Ephemeris data signaling delta over time

Abstract

According to some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device includes receiving a broadcast of full ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the full ephemeris data occurring at a first period; determining a location of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data; receiving a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; and determining a location of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to wireless communications, and more particularly, to ephemeris data signaling for non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs). [Background technology]

[0002] In general, all terms used herein should be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and / or suggested by the context of use. All references to elements, apparatus, components, means, steps, etc. should be openly interpreted as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless expressly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is expressly described as being next to or prior to another step and / or unless it is implied that a step must be next to or prior to another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, where appropriate. Similarly, any advantage of any embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment, and vice versa. Other objects, features, and advantages of the described embodiments will become apparent from the following description.

[0003] The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications include the Evolved Packet System (EPS). EPS is based on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) radio and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Originally intended to provide voice and Mobile Broadband (MBB) services, it has continuously evolved to broaden its functionality. For example, Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and LTE for Machines (LTE-M) are part of the LTE specification and provide connectivity to Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) services.

[0004] 3GPP also includes the 5G System (5GS). This new generation radio access technology is intended to provide use cases such as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), and mMTC. The 5G specifications include the New Radio (NR) access layer interface and the 5G Core Network (5GC). The NR physical and higher layers reuse parts of the LTE specifications and add components as required for new use cases.

[0005] 3GPP is also working to prepare NR for operation in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) (see 3GPP Technical Report (TR) 38.811). In parallel, interest is growing to adapt LTE for operation in NTNs. As a result, 3GPP is considering introducing support for NTNs for both LTE and NR.

[0006] A satellite radio access network typically includes the following components: a gateway connecting the satellite network to a core network, a satellite (e.g., a satellite platform), a terminal (e.g., a user equipment (UE)), a feeder link between the gateway and the satellite, and a service link between the satellite and the terminal. The link from the gateway to the terminal is often called a forwarding link, and the link from the terminal to the gateway is often called a return link.

[0007] Depending on the orbital altitude, satellites may be categorized as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Geostationary (GEO) satellites. LEOs include typical altitudes ranging from 250 to 1,500 km, and orbital periods ranging from 90 to 130 minutes. MEOs include typical altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 25,000 km, and orbital periods ranging from 2 to 14 hours. GEOs include altitudes of approximately 35,786 km, and orbital periods of 24 hours.

[0008] Satellite systems tend to have significantly higher path loss than terrestrial networks due to their significant orbital height. Overcoming path loss often requires that the access and feeder links operate in line-of-sight conditions and that the UE be equipped with antennas that provide high beam directionality.

[0009] A communication satellite typically generates several beams over a given area. The beam footprint is usually elliptical in shape and has traditionally been considered a cell. The beam footprint is also often called a spot beam. The beam footprint may move across the Earth's surface with the satellite moving or may be Earth-fixed with a beam-pointing mechanism used by the satellite to compensate for its movement. The size of the spot beam depends on the system design and can range from tens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers. Figure 1 shows an example satellite network architecture with bent pipe transponders.

[0010] Compared to beams observed in terrestrial networks, NTN beams may be extremely wide and may cover areas outside of the area defined by the served cell. Beams covering adjacent cells overlap, causing significant levels of inter-cell interference. A typical approach to overcome the large levels of interference in NTNs involves configuring different cells with different carrier frequencies and polarization modes.

[0011] 3GPP TR 38.821 captures the idea that ephemeris data should be provided to the UE, for example to help point a directional antenna (or antenna beam) towards a satellite, and to calculate the correct Timing Advance (TA) and Doppler Shift. The procedures on how to provide and update ephemeris data have not yet been studied in detail, but one option is to broadcast the ephemeris data within the system information.

[0012] A satellite orbit can be fully described using six parameters. The user can choose exactly which set of parameters to use, and many different implementations are possible. For example, the set of parameters (α, ε, i, Ω, ω, t) is often used in astronomy, where the semi-major axis "α" and eccentricity "ε" indicate the shape and size of the orbital ellipse, the inclination "i", the ascending node "Ω", and the declination of the periapsis "ω" determine the position in space, and the epoch "t" determines the reference time (e.g., the time when the satellite moves through periapsis).

[0013] This set of parameters is illustrated in Figure 2, where periapsis refers to the point at which the trajectory is closest to the Earth, the First Point of Aries refers to the direction towards the Sun at the vernal equinox, and the ascending node refers to the point at which the trajectory passes upward through the equatorial plane.

[0014] As an example of a different parametrization, the Two Line Element Set (TLE) uses mean motion "n" and mean anomaly (M) instead of a and t. A completely different set of parameters is the satellite position and velocity vector (x, y, z, v x , v y , v z ) These are sometimes called orbital state vectors. They are derived from the orbital elements, and vice versa, since the information they contain is equivalent. These formulas (and many others) are possible choices for the format of the ephemeris data used in the NTN. To allow for further evolution, the format of the data should be harmonized.

[0015] It is important that the UE is able to determine the satellite's position with an accuracy of at least a few meters, but some studies have shown that this can be difficult to achieve when using the de facto standard of TLE. On the other hand, LEO satellites often have GNSS receivers and can determine their position with several meter-level accuracy.

[0016] Another aspect captured in 3GPP TR 38.821 is the validity time of the ephemeris data. Predictions of satellite positions generally deteriorate with the age of the ephemeris data used due to atmospheric drag, satellite maneuvers, imperfections in the orbit model used, etc. Therefore, publicly available TLE data is updated, for example, quite frequently. The update frequency depends on the satellite and its orbit, for example, the update frequency may range from many times a day (e.g., for satellites in very low orbits that are exposed to strong atmospheric drag and often need to perform corrective maneuvers) to once a week (e.g., for satellites in relatively higher orbits or exposed to lower atmospheric drag).

[0017] Thus, while it may be possible to provide the required accuracy for satellite positions, care needs to be taken to meet these requirements, for example, when selecting the ephemeris data format or when selecting the orbit model used for orbital propagation.

[0018] System Information (SI) is an important function within a cellular communication system. It provides wireless devices (e.g., UEs) with the information necessary to access the network and perform other functions, such as inter-cell reselection and receiving Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) transmissions within a cellular network operating according to 3GPP standards. Additionally, in 3GPP cellular systems, the System Information mechanism is used to convey public warning system messages, such as Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) messages and Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) messages within the 3GPP cellular communication system.

[0019] In LTE, system information is provided using periodic broadcasting in each cell. The SI is divided into a Master Information Block (MIB) and several System Information Blocks (SIBs). The MIB and SIB1 are broadcasted with a fixed periodicity in the standard. The other SIBs are broadcasted with different periodicities as configured in SIB1.

[0020] In the 5G system called New Radio (NR) (where the RAN is called Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) and the core network is called Next Generation Core (NGC)), 3GPP has partially changed the principles for distribution of system information (SI) used in LTE.

[0021] In NR, SI is divided into "minimum SI" and "other SI", where minimum SI is the SI required to access the cell, and in the case of NR standalone model (i.e. not dual connectivity setup with LTE), minimum SI also contains scheduling information for SIBs of other SI. Minimum SI consists of Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block type 1 (SIB1). SIB1 is also called "Residual Minimum System Information" (RMSI).

[0022] At least in NR independent mode, the minimum SI is broadcast periodically in the cell, and other SI may either be broadcast periodically or carried on demand triggered by a request from the UE. The granularity of the division into periodically broadcast SI and on-demand SI is at the level of the SI message. Whether a particular SI message is broadcast periodically or provided on-demand is indicated in SIB1 (using the si-BroadcastStatus parameter). A UE in Radio Resource Control (RRC) idle (RRC_IDLE), inactive (RRC_INACTIVE), or connected (RRC_CONNECTED) state can request on-demand SI messages either using a random access preamble (referred to as the Msg1-based method) or using a random access message 3 (referred to as the Msg3-based method).

[0023] If random access preamble (Msg1) transmission is used, there may be different preambles to request different SI messages (and thus SIBs assigned to the SI messages) of other SIs. The mapping between the random access preamble and the requested SI messages is configured in SIB1. If random access message 3 (Msg3) transmission is used, the UE may specify in such message which SI messages (and thus SIBs assigned to the SI messages) of other SIs the UE wants the network to broadcast / send.

