Temperature control of an insertable target holder for solid dopant materials.

Abstract

To disclose an ion source with a target holder for holding a solid dopant material.SOLUTION: An ion source comprises a thermocouple disposed proximate to a target holder to monitor the temperature of a solid dopant material. In certain embodiments, a controller uses the temperature information to vary one or more parameters of the ion source, such as arc voltage, cathode bias voltage, extracted beam current, or the position of the target holder within an arc chamber. Various embodiments showing the connections between the controller and the thermocouple are shown. Further, embodiments showing various placement of the thermocouple on the target holder are also presented.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to ion sources, and in particular to ion sources having an insertable target holder for holding solid dopant material, where the temperature of the dopant material or the target holder may be measured and optionally controlled. [Background technology]

[0002] Various types of ion sources can be used to generate ions for use in semiconductor processing equipment. For example, an indirectly heated cathode (IHC) ion source operates by supplying current to a filament positioned behind a cathode. The filament emits thermionic electrons that accelerate toward the cathode, heating it and causing the cathode to emit electrons into the arc chamber of the ion source. The cathode is positioned at one end of the arc chamber. A repeller can be positioned at the end of the arc chamber opposite the cathode. The cathode and repeller can be biased to repel the electrons and return them toward the center of the arc chamber. In some embodiments, a magnetic field is used to further confine the electrons within the arc chamber. Multiple sides are used to connect the two ends of the arc chamber.

[0003] An extraction aperture is located along one of the sides adjacent the center of the arc chamber through which ions generated within the arc chamber may be extracted.

[0004] In certain embodiments, it may be desirable to utilize a solid form of the material as the dopant species. For example, a crucible or target holder can be used to hold the metal so that when the metal liquefies, it remains in the target holder. Using pure solid metal directly for ion implantation increases the beam current available for wafer implantation.

[0005] However, there can be problems associated with the use of target holders for solid dopant materials. For example, when using low melting and boiling point metals in a contained target holder, very high temperatures can be an issue. For example, the dopant materials can be unstable and prone to thermal runaway causing inconsistent beam performance and resulting in undesirable accumulation of dopant material in the arc chamber.

[0006] Therefore, an ion source that can be used with solid dopant materials that have low melting points, such as certain metals, and whose internal temperature can be monitored and controlled, would be beneficial. Summary of the Invention

[0007] An ion source is disclosed having a target holder for holding a solid dopant material. The ion source includes a thermocouple disposed proximate to the target holder for monitoring the temperature of the solid dopant material. In certain embodiments, a controller uses this temperature information to vary one or more parameters of the ion source, such as the arc voltage, the cathode bias voltage, the extracted beam current, or the position of the target holder within the arc chamber. Various embodiments are shown illustrating connections between the controller and the thermocouple. Additionally, embodiments are presented illustrating various placements of the thermocouple on the target holder.

[0008] According to one embodiment, an indirectly heated cathode ion source is disclosed. The indirectly heated cathode ion source includes an arc chamber with a plurality of walls connecting a first end and a second end, an indirectly heated cathode disposed at the first end of the arc chamber, a target holder having a pocket for holding a dopant material, a thermocouple in contact with the target holder, and a controller in communication with the thermocouple, the controller varying a parameter of the ion source based on a temperature measured by the thermocouple. In certain embodiments, the ion source further includes an actuator in communication with the target holder for moving the target holder between the first position and the second position, the parameter including a position of the target holder. In some embodiments, the parameter is selected from the group consisting of an arc voltage, a filament current, a cathode bias voltage, a flow rate of a supplied gas, and a beam extraction current. In certain embodiments, the ion source further includes a heating element in communication with the target holder, in which case the parameter includes a current supplied to the heating element. In some embodiments, the ion source further comprises an actuator assembly, the actuator assembly comprising a wire for electrically connecting the thermocouple to the controller, a housing, the housing including a rear housing, a front housing, and an outer housing connecting the rear housing and the front housing, a shaft attached to the target holder and having a retainer plate disposed within the housing, a bellows disposed within the housing and attached at one end to the retainer plate and at an opposite end to the rear housing, and an actuator for linearly translating the shaft. In some embodiments, a connector is mounted within the front housing, and a wire passes from the controller through a space between the outer housing and the bellows and terminates in the connector. In further embodiments, a second connector is connected to the connector, and a thermocouple wire is disposed between the second connector and the thermocouple. In some embodiments, the thermocouple wire is coiled to allow adjustment of the position of the target holder relative to the arc chamber. In some embodiments, the thermocouple wire is housed within an Inconel braid.In some embodiments, the thermocouple wire is housed within the alumina tube. In certain embodiments, the wire passes through the hollow interior of the shaft. In certain embodiments, the target holder includes a target base, a crucible plug, a crucible, and a porous plug. In some embodiments, the thermocouple is disposed on an exterior surface of the crucible. In some embodiments, a cavity is disposed on an interior surface of the target holder and the thermocouple is disposed within the cavity on the exterior surface of the crucible plug. In some embodiments, a potting material is used to hold the thermocouple in place. In some embodiments, a set screw is used to hold the thermocouple in place. In certain embodiments, a spring is disposed within the cavity to hold the thermocouple in place. In some embodiments, the ion source includes a heating element in communication with the target holder, the heating element including a resistive wire. In certain embodiments, the resistive wire is in communication with the crucible or the crucible plug.

