the mineralization characteristics by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions is to vary the value of f between 0 and 1 in the two equations, thereby determining the theoretical δ 26 / 24 Mg and δ 13The steps include: generating and plotting a quantitative curve by calculating the C value; and δ 26 / 24 Mg monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 26 / 24 Mg initial +1000(α-1)lnf, and δ 13 C monitoring solution,theoretical =δ 13 C initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, Next, the method includes the step of determining the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite as 100 × (1-f) by comparing the measured isotopic values ​​in both isotopic systems with a quantitative curve.

[0077] In some variations, the method may be used to additionally monitor, manage, and / or control carbon sequestration processes. The method may be used to determine the current percentage of carbon dioxide stored in a desired final state of carbonate mineral formation. This may be used to quantify and describe the amount of carbon stored in a carbon sequestration operation. It may also be used for measurement and / or warnings based on the carbon sequestration state. Furthermore, mineralization characteristics may be used to manage the injection of carbon dioxide across multiple wells.

[0078] This method may be performed as a single time measurement, or it may be performed repeatedly over a period of time. This may provide information about changes in the carbon sequestration conditions of a site. For example, when performed periodically, this method may be used to detect a decline in the effectiveness of a geological site for carbon sequestration. Furthermore, it may provide a carbon sequestration measurement that can be used to detect specific events. For example, a sudden change in the rate of carbon sequestration may indicate some event that the sequestration system can cope with.

[0079] In yet another variation, the method may be carried out across multiple locations within one or more geological sites. By carrying out the method across a diverse set of spatial locations, a spatial map of mineralization can be characterized.

[0080] As shown in Figure 6, some modifications of the present method may include a step S140 to modify the reaction based on mineralization characteristics (e.g., injection of a carbon source into a geological site), which functions to use the mineralization characteristics as input in the operating state of the carbon sequestration system. In particular, the percentage of carbon mineralization may be used to control the injection of a carbon dioxide source into the well. In one such modification, a percentage threshold may be set which can be used to determine the operating state of the injection system. In another modification, the step to modify the carbon reaction includes a step of changing the CO2 concentration in the injection water, thereby changing the rate or state of injection.

[0081] In variations where the method is used across multiple injection sites in one or more geological sites, carbon mineralization across different sites may be used to modify the injection of carbon dioxide sources across the multiple injection sites. For example, a control system integrated with the network of injection systems may be used to prioritize or deprioritize injections, partly based on the percentage of carbon mineralization. For example, carbon sequestration may be prioritized where it yields a higher yield. This may involve conducting periodic testing across the multiple injection sites and updating it based on the current conditions. This may be done across multiple injection sites for a single geological site (e.g., a continuous area), or across multiple discontinuous geological sites (e.g., sites in different states or regions). This may improve the efficiency of sequestration and / or minimize the impact of secondary mineralization.

[0082] In another modification, the method may additionally include a step of issuing a warning in response to a deviation of the mineral properties from the expected state. For example, if the mineralization properties of a geological site differ from the expected state, the carbon storage management system may trigger an alarm or notification. This difference may be due to a problem in the injection process or the conditions of the geological site.

[0083] This method may further include a step of modeling the characteristics of the mineralization process. This may be used when creating a predictive computer model based on various inputs, making the mode of carbon mineralization predictable.

[0084] In some modifications, the method may be used in conjunction with a system for subsurface carbon storage. As shown in Figure 8, a system that monitors and / or uses the mineralization characteristics described herein is: The system comprises a carbon dioxide source 110, a well access 120, a well sample system 130, and an analytical computer system 140, the analytical computer system 140 having one or more computer-readable media for storing instructions, and when the instructions are executed by one or more computer processors, the computing platform will perform an operation including the following steps: The process includes obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, which involves establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope fractionation ratios, A step to determine the subsequent conditions after the initiation of carbon dioxide source injection at a geological site, A step to characterize the mineralization process by performing multi-isotope analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions. Furthermore, the system may include a control system 150 and / or an injection system 160, thereby the injection system being controlled by the control system 150 based on the mineralization characteristics generated by the analytical computer system 140. This system is preferably used to facilitate the operation of the method described herein.