[0024] A request for an on-demand SI message triggers the network to broadcast the requested SI message for a limited time according to the scheduling information associated with that SI message in SIB1. The network also sends an acknowledgement message to the requesting UE. In the Msg1-based request method, the network responds with an acknowledging random access message 2 (Msg2). In the Msg3-based request method, the network responds with an acknowledging random access message 4 (Msg4).

[0025] The periodic broadcast of system information (SI) is largely designed following the same principles in NR as in LTE. As in LTE, the Master Information Block (MIB) is transmitted at a fixed position relative to the synchronization signal. The situation for SIB1 is slightly different in NR than in LTE. SIB1 has a period of 160 ms, but may be repeated multiple times within these 160 ms, with the transmission configuration indicated in the MIB. The remaining SIBs are scheduled within SIB1 and transmitted on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in the same way as in LTE.

[0026] Different SIBs can have different periodicities. SIBs with the same periodicity are assigned to the same SI message, and all SI messages are associated with a periodic SI window in which the SI message should be transmitted. The SI windows of different SI messages have different periodicities, do not overlap, and all have the same duration. Note that the exact transmission opportunity of the SI message is not set, only the window in which it is transmitted. To indicate that the PDSCH transmission contains an SI message, the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) of the physical downlink shared channel (PDCCH) scheduling downlink control information (DCI) that allocates the PDSCH transmission resource is scrambled within the system information radio network temporary identifier (SI-RNTI).

[0027] The receiving UE exploits the non-overlapping nature of the SI windows to identify which SI message it will receive (and therefore which SIB it contains). The SI messages themselves do not contain any indication to distinguish one SI message from another. The principle of allocating SI messages from the SIBs and scheduling SI messages within an SI window is illustrated in Figure 3, where each SI message is transmitted within its own SI window, whose occurrence in time depends on the SI message period and the position of the SI message in the list within SIB1.

[0028] Note that all SI messages have a configured schedule, whether they are broadcast periodically or provided on demand, in which case the scheduled broadcast opportunity is used only if the network (e.g., gNB) receives a request for that SI message.

[0029] The ASI.1 definition of SI scheduling related parameters in SIB1 and the associated field descriptions are given below. JPEG0007628178000001.jpg241170JPEG0007628178000002.jpg59170JPEG0007628178000003.jpg91170 JPEG0007628178000004.jpg92170JPEG0007628178000005.jpg113170JPEG0007628178000006.jpg102170

[0030] The basic principles for SI updates are the same in LTE and NR. They are built around the concept of SI modification periods. With some exceptions, SI can only be updated at the boundary between two SI modification periods. Furthermore, planned SI updates must be announced within the SI modification period before the actual SI update. Such announcements are made using a paging mechanism, i.e., notifications on the paging channel are used to inform UEs in RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and RRC_CONNECTED about the upcoming system information changes. In NR, notifications of the upcoming SI updates are conveyed via so-called "short messages", i.e., included in the DCI (with CRC scrambled with the paging RNTI (P-RNTI)) on the PDCCH with or without an associated scheduled paging message on the PDSCH. When the UE receives a DCI with a short message containing a systemInfoModification indication, the UE knows that the system information will change at the next SI modification period boundary.

[0031] A special case of SI update notification via a short message on the paging channel is when the etwsAndCmasIndication parameter in the short message indicates that a public alert system message (ETWS or CMAS) has been activated (or changed) in the SI. In this case, the UE knows that an update is immediately applicable and the UE should retrieve and read the SIB related to that public alert as soon as possible. The UE must read SIB1 to discover whether the notification is related to ETWS or CMAS.

[0032] SI updates are therefore signaled via the paging channel, so that the UE must monitor the paging channel not only to receive the paging target itself, but also to receive possible SI update notifications (including Public Alert System (PWS) notifications). UEs in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE states monitor regular Paging Occasions (POs), i.e., one per paging discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle, while UEs in RRC_CONNECTED state may monitor any PO for SI update notifications, but must monitor at least one PO per default paging cycle (indicated by the defaultPagingCycle parameter in SIB1).

[0033] Currently, certain challenges exist. For example, ephemeris data consists of at least five parameters that describe the shape and position in space of the satellite orbit. It also includes a timestamp, which is the time when other parameters that describe the orbital ellipse were obtained. The position of the satellite at any given time in the near future can be predicted from this data using orbital mechanics. However, the accuracy of the prediction decreases further into the future. The validity time of a particular set of parameters ranges from the scale of days to years, depending on many factors such as the type and height of the orbit, as well as the desired accuracy.

[0034] 3GPP may adopt NR, and possibly LTE, for operation within NTNs. In NR and LTE, when a UE is powered up, it is expected to perform an initial search over the UE's supported frequency bands for PLMNs and cells to camp on. In NTNs, a UE using a directional antenna must, in the worst case, search for a satellite to camp on across the entire sky relative to the horizon. Such effort, and therefore the time required for the initial search, can be significantly reduced by providing the UE with ephemeris data that reports to the UE the positions of the satellites and therefore where its antenna must be pointed.

[0035] A similar problem arises when the UE should search for cells transmitting from another satellite, for example in preparation for handover, when the network only reports to the UE the frequencies (and possibly PCIs) of neighboring cells. Summary of the Invention

[0036] Based on the above description, certain challenges exist in non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs). Certain aspects of the present disclosure and embodiments thereof may provide solutions to these or other issues. For example, in some embodiments, the broadcast of almanac data is split into an infrequent broadcast of the entire almanac data (self-contained and with full accuracy) and a more frequent broadcast of delta signaling that indicates only changes in the almanac data.

[0037] In some embodiments, a UE that has received full ephemeris data may maintain accurate ephemeris data by receiving subsequent broadcasts of delta signaling and applying these changes to its stored ephemeris data.

[0038] In some embodiments, the network may report to the UE in the serving cell within the modification period for a system information update, as in legacy, to indicate that an additional broadcast of ephemeris data is scheduled to be broadcast within the next modification period.

[0039] Some embodiments include methods for expressing ephemeris parameters as total and delta signaling.

[0040] According to some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device includes receiving a broadcast of full ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the full ephemeris data occurring at a first period; determining a location of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data; receiving a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; and determining a location of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data.

[0041] In certain embodiments, the delta ephemeris data includes a delta based on the total ephemeris data, hi some embodiments, the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

[0042] In certain embodiments, the full ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are received via system information.

[0043] In certain embodiments, the first period of the full ephemeris data is incremented in time up to and immediately following the cell switch.

[0044] In a particular embodiment, the method further includes transmitting a request to receive the full ephemeris data or the delta ephemeris data. The request may be transmitted on a Random Access Channel (RACH).

[0045] In a particular embodiment, the ephemeris data is based on a coordinate system with an origin close to the orbit of the serving cell satellite.

[0046] According to some embodiments, a wireless device comprises processing circuitry operable to perform any of the wireless device methods described above.

[0047] The computer program product comprises a non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer readable program code which, when executed by a processing circuit, is operable to perform any of the methods performed by the wireless device described above.

[0048] According to some embodiments, a method performed by a network node includes transmitting a broadcast of full ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the full ephemeris data occurring with a first periodicity, and transmitting a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the delta ephemeris data occurring with a second periodicity that is more frequent than the first periodicity.

[0049] According to some embodiments, a network node comprises processing circuitry operable to perform any of the network node methods described above.

[0050] Another computer program product comprises a non-transitory computer readable medium storing computer readable program code that, when executed by a processing circuit, is operable to perform any of the methods performed by the network node described above.

[0051] Some embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantages: For example, certain embodiments enable flexible broadcasting of ephemeris data, since the overall information can be transmitted more sparsely and efficiently.