[0009] According to another embodiment, an assembly for use with an ion source is disclosed. The assembly includes a connector, a thermocouple, and a wire disposed between the connector and the thermocouple. In certain embodiments, the wire is wound in a coil. In certain embodiments, the wire is individually insulated. In some embodiments, the insulated wire is housed within an Inconel braid. In certain embodiments, the insulated wire is housed within an alumina tube.

[0010] According to another embodiment, a target holder for holding dopant material for use in an ion source is disclosed. The target holder includes a target base, a crucible shaped as a hollow cylinder, a crucible plug covering one open end of the crucible and positioned proximate to the target base, a porous plug covering an opposite end of the crucible through which gaseous dopant material can pass, and a thermocouple in communication with the target holder. In certain embodiments, the thermocouple is positioned on an exterior surface of the crucible. In other embodiments, the thermocouple is positioned in a channel in the wall of the crucible. In some embodiments, there is a cavity positioned in the target base proximate to the crucible plug, and the thermocouple is positioned in the cavity proximate to the crucible plug. In certain embodiments, a channel is positioned in the target base, the channel communicating with the cavity to allow a wire to be routed to the thermocouple. In some embodiments, a potting material is used to hold the thermocouple in place. In certain embodiments, a set screw is used to hold the thermocouple in place. In some embodiments, the target holder comprises a shaft attached to the target base. In some embodiments, the interior of the shaft is hollow to allow wires to be routed through the hollow interior of the shaft to the thermocouple.

[0011] According to another embodiment, an indirectly heated cathode ion source is disclosed. The ion source includes an arc chamber with a plurality of walls connecting a first end and a second end, an indirectly heated cathode disposed at the first end of the arc chamber, a target holder having a pocket for holding a dopant material, the target holder being movable within the arc chamber, and a controller, the controller varying a position of the target holder within the arc chamber based on a temperature of the dopant material. In some embodiments, the temperature of the dopant material is determined using optical measurements, a pyrometer, a colored dot, a thermocouple, a wireless thermocouple reader, or an RTD (resistance temperature detector). In certain embodiments, the temperature of the dopant material is determined using a thermocouple. In some embodiments, the temperature of the dopant material is estimated based on the temperature of a component within the arc chamber.

[0012] For a better understanding of the present disclosure, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] 1 is an indirectly heated cathode (IHC) ion source with an insertable target holder according to one embodiment. [Diagram 2] 1 illustrates an actuator assembly and target holder according to one embodiment. [Diagram 3] 1 shows an actuator assembly and target holder according to a second embodiment. [Figure 4] 13 shows an actuator assembly and target holder according to a third embodiment. [Diagram 5] 1 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to one embodiment. [Figure 6] 13 shows the arrangement of thermocouples on a target holder according to a second embodiment. [Figure 7] 13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 8A]13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 8B] 13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 9A] 13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 9B] 13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 9C] 13 illustrates the placement of thermocouples on a target holder according to another embodiment. [Figure 10] 1 illustrates an actuator assembly and target holder according to an embodiment in which a resistive wire is used to heat the target holder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] As mentioned above, at very high temperatures, the solid dopant in the ion source may melt too quickly, resulting in unwanted dopant buildup in the arc chamber, and at low temperatures, the solid dopant may not melt at all.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an IHC ion source 10 having a target holder that overcomes these problems. The IHC ion source 10 includes an arc chamber 100 with two opposing ends and a wall 101 connecting the ends. The walls 101 of the arc chamber 100 may be constructed of a conductive material and may be in electrical communication with one another. In some embodiments, a liner may be disposed proximate one or more of the walls 101. A cathode 110 is disposed within the arc chamber 100 at a first end 104 of the arc chamber 100. A filament 160 is disposed behind the cathode 110. The filament 160 is in communication with a filament power supply 165. The filament power supply 165 is configured to pass a current through the filament 160. A cathode bias power supply 115 negatively biases the filament 160 with respect to the cathode 110, whereby the filament 160 emits thermionic electrons. These thermionic electrons are thus accelerated from the filament 160 towards the cathode 110, and when these thermionic electrons strike the backside of the cathode 110, they heat the cathode 110. The cathode bias power supply 115 may bias the filament 160 to have a voltage that is, for example, between 200V and 1500V more negative than the voltage of the cathode 110. The voltage difference between the cathode 110 and the filament 160 may be referred to as the cathode bias voltage. The cathode 110 then emits thermionic electrons on its front side into the arc chamber 100.

[0016] Thus, the filament power supply 165 provides current to the filament 160. The cathode bias power supply 115 biases the filament 160, making it more negative than the cathode 110. As a result, electrons are attracted from the filament 160 toward the cathode 110. In certain embodiments, the cathode 110 may be biased with respect to the arc chamber 100, such as by a bias power supply 111. The voltage difference between the arc chamber 100 and the cathode 110 may be referred to as the arc voltage. In other embodiments, the cathode 110 may be electrically connected to the arc chamber 100 such that it is at the same voltage as the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. In these embodiments, the bias power supply 111 may not be used and the cathode 110 may be electrically connected to the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. In certain embodiments, the arc chamber 100 is connected to an electrical ground.

