Lifestyle Scoring System and Method

Abstract

A lifestyle scoring system and method are provided for assessing an individual's lifestyle health. The system and method determine a lifestyle score based on a physical activity score, a sleep score, and a dietary intake score. The physical activity score is a measure of the amount of physical activity an individual engages in daily. The sleep score is a measure of the duration an individual spends asleep. The dietary intake score is a measure of the health of an individual's diet and takes into account the amount of nutrients and energy an individual consumes. The physical activity, sleep, and dietary intake scores are weighted to correlate their impact on the overall lifestyle score. Data for determining the physical activity and sleep measures may be collected automatically by a wearable device.

Description

Background Art

[0001]

[0001] Although the average life expectancy is increasing globally, living longer does not necessarily mean living in good health. In order to live longer and in better health, individuals need to adopt and maintain healthier habits. Healthier habits such as not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and following a healthy diet can significantly extend the average life expectancy and improve the quality of the extended average life. Healthy lifestyle habits can improve physical, mental, and social well-being, reduce the risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), lead to healthy aging, and ultimately contribute to enjoying more aspects of life. Therefore, individuals need the right information, appropriate resources, and opportunities to achieve healthy lifestyle habits.

[0002]

[0002] An individual's lifestyle habits are complex and include a number of factors or lifestyle components that contribute to the health status of the individual's lifestyle habits. For example, these lifestyle components can include, among other things, physical activity, diet, smoking, anthropometric measures, alcohol intake, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, social support and networks, sleep quality, cardiorespiratory fitness, mental health coping strategies, breastfeeding, social status, sleep regularity, and food insecurity. The various combinations of healthy and unhealthy habits regarding the number of lifestyle components can have various effects on an individual's health and whether the individual's lifestyle habits can be considered healthy.

[0003]

[0003] Despite attempts by healthcare providers, stakeholders, public health agencies, and even national governments to promote healthier lifestyles, the incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and diabetes continues to increase globally. This would seem to imply that the majority of the world's population is adopting unhealthy and inadequate lifestyle choices. Human behavior is the result of complex interactions between internal and external stimuli. While personality traits and genetic predispositions play a part, life experiences, education, society, and culture also significantly influence our actions. Therefore, there is a need for public health solutions that address these interactions and empower individuals to change their attitudes and behaviors towards making healthier lifestyle choices.

[0004] Regarding the effects on the health of individuals of various combinations of healthy and unhealthy lifestyle habits, numerous studies have been conducted. The impact of the combination of diet and physical activity was studied in Dankel, et al., Physical activity and diet on quality of life and mortality: the importance of meeting one specific or both behaviors, International journal of cardiology, 202, 328 - 330. (2016). The impact of the combination of physical activity and sedentary behavior was studied in Loprinzi, P.D., Joint associations of objectively - measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with health - related quality of life, Preventive medicine reports, 2, 959 - 961 (2015). Both of the aforementioned two studies were examined for outcomes of Health - Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), and neither diet nor physical activity alone was significantly associated with the study outcomes. However, for the combinations of physical activity and diet, and physical activity and sedentary behavior, the associations were significant.

[0005]

[0005] From the combinations of physical strength, anthropometric values, and smoking, as well as from the combinations of diet, physical activity, anthropometric values, smoking, and alcohol intake, only (1) smoking and (2) the combination of smoking, BMI, and highly processed meat were associated with lifespan in both men and women. Heir, T., Erikssen, J., & Sandvik, L., Life style and longevity among initially healthy middle-aged men: prospective cohort study, BMC public health, 13(1), 831(2013). Li, K., Husing, A., & Kaaks, R., Lifestyle risk factors and residual life expectancy at age 40: a German cohort study, BMC medicine, 12(1), 59(2014).

[0006]

[0006] Regarding smokers, when considering the combination of diet and physical activity, not only physical activity alone but also these two combinations were significantly associated with inflammation. Loprinzi, P.D., & Walker, J.F., Combined association of physical activity and diet with C-reactive protein among smokers, Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 14(1), 51(2015).

[0007]

[0007] The combination of physical activity and BMI was associated with type 2 diabetes, either alone or in combination. Cloostermans, L., et al., Independent and combined effects of physical activity and body mass index on the development of Type 2 Diabetes - a meta-analysis of 9 prospective cohort studies, International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 147(2015). Furthermore, lung function was significantly associated with the combination of sedentary behavior and smoking, either alone or in combination. Campbell Jenkins, B.W., et al., Joint effects of smoking and sedentary lifestyle on lung function in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study cohort, International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(2), 1500 - 1519 (2014).

[0008]

[0008] One way to measure an individual's lifestyle is to derive the health effects of lifestyle exposures from population-based studies such as those described above, and to correlate different combinations of lifestyle exposures with health outcomes such as mortality, the incidence of NCDs, or related health-related biomarkers. Furthermore, well-known and established lifestyle exposures as factors affecting health can be scored in such a way that the final lifestyle score correlates dose-dependently with the health outcome.

[0009]

[0009] However, it is complex to evaluate and score an individual's lifestyle. The complexity of evaluating and scoring the health status of a lifestyle is, at least in part, because humans are not always consistent in their behavior. Some individuals adopt a mixed combination of both healthy and unhealthy lifestyle habits, and this combination can change over the course of an individual's life. Self-reporting methods often do not capture the behavioral variability of lifestyle habits because the frequency of self-reporting is usually low.