[0052] For a more complete understanding of the disclosed embodiments and their features and advantages, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0053] [Figure 1] 1 illustrates an exemplary satellite network architecture with bent pipe transponders. [Diagram 2] 1 shows examples of orbital elements. [Diagram 3] 1 illustrates the allocation of SI messages from the SIB and the scheduling of SI messages within the SI window. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example wireless network. [Diagram 5] 1 illustrates an exemplary user equipment in accordance with certain embodiments. [Figure 6A] 5 is a flowchart illustrating an example method in a wireless device according to some embodiments. [Figure 6B] 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example method in a network node, according to some embodiments. [Figure 7] 1 is a schematic block diagram of a wireless device in a wireless network according to some embodiments. [Figure 8] 1 illustrates an exemplary virtualization environment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates an exemplary communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10] 1 illustrates an exemplary host computer that communicates with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 11] 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented according to some embodiments. [Figure 12] 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to some embodiments. [Figure 14] 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0054] Based on the above description, certain challenges exist in non-terrestrial based networks (NTNs). Certain aspects of the present disclosure and embodiments thereof may provide solutions to these or other issues. For example, in some embodiments, the broadcast of almanac data is split into an infrequent broadcast of the entire almanac data (self-contained and with full accuracy) and a more frequent broadcast of delta signaling that indicates only changes in the almanac data.

[0055] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein are further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, other embodiments are included within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, and the subject matter disclosed should not be construed as being limited to only the embodiments described herein, but rather, these embodiments are provided as examples to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art. Although certain problems and solutions may be described using New Radio (NR) terminology, it should be understood that the same solutions also apply to Long Term Evolution (LTE) and other wireless networks, where applicable.

[0056] As used herein, "full ephemeris data", "full precision", "delta ephemeris data", "delta signalled ephemeris data", "partial ephemeris data", "partial information" refer to ephemeris data / information with higher precision allowed by a larger number of bits (labelled as "full") or different ephemeris data / information with lower precision (fewer number of bits).

[0057] As described above, without information about where an NTN user equipment (UE) should point its antenna to find a signal from a particular satellite, the UE must scan the entire sky, leading to large satellite search times. This then results in a longer initial access delay and, in some cases, the requirement for longer measurement gaps. By providing the UE with information mapping cell and ephemeris data, such problems are mitigated. With that information, the UE knows where to point its antenna to find a particular cell. To this end, the embodiments described herein enable such mapping and provision of appropriate and timely accessible data. The embodiments essentially consist of a system and method for providing satellite ephemeris data in an efficient manner.

[0058] A first group of embodiments relates to broadcasting ephemeris data for a satellite serving the UE's current serving cell. Some embodiments include splitting the ephemeris data broadcast into a full broadcast and a delta broadcast.

[0059] In one set of embodiments, the broadcast of almanac data is divided into occasional broadcasts of the full almanac data (self-contained and with high precision (although "full precision" is sometimes used elsewhere in this specification, a more accurate term would be "high precision")), and more frequent broadcasts of delta signaling that indicate only changes in the almanac data that develop over time. The delta signaling may indicate a difference from the most recent broadcast of the full almanac data. As an alternative, the delta signaling may be accumulated such that the first broadcast of delta signaling after a broadcast of the full almanac data indicates a change from the previous broadcast of the full almanac data, with subsequent broadcasts of delta signaling indicating the change from the full almanac data obtained by applying the change indicated by the first broadcast of delta signaling, etc.

[0060] The non-cumulative principle is more stable because the conclusions of a UE without a delta signaling broadcast are smaller than the cumulative principle, i.e., the UE regains knowledge of the full ephemeris data after receiving the next delta signaling broadcast. In addition, the UE has the flexibility to choose how often to keep track of such delta signaling broadcasts depending on its need for accuracy. A UE that has received full ephemeris data can maintain accurate ephemeris data by receiving subsequent broadcasts of delta signaling and applying these changes to its stored ephemeris data.

[0061] On the other hand, a delta signaling ephemeris data update based on a non-cumulative principle requires double memory allocation to store both the latest broadcast of all ephemeris data (as a basis for future updates) and the updated ephemeris applying the delta signaled ephemeris (for current use), while the cumulative one requires only a single memory allocation to hold the updated ephemeris data for both current and future use, e.g. in a Markov chain manner.

[0062] To maximize the benefits of limiting the broadcast of the full ephemeris data of the serving cell's satellites, the full ephemeris data may be placed in the SI messages with a long broadcast period. In some embodiments, the period may be even longer than the maximum SI broadcast period that can be set according to current standard specifications (e.g. 3GPP TS 38.331 version 16.1.0, where the maximum configurable period is 512 radio frames with 5.12 seconds). To mitigate possible drawbacks of such long intervals between full ephemeris data broadcasts, the period extension may be considered upon UE request for additional broadcast of full ephemeris data between regular broadcasts.

[0063] This embodiment may also be combined with more frequent broadcasting when it is most needed, for example, in case of Earth-fixed cells, by broadcasting full ephemeris data more frequently during an initial period after a new satellite assumes coverage of a particular area. In some cases, the frequency of broadcasting of ephemeris data may be higher both before and after a satellite switch. The rationale for using increased broadcast frequency both before and after a satellite switch is that the required TA of the UE may change more quickly due to satellite movement when the satellite elevation angle is small than when it is large, implying that the availability of accurate ephemeris data for the serving satellite is more critical when the satellite elevation angle is small. In particular, a small satellite elevation angle typically coincides with the period before or after a satellite switch (e.g., a switch of satellites responsible for covering a particular geographical (cell) area) in case of Earth-fixed cells.

[0064] In another embodiment, the network may report to the UE in the serving cell within the modification period for a system information update, similar to in legacy, to indicate that an additional broadcast of ephemeris data is scheduled to be broadcast within the next modification period. The additional broadcast of ephemeris data may be either full information or partial, with partial information being sent somewhat more frequently in delta signaling in addition to full information being sent infrequently. This is primarily intended to coincide with a service link or feeder link switch. The network may indicate in a DCI message indicating the next system information update and / or scheduling a message carrying paging information that the notification is for an update by the service link and / or feeder link switch including an additional broadcast of ephemeris data.

[0065] In some embodiments, the size of each delta signaling ephemeris data may be the same or change for different times. When the delta signaling process starts or if no other value is requested by the network or UE, the satellite may take a default value predefined in the system. In some embodiments, in RRC_CONNECTED mode, the UE may signal the satellite / network to improve / decrease the delta signaling accuracy, e.g., to track the satellite better or to mitigate the broadcast overhead cost. Note that it is possible that the demand of a single UE does not indicate all or even most of the UE's desires, but it is possible to return to the state with the previous delta signaling information size upon further requests by other UEs covered by the same satellite. In some embodiments, the satellite or network may decide to increase / decrease the size of the delta signaling ephemeris data based on its own observations, e.g., the satellite / network may reserve more information bits for the delta signaling ephemeris data if it observes a residual estimation error on time / frequency. Such an adjustment to the size of the delta signaling ephemeris includes the case where the full ephemeris data is requested by the UE or scheduled by the satellite / network, when the adjusted size is equal to the size of the full ephemeris data.

[0066] Certain embodiments indicate the ephemeris data of the serving cell in an efficient manner using delta signaling. For example, embodiments related to broadcasting the ephemeris data of the serving satellite are of particular interest when the satellite ephemeris data consists of satellite position and velocity vectors (orbit state vectors). By having to signal only a relatively small delta (i.e. difference) from the last satellite position, a significant saving in signaling load is achieved compared to the full satellite position, since the coordinate system is typically chosen with the center of the Earth as the origin.

[0067] To save signaling bits, some embodiments define a coordinate system at a near origin of the satellite orbit, provide a satellite state vector for a particular period in this coordinate system, and then change the coordinate system if the satellite is moved much further from the origin. In these embodiments, the ephemeris data is divided into a reference position (corresponding to the "full ephemeris" described above, which may or may not match the satellite position at a particular time), and a position delta towards this reference position. If the coordinate system changes over time, the UE is made aware of the change. The coordinate system used, the sequence / order used, and the periodic time points for switching between coordinate systems may be standardized to be known a priori by the UE and the gNB / satellite. Such a standard may take the form of, for example, an algorithm using some ephemeris data or orbit parameters as input data that produces a series of coordinate systems (selecting one of a pre-defined set of coordinate systems), and the coordinate system switching time points as output.

[0068] For example, when the above is used in combination with the previous embodiment, the network may transmit the "Ephemeris" at sparse periods, and as the switching time approaches, the network may start signaling the delta position in the "Ephemeris" between "Ephemeris" deliveries. In this way, the UEs can more specifically track the satellite movement during switching, when some UEs are likely to make random access via new satellites. In this way, problems associated with the exacerbation of the random access problem can be minimized.