[0017] A repeller 120 may be disposed at a second end 105 opposite the first end 104. The repeller 120 may be biased with respect to the arc chamber 100 by a repeller bias power supply 123. In other embodiments, the repeller 120 may be electrically connected to the arc chamber 100 such that the repeller 120 is at the same voltage as the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. In these embodiments, the repeller bias power supply 123 may not be used and the repeller 120 may be electrically connected to the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. In still other embodiments, the repeller 120 is not used.

[0018] The cathode 110 and the repeller 120 are each made of a conductive material such as metal or graphite.

[0019] In certain embodiments, a magnetic field is generated within the arc chamber 100. This magnetic field is intended to confine electrons along one direction. The magnetic field typically runs parallel to the wall 101 from the first end 104 to the second end 105. For example, the electrons may be confined in a column parallel to the direction from the cathode 110 to the repeller 120 (i.e., the y-direction). Thus, the electrons do not experience any electromagnetic force moving in the y-direction. However, electron movement in other directions may experience electromagnetic forces.

[0020] An extraction aperture 140 may be located on one side of the arc chamber 100, referred to as the extraction plate 103. In Figure 1, the extraction aperture 140 is located on the side parallel to the Y-Z plane (perpendicular to the page). In addition, the IHC ion source 10 also includes a gas inlet 106 through which a gas to be ionized may be introduced into the arc chamber 100.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrode may be disposed on respective opposing walls 101 of the arc chamber 100 such that the first electrode and the second electrode are on the wall adjacent to the extraction plate 103 in the arc chamber 100. The first electrode and the second electrode may each be biased by a respective power supply. In certain embodiments, the first electrode and the second electrode may be in communication with a common power supply. However, in other embodiments, the first electrode may be in communication with a first electrode power supply and the second electrode may be in communication with a second electrode power supply to allow for maximum flexibility and the ability to adjust the output of the IHC ion source 10.

[0022] The controller 180 may be in communication with one or more of the power supplies, whereby the voltage or current provided by these power supplies may be modified. The controller 180 may include a processing unit, such as a microcontroller, a personal computer, a dedicated controller, or another suitable processing unit. The controller 180 may also include a non-transitory storage element, such as a semiconductor memory, a magnetic memory, or another suitable memory. This non-transitory storage element may include instructions and other data that enable the controller 180 to perform the functions described herein.

[0023] The IHC ion source 10 also includes a target holder 190. The target holder 190 can be inserted into and retracted from the arc chamber 100. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the target holder 190 enters the arc chamber along one of the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. In a particular embodiment, the target holder 190 can enter the arc chamber 100 at a mid-plane between the first end 104 and the second end 105. In another embodiment, the target holder 190 can enter the arc chamber 100 at a location other than the mid-plane. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the target holder 190 enters the arc chamber 100 through a side opposite the extraction aperture 140. However, in other embodiments, the target holder 190 can enter through a side adjacent to the extraction plate 103. The target holder 190 can move between a first position and a second position.

[0024] The target holder 190 has a cavity or pocket 191. The dopant material 195 may be disposed therein. The pocket 191 may have a bottom surface and sidewalls extending upward from the bottom surface. In certain embodiments, the sidewalls may be vertical. In other embodiments, the sidewalls may slope outward from the bottom surface. In some embodiments, the sidewalls and the bottom surface meet at a rounded edge. The bottom surface and the sidewalls form a cavity that is closed at the bottom. In other words, similar to a conventional cup, the dopant material 195 is inserted or removed through an open top, while the sidewalls and the bottom surface form a sealed structure from which the dopant material 195 cannot exit. In another embodiment, the pocket 191 may be enclosed such that the dopant material 195 is disposed inside the pocket 191. For example, a hollow cylindrical crucible may be employed to form the pocket 191. A porous plug 192 may be used to hold the dopant material inside the pocket 191 and allow vapor to exit the pocket 191. The porous plug 192 may be, for example, graphite foam. The feed rate of the dopant material from the target holder 190 may also be controlled by adding patterned holes of various sizes in the porous plug 192 or any other wall of the target holder 190. Any of the walls of the target holder 190 may be a porous material and used for controlled delivery of the dopant material into the arc chamber 100.

[0025] A dopant material 195, such as indium, aluminum, antimony, or gallium, may be placed in the pocket 191 of the target holder 190. The dopant material 195 may be in the form of a solid when placed in the pocket 191. It may be in the form of a block of material, filings, shavings, balls, or other shapes. In certain embodiments, the dopant material 195 may melt and become liquid. Thus, in an embodiment, the target holder 190 is configured to enter the arc chamber 100 with the open end facing up and the closed bottom facing down, so that the molten dopant material 195 cannot flow from the target holder 190 into the arc chamber 100, but rather remains within the target holder 190. In other words, the IHC ion source 10 and the target holder 190 are oriented such that the dopant material 195 is held within the pocket 191 by gravity.

[0026] The thermocouple 198 may be proximate to the target holder 190 or the dopant material 195. The thermocouple 198 may be in communication with the controller 180. The thermocouple 198 may include one or more wires 199 that electrically connect the thermocouple 198 to the controller 180.