[0010]

[0010] One method of extracting a combination of an individual's lifestyle components into a lifestyle score is by a dichotomous scoring system in which a binary variable is created for each lifestyle component considered. For example, this method can be based on whether a public recommendation for a particular lifestyle component is met (e.g., healthy = 1 point) or not met (e.g., unhealthy = 0 point). The total lifestyle score can be the unweighted sum of the individual scores of each binary variable, and the cutoff can be defined as what is considered "healthy" versus "unhealthy".

[0011]

[0011] Another method of extracting combinations of an individual's lifestyle components into a lifestyle score is by quantitative discrete variables. In this method, instead of dichotomized variables (e.g., yes or no), each lifestyle component can have three or more levels of "health status" or risk. Cutoffs can be set between each level and can be associated with assigned point values. The total lifestyle score can be the unweighted sum of the point values, and the cutoff can be defined as what is considered "healthy" versus "unhealthy". For example, the Simple Lifestyle Risk Score (SLRS) was developed to study its association with established biological risk factors for CVD. The SLRS was developed such that increasing risk points are given for each quartile for each variable. Subjects located in the fourth quartile (e.g., for tobacco consumption) received the highest risk points. Thus, each variable can have 1, 2, 3, or 4 points depending on which quartile the subject's value is placed in. Using the ranking of each subject in each quartile of the four lifestyle metrics, an overall lifestyle risk score ranging from 4 (lower risk) to 16 points (higher risk) was generated. Levesque, V., Poirier, P., Despres, J.P., & Almeras, N., Relation Between a Simple Lifestyle Risk Score and Established Biological Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, The American journal of cardiology, 120(11), 1939 - 1946 (2017).

[0012]

[0012] In another example, a self - assessment score for metabolic syndrome risk in non - obese Korean adults was developed. Levesque, V., Poirier, P., Despres, J.P., & Almeras, N., Relation Between a Simple Lifestyle Risk Score and Established Biological Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, The American journal of cardiology, 120(11), 1939 - 1946 (2017). Multivariable logistic regression model coefficients (beta coefficients) were used to assign scores to each variable category. As a result, for example, in the case of BMI, for a BMI of <21 kg / m 2 a score of 0 was given for a BMI between 21 and <23 kg / m 2 a score of 2 was given for a BMI between 23 and <24 kg / m 2 a score of 3 was given for a BMI between 24 and <25 kg / m 2 and a score of 4 was possible for a BMI between 25 and <25 kg / m. The final score resulted in a maximum of 13, and a score of 7 or more means a high risk of metabolic syndrome.

[0013]

[0013] Another way to extract combinations of an individual's lifestyle components into a lifestyle score is by using the weights assigned to each lifestyle component. In this method, each lifestyle factor can be weighted according to the magnitude of its independent effect. For example, the Healthy Lifestyle Score (HLS) was developed to understand its impact on the risk of heart failure in women. Agha, G., Loucks, et al., Healthy lifestyle and decreasing risk of heart failure in women: the Women’s Health Initiative observational study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(17), 1777-1785(2014). Each dichotomous lifestyle factor was first weighted according to the magnitude of its independent effect on the risk of heart failure (e.g., the beta coefficient adjusted for other dichotomous lifestyle factors). Thus, the scores ranged from 0 to 4 for unweighted HLS and from 0 to 1.55 for weighted HLS. For both scores, a higher score means a healthier lifestyle. In another example, the Health Behavior Score (HBS) was developed to understand its impact on the risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular disease. Andersen, S.W., et al., Combined impact of health behaviours on mortality in low-income Americans, American journal of preventive medicine, 51(3), 344-355(2016). The HBS weighted score used the adjusted risk estimates for all-cause mortality among the entire cohort for five levels of health behavior. For each variable, the reference population was assigned a value of zero, and for the other categories of the variable, the point estimate was used as the weighted value. The weights were summed and grouped into quartiles.The top 25% of individuals in terms of score were placed in quartile 1 (e.g., the least healthy lifestyle habits) and used as a reference group for comparison.

[0014]

[0014] However, extracting an individual's lifestyle habits into a single score is a technical challenge as a tool to help individuals improve the health status of their behaviors. An individual's lifestyle habits are complex and include a number of factors or lifestyle components that contribute more or less to the health status of the individual's lifestyle habits. Therefore, the above typical health or lifestyle scoring methods have a number of drawbacks. For example, the use of a dichotomous cut-off to define "healthy" behavior versus "unhealthy" behavior for each lifestyle factor ignores the range within which an individual's behavior can be more or less healthy or unhealthy. Thus, an individual who just exceeds the cut-off considered "healthy" may be less motivated to further improve their behavior to become healthier than if their behavior were scored on a scale from best (e.g., 10 out of 10) to acceptable (e.g., 7 out of 10). Another drawback of some typical scoring methods is applying equal weights to each lifestyle component when calculating an overall health or lifestyle score. These methods ignore the fact that certain lifestyle components have a greater effect on an individual's overall health and should therefore be weighted according to the lifestyle component in order to most accurately assess an individual's health or lifestyle habits.

[0015] Another drawback of some typical scoring methods is that they rely on self-reporting to determine an overall score. For example, individuals often cannot consistently self-report data, and thus, the scoring method may generate an inaccurate score because it generates a score with less data than a complete dataset. Additionally, some typical scoring methods do not include lifestyle components that have a significant impact on an individual's health in the calculation. Therefore, a system and method for improving how the health status of an individual's lifestyle can be extracted into a single score is desirable to assist individuals in improving their health through their actions.