[0069] The exacerbation of the random access problem means that if one UE fails or transmits a random access preamble at the wrong time, it can cause problems for other UEs' uplink transmissions and thus exacerbate many uplink problems. This is because the UE can read all the information well in advance and if the time for switching approaches or if it is "on" and the moment of random access is timely, the UE does not have to wait for the next full transmission to update, but can get a more frequent delta to update the full ephemeris to the current time t. Otherwise the UE needs to estimate if there is a period that changes over time.

[0070] In some embodiments, the full ephemeris data is transmitted at a higher frequency before and / or during and / or after the switch. Alternatively, the coordinate system arrangement and the switch times may be broadcast, for example, in the system information or pre-loaded on the USIM in the UE. In both cases, one possibility is that the information is broadcast or pre-loaded in the form of a pointer / index to one of a set of standardized arrangements of coordinate systems and coordinate system switch times.

[0071] In some embodiments, based on the assumption of how the UE on-the-fly predicts / calculates the near future satellite position based on known ephemeris data available on the satellite / network side, the satellite only needs to signal 1) the position difference to the new satellite position predicted by the UE (also known as the satellite / network), i.e., the prediction / estimation error on the UE side, and 2) the velocity difference, which is used in reducing the future satellite position prediction error. How the UE predicts the satellite position is up to each manufacturer's implementation, but a simple prediction method known / agreed to the satellite / network / UE may be standardized to reduce the cost of transmitting delta ephemeris data. The on-the-fly prediction method provides more flexibility for broadcast periodicity or timing larger than a preloaded coordinate system, at the cost of calculating the force allocated to such calculation.

[0072] Some embodiments use SI broadcast request (SI on demand). For example, in an extension of the above embodiment where the broadcast ephemeris data is split into full ephemeris data broadcast and delta ephemeris data broadcast, the UE can use the SI request mechanism (either Msg1-based SI request or Msg3-based SI request) to improve performance.

[0073] A target scenario for these embodiments is a UE utilizing the above broadcast signaling to keep track of the ephemeris data of a serving satellite for which there is no broadcast of the full ephemeris data, e.g. due to temporary radio channel quality issues. In such a situation, the UE may request an additional broadcast of the full ephemeris data, preferably using an extension of the existing mechanism for SI requests. This requires the UE to transmit on the PRACH, but that is not an issue since the UE is likely to still have a good enough TA and frequency compensation estimate (based on previously acquired satellite ephemeris data and its own position).

[0074] This may include extensions to the existing SI request mechanism. One extension may be that the SI message can be made available on demand while at the same time being broadcast periodically (currently SI messages are either broadcast periodically or provided on demand). A second extension may be that in this case the requested SI message should not be tied to its regular schedule (as placed in SIB1), but should be broadcast some time soon after the request, regardless of when it will be broadcast the next time according to the regular schedule.

[0075] Such extra on-demand scheduling may be defined relative to the timing of the request transmission, e.g., the requested SI message is transmitted within a window with a configurable length starting a configurable time after the transmission of the request. Alternatively, the extra on-demand schedule may be another version or example of the regular scheduling information, but with a different periodicity (preferably a shorter periodicity, i.e., more frequent broadcast opportunities) than the regular schedule, and the broadcast opportunities set through the extra schedule are used only when the SI message to which the extra schedule relates (i.e., the SI message containing the full ephemeris data of the serving satellite in an extension of this embodiment) is requested on-demand (i.e., following the same principles used for SI messages available only on-demand).

[0076] In some embodiments, a special RACH configuration may be used to request additional broadcast of the serving satellite's full ephemeris data. The special RACH configuration may include a special PRACH opportunity (and may include a dedicated RA preamble) where the gNB uses an extended RA preamble reception window that is more tolerant of timing errors in RA preamble transmission. This makes it easier for the UE to request the serving satellite's full ephemeris data broadcast without a good enough TA estimate for the RA preamble transmission using a regular RACH configuration (where the gNB uses an RA preamble reception window adapted to the RA preamble transmitted with a TA estimate derived from reasonable knowledge of the serving satellite's ephemeris data). Optionally, when the Msg1-based SI request method is used, the Msg2 confirming the reception of the RA preamble may include a precise TA adjustment indication (possibly a Doppler shift frequency compensation indication) in addition to confirming that the requested SI message is broadcast. The UE then obtains both new accurate TA and full ephemeris data of the serving satellite for continued tracking of the ephemeris data based on delta signaling which enables further TA maintenance and Doppler shift calculation.

[0077] As yet another option, Msg2 confirming a Msg1-based SI message request, or Msg4 confirming a Msg3-based SI message request, may include the actual (requested) full ephemeris data of the serving satellite, either instead of or in addition to broadcasting such information.

[0078] Throughout this disclosure, the terms "beam" and "cell" may be used interchangeably unless expressly noted otherwise. Although certain embodiments are described with reference to NTN, the proposed methods apply to any wireless network (e.g., any wireless network governed by line-of-sight conditions). Certain embodiments (or portions thereof) may be implemented in one or more standards, such as 3GPP Release 17+, 3GPP TS 38.331, and / or NR TR 38.821 Rel-16.

[0079] 4 illustrates an exemplary wireless network, according to some embodiments. The wireless network may comprise and / or interfere with any type of communication, telecommunications, data, cellular, and / or radio network, or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to a particular standard or other type of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, certain embodiments of the wireless network may implement a communication standard, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standard, a wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and / or ZigBee standard.

[0080] The network 106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks that enable communication between devices.

[0081] The network node 160 and the WD 110 comprise various components, which are described in more detail below, that cooperate to provide network node and / or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connectivity in a wireless network. In different embodiments, a wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0082] As used herein, a network node refers to a device that can, is configured to, is arranged to, and / or is operable to communicate directly or indirectly with wireless devices and / or other network nodes, or a device in a wireless network that enables and / or provides wireless access to wireless devices and / or performs other functions (e.g., management) of the wireless network.

[0083] Examples of network nodes include, without limitation, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and NR Node Bs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or in other words, their transmit power level) and therefore may be referred to as femto, pico, micro, or macro base stations.

[0084] The base station may be a relay node, or a relay donor node that controls the relay. The network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station, such as a centralized digital unit, and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), which may be referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such a remote radio unit may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. The parts of the distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes of a distributed antenna system (DAS). Other further examples of network nodes include MSR equipment such as a multi-standard radio (MSR) BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmission node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), a core network node (e.g., MSC, MME), an O&M node, an OSS node, a SON node, a positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), and / or an MDT.

[0085] As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node, as described in more detail below. More generally, however, a network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) configured, arranged, and / or operable to enable and / or provide access to a wireless network for a wireless device or to provide some service to a wireless device accessing the wireless network.

[0086] 4, network node 160 comprises processing circuitry 170, device readable medium 180, interface 190, ancillary equipment 184, power source 186, power circuitry 187, and antenna 162. Although network node 160 shown in the example wireless network of FIG. 4 may represent a device including the shown combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes having different combinations of components.

[0087] It should be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and / or software necessary to implement the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Additionally, although the components of network node 160 are depicted as a single box located within a larger box, or as a single box nested within multiple boxes, in reality a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single depicted component (e.g., device readable medium 180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0088] Similarly, the network node 160 may be assembled from multiple physically separate components (e.g., a Node B component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), each of which may have their own respective components. In certain scenarios where the network node 160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., a BTS component and a BSC component), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple Node Bs. In such scenarios, each unique Node B and RNC pair may be considered as a single separate network node in some instances.

[0089] In some embodiments, the network node 160 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device-readable media 180 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 162 may be shared by the RATs). The network node 160 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, integrated into the network node 160. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or chipsets, and other components within the network node 160.

[0090] The processing circuitry 170 is configured to perform any decision, computation, or similar operations (e.g., certain acquisition operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by the processing circuitry 170 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuitry 170, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information, and making a decision as a result of such processing.

[0091] The processing circuitry 170 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resources, or combinations of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable, alone or in conjunction with other network node 160 components, such as device-readable medium 180, to provide the functionality of the network node 160.