[0027] In certain embodiments, the thermocouple 198 may be fixed to the outside of the target holder 190. In other embodiments, the thermocouple 198 may include a rigid sheath that may be used to position it relative to the target holder. In another embodiment, the measurement point of the thermocouple may be directly inside the pocket 191 that holds the dopant material 195. In these embodiments, corrosion of the thermocouple 198 may be prevented by using a ceramic insulator sheath to protect the thermocouple wires.

[0028] During operation, the filament power supply 165 passes a current through the filament 160, causing the filament 160 to emit thermionic electrons. These electrons strike the backside of the cathode 110, which may be more positive than the filament 160, causing the cathode 110 to heat up, which in turn causes the cathode 110 to emit electrons into the arc chamber 100. These electrons collide with molecules of a gas that is supplied into the arc chamber 100 through the gas inlet 106. A carrier gas, such as argon, or an etching gas, such as fluorine, may be introduced into the arc chamber 100 through a suitably positioned gas inlet 106. The combination of the electrons from the cathode 110, the gas, and the positive potential creates a plasma. In certain embodiments, the electrons and positive ions may be somewhat confined by a magnetic field. In certain embodiments, the plasma is confined near the center of the arc chamber 100, close to the extraction aperture 140. Chemical etching or sputtering by the plasma converts the dopant material 195 into a gas phase and causes ionization. The ionized feed material can then be extracted through the extraction aperture 140 and used to prepare an ion beam.

[0029] Negative ions and neutral atoms that are sputtered or otherwise ejected from the dopant material 195 are attracted toward the plasma because the plasma is maintained at a more positive voltage than the target holder 190 .

[0030] In certain embodiments, the dopant material 195 is heated and vaporized by the heat generated by the plasma. However, in other embodiments, the dopant material 195 may be heated by additional means. For example, a heating element 170 may be disposed in or on the target holder 190 to further heat the dopant material 195. The heating element 170 may be a resistive heating element or some other type of heater.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the target holder 190 may be made of a conductive material and may be grounded. In another embodiment, the target holder 190 may be made of a conductive material and may be electrically floating. In another embodiment, the target holder 190 may be made of a conductive material and may be maintained at the same voltage as the wall 101. In other embodiments, the target holder 190 may be made of an insulating material.

[0032] In yet another embodiment, the target holder 190 may be electrically biased with respect to the arc chamber 100. For example, the target holder 190 may be made of a conductive material and may be biased by a separate power supply (not shown) to a different voltage than the walls 101. This voltage may be more positive or more negative than the voltage applied to the walls 101. In this manner, the electrical bias may be used to sputter the dopant material 195.

[0033] The controller 180 may monitor the temperature of the dopant material 195 using the thermocouple 198. In certain embodiments, the controller 180 may be in communication with the thermocouple 198 and the heating element 170. Thus, the controller 180 may control the heating element 170 to maintain the dopant material 195 at a desired or predetermined temperature. In other words, the controller 180 may vary the current through the heating element 170 to maintain the desired temperature as measured by the thermocouple 198. This may allow the controller 180 to control the feed rate of the dopant material 195 into the arc chamber 100. In other embodiments, the controller 180 may measure the temperature of the dopant material 195 indirectly, such as by measuring the temperature of the target holder 190 or some other component.

[0034] The target holder 190 communicates with one end of the shaft 200. The opposite end of the shaft 200 may communicate with an actuator assembly 300. The actuator assembly 300 may be mounted directly to one of the walls 101. In other embodiments, the actuator assembly 300 may be spaced apart from the wall 101 to allow the actuator assembly 300 to retract the target holder 190 from the main cylinder of the arc chamber 100. Through the action of the actuator assembly 300, the target holder 190 may move linearly within the arc chamber 100.

[0035] 2 illustrates one embodiment of an actuator assembly 300. In this embodiment, the actuator assembly 300 includes a rear housing 310 and a front housing 340. The front housing 340 may be bolted or otherwise coupled to one of the walls 101 of the arc chamber 100. Alternatively, the front housing 340 may be spaced apart from the wall 101. An outer housing 360 may be used to couple the rear housing 310 and the front housing 340.

[0036] Inside the rear housing 310 is an actuator 320. The actuator 320 may have a drive shaft 325. In a particular embodiment, the actuator 320 is an electric motor, although other types of actuators may be used. In one embodiment, the drive shaft 325 has a threaded distal end 326. A corresponding threaded member 330 may be in communication with the threaded distal end 326. The threaded member 330 may be attached to the shaft 200. In this manner, as the drive shaft 325 rotates, the threaded member 330 is either drawn into the actuator 320 or moved away from the actuator 320, depending on the direction of rotation. Because the shaft 200 is attached to the threaded member 330, the shaft 200 is also translated linearly in the X direction by the rotational movement of the drive shaft 325. This allows the target holder 190 to be positioned at different locations within the arc chamber 100.

[0037] In this embodiment, the shaft 200 includes a retaining plate 210. The retaining plate 210 is disposed inside the actuator assembly 300 and behind the front housing 340. The retaining plate 210 is welded or otherwise coupled to a bellows 350. In certain embodiments, the bellows 350 may be metal. The bellows 350 may also be welded or otherwise attached to the rear housing 310. The bellows 350 and the retaining plate 210 form a barrier between the reduced pressure conditions within the arc chamber 100 and the atmospheric conditions outside the arc chamber 100. Thus, as the drive shaft 325 rotates, the bellows 350 expands and contracts based on the direction of movement of the shaft 200.