Summary of the Invention

[0016]

[0016] The present disclosure provides a new and innovative system and method for scoring the health status of an individual's lifestyle. The provided system and method determine a lifestyle score based on determining a physical activity score, a sleep score, and a dietary intake score. The physical activity score is an output value of a piecewise continuous function of physical activity structured in a way that helps encourage an individual to continue to improve their behavior to reach a minimum recommended amount of physical activity. The piecewise function of physical activity uses the amount of physical activity as an input. For example, the amount of physical activity can be the number of steps taken. The data used to determine the amount of an individual's physical activity can be automatically collected by the individual's wearable device (e.g., a wristwatch having an accelerometer sensor).

[0017]

[0017] The sleep score is an output value of a piecewise continuous function structured to evaluate an individual's sleep duration. The piecewise continuous function of sleep uses the amount of sleep as an input. In some examples, the piecewise continuous function of the sleep score can be structured differently for different age ranges of an individual. The data used to determine an individual's sleep duration can be automatically collected by the individual's wearable device (e.g., a wristwatch having an accelerometer sensor).

[0018]

[0018] The dietary intake score is determined from the average nutrient score multiplied by the energy score. The average nutrient score is the average of a set of nutrient scores. Each nutrient score in the set corresponds to a specific nutrient and is the output value of a piecewise continuous function corresponding to the specific nutrient. For example, depending on the nutrient, the amount that is healthy or unhealthy to consume, or the amount that an individual's body can tolerate, varies. The piecewise continuous function for each nutrient uses the amount of each nutrient as input. The data used to determine an individual's nutrient consumption can be based on data input by the individual.

[0019]

[0019] The energy score is the output value of a piecewise continuous function for evaluating the health status of the amount of energy (e.g., calories) consumed by an individual. The piecewise continuous function for energy uses the amount of energy as input. To more accurately reflect the importance of the energy consumed by an individual with respect to the health status of the individual's dietary intake, the energy score is multiplied by the average nutrient score when determining the dietary intake score. The data used to determine an individual's energy consumption can be based on data input by the individual.

[0020]

[0020] The lifestyle score is determined by the weighted sum of the physical activity score, the sleep score, and the dietary intake score. The weights assigned to each of the respective scores can be determined to reflect the importance of each score with respect to the overall health status of an individual's lifestyle. The total range of the lifestyle score can be segmented into categories of health status so that an individual can evaluate the health status of their lifestyle.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0021]

[0021]

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0022]

[0034] An individual's lifestyle is complex and includes a number of factors or lifestyle components that contribute to the individual's health status. Therefore, extracting an individual's lifestyle into a single score as a tool to help individuals improve the health status of their actions is a technical challenge. Large-scale, low-cost, and long-term health interventions via smartphone applications are potentially a solution. For example, many smartphone users download health applications to track their diet or monitor their weight, sleep, or exercise. Recent applications can access data on various activities collected by wearables or incorporate similar sensors to generate data and use it to help users monitor their habits. Some recent wearable devices and smartphone applications with appropriate sensors are not only useful tools for monitoring consumers' lifestyles but also valuable means for researchers to evaluate and collect health data. Since the devices and applications are programmed to automatically collect data, they eliminate the bias in data collection that would otherwise depend on an individual's memory and will to report personal information. By using wearables, not only can continuous and long-term exposure to lifestyle components be captured, but it is also possible to understand how different combinations of lifestyle components and variations in lifestyle components over the course of an individual's life affect health. For example, certain combinations of lifestyle behaviors may be more harmful than others, suggesting a synergistic relationship between risk factors.

[0023]

[0035] The most common lifestyle factors used to evaluate an individual's lifestyle have been found to be diet, physical activity, BMI and other anthropometric measures, smoking, and alcohol consumption. However, not all of these lifestyle factors may be automatically captured by wearable devices. Additionally, anthropometric measures and fitness characteristics may not necessarily be considered lifestyle behaviors but rather the result of lifestyle behaviors and other factors such as genetics.

[0024]

[0036] Accordingly, the present disclosure provides a scoring system and method for extracting an individual's lifestyle into a single score, which improves typical systems and methods for scoring an individual's health and / or lifestyle by considering the individual's physical activity, sleep time, and food intake. For example, the provided scoring system and method improve a dichotomous scoring system by extracting an individual's actions into the range of health states of actions in a plurality of categories and the range of health states of overall lifestyles. Accordingly, more information is provided that an individual can use when determining which actions to improve or how to improve those actions in order to improve the overall health state of their lifestyle. Further, the provided system and method can help increase an individual's motivation to continuously improve the health state of their actions by classifying scores into levels of health states rather than a single "healthy" score.

[0025]

[0037] The lifestyle scoring system and method disclosed herein further improve a quantitative discrete variable scoring method by recognizing the non-uniform importance of specific lifestyle components to the overall health state of an individual's lifestyle. For example, weights are assigned to each lifestyle component included in the overall score to most accurately represent the significance of each component.

[0026]

[0038] The provided scoring system and method further improve the multivariate linear regression model method and other methods of assigning weights to individual components by: (1) automatically collecting data with a wearable device; (2) determining a lifestyle score based on lifestyle components that can be measured by the wearable device; and (3) assigning weights to the considered lifestyle components that reflect the relative importance of each lifestyle component to the overall health status of an individual's lifestyle. By determining a lifestyle score having the above three features, the provided lifestyle scoring system and method determine a lifestyle score that more accurately represents the health status of an individual's lifestyle than typical weighted scoring methods.

[0027]

[0039] Accordingly, the scoring system and method disclosed herein provide a convenient self-monitoring tool that automatically collects data, determines a single score including subscores, and is used by individuals to track their lifestyle choices. Further, the provided system and method assign positive scores to healthy behaviors and negative scores to unhealthy behaviors in such a way as to empower individuals towards self-control and promote behavior change and / or behavior maintenance when determining an overall lifestyle score. For example, the automatic data collection of the provided system from a wearable device enables a more accurate depiction of the health status of an individual's lifestyle compared to systems and methods that rely on an individual's self-reporting.