[0092] For example, processing circuitry 170 may execute instructions stored on device-readable medium 180 or in memory within processing circuitry 170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 170 may include a system-on-chip (SOC).

[0093] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 170 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 172 and a baseband processing circuitry 174. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 172 and the baseband processing circuitry 174 may be on separate chips (or chipsets), boards, or units, such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 172 and the baseband processing circuitry 174 may be on the same chip or set of chips, board, or unit.

[0094] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB, or other such network device may be performed by the processing circuitry 170 executing instructions stored on the device-readable medium 180, or memory within the processing circuitry 170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 170 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those embodiments, the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform the described functions, whether or not it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry 170 alone or other components of the network node 160, but are enjoyed by the network node 160 as a whole and / or end users and wireless networks in general.

[0095] The device readable medium 180 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory, including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disk (CD), or digital video disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile non-transitory device readable and / or computer executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 170. The device readable medium 180 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including computer programs, software, applications (including one or more of logic, rules, codes, tables, etc.), and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 170 and utilized by the network node 160. The device readable medium 180 may be used to store any calculations performed by the processing circuit 170 and / or any data received via the interface 190. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 170 and the device-readable medium 180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0096] The interface 190 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between the network node 160, the network 106, and / or the WD 110. As shown, the interface 190 includes a port / terminal 194 for transmitting data to and receiving data from the network 106, e.g., via a wired connection. The interface 190 also includes radio front-end circuitry 192, which is coupled to the antenna 162 or may be part of the antenna 162 in certain embodiments.

[0097] The radio front-end circuit 192 comprises a filter 198 and an amplifier 196. The radio front-end circuit 192 may be connected to the antenna 162 and the processing circuit 170. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 162 and the processing circuit 170. The radio front-end circuit 192 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuit 192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of the filter 198 and / or the amplifier 196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 162. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 162 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuit 192. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuit 170. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0098] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 160 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 192; instead, processing circuit 170 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and may be connected to antenna 162 without a separate radio front-end circuit 192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or a portion of RF transceiver circuit 172 may be considered part of interface 190. In yet other embodiments, interface 190 may include one or more ports or terminals 194, radio front-end circuit 192, and RF transceiver circuit 172 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface 190 may communicate with baseband processing circuit 174, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0099] Antenna 162 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. Antenna 162 may be coupled to radio front-end circuitry 192 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. In some embodiments, antenna 162 may include one or more omnidirectional, sector, or panel antennas operable to transmit / receive wireless signals, e.g., from 2 GHz to 66 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals from devices in a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line-of-sight antenna used to transmit / receive wireless signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna 162 may be separate from network node 160 and may be connectable to network node 160 through an interface or port.

[0100] The antenna 162, the interface 190, and / or the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or certain acquisition operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 162, the interface 190, and / or the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0101] Power circuitry 187 may comprise or be coupled to power management circuitry and is configured to supply power to the components of network node 160 for performing the functions described herein. Power circuitry 187 may receive power from power source 186. Power source 186 and / or power circuitry 187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node 160 in a form suitable for each component (e.g., at voltage and current levels required for each respective component). Power source 186 may either be included in or external to power circuitry 187 and / or network node 160.

[0102] For example, network node 160 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source provides power to power circuit 187. As a further example, power source 186 may comprise a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated with power circuit 187. The battery may provide backup power in the event the external power source fails. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as a solar cell device.

[0103] Alternate embodiments of network node 160 may include additional components other than those shown in FIG. 4 that may be responsible for providing some aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node 160 may include user interface devices that allow for the input of information into network node 160 and the output of information from network node 160. This may enable a user to perform diagnostics, maintenance, repair, and other management functions on network node 160.

[0104] As used herein, a wireless device (WD) refers to a device that is capable of, configured, arranged, and / or operable to wirelessly communicate with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise specified, the term WO may be used interchangeably with user equipment (UE) herein. Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and / or receiving radio signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information over the air.

[0105] In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the network.

[0106] Examples of WDs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, for example, by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), and in this case may be referred to as a D2D communications device.

[0107] As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another WD and / or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may be referred to as an MTC device in the 3GPP context. As an example, the WD may be a UE that implements the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.), personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.).

[0108] In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that can monitor and / or report its operating status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent an endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Additionally, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case the device may be referred to as a mobile device or mobile terminal.

[0109] As shown, wireless device 110 includes antenna 111, interface 114, processing circuitry 120, device-readable medium 130, user interface equipment 132, auxiliary equipment 134, power source 136, and power circuitry 137. WD 110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies that WD 110 supports, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to name a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated on the same or different chip or chipset as other components in WD 110.

[0110] Antenna 111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and is connected to interface 114. In certain alternative embodiments, antenna 111 may be separate from WD 110 and connectable to WD 110 through an interface or port. Antenna 111, interface 114, and / or processing circuitry 120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data, and / or signal may be received from a network node and / or another WD. In some embodiments, the wireless front-end circuitry and / or antenna 111 may be considered an interface.

[0111] As shown, the interface 114 comprises a radio front-end circuit 112 and an antenna 111. The radio front-end circuit 112 comprises one or more filters 118 and an amplifier 116. The radio front-end circuit 112 is coupled to the antenna 111 and the processing circuit 120 and is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 111 and the processing circuit 120. The radio front-end circuit 112 may be coupled to or part of the antenna 111. In some embodiments, the WD 110 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 112; rather, the processing circuit 120 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 122 may be considered part of the interface 114.

[0112] The radio front-end circuit 112 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuit 112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 118 and / or amplifiers 116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 111. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 111 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuit 112. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuit 120. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0113] Processing circuitry 120 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide WD 110 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other WD 110 components, such as device readable medium 130. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry 120 may execute instructions stored on device readable medium 130 or in memory within processing circuitry 120 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0114] As shown, the processing circuitry 120 includes one or more of an RF transceiver circuitry 122, a baseband processing circuitry 124, and an application processing circuitry 126. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components. In a particular embodiment, the processing circuitry 120 of the WD 110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 122, the baseband processing circuitry 124, and the application processing circuitry 126 may be on separate chips or chipsets.

[0115] In alternative embodiments, some or all of the baseband processing circuitry 124 and the application processing circuitry 126 may be combined into one chip or chipset, and the RF transceiver circuitry 122 may be on a separate chip or chipset. In further alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 122 and the baseband processing circuitry 124 may be on the same chip or chipset, and the application processing circuitry 126 may be on a separate chip or chipset. In yet other alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 122, the baseband processing circuitry 124, and the application processing circuitry 126 may be combined within the same chip or chipset. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 122 may be part of the interface 114. The RF transceiver circuitry 122 may condition the RF signals for the processing circuitry 120.

[0116] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry 120 executing instructions stored on device-readable medium 130, which in some embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry 120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner.

[0117] In any of those embodiments, whether or not executing instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium, processing circuitry 120 may be configured to perform the described functions, and the benefits provided by such functions are enjoyed by WD 110, and / or by end users and wireless networks generally, but not limited to processing circuitry 120 alone or other components of WD 110.

[0118] Processing circuitry 120 may be configured to perform any of the decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., some of the acquisition operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations as performed by processing circuitry 120 may include processing information acquired by processing circuitry 120, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or converted information with information stored by WD 110, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or converted information, and making a decision as a result of such processing.

[0119] The device-readable medium 130 may be operable to store computer programs, software, applications (including one or more of logic, rules, codes, tables, etc.), and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 120. The device-readable medium 130 may include computer memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 120. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 120 and the device-readable medium 130 may be integrated.

[0120] The user interface device 132 may provide components that allow a human user to interact with the WD 110. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc. The user interface device 132 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to the WD 110. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface device 132 installed on the WD 110. For example, if the WD 110 is a smartphone, the interaction may be via a touch screen, and if the WD 110 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected).

[0121] The user interface device 132 may include input interfaces, devices, and circuits, as well as output interfaces, devices, and circuits. The user interface device 132 is configured to enable input of information to the WD 110 and is connected to the processing circuit 120 to enable the processing circuit 120 to process the input information. The user interface device 132 may include, for example, a microphone, proximity or other sensors, keys / buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. The user interface device 132 is also configured to enable output of information from the WD 110 and to enable the processing circuit 120 to output information from the WD 110. The user interface device 132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibration circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits of the user interface device 132, the WD 110 may communicate with an end user and / or a wireless network, enabling the end user and / or the wireless network to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0122] Auxiliary device 134 is operable to provide more specific functions that a WD may not generally perform. It may include dedicated sensors to take measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communication, etc. The inclusion and types of components of auxiliary device 134 may vary depending on the embodiment and / or scenario.