[0085] The carbon dioxide source 110 functions as a material containing anthropogenic CO2 reacting with a rock layer. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source has an elevated 13 / 12C isotope ratio. In some variations, the carbon dioxide source has an elevated 14 / 12C isotope ratio. This may be achieved by isotopic spike-in or additives. In some variations, the system may facilitate the formation, preparation, and / or modification of the carbon dioxide source 110. Alternatively, the carbon dioxide source 110 may be a source provided by an external source.

[0086] The well access 120 functions as a channel or access point to a subsurface geological site. A carbon dioxide source 110 can be introduced into the rock layer through the well access 120. The well access 120 is preferably a well access to a subsurface basalt layer of the geological site, but the well access 120 may provide access to other types of rock layers.

[0087] The well sample system 130 functions to collect water and / or rock samples from a geological site, which may be used to determine the initial and / or post-injection conditions.

[0088] The analytical computer system facilitates the collection of samples and input data and functions to generate inorganic properties. The analytical computer system may be used when performing the analytical and processing operations of the methods described herein and their variations.

[0089] The control system 150 functions to change the state or otherwise control the injection system 160 using the output of the management computer system 140. The control system may be used to control one or more injection systems for different wells.

[0090] The injection system 160 functions to inject a carbon dioxide source into a geological site below the Earth's surface. The injection system 160 may additionally have components for controlling or adjusting one or more isotopic ratios. In particular, isotopic spike-ins / additives may be introduced into the carbon dioxide source to increase a selected isotopic ratio. Specifically, the 13 / 12C isotopic ratio or the 14 / 12C isotopic ratio may be artificially increased in the carbon dioxide source.

[0091] As used herein, the terms first, second, third, etc., are used to characterize and distinguish various elements, components, regions, layers, and / or compartments. These elements, components, regions, layers, and / or compartments should not be limited by these terms. The use of numerical terms may be used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer, and / or compartment from another element, component, region, layer, and / or compartment. The use of such numerical terms does not imply order or sequence unless explicitly indicated by the context. Such numerical references may be used interchangeably without departing from the teachings of the embodiments and modifications herein.

[0092] As can be understood from the above detailed description, drawings, and claims, those skilled in the art can modify and change embodiments of the present invention without departing from the scope of the present invention as described in the following claims.

Claims

1. A method for quantifying carbon mineralization in basalt during carbon sequestration, A step of obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, comprising the step of constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, The steps include determining the subsequent conditions after the start of carbon dioxide source injection at the aforementioned geological site, The subsequent steps involve performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization, A method having

2. moreover, 13／12 The process includes a step of preparing a carbon dioxide source with a high C ratio. As a result, at least in part, 13／12 The method according to claim 1, wherein initial ratio conditions for the 13C isotope ratio are established.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopes comprises the step of measuring the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotopic systems.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the precipitation of carbonates is a common mechanism for the isotopic behavior of both of the at least two isotopes during the mineralization process.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two isotopes include a first isotope relating to a group of metallic elements consisting of calcium, strontium, and magnesium, and a second isotope relating to carbon.

6. The aforementioned at least two isotope systems are The isotopic ratio of calcium-44 to calcium-40, and the isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12, or Isotope ratio of calcium-44 to calcium-42, and isotope ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12. The method according to claim 1, including the method described in claim 1.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems include an isotopic ratio of strontium-88 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two isotope systems include an isotopic ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least two isotopic systems include an isotopic ratio of magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

10. The step of obtaining initial conditions at a geological site is: A step of determining subsurface environmental conditions at the injection point, including at least temperature, The steps include determining the value of the temperature-dependent classification coefficient, The method according to claim 1, comprising:

11. The aforementioned at least two isotope systems are divalent metal ions (M 2+ This includes the isotopic ratios of ) and the isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12, The step of determining the characteristics of mineralization by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions is as follows: δM 2+ monitoring solution，theoretical = δM 2+ initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and d 13 C monitoring solution，theoretical =d 13 C initial + 1000 (α-1) lnf In this case, the value of f is varied between 0 and 1, and the theoretical δM 2+ and δ 13 The steps involve calculating the value of C to generate and plot a quantitative line, Next, by comparing the isotopic values ​​measured in both isotopic systems with the quantitative curve, the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite is determined as 100 × (1 - f). The method according to claim 10, comprising:

12. Following the initiation of carbon dioxide source injection at the aforementioned geological site, the subsequent steps to determine the state include, but are not limited to, isotopes, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3. 3 The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of analyzing the aqueous chemistry of divalent and monovalent ions and anions containing .

13. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of modifying the injection of the carbon dioxide source based on the characteristics of the mineralization.

14. A method for managing carbon sequestration through carbon mineralization in basaltic layers of a geological site accessed via a well, A step of obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, The steps include establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopes, and A step of determining subsurface environmental conditions at the injection point, including at least temperature. Steps having, The steps include injecting a carbon dioxide source into the well, The step of determining the subsequent state after the step of injecting the carbon dioxide source, The steps of collecting a sample from the well, A step of determining the post-injection ratio conditions for the at least two isotope systems, Steps having, The subsequent steps involve performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the initial conditions to determine the characteristics of mineralization, A method having

15. Furthermore, enhanced 13／12 The step includes preparing the carbon dioxide source having a C ratio, This will result in at least some, 13／12 The method according to claim 14, wherein initial ratio conditions for the 13C isotope ratio are established.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein the step of establishing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotopes comprises the step of measuring the initial ratio conditions for the at least two isotopes.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the precipitation of carbonates is a common mechanism for the isotopic behavior of both of the at least two isotopes during the mineralization process.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the at least two isotopic systems include a first isotopic system relating to a group of metallic elements consisting of calcium, strontium, and magnesium, and a second isotopic system relating to carbon.

19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the at least two isotope systems include an isotopic ratio of calcium-44 to calcium-40 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

20. The method according to claim 14, wherein the at least two isotopic systems include an isotopic ratio of strontium-87 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

21. The method according to claim 14, wherein the at least two isotopic systems include an isotopic ratio of strontium-88 to strontium-86 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

22. The method according to claim 14, wherein the at least two isotopic systems include an isotopic ratio of magnesium-26 to magnesium-24 and an isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12.

23. The step of obtaining initial conditions at a geological site is: A step of determining subsurface environmental conditions at the injection point, including at least temperature, The steps include determining the value of the temperature-dependent classification coefficient, The method according to claim 14, wherein the method is characterized by having the following:

24. The aforementioned at least two isotope systems are divalent metal ions (M 2+ This includes the isotopic ratios of ) and the isotopic ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12, The step of determining the mineralization characteristics by performing multi-isotope fractionation analysis using the subsequent state and initial conditions is expressed by the following two equations: δM 2+ monitoring solution，theoretical = δM 2+ initial + 1000(α-1)lnf, and d 13 C monitoring solution，theoretical =d 13 C initial + 1000 (α-1) lnf In this case, the value of f is varied between 0 and 1, and the theoretical δM 2+ and δ 13 The steps involve calculating the value of C to generate and plot a quantitative line, Next, by comparing the isotopic values ​​measured in both isotopic systems with the quantitative curve, the percentage of injected carbon dioxide mineralized into calcite is determined as 100 × (1 - f). The method according to claim 23, having the following characteristics.

25. Following the initiation of carbon dioxide source injection at the aforementioned geological site, the subsequent steps to determine the state include, but are not limited to, isotopes, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations, Ca, Sr, Na, Cl, and HCO3. 3 The method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of analyzing the aqueous chemistry of divalent and monovalent ions and anions containing .

26. Furthermore, the method according to claim 14, further comprising the step of modifying the injection of the carbon dioxide source based on the characteristics of the mineralization.

27. It is a system, expensive 13／12 A carbon dioxide source having a C isotope ratio, Well access to subsurface basalt layers at geological sites, Well sample system and One or more computer-readable media storage instructions, which, when executed by the one or more computer processors, cause the computing platform to perform an action; It has, The aforementioned operation is, This involves obtaining initial conditions at a geological site, including constructing initial ratio conditions for at least two isotope systems, To determine the subsequent conditions after the start of carbon dioxide source injection at the aforementioned geological site, Using the subsequent state and initial conditions, multi-isotope fractionation analysis will be performed to determine the characteristics of mineralization, A system that includes this.

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