[0038] It should be noted that the thermocouple 198 is located inside the arc chamber 100 to maintain the integrity of the reduced pressure conditions while requiring the wire 199 to exit the arc chamber 100. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, a first connector 390 is mounted on the front housing 340 inside the arc chamber 100. The wire 199 extends from outside the actuator assembly 300 to the first connector 390. In this embodiment, a channel 311 may be formed in the rear housing 310 to allow the wire 199 to exit the actuator assembly 300. The wire 199 may then pass within the space between the bellows 350 and the outer housing 360. This space is part of the reduced pressure environment, and therefore a reduced pressure feedthrough 370 is used to maintain the reduced pressure. The reduced pressure feedthrough is a member that allows the wire 199 to pass but maintains a pressure difference between the two sides of the feedthrough. Thus, the wire 199 passes through the channel 311 in the rear housing 310 and then through the reduced pressure feedthrough 370. The wire 199 then passes through the space between the outer housing 360 and the bellows 350 , and finally terminates in the first connector 390 .

[0039] A second connector 391 connects with the first connector 390. A thermocouple wire 197 extends from the second connector 391 to the thermocouple 198. The thermocouple 198 may be a K-type thermocouple. The thermocouple wire 197 attached to the thermocouple 198 may also be insulated. For example, in one embodiment, each of the two thermocouple wires 197 are individually coated with an insulating material. The two thermocouple wires 197 may then be wound together as an Inconel braid. In other words, the thermocouple wires 197 are individually coated for electrical insulation and then the pair is wound to protect them from the harsh environment in the arc chamber 100. In another embodiment, the thermocouple wires 197 may be housed in an alumina tube.

[0040] In a particular embodiment, the thermocouple wire 197 is coiled, as shown in Figure 2. In this manner, as the target holder 190 extends and retracts, the thermocouple wire 197 is coiled and uncoiled to compensate for changes in length.

[0041] In one embodiment, the thermocouple 198, thermocouple wire 197, and second connector 391 may be replaceable parts. Additionally, as described above, the thermocouple wire 197 in this embodiment may be individually insulated and then wound as a braid. Additionally, the thermocouple wire 197 may be wound in a coil to allow for length changes without kinking or interference.

[0042] For example, a heating element 170 may be disposed in or on the target holder 190 to further heat the dopant material 195. In certain embodiments, the wires associated with the heating element 170 are wired with a thermocouple wire 197.

[0043] The thermocouple 198 may be attached to the target holder 190 in several ways, which are described below.

[0044] FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of an actuator assembly 300. Many of the components are the same as those illustrated in FIG. 2 and are given the same reference numbers. In this embodiment, the shaft 200 may be hollow so that the thermocouple wires 197 may be routed through the interior of the shaft 200. The shaft 200 also has an opening 201 to the hollow interior. The opening 201 may be located on the side of the retaining plate 210 further away from the target holder 190. In this manner, the opening 201 is at atmospheric conditions. If the thermocouple 198 is located within the hollow interior of the shaft 200, a reduced pressure feedthrough may not be required. However, if the thermocouple 198 is located on the exterior surface of the target holder 190, such as shown in FIG. 4, a reduced pressure feedthrough 370 may be used to preserve the reduced pressure within the arc chamber 100. The reduced pressure feedthrough 370 would be located at the entrance to the hollow interior of the shaft 200.

[0045] The thermocouple wire 197 may pass through the opening 201 and exit through a channel 311 in the rear housing 310. In certain embodiments, one or more cable mounts 351 may be used to hold the thermocouple wire 197 in place. In certain embodiments, the wire 199 leading to the controller 180 is the same as the thermocouple wire 197 passing through the hollow interior of the shaft 200. In other embodiments, a connector is placed between the thermocouple 198 and the controller 180 to create two separate wire segments. For example, the portion of the thermocouple wire exposed to the plasma may need to be replaced more frequently. Therefore, this section of wire may be formed as a replaceable unit by inserting a connector between the thermocouple 198 and the controller 180.

[0046] Thus, in this embodiment, the shaft has a hollow interior that is used to route the thermocouple wires 197 from the thermocouple 198 to the interior of the actuator assembly 300. As mentioned, if the thermocouple 198 is placed in a reduced pressure, as shown in Figure 4, a reduced pressure feedthrough 370 may be employed at the entrance to the interior of the shaft 200.

[0047] In certain embodiments, the thermocouple wires 197 are individually insulated and then wound together as an Inconel braid or within an alumina tube. In other embodiments, an Inconel braid is not employed since the thermocouple wires are protected by the shaft 200.

[0048] Figures 2-4 illustrate several systems that may be used to route wires from the controller 180 to the thermocouple 198. Figures 5-9 show various embodiments for placement of the thermocouple 198 on the target holder 190.