[0123] Power source 136 may be in the form of a battery or battery pack in some embodiments. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery. WD 110 may further include power circuitry 137 for delivering power from power source 136 to various portions of WD 110 that require power from power source 136 to perform any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry 137 may include power management circuitry in certain embodiments.

[0124] Power circuitry 137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source, in which case WD 110 may be connectable to an external power source (such as an electrical outlet) via an interface such as an input circuit or power cable. Power circuitry 137 may also be operable in certain embodiments to deliver power from the external power source to power source 136. This may be for charging power source 136, for example. Power circuitry 137 may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification of the power from power source 136 to make it suitable for the respective components of WD 110 being powered.

[0125] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described with respect to a wireless network, such as the exemplary wireless network shown in FIG. 4. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 4 illustrates only the network 106, the network nodes 160 and 160b, and the WDs 110, 110b, and 110c. In practice, the wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between wireless devices, or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, the network node 160 and the wireless device (WD) 110 will be described in more detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices accessing and / or using services provided by or via the wireless network.

[0126] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary user equipment, according to certain embodiments. As used herein, user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) that is intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but may not be associated with or may not initially be associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart power meter) that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user. The UE 200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including an NB-IoT UE, a machine-type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. As shown in Figure 5, UE 200 is an example of a WD configured to communicate according to one or more communications standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As mentioned above, the terms WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Thus, although Figure 5 is a UE, the components described herein are equally applicable to a WD and vice versa.

[0127] In FIG. 5, UE 200 includes processing circuitry 201 operatively coupled to input / output interface 205, radio frequency (RF) interface 209, network connection interface 211, memory 215 including random access memory (RAM) 217, read only memory (ROM) 219, storage medium 221, etc., communication subsystem 231, power source 213, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 221 includes operating system 223, application programs 225, and data 227. In other embodiments, storage medium 221 may include other similar types of information. Some UEs may use all of the components shown in FIG. 5 or only a subset of those components. The level of integration between components may vary from UE to UE. Additionally, a particular UE may include multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0128] In Fig. 5, the processing circuit 201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. The processing circuit 201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute machine instructions stored in memory as a machine-readable computer program, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, one or more stored-program general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuit 201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). The data may be information in a format suitable for use by a computer.

[0129] In the illustrated embodiment, the input / output interface 205 may be configured to provide an input device, an output device, or a communication interface to an input / output device. The UE 200 may also be configured to use an output device via the input / output interface 205.

[0130] An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from the UE 200. An output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof.

[0131] The UE 200 may be configured to allow a user to capture information into the UE 200 using input devices via the input / output interface 205. The input devices may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor that senses input from the user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, another similar sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and a light sensor.

[0132] In FIG. 5, the RF interface 209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components, such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. The network connection interface 211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to a network 243a. The network 243a may encompass a wired and / or wireless network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 243a may include a Wi-Fi network. The network connection interface 211 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP / IP, SONET, ATM, etc. The network connection interface 211 may implement receiver and transmitter functions appropriate for a communication network link (e.g., optical, electrical, etc.). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or may be implemented separately.

[0133] RAM 217 may be configured to interface to the processing circuit 201 via bus 202 for storing or caching data or computer instructions during execution of software programs, such as an operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM 219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to the processing circuit 201. For example, ROM 219 may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions, such as basic input / output (I / O), booting, or receiving keystrokes from a keyboard, that is stored in non-volatile memory.

[0134] The storage medium 221 may be configured to include memory, such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, floppy disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, or flash drive. In one example, the storage medium 221 may be configured to include an operating system 223, an application program 225, such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, or another application, and data files 227. The storage medium 221 may store any of a wide variety of different operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by the UE 200.

[0135] The storage medium 221 may be configured to include multiple physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppy disk drive, a flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, a thumb drive, a pen drive, a key drive, a high density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-Ray optical disk drive, a holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, an external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), an external micro-DIMM SDRAM, a smart card memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM / RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. The storage medium 221 may enable the UE 200 to access, offload data, or upload data, computer executable instructions, application programs, and the like, stored in a temporary or non-transitory memory medium. An article of manufacture, such as an article of manufacture utilizing a communication system, may be tangibly embodied in the storage medium 221, which may include a device-readable medium.

[0136] In FIG. 5, the processing circuit 201 may be configured to communicate with the network 243b using the communication subsystem 231. The networks 243a and 243b may be the same network or networks or different networks or networks. The communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with the network 243b. For example, the communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication, such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN), according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.2, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, etc. Each transceiver may include a transmitter 233 and / or a receiver 235 for implementing transmitter or receiver functions, respectively, appropriate for the RAN link (e.g., frequency allocation, etc.). Furthermore, the transmitter 233 and receiver 235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or may be implemented separately.

[0137] In an example embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication subsystem 231 may include data communications, voice communications, multimedia communications, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communications, location-based communications such as using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine location, another similar communication capability, or any combination thereof. For example, the communication subsystem 231 may include cellular communications, Wi-Fi communications, Bluetooth communications, and GPS communications. The network 243b may encompass wired and / or wireless networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and / or a near-field network. The power source 213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to the components of the UE 200.

[0138] The features, benefits and / or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of the UE 200 or distributed across multiple components of the UE 200. Furthermore, the features, benefits and / or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software, or firmware. In one example, the communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Furthermore, the processing circuitry 201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components through the bus 202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that, when executed by the processing circuitry 201, perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be split between the processing circuitry 201 and the communication subsystem 231. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0139] 6A is a flowchart illustrating an example method in a wireless device according to some embodiments. In a particular embodiment, one or more steps of FIG. 6A may be performed by the wireless device 110 described with respect to FIG.

[0140] The method begins in step 612, where a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 110) receives a broadcast of full ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, the broadcast of the full ephemeris data occurring at a first period. The ephemeris data may include any of the ephemeris data described with respect to the embodiments and examples provided herein.

[0141] In step 614, the wireless device determines the location of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data. For example, the wireless device may use the ephemeris data to determine the location of the serving cell satellite so that the wireless device may transmit a beam in an appropriate direction for the serving cell satellite to receive the beam.

[0142] Over time, the ephemeris data received in step 614 may become less accurate. In step 616, the wireless device receives a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite. The broadcast of the delta ephemeris data occurs at a second period that is more frequent than the first period. The wireless device may use the delta ephemeris data to update the location of the serving cell satellite.

[0143] In certain embodiments, the delta ephemeris data includes a delta based on the total ephemeris data, hi some embodiments, the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

[0144] In certain embodiments, the full ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are received via system information.

[0145] In certain embodiments, the first period of the full ephemeris data is incremented in time up to and immediately following the cell switch.

[0146] In step 618, the wireless device determines the position of the serving cell satellite based on the full ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data, for example, the full ephemeris data is augmented with the delta ephemeris data to produce a more accurate position estimate.

[0147] On some occasions, a wireless device may not have a broadcast of full or delta ephemeris data, or may wish to refresh its ephemeris data at a time other than the designed broadcast time. In such circumstances, the wireless device may request an update from the network node.

[0148] In step 620, the wireless device transmits a request to receive full or delta ephemeris data. The request may be transmitted on a Random Access Channel (RACH).

[0149] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the method 600 of Figure 6A. Additionally, one or more steps in the method of Figure 6A may be performed in parallel or in any suitable order.

[0150] 6B is a flow chart illustrating an example method in a network node according to some embodiments. In a particular embodiment, one or more steps of FIG. 6B may be performed by the network node 160 described with respect to FIG.

[0151] The method begins at step 652, where a network node (e.g., network node 160) transmits a broadcast of full ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite. The broadcast of the full ephemeris data occurs at a first period. The network node broadcasts the full ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein.