[0028]

[0040] As used herein, "about," "approximately," and "substantially" are understood to refer to numbers within a numerical range, e.g., within -10% to +10% of the reference number, preferably within -5% to +5% of the reference number, more preferably within -1% to +1% of the reference number, and most preferably within -0.1% to +0.1% of the reference number.

[0029]

[0041] Furthermore, all numerical ranges in this specification are to be understood as including all integers, wholes, or fractions within that range. Further, these numerical ranges are to be construed as supporting claims directed to any number or subset of numbers within this range. For example, the disclosure of 1 to 10 is to be construed as supporting ranges such as 1 to 8, 3 to 7, 1 to 9, 3.6 to 4.6, 3.5 to 9.9, etc.

[0030]

[0042] As used in this specification and the appended claims, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, singular words include the plural. Thus, references to "a", "an", and "the" generally include the plural of their respective terms. For example, reference to "an ingredient" or "a method" includes a plurality of such "ingredients" or "methods". The term "and / or" as used in the context of "X and / or Y" should be construed to mean "X" or "Y" or "X and Y".

[0031]

[0043] Similarly, the terms "comprise", "comprises", and "comprising" are to be construed as non-exclusive and may include other elements. Similarly, the terms "include", "including", and "or" are all to be construed as including other elements as long as such construction is not clearly precluded by the context. However, the embodiments provided by the present disclosure may not include any element not specifically disclosed herein. Therefore, the disclosure of embodiments defined using the term "comprising" is also a disclosure of embodiments "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of" the disclosed components. As used herein, the term "example" is merely illustrative and for the purpose of explanation, and should not be considered exclusive or inclusive, especially when followed by a list of terms. All embodiments disclosed herein can be combined with any other embodiment disclosed herein, unless specifically stated otherwise.

[0032]

[0044] The term "nutrient" is used repeatedly herein. In some embodiments, the term "nutrient" as used herein refers to a compound that has a beneficial effect on the body, such as providing energy, growth, or health. This term includes organic and inorganic compounds. As used herein, the term "nutrient" may include, for example, macronutrients, micronutrients, essential nutrients, conditionally essential nutrients, and phyto-nutrients. These terms are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, certain nutrients can be defined as either macronutrients or micronutrients depending on a particular classification system or list.

[0033]

[0045] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an exemplary system 100 for providing a lifestyle score according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary system 100 includes a lifestyle score system 102 configured to determine an individual's lifestyle score from various input data regarding the individual. The lifestyle score system 102 may include a processor (e.g., CPU 106, or any other similar device) that communicates with a memory 104, a display 108, an input device 110, an activity monitor 112, a physical activity computer 120, a sleep score computer 130, a dietary intake score computer 140, and a lifestyle score computer 150. In other examples, the components of the lifestyle score system 102 may be combined, rearranged, removed, or provided on separate devices or servers. The display 108 may be any suitable display for presenting information and may be a touch display. The input device 110 may be any appropriate mechanism for an individual to provide input data, such as a laptop keyboard, a peripheral keyboard (including physical and virtual keyboards), a peripheral mouse / trackball, a touchpad, a touch screen, etc.

[0034]

[0046] In some examples, the lifestyle score system 102 may collect data from the activity monitor 112. For example, the lifestyle score system 102 may be a wearable device (e.g., a wristwatch) that collects data and determines a lifestyle score. In other examples, the lifestyle score system 102 may collect data transmitted from an external device 160 via the network 114. For example, the external device 160 may be a wearable device that includes an activity monitor 162 that collects data and transmits that data to the lifestyle score system 102, and the lifestyle score system 102 may determine a lifestyle score and transmit the lifestyle score to the external device 160 for display on the display 164. The display 164 may be any suitable display for presenting information and may be a touch display. The network 114 may include, for example, the Internet or some other data network including, but not limited to, any suitable wide area network or local area network. The activity monitor 112 and / or the activity monitor 162 may automatically collect various biometrics of an individual during use. For example, the activity monitor 112 and / or the activity monitor 162 may be one or more of an accelerometer sensor, a heart rate monitor, a respiration monitor, or other suitable biometric tracker. The data collected by the activity monitor 112 and / or the activity monitor 162 may correspond to the amount of physical activity (e.g., number of steps) or amount of sleep (e.g., minutes) of an individual.

[0035]

[0047] Each of the physical activity calculator 120, the sleep score calculator 130, the dietary intake score calculator 140, and the lifestyle score calculator 150 can be implemented by software executed by the CPU 106. The physical activity calculator 120 is configured to determine a physical activity score. Physical activity can be defined as any body movement generated by skeletal muscles that requires energy consumption. Physical activity can, in some cases, be measured in metabolic equivalents of tasks (METs). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the United States, individuals who achieve moderate (3 - 6 METs) to vigorous (>6 METs) activity across all physical activity domains for at least 150 minutes per week have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, cancer, musculoskeletal disease, and mental illness. This corresponds to ≥600 MET - minutes / week. Additionally, muscle strength and balance training 2 - 3 days / week, and flexibility training 2 days / week will maintain cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness. Since physical activity is a multidimensional construct incorporating frequency, intensity, type, and duration, it is a behavior that is difficult to measure not only by self - reporting but also by objective methods. Table 1 below shows the healthy ranges of the amount of physical activity required to have certain health benefits, and the proposed healthy ranges of physical activity for the provided lifestyle score system. Each healthy range is associated with a health outcome, and the proposed ranges attempt to cover all health outcomes. Each healthy range has minimum, maximum, and optimal levels of physical activity volume.