[0049] 5 shows a close-up view of the target holder 190. In certain embodiments, the target holder 190 comprises a target base 193 that is fixed or otherwise attached to the shaft 200. The target holder 190 may also include a crucible 196. The crucible 196 holds the dopant material 195. In certain embodiments, the crucible 196 may be made of graphite. In some embodiments, the crucible 196 may be a hollow cylinder having two open ends. A crucible plug 194 may be disposed between the crucible 196 and the target base 193. The crucible plug 194 is used to block one of the open ends of the crucible 196. A clamp 410 may be used to secure the target base 193 to the crucible 196. As described above, a porous plug 192 may be used to block the second open end of the crucible 196. As mentioned above, this porous plug 192 may be made from graphite foam or other suitable material.

[0050] 5, a thermocouple 198 is mounted on the exterior of the crucible 196. A potting material 400 may be used to hold the thermocouple 198 in place. A thermocouple wire 197 may be routed along the exterior of the target holder 190.

[0051] Figure 6 shows another embodiment of the target holder 190. Many of the components are the same as those shown in Figure 5 and are given the same reference numbers. In this embodiment, a conduit 420 is formed in the target base 193 and optionally in the crucible plug 194. A thermocouple wire 197 passes through the conduit 420 and a thermocouple 198 is attached on the exterior surface of the crucible 196 as is done in Figure 5. A potting material 400 can be used to hold the thermocouple 198 in place.

[0052] Figure 7 shows another embodiment of the target holder 190. Many of the components are the same as those shown in Figure 6 and are given the same reference numbers. In this embodiment, rather than using a potting material to hold the thermocouple 198 in place, a set screw 430 is used. The set screw 430 may be threaded into a threaded hole in the crucible 196. In some embodiments, the threaded hole does not extend all the way to the interior of the crucible 196.

[0053] Note that set screw 430 may be used with the embodiment of Figure 5. In other words, the thermocouple wires 197 may be routed around the exterior of the target holder 190 and secured to the crucible 196 using set screw 430.

[0054] 5-7 show a different target holder 190 in which a thermocouple 198 contacts the exterior surface of a crucible 196. This thermocouple 198 may be attached to the crucible 196 using a potting material 400 or a set screw 430. Other fastening techniques may also be employed.

[0055] Additionally, the thermocouple 198 may be embedded in the wall of the crucible 196. FIG. 8A shows an embodiment in which a channel 440 is formed in the wall of the crucible. Many of the components are the same as those shown in FIG. 6 and are given the same reference numbers. The channel 440 is narrower than the width of the wall of the crucible 196. The thermocouple 198 is inserted into the channel 440. A potting material (not shown) may be used to hold the thermocouple 198 in place. In this embodiment, the channel 440 may extend through the target base 193 and optionally the crucible plug 194. In another embodiment shown in FIG. 8B, the channel 440 exits the outer surface of the crucible 196. In this embodiment, the channel does not extend through the target base 193 or the crucible plug 194.

[0056] In another embodiment, the channel 440 may extend all the way to the pocket 191, such that the thermocouple 198 actually contacts the interior of the pocket 191 and / or the dopant material 195. In these embodiments, a ceramic insulator sheath may be employed to protect the thermocouple 198 and the thermocouple wire 197.

[0057] The thermocouple 198 may also contact the crucible plug 194 as shown in Figures 9A-9C. Many of the components are the same as those shown in Figure 6 and are given the same reference numbers. In these embodiments, a cavity 450 is disposed within the target base 193. The cavity 450 provides a location where the thermocouple 198 may be disposed. A channel 460 is formed within the target base 193 from the outer surface of the target base 193 to the cavity 450. The thermocouple wire 197 enters the cavity 450 through the channel 460. Figure 9A shows the thermocouple 198 held in place through the use of potting material 400. Figure 9B shows the thermocouple 198 held in place using a set screw 430. Figure 9C shows the thermocouple 198 held in place through the use of a spring 470. Of course, other force based means may be used to hold the thermocouple 198 in place.

[0058] While the disclosure above describes various devices for wiring wires for thermocouples 198 to the target holder 190, the same techniques can also be used to wire resistive wires to the target holder 190. These resistive wires may be employed as heating elements 170. For example, as shown in Figures 1-4, the resistive wires may be in contact with all or part of the exterior surface of the crucible 196. The resistive wires may be wired using the same means as shown in Figures 2-7. Alternatively, the resistive wires may be embedded within the walls of the crucible, similar to the embodiment shown in Figures 8A-8B. In another embodiment, the resistive wires may be in contact with the crucible plug 194, such as shown in Figures 9A-9C. Passing a current through the resistive wires generates heat. This allows the controller 180 to control the temperature of the dopant material 195 by another mechanism.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the resistive wires are bundled with the thermocouple wires 197. In these embodiments, the resistive wires are routed together with the thermocouple wires 197.

[0060] In other embodiments, the resistive wires are provided as a separate braid or bundle and run through the same pathway as the thermocouple wires 197 .

[0061] In yet another embodiment, the resistive wire may contact a portion of the target holder 190, such as the crucible 196, while the thermocouple 198 contacts another portion of the target holder 190, such as the crucible plug 194. FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment in which the resistive wire 500 is separate from the thermocouple wire 197. This embodiment is similar to FIG. 2, but includes a third connector 510 and a fourth connector 520. The third connector 510 may be attached to the front housing 340. A wire 540 from the controller 180 is routed to the third connector 510. In certain embodiments, the components used to route the wire 540 are similar to the components for routing the wire 199. For example, the resistive wire 500, which may employ a channel 311 and a reduced pressure feedthrough 370, may be coiled to allow for length variation and may be coupled to the exterior of the crucible or to the crucible plug.