[0152] In step 654, the network node transmits a broadcast of the delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite. The broadcast of the delta ephemeris data occurs at a second period that is more frequent than the first period. The network node broadcasts the delta ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein.

[0153] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the method 650 of Figure 6B. Additionally, one or more steps in the method of Figure 6B may be performed in parallel or in any suitable order.

[0154] FIG. 7 shows a schematic block diagram of two apparatuses in a wireless network (e.g., the wireless network shown in FIG. 4). The apparatuses include a wireless device and a network node (e.g., the wireless device 110 and the network node 160 shown in FIG. 1). The apparatuses 1600 and 1700 are operable to perform the example method described with reference to FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, respectively, as well as, possibly, any other process or method disclosed herein. It should also be understood that the method of FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B is not necessarily performed solely by the apparatus 1600 and / or 1700. At least some operations of the method may be performed by one or more other entities.

[0155] Virtual devices 1600 and 1700 may comprise processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), dedicated digital logic, etc. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory, cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. The program code stored in memory, in some embodiments, includes program instructions for executing one or more communication and / or data communication protocols, as well as instructions for implementing one or more of the techniques described herein.

[0156] In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the receiving module 1602, the determining module 1604, the transmitting module 1606, and any other suitable units of the device 1600 to perform corresponding functions according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Similarly, the processing circuitry described above may be used to cause the receiving module 1702, the identifying module 1704, the transmitting module 1706, and other suitable units of the device 1700 to perform corresponding functions according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0157] 5, the apparatus 1600 includes a receiving module 1602 configured to receive ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein. A determining module 1604 is configured to determine a position of a satellite based on the ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein. A transmitting module 1606 is configured to transmit a request for the ephemeris data to a network node according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein.

[0158] 5, the apparatus 1700 includes a receiving module 1702 configured to receive a request for ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein. A determining module 1704 is configured to determine the ephemeris data and a periodicity for transmitting the ephemeris data according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein. A transmitting module 1706 is configured to transmit the ephemeris data to a wireless device according to any of the embodiments and examples described herein.

[0159] 8 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualization means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing a hardware platform, storage devices, and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can apply to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized wireless access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device, or any other type of communication device) or components thereof, and relates to implementations in which at least a portion of the functions are implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines, or containers running on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0160] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 300 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes 330. Furthermore, in embodiments where the virtual nodes are not wireless access nodes or do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes), the network nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0161] The functionality may be implemented by one or more applications 320 (which may alternatively be referred to as software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operable to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. The applications 320 execute in a virtualization environment 300 that provides hardware 330 including processing circuitry 360 and memory 390. The memory 390 includes instructions 395 executable by the processing circuitry 360 that causes the applications 320 to operate to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.

[0162] The virtualization environment 300 includes a general-purpose or dedicated network hardware device 330 that includes a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry 360, which may be a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processor, a dedicated application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or dedicated processors. Each hardware device may include memory 390-1, which may be a non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 395 or software executed by the processing circuitry 360. Each hardware device may include one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 370, also known as network interface cards, that include a physical network interface 380. Each hardware device may also include a non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage medium 390-2, on which software 395 and / or instructions executable by the processing circuitry 360 are stored. Software 395 may include any type of software, including software to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 350 (also referred to as hypervisors), software to run virtual machines 340, and software that enables the software to perform the functions, features, and / or benefits described in connection with some of the embodiments described herein.

[0163] A virtual machine 340 may comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance 320 instance may be implemented in one or more of the virtual machines 340, and the implementation may be done in different ways.

[0164] During operation, processing circuitry 360 executes software 395 to instantiate a hypervisor or virtualization layer 350, sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), which may present to virtual machine 340 a virtual operating platform that looks like networking hardware.

[0165] As shown in Figure 8, the hardware 330 may be a standalone network node with general or specific components. The hardware 330 may include an antenna 3225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware 330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., as in the case of a data center or customer premises equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via a management and orchestration (MANO) 3100 that, among other things, oversees the lifecycle management of the application 320.

[0166] In some contexts, hardware virtualization is referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV can be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that may be located in data centers and customer premises equipment.

[0167] In the context of NFV, a virtual machine 340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. A virtual machine 340 and the portion of hardware 330 on which it runs constitutes a separate Virtual Network Element (VNE), whether that hardware is dedicated to that virtual machine and / or hardware that the virtual machine shares with other virtual machines 340.

[0168] Further in the context of NFV, a Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling a specific network function running in one or more virtual machines 340 on top of the hardware networking infrastructure 330 and corresponds to application 320 in FIG. 18.

[0169] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 3200, each including one or more transmitters 3220 and one or more receivers 3210, may be coupled to one or more antennas 3225. The radio units 3200 may communicate directly with the hardware node 330 via one or more appropriate network interfaces, or may be used in combination with virtualization components to provide a virtual node with wireless capabilities, such as a radio access node or base station.

[0170] In some embodiments, some signaling may be accomplished using the control system 3230, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes 330 and the wireless unit 3200.

[0171] Referring to Fig. 9, according to one embodiment, a communication system includes a communication network 410, such as a 3GPP type cellular network, comprising an access network 411, such as a wireless access network, and a core network 414. The access network 411 comprises a number of base stations 412a, 412b, 412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 413a, 413b, 413c. Each base station 412a, 412b, 412c can be connected to the core network 414 over a wired or wireless connection 415. A first UE 491 located in the coverage area 413c is configured to wirelessly connect to or be paged by the corresponding base station 412c. A second UE 492 in the coverage area 413a can be wirelessly connected to the corresponding base station 412a. In this example, multiple UEs 491, 492 are shown, however, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where one UE is present in a coverage area or where one UE connects to a corresponding base station 412.

[0172] The communication network 410 itself is connected to a host computer 430, which may be embodied in hardware and / or software of a standalone, cloud-implemented, or distributed server, or as a processing resource in a server farm. The host computer 430 may be owned or controlled by a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. The connections 421 and 422 between the communication network 410 and the host computer 430 may extend directly from the core network 414 to the host computer 430, or may extend through an optional intermediate network 420. The intermediate network 420 may be a combination of one or more of a public network, a private network, or a hosted network, if present, which may be a backbone network or the Internet, and in particular the intermediate network 420 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0173] The communication system of FIG. 9 as a whole enables connectivity between connected UEs 491, 492 and a host computer 430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 450. The host computer 430 and connected UEs 491, 492 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling via the OTT connection 450 using the access network 411, the core network 414, any intermediate network 420, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 450 may be transparent in the sense that the involved communication devices through which the OTT connection 450 passes are unaware of the routing of the uplink and downlink communications. For example, when data originating from the host computer 430 is forwarded (e.g., handed over) to the connected UE 491, the base station 412 may not be informed or need to be informed of the past routing of the incoming downlink communications. Similarly, the base station 412 does not need to be aware of the future routing of outbound uplink communications originating from the UE 491 towards the host computer 430.

[0174] FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection according to some embodiments. An exemplary implementation according to one embodiment of the UE, base station and host computer described in the preceding paragraphs is described below with reference to FIG. 10. In the communication system 500, the host computer 510 comprises hardware 515 including a communication interface 516 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 500. The host computer 510 further comprises a processing circuit 518, which may have storage and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuit 518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The host computer 510 further comprises software 511 stored in or accessible by the host computer 510 and executable by the processing circuit 518. The software 511 includes a host application 512. The host application 512 may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as a UE 530, that connects via an OTT connection 550 that terminates at the UE 530 and the host computer 510. In providing services to the remote user, the host application 512 may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection 550.