[0036]

[0048]

Table 1

[0037]

[0049] Recommendations from public resources were found not to present the maximum level of physical activity. However, based on the literature, when physical activity exceeds a certain amount per week, the return of benefit gradually becomes smaller. Furthermore, there may be some risks for certain groups. For example, for individuals prone to heart disease or those who are not habitually active, a benefit threshold of approximately 430 MET-minutes / day is recommended.

[0038]

[0050] The healthy range of physical activity provided for the lifestyle score system disclosed herein adopts 600 METs-minutes / week, which is the value from the official recommendation for the minimum value for having health benefits, and does not define an upper limit for physical activity because no risks were found in any of the high levels of physical activity in the population of healthy adults. However, the optimal recommended range for an individual to score the maximum physical activity score is based on the average of the optimal ranges obtained from the literature review and official recommendations. For example, the average of the optimal range for the lower limit is equal to 1425 MET-minutes / week, which is rounded to 1500 METs-minutes / week, and the average of the optimal range for the upper limit is 2185 METs-minutes / week, which is rounded to 2000 METs-minutes / week.

[0039]

[0051] The physical activity score is the output value of a piecewise continuous physical activity function that uses the amount of physical activity as an input. For example, the amount of physical activity can be measured by the number of steps an individual takes. For example, the number of steps can be measured by an accelerometer sensor within a wearable device. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary piecewise continuous physical activity function 200 according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary physical activity function 200 has an amount of physical activity 202 as an input and outputs a physical activity score as output 204. The physical activity function 200 includes an output value B (e.g., 0) for a zero amount of physical activity 202. The physical activity function 200 also includes an increasing output value 204 at a ratio 206 for an amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than zero and less than the minimum recommended amount of physical activity F. In various examples, the ratio of increase 206 is linear. In some examples, the minimum recommended amount of physical activity F may correspond to an output value C (e.g., 50) that is equal to half of the maximum output value E (e.g., 100).

[0040]

[0052] The physical activity function 200 also includes an increasing output value 204 at a ratio 208 for an amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than or equal to the minimum recommended amount of physical activity F and less than the optimal amount of physical activity H. In various examples, the ratio of increase 208 is linear. The physical activity function 200 also includes the maximum output value E for the optimal amount of physical activity H and for amounts of physical activity 202 that are greater than the optimal amount of physical activity H. In other words, the physical activity function 200 includes a constant maximum output value E for input values 202 that are greater than or equal to the optimal amount of physical activity H. Since it has been found that amounts of physical activity 202 that exceed the optimal amount of physical activity H provide limited health benefits, the maximum output value E is constant in this portion of the exemplary physical activity function 200. Thus, such additional amounts of physical activity 202 do not affect the individual's physical activity score. The constant maximum output value E is indicated by a ratio 210 of the exemplary physical activity function 200.

[0041]

[0053] Furthermore, the rate of increase 206 is greater than the rate of increase 208. The change in the rate of increase between rate 206 and rate 208 can help empower an individual and encourage a behavior change towards a healthier behavior. For example, it will be seen that an individual with a lifestyle below the minimum recommended physical activity level F will have a more rapid increase in the physical activity score as the amount of physical activity 202 increases than an individual with a lifestyle above the minimum recommended physical activity level F. The more rapid increase in the physical activity score can help an individual working towards the minimum recommended physical activity level F feel more encouraged by the progress seen and can help reduce the likelihood of giving up. Conversely, an individual with a lifestyle above the minimum recommended physical activity level F may already have physical activity as a consistent part of their lifestyle, and thus, the more gradual increase in the physical activity score as they work towards the optimal physical activity level H may not be a hardship.

[0042]

[0054] In some cases, the output value 204 of the physical activity function 200 between the output value C and the maximum output value E can be divided into two categories. For example, the physical activity function 200 may include an amount of physical activity G corresponding to an output value D (e.g., 70). In such an example, an amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than or equal to the minimum recommended physical activity level F and less than the amount of physical activity G can be regarded as a "minimum recommended value", and an amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than or equal to the amount of physical activity G and less than the optimal physical activity level H can be regarded as "recommended for health benefits". An amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than zero and less than the minimum recommended physical activity level F can be regarded as "not recommended", and an amount of physical activity 202 that is greater than or equal to the optimal physical activity level H can be regarded as "recommended for maximum health benefits".

[0043]

[0055] Figure 3 shows a diagram illustrating various scenarios of how an individual can achieve an optimal level of physical activity. As in the example of Figure 3, an individual can achieve an optimal range of healthy physical activity (e.g., 1500 - 2000 METs - minutes / week) by engaging in both moderate activity (3 - 6 METs) and vigorous activity (>6 METs) from any of the four regions. For example, to achieve 1960 METs - minutes / week, or 280 Mets - minutes / day, an individual may perform 10 minutes / day of stair climbing, 15 minutes / day of walking, 15 minutes / day of gardening, and 10 minutes / day of jogging.

[0044]

[0056] Figure 4 shows a graph comparing several amounts of physical activity for different scoring systems. The graph shows how each of the scoring systems scores several amounts of physical activity.