[0062] Although FIG. 10 shows third and fourth connectors, it should be understood that resistive wire 500 may be routed along with wire 199 and larger connectors may be used.

[0063] Alternatively, resistive wire 500 may be routed through shaft 200 similar to the routing of wire 199 shown in FIGS.

[0064] The above disclosure describes various embodiments that enable the controller 180 to monitor the temperature of the dopant material 195 by measuring the temperature of the components (i.e., the crucible, the crucible plug, etc.) using the thermocouple 198. The controller 180 may use this information in a variety of ways.

[0065] It may be advantageous to heat the dopant material 195 to a temperature within a predetermined range. For example, at low temperatures, the dopant material 195 does not melt, and therefore dopant vapor is not emitted from the target holder 190. However, at too high temperatures, the melting rate of the dopant material may be too high. This may cause a buildup of the dopant material in the arc chamber 100. Furthermore, variations in the melting rate may also affect the beam current and other parameters.

[0066] By monitoring the temperature at or near the target holder 190, the controller 180 can better regulate the temperature of the dopant material 195. For example, the controller 180 may monitor the temperature of the dopant material 195. If the temperature is not within a predetermined range, the controller may change the current through the filament power supply 165, change the arc voltage, change the cathode bias voltage, change the flow rate of gas into the arc chamber 100, change the position of the target holder 190 within the arc chamber 100, change the beam extraction current, or perform a combination of these actions. Additionally, if first and second electrodes are disposed on the wall 101, the voltages applied to these electrodes may also be changed by the controller 180 based on the temperature of the dopant material 195. Additionally, in embodiments where a heater is employed, such as through the use of resistive wire 500, the controller 180 may change the current through the heater to change the temperature of the dopant material 195.

[0067] In certain embodiments, the controller 180 may move the position of the target holder 190 within the arc chamber 100 based on the temperature of the dopant material 195. For example, the target holder 190 may heat to a higher temperature when positioned directly within the cylindrical region defined between the cathode 110 and the repeller 120. To slow the heating of the dopant material, the target holder 190 may be moved linearly to be outside of this cylindrical region. Conversely, to increase the temperature of the dopant material 195, the target holder 190 may be moved into this cylindrical region.

[0068] The controller 180 may employ various closed-loop algorithms to determine parameters associated with the IHC ion source 10 based on the temperature obtained by the thermocouple 198 .

[0069] Although the above disclosure describes the use of a thermocouple 198, other temperature sensors may also be used. For example, optical measurements, pyrometers, and colored dots are all indirect methods of detecting the temperature of the target holder 190. RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) and wireless thermocouple readers may also be employed. Thus, the above disclosure is not limited to the use of thermocouples.

[0070] Additionally, although the above disclosure describes the thermocouple 198 as being in contact with the target holder 190 or the dopant material 195, other embodiments are possible. For example, the thermocouple 198 (or other temperature sensor) may measure the temperature of another component within the arc chamber 100 and estimate the temperature of the dopant material based on the measured temperature. The other component may be a wall of the arc chamber 100, the shaft 200, the repeller 120, the front housing 340, or another component.

[0071] Additionally, the above-described control may be performed using open-loop techniques. For example, empirical data may be collected to determine the temperature of the dopant material as a function of various parameters, such as cathode bias voltage, arc voltage, feed gas flow rate, and target holder position. The empirical data may also determine the temperature of the dopant material as a function of time. Using tables or equations, the controller 180 may vary one or more of the parameters to maintain the temperature of the dopant material 195 within a predetermined range. For example, the controller 180 may move the target holder 190 over time to maintain its temperature within a desired range.

[0072] Although the above disclosure describes the use of the target holder in an indirectly heated cathode ion source, the disclosure is not limited to this embodiment. The target holder, actuator assembly, and thermocouple may also be employed in other ion or plasma sources, such as a capacitively coupled plasma source, an inductively coupled plasma source, a Berna source, or another suitable source.

[0073] The embodiments described above in this application may have many advantages. The use of an insertable target holder allows pure metal dopants to be used as sputter targets in environments above their melting temperature. Traditionally, oxides / ceramics or other solid compounds containing dopants with melting temperatures above 1200° C. are used. The use of dopant-containing compounds rather than pure materials significantly dilutes the available dopant material. For example, when using Al2O3 instead of pure aluminum, the stoichiometry of the ceramic composition may introduce impurities into the plasma as well as result in undesirable mass matching with the dopant of interest, leading to lower beam currents than pure elemental targets. The use of Al2O3 may also lead to the generation of undesirable by-products such as oxides and nitrides that may be deposited along the beamline and impair the operation of the ion implanter. For example, the beam optics may be chemically cleaned after the use of Al2O3 to maintain ion beam stability.