[0175] The communication system 500 further includes a base station 520 provided in the communication system, the base station 520 comprising hardware 525 enabling the base station 520 to communicate with the host computer 510 and the UE 530. The hardware 525 may include a communication interface 526 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 500, as well as a wireless interface 527 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 570 with a UE 530 located in a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 10) served by the base station 520. The communication interface 526 may be configured to facilitate a connection 560 to the host computer 510. The connection 560 may be direct, or the connection 560 may pass through a core network (not shown in FIG. 10) of the communication system and / or through one or more intermediate networks outside the communication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware 525 of the base station 520 further includes processing circuitry 528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 520 further includes software 521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0176] The communication system 500 further includes a UE 530, as already described. The hardware 535 of the UE 530 may include a wireless interface 537 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 570 with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE 530 is currently located. The hardware 535 of the UE 530 further includes a processing circuit 538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE 530 further includes software 531 stored in or accessible by the UE 530 and executable by the processing circuit 538. The software 531 includes a client application 532. The client application 532, with the support of the host computer 510, may be operable to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE 530. At the host computer 510, an executing host application 512 may communicate with an executing client application 532 via an OTT connection 550 that terminates at the UE 530 and the host computer 510. In providing services to a user, the client application 532 may receive request data from the host application 512 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 550 may carry both request data and user data. The client application 532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

[0177] It should be noted that the host computer 510, base station 520, and UE 530 shown in Figure 10 may be similar or equivalent to the host computer 430, one of the base stations 412a, 412b, 412c, and one of the UEs 491, 492, respectively, of Figure 4. That is, the internal workings of these entities may be the same as the internal workings shown in Figure 10, and alternatively, the surrounding network topology may be the network topology of Figure 4.

[0178] 10, the OTT connection 550 is depicted abstractly to show communication between the host computer 510 and the UE 530 via the base station 520, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the exact routing of messages through these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, and the network infrastructure may be configured to hide the routing from the UE 530, or from the service provider that operates the host computer 510, or both. The network infrastructure may also decide to dynamically change the routing while the OTT connection 550 is active (e.g., based on load balancing considerations or network reconfiguration).

[0179] The wireless connection 570 between the UE 530 and the base station 520 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 530 using the OTT connection 550 of which the wireless connection 570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the signaling overhead and reduce latency, which may provide faster Internet access for the user.

[0180] Measurement procedures may be provided to monitor data rates, latencies, and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. There may further be optional network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection 550 between the host computer 510 and the UE 530 in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or network functionality to reconfigure the OTT connection 550 may be implemented by the software 511 and hardware 515 of the host computer 510, or by the software 531 and hardware 535 of the UE 530, or by both. In an embodiment, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or associated with the communication devices through which the OTT connection 550 passes, and may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or other physical quantities from which the software 511, 531 may calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguration of the OTT connection 550 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration need not affect the base station 520, and may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station 520. Such procedures and functionality are known and practiced in the art in some cases. In certain embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates host computer 510 measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. Measurements may be implemented in software 511 and 531 in that they cause messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, to be sent using OTT connection 550 while software 511 and 531 monitor propagation times, errors, etc.

[0181] Figure 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to Figures 9 and 10. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to Figure 11 are included in this section.

[0182] In step 610, the host computer provides user data. In sub-step 611 of step 610 (which may be optional), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 620, the host computer initiates a transmission conveying the user data to the UE. In step 630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits the user data conveyed in the host computer initiated transmission to the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0183] Figure 12 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to Figures 9 and 10. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to Figure 12 are included in this section.

[0184] In step 710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 720, the host computer initiates a transmission that conveys the user data to the UE. The transmission may go through a base station in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data conveyed in the transmission.

[0185] Figure 13 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to Figures 9 and 10. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to Figure 13 are included in this section.

[0186] In step 810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 820, the UE provides user data. In sub-step 821 (which may be optional) of step 820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step 811 (which may be optional) of step 810, the UE executes a client application that provides user data in response to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further take into account user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular manner in which the user data was provided, the UE begins transmitting the user data to the host computer in sub-step 830 (which may be optional). In step 840 of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0187] Figure 14 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to Figures 9 and 10. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to Figure 13 are included in this section.

[0188] In step 910 (which may be optional), the base station receives user data from the UE in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data conveyed in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0189] The term unit may have its conventional meaning in the fields of electronics, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electric and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solids, and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions, etc., for performing a respective task, procedure, computation, output, and / or display function, such as those described herein.

[0190] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the systems and devices disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention. Components of the systems and devices may be integrated or separated. Moreover, operations of the systems and devices may be performed by more, fewer, or other components. Furthermore, operations of the systems and devices may be performed using any suitable logic, including software, hardware, and / or other logic. As used herein, "each" refers to each member of a set or each member of a subset of a set.

[0191] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the methods disclosed herein without departing from the scope of the invention. The methods may include more, fewer, or other steps. Further, the steps may be performed in any suitable order.

[0192] The above description sets forth numerous specific details. However, it should be understood that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. Those skilled in the art will be able to use the included description to implement the appropriate functionality without undue experimentation.

[0193] References herein to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "exemplary embodiment," and the like indicate that the embodiment being described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described with respect to an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art to implement such feature, structure, or characteristic with respect to other embodiments, whether or not explicitly described.

[0194] Although the present disclosure has been described with respect to several embodiments, modifications and substitutions of the embodiments are obvious to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the above description of the embodiments does not limit the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, which is defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. 1. A method performed by a wireless device, comprising: receiving (612) a broadcast of all ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, said broadcast of all ephemeris data occurring at a first period; determining (614) a position of the serving cell satellite based on the global ephemeris data; receiving (616) a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; determining (618) a position of the serving cell satellite based on the total ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data; A method comprising:

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delta ephemeris data comprises a delta based on the total ephemeris data.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the total ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are received via system information.

5. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first period of the global ephemeris data increases until a time immediately following a cell change.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising sending (620) a request to receive full or delta ephemeris data.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the request is transmitted on a random access channel (RACH).

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ephemeris data is based on a coordinate system with an origin close to the orbit of the serving cell satellite.

9. A wireless device (110) comprising a processing circuit (120), the processing circuit (120) comprising: receiving a broadcast of all ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, said broadcast of all ephemeris data occurring at a first period; determining a position of the serving cell satellite based on the global ephemeris data; receiving a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; determining a position of the serving cell satellite based on the total ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data; A wireless device (110) operable to:

10. The wireless device of claim 9 , wherein the delta ephemeris data includes a delta based on the total ephemeris data.

11. 10. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

12. 12. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the global ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are received via system information.

13. 13. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the first period of the global ephemeris data increases until a time immediately following a cell change.

14. 14. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the processing circuitry is further operable to transmit a request to receive full ephemeris data or delta ephemeris data.

15. The wireless device of claim 14 , wherein the request is transmitted on a random access channel (RACH).

16. 16. The wireless device of claim 9, wherein the ephemeris data is based on a coordinate system with an origin close to the orbit of the serving cell satellite.

17. 1. A method implemented by a network node, comprising: transmitting (652) a broadcast of all ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, said broadcast of all ephemeris data occurring at a first period; transmitting (654) a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; A method comprising:

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the delta ephemeris data includes a delta based on the total ephemeris data.

19. 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

20. 20. The method of any one of claims 17 to 19, wherein the total ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are transmitted via system information.

21. 21. A method according to any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein the first period of the total ephemeris data increases until a time immediately following a cell change.

22. 22. The method of any one of claims 17 to 21, further comprising receiving (656) a request to transmit full or delta ephemeris data.

23. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the request is received on a random access channel (RACH).

24. 24. A method according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein the ephemeris data is based on a coordinate system with an origin close to the orbit of the serving cell satellite.

25. A network node (160) comprising a processing circuit (170), the processing circuit (170) comprising: transmitting a broadcast of all ephemeris data for a serving cell satellite, said broadcast of all ephemeris data occurring at a first period; transmitting a broadcast of delta ephemeris data for the serving cell satellite, the broadcast of delta ephemeris data occurring at a second period that is more frequent than the first period; A network node (160) operable to:

26. 26. A network node according to claim 25, wherein said delta ephemeris data comprises a delta based on said total ephemeris data.

27. 26. The network node of claim 25, wherein the delta ephemeris data is accumulated based on previous delta ephemeris data.

28. 28. A network node according to any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein the global ephemeris data and the delta ephemeris data are transmitted via system information.

29. 29. A network node according to any one of claims 25 to 28, wherein the first period of the global ephemeris data increases until a time immediately following a cell change.

30. 30. A network node according to one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the processing circuitry is further operable to receive a request to transmit full or delta ephemeris data.

31. 31. The network node of claim 30, wherein the request is received on a Random Access Channel (RACH).

32. 32. A network node according to any one of claims 25 to 31, wherein the ephemeris data is based on a coordinate system with an origin close to the orbit of the serving cell satellite.

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