[0045]

[0057] The sleep score calculator 130 is configured to determine a sleep score. Sleep can be defined as a physiological state that alternates with wakefulness and is extremely important for human health and necessary for life. An adequate amount of sleep has beneficial effects on cardiovascular, metabolic, mental and immunological health, as well as human performance, cancer, pain, and mortality. However, there are different recommendations regarding the amount of sleep required for good health. One proposed recommendation is 7 - 9 hours, with a lower limit of 6 hours, and upper limits of 11 hours for young adults (e.g., 18 - 25 years old) and 10 hours for adults (e.g., 26 - 64 years old). Another proposed recommendation is a minimum of 7 hours for all adults (18 - 60 years old). Table 2 below shows some of the healthy ranges found in the literature regarding the amount of sleep required for specific health benefits, as well as the proposed healthy sleep ranges for the lifestyle score system disclosed herein.

[0046]

[0058]

Table 2

[0047]

[0059] The sleep score is the output value of a piecewise continuous function that uses the amount of sleep as an input. FIG. 5 shows an exemplary piecewise continuous sleep function 500 according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary sleep function 500 has the amount of sleep 502 as an input and outputs a sleep score as output 504. The exemplary sleep function 500 includes an output value 504 (e.g., 0) for an amount of sleep 502 that is less than a threshold value M (e.g., 300 minutes) that is less than the minimum recommended amount of sleep N (e.g., 360 minutes). In various examples, the lower threshold value M may be a certain percentage (e.g., 75%, 81%, 84%) of the minimum recommended amount of sleep N, or may be a certain time (e.g., 60 minutes) less than the minimum recommended amount of sleep N. The exemplary sleep function 500 also includes an increasing output value 504 for an amount of sleep 502 that is greater than the lower threshold value M and less than the range of optimal sleep amounts 506. The rate of increase of the output value 504 can be linear. The range of optimal sleep amounts 506 can extend from an amount of sleep O (e.g., 420 minutes) to an amount of sleep P (e.g., 540 minutes). The exemplary sleep function 500 includes a maximum output value L (e.g., 100) for an amount of sleep 502 within the range of optimal sleep amounts 506.

[0048]

[0060] The exemplary sleep function 500 also includes a decreasing output value 504 for an amount of sleep 502 that is greater than the optimal sleep amount range 506 and less than the upper threshold value that exceeds the maximum recommended sleep amount. In various examples, the maximum recommended sleep amount and the upper threshold value exceeding it may vary among individuals of a certain age. For example, the maximum recommended sleep amount Q (e.g., 600 minutes) for individuals aged 26 - 64 may be less than the maximum recommended sleep amount R (e.g., 660 minutes) for individuals aged 18 - 25. In such a case, the upper threshold value for individuals aged 26 - 64 equal to the maximum recommended sleep amount R in the shown example is less than the upper threshold value S (e.g., 720 minutes) for individuals aged 18 - 25. In various examples, each upper threshold value may exceed its respective maximum recommended sleep amount Q and R by a certain percentage (e.g., 8%, 10%, 12%), or may be a certain time (e.g., 60 minutes) more than its respective maximum recommended sleep amount Q and R. In such a case, the reduction rate 508 of the output value 504 for individuals aged 26 - 64 is greater than the reduction rate 510 of the output value 504 for individuals aged 18 - 25. The reduction rate 508 and the reduction rate 510 can be linear. Further, in various examples, each of the minimum recommended sleep amount N, the maximum recommended sleep amount Q, and the maximum recommended sleep amount R corresponds to an output value K (e.g., 50) equal to half of the maximum output value L (e.g., 100).

[0049]

[0061] Accordingly, the exemplary sleep function 500 outputs a minimum sleep score for an amount of sleep below the lower threshold value and an amount of sleep exceeding each of its upper threshold values. By including this threshold, individuals outside the healthy sleep range, i.e., between the minimum recommended sleep amount and the maximum recommended sleep amount, are penalized more strongly than individuals outside the healthy physical activity range. This is because sleep is extremely important and affects all activities throughout the day. Further, while any physical activity is better than no physical activity, the same cannot be said for sleep. Thus, the sleep score is not increased for any amount of sleep in the same way that the physical activity score is increased for any physical activity until the optimal physical activity amount is reached. Structuring the exemplary sleep function 500 in such a way can help contribute to improving the accuracy and reliability of the provided lifestyle score system for the output sleep score.

[0050]

[0062] The dietary intake score calculator 140 is configured to determine a dietary intake score. For example, the dietary intake score calculator 140 may determine a dietary intake score according to the systems and methods disclosed in International Publication No. 2018 / 234083, which is incorporated herein by reference. Generally, the dietary intake score calculator 140 calculates and displays a dietary intake score obtained from a weighted average of a subset of nutrients as identified herein for a given period. In one example, the subset is selected to facilitate tracking in combination with the accuracy of reflecting overall health through diet. Then, this average is multiplied by an energy score. The energy score can be, for example, a number from 0 to 1. Another example can be a number from 0 to 100. By multiplying the weighted average of non - energy nutrients by the energy score, a system is created that penalizes calorie intake outside of a healthy calorie range. In some examples, equal weights are given to all nutrients, but in other examples, higher weights may be assigned to specific nutrients to emphasize these particular nutrients of interest. Further, in some examples, the dietary intake score is provided over a 24 - hour period, but in other examples, any suitable period of interest may be used.

[0051]

[0063] The dietary intake score can be calculated based on, for example, a number of parameters: (1) a selected list of nutrients; (2) an energy requirement or energy goal adapted to the individual, (3) a piece - wise continuous function for each nutrient that aligns the intake of that nutrient with a general healthy intake pattern in accordance with current dietary guidelines (for a given country), (4) a certain period; and / or (5) a weight for each nutrient. The input can be provided, for example, in the form of a list of foods consumed, along with their respective amounts. The output can be a single dietary intake score in the range from 0 to a maximum value (e.g., 1 or 100).

[0052]

[0064] To determine the dietary intake score, the dietary intake score calculator 140 is configured to determine an average nutrient score based on a plurality of nutrients. FIG. 6A shows an exemplary piecewise continuous nutrient function 600A of nutrients having a healthy range, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. Nutrients having a healthy range provide a health benefit when eaten, but only up to a certain intake amount. For example, nutrients having a healthy range may include carbohydrates, protein, total fat, fiber, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, food folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and / or vitamin E. The exemplary nutrient function 600A has an amount of nutrient 602 as an input and outputs a nutrient score as output 604. The exemplary nutrient function 600A includes a minimum output value U (e.g., 0) for a zero amount of nutrient. The nutrient function 600A also includes increasing the output value 604 (e.g., linearly) for an amount of nutrient 602 that is greater than or equal to a lower nutrient threshold W and less than the healthy amount range 606 of the nutrient. The lower nutrient threshold W for a particular nutrient is determined with respect to the tolerance for under - intake of that nutrient. In some cases, the lower nutrient threshold W may be equal to zero amount of the nutrient. The healthy amount range 606 of the nutrient may be a range from an amount of nutrient X to an amount of nutrient Y. The amount of nutrient 602 within the healthy amount range 606 corresponds to a maximum output value V (e.g., 100).

[0053]

[0065] The exemplary nutrient function 600A also includes decreasing (e.g., linearly) the output value 604 for an amount of nutrient 602 that is greater than the range 606 of healthy amounts and less than the upper nutrient threshold Z. The amount of nutrient 602 that is greater than or equal to the upper nutrient threshold Z may be equal to the minimum output value U (e.g., 0). The upper nutrient threshold Z for a particular nutrient is determined with respect to the tolerance for excessive intake of that nutrient. In some examples, the lower nutrient threshold W and the upper nutrient threshold Z are symmetric compared to the range 606 of healthy amounts, as shown. In various other examples, the lower nutrient threshold W and the upper nutrient threshold Z are asymmetric compared to the range 606 of healthy amounts. The exemplary nutrient function 600A is defined as the following S(x) in Equation 1, where x is the amount of nutrient in its appropriate unit of measurement. The exemplary nutrient function 600A is as follows. [Number]

[0054]

[0066] In various embodiments, "x" in Equation 1 above need not refer to a nutrient. Specifically, in some examples, "x" may represent the amount or volume of food from a particular food group (e.g., 3 servings of fruit or 3 cups of fruit), the amount of a particular type of food in a food group (e.g., 3 grams of dark green vegetables), the amount of a particular food product (e.g., 0.5 hamburgers), the amount of vitamin supplementation. In still other examples, "x" represents the amount of different types of ingestibles, such as the amount of food ingested from a "food category". Each nutrient selected to determine a dietary intake score has its own corresponding piecewise continuous function specific to the healthy intake range of that nutrient. For example, considering a list n1, n2,..., n of k nutrients k each of them is defined by this equation, Equation 1, but with different values for W, X, Y, and Z for the amount of each nutrient, corresponding to the function S i (x).

[0055]

[0067] In contrast to nutrients that have a healthy range, some nutrients have no minimum recommended amount, such that it is preferable to consume none of the particular nutrient, and the only unfavorable scenario is to consume an excess of that nutrient. In other words, an individual does not need any amount of these nutrients, but can tolerate some amount in their diet. This occurs, for example, with sodium, saturated fat, or added sugars. FIG. 6B shows an exemplary piecewise continuous nutrient function 600B for nutrients having no intake requirement, according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary nutrient function 600B has an amount of nutrient 610 as an input and outputs a nutrient score as output 612. The exemplary nutrient function 600B includes a maximum output value HH (e.g., 100) for amounts of nutrient within a healthy range of amounts 614. The healthy range of amounts 614 in the context of nutrients having no intake requirement corresponds to the amount of nutrient that an individual can tolerate in their diet. The healthy range of amounts 614 can be a range from zero amount of nutrient to an amount of nutrient JJ. The exemplary nutrient function 600B also includes decreasing (e.g., linearly) the output value for amounts of nutrient 610 that are greater than the healthy range of amounts 614 and less than an upper nutrient threshold KK. The upper nutrient threshold KK is determined with respect to the tolerance for excess intake of that nutrient. Amounts of nutrient 610 greater than the upper nutrient threshold KK correspond to a minimum output value 612 (e.g., 0). The exemplary nutrient function 600B can be represented by Equation 2 as follows.

Number

[0056]

[0068] In another example, for some nutrients, to show that excessive intake of a particular nutrient is not harmful, the system disclosed herein may assign an infinite amount JJ or define an upper limit of a healthy range that is infinite. That is, the nutrient function in such an example outputs a maximum output HH for all amounts 610 of the nutrient ingested. In another example, the nutrient score for not ingesting any of a nutrient (such as the exemplary nutrient of FIG. 6B where the nutrient is not actually required at all in a given diet) is less than the maximum output but greater than the minimum output. For example, if no particular nutrient is ingested, it does not output a full potential score (e.g., 100), but the fact that the nutrient is not required means that not ingesting any of that nutrient will still contribute positively to an increase in the score.

[0057]

[0069] In addition to determining a nutrient score for each of the nutrients considered, the dietary intake score calculator 140 is also configured to calculate an average of the nutrient scores. The dietary intake score calculator 140 may also be configured to determine an energy score and may be configured to determine a dietary intake score based on the average nutrient score and the energy score.

[0058]

[0070] The energy itself is scored according to a function similar to that shown in FIG. 6A. Specifically, FIG. 7 shows an exemplary piecewise continuous energy function 700 according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary energy function 700 has an amount of energy 702 as an input and outputs an energy score as output 704. The exemplary energy function 700 includes a minimum output value LL (e.g., 0) for a zero amount of energy. The energy function 700 also includes increasing output 704 (e.g., linearly) for amounts of energy 702 that are greater than or equal to a lower energy threshold NN and less than a range 706 of healthy amounts of energy. In some cases, the lower energy threshold NN may be equal to a zero amount of energy. The range 706 of healthy amounts of energy can be a range from an amount of energy OO to an amount of energy PP. Amounts of energy 702 within the range 706 of healthy amounts correspond to a maximum output value MM (e.g., 1).

[0059]

[0071] The exemplary energy function 700 also includes decreasing the output value 704 (e.g., linearly) for amounts of energy 702 that are greater than the range 706 of healthy amounts and less than an upper energy threshold QQ. Amounts of energy 702 that are greater than or equal to the upper nutrient threshold QQ may be equal to the minimum output value LL (e.g., 0). The estimated energy requirement or “EER” reflected in Equation 3 below is calculated using the formula of the Institute of Medicine (IOM).

[0060]

[0072] For example, in a 40-year-old woman with an average height and weight of 162.9 cm and 78.5 kg (CDC), respectively, who hardly moves her body, this is approximately 1,000 kcal. Note that the basal metabolic rate ("BMR") of that woman is approximately 1,442 kcal. Therefore, 1,000 kcal is not a sustainable calorie intake. In this case, the lower limit of calories is 10% lower than the target energy intake. In other embodiments, the lower limit of calories can be other percentages, such as 15% - 50%, depending on the ability to accurately input the energy consumed during a certain period. The target energy intake is, for example, the estimated energy consumption of the above-mentioned 40-year-old woman who hardly moves her body. The IOM provides 2,033 kcal / day, and therefore the lower limit of the healthy range is 1,830 kcal / day. The function is represented as follows, where the acronym "EER" represents the estimated energy requirement. [Number]

[0061]

[0073] The lifestyle score calculator 150 is configured to determine a lifestyle score based on at least a physical activity score, a sleep score, and a diet intake score. The processor of the lifestyle score system 102 may be configured to display an expression of the lifestyle score on the display 108 of the lifestyle score system 102.

[0062]

[0074] FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of an exemplary method 800 for determining and displaying a lifestyle score according to one aspect of the present disclosure. The exemplary method 800 is described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. 8, but it will be understood that many other methods for performing the acts associated with the method 800 may be used. For example, the order of some of the blocks may be changed, some blocks may be combined with other blocks, and some of the described blocks may be optional. The method 800 may be executed by processing logic that may include hardware (circuits, dedicated logic, etc.), software, or a combination of both.

[0063]

[0075] The exemplary method 800 includes determining a physical activity score (block 802). For example, the activity monitor 162 (e.g., an accelerometer sensor) of the external device 160 (e.g., a wristwatch) can capture the acceleration data of an individual. In some examples, the acceleration data is captured for 24 hours. In other examples, the activity monitor 162 captures acceleration data for more or less time. The activity monitor 162 can then transmit the acceleration data to the lifestyle score system 102 (e.g., a smartphone with a downloaded application). The physical activity score calculator 120 can determine the amount of physical activity from the captured acceleration data. In some examples, the amount of physical activity can be in units of METs-minutes per day. The physical activity score calculator 120 can then input the determined amount of physical activity into the physical activity function 200 to obtain an output physical activity score (e.g., 80). The physical activity score can be segmented into a plurality of categories indicating the health status of an individual's physical activity habits. For example, Table 3 below shows four categories of physical activity scores and how they indicate an individual's physical activity habits.

[0064]

[0076]

Table 3

[0065]

[0077] The exemplary method 800 also includes determining a sleep score (block 804). For example, the activity monitor 162 can capture the individual's acceleration data while the individual is sleeping. The activity monitor 162 can transmit the acceleration data to the lifestyle score system 102. The sleep score calculator 130 can use the acceleration data to determine how long the individual slept, the amount of sleep (e.g., in minutes), and can access data in the memory 104 that stores the age of the individual (e.g., 35). For example, the individual may enter their age using the input device 110 (e.g., a virtual keyboard on a smartphone). The sleep score calculator 130 can then input the determined amount of sleep into the sleep function 500 corresponding to the individual's age to obtain an output sleep score (e.g., 100). The sleep score can be segmented into a plurality of categories indicating the health status of the individual's sleep time. For example, a sleep score less than 50 may be considered unhealthy.

[0066]

[0078] The exemplary method 800 also includes determining a nutrient score for each selected nutrient (block 806). For example, an individual can use the input device 110 to input a list of foods, including the amounts of each food, into the lifestyle score system 102. The dietary intake score calculator 140 can access the information stored in the memory 104 for each of the foods input by the individual to determine the nutrients present (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, and added sugars) and the amounts of each nutrient. The dietary intake score calculator 140 can also access the respective nutrient functions 600A, 600B for each nutrient present from the memory 104. If amounts of each nutrient are present, the dietary intake score calculator 140 can input the amounts into the respective nutrient functions 600A, 600B to obtain the output nutrient scores for each nutrient. The dietary intake score calculator 140 can repeat this for each nutrient. For example, the dietary intake score calculator 140 can obtain a nutrient score of 100 for carbohydrates, a nutrient score of 20 for proteins, and