[0074] In one experiment, beam currents up to 4.7 mA were realized using a pure Al sputter target, while maximum beam currents of less than 2 mA would be achievable using an Al2O3 target. The use of pure metals would also increase the multicharge beam current by 50%-75% compared to beam currents obtained from oxides / ceramics of the same metal species. The insertable container allows access to large quantities of pure metal when needed, and the solid target can be safely removed from the arc chamber to utilize other species.

[0075] Furthermore, by monitoring the temperature of the dopant material, the ion source can be controlled to ensure that the melting rate of the dopant material is within a predetermined range. Specifically, without temperature control, the dopant supply can be unstable, causing inconsistent beam performance and prone to thermal runaway resulting in undesirable accumulation of dopant material in the arc chamber. Thus, temperature control prevents exponential growth of dopant vapor in the arc chamber. It also allows for faster tuning of the ion source.

[0076] Additionally, by monitoring the temperature of the dopant material, this information can be used in the beam tuning process, thus making the beam performance more reliable.

[0077] The scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described herein. Various embodiments of the present disclosure and modifications of the present disclosure other than those described above will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the above description and the accompanying drawings, as well as those described herein. Therefore, such other embodiments and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore, although the present disclosure has been described herein in the context of a specific implementation in a specific environment for a specific purpose, those skilled in the art will recognize that its usefulness is not limited thereto, and the present disclosure may be beneficially implemented in any number of environments for any number of purposes. Therefore, the claims set forth below should be construed in light of the full breadth and spirit of the present disclosure as described herein.

Claims

1. 1. A target holder for holding a dopant material for use in an ion source, the target holder comprising: Target-based, a crucible shaped as a hollow cylinder; and a porous plug covering one open end of said crucible, said porous plug allowing passage of gaseous dopant material therethrough; wherein the porous plug comprises graphite foam. Target holder.

2. The target holder of claim 1 , further comprising a crucible plug covering an opposite open end of the crucible and positioned adjacent the target base.

3. The target holder of claim 1 , further comprising a thermocouple in communication with the target holder.

4. The target holder of claim 3 , wherein the thermocouple is attached to an exterior surface of the crucible.

5. The target holder of claim 3 , wherein the thermocouple is disposed in a channel in a wall of the crucible.

6. 4. The target holder of claim 3, further comprising a crucible plug covering an opposite open end of the crucible and positioned proximate to the target base, a cavity positioned within the target base proximate to the crucible plug, and the thermocouple positioned within the cavity proximate to the crucible plug.

7. The target holder of claim 6 , wherein a channel is disposed in the target base, the channel communicating with the cavity to allow a wire to be routed to the thermocouple.

8. 4. The target holder of claim 3, further comprising a shaft attached to the target base, the shaft having a hollow interior to allow wires to be routed through the hollow interior of the shaft to the thermocouple.

9. The target holder of claim 1 , further comprising a heating element in communication with the target holder, the heating element comprising a resistive wire.

10. The target holder of claim 1 , further comprising a clamp securing the crucible to the target base.

11. The target holder of claim 1 , wherein the target base is attached to a shaft.

12. 1. An indirectly heated cathode ion source comprising: an arc chamber having a plurality of walls connecting a first end and a second end; an indirectly heated cathode disposed at the first end of the arc chamber; and The target holder according to claim 1 . a cathode ion source comprising:

13. The cathode ion source of claim 12 , wherein the target base is attached to a shaft.

14. The cathode ion source of claim 13 further comprising an actuator in communication with the shaft for moving the target holder within the arc chamber.

15. 1. An indirectly heated cathode ion source comprising: an arc chamber having a plurality of walls connecting a first end and a second end; an indirectly heated cathode disposed at the first end of the arc chamber; a shaft extending into the arc chamber; and Target Holder The target holder comprises: a target base attached to the shaft; a crucible shaped as a hollow cylinder; and a porous plug covering one open end of said crucible, said porous plug allowing passage of gaseous dopant material therethrough; wherein the porous plug comprises graphite foam. Cathode ion source.

16. 16. The cathode ion source of claim 15, further comprising a crucible plug covering an opposite open end of the crucible and positioned proximate to the target base.

17. The cathode ion source of claim 15 further comprising a thermocouple in communication with the target holder.

18. The cathode ion source of claim 17 , wherein the thermocouple is attached to an exterior surface of the crucible.

19. The cathode ion source of claim 17 , wherein the thermocouple is disposed in a channel in a wall of the crucible.

20. 18. The cathode ion source of claim 17, further comprising a crucible plug covering an opposite open end of the crucible and positioned proximate to the target base, a cavity being positioned within the target base proximate to the crucible plug, and the thermocouple being positioned within the cavity proximate to the crucible plug.

21. The cathode ion source of claim 20 , wherein a channel is disposed in the target base, the channel communicating with the cavity to allow a wire to be routed to the thermocouple.

22. 20. The cathode ion source of claim 17, further comprising a shaft attached to said target base, said shaft having a hollow interior to allow wires to be routed through said hollow interior to said thermocouple.

23. The cathode ion source of claim 15 further comprising a heating element in communication with the target holder, the heating element comprising a resistive wire.

24. The cathode ion source of claim 15 further comprising a clamp that secures the crucible to the target base.

25. The cathode ion source of claim 15 further comprising an actuator in communication with the shaft for moving the target holder within the arc chamber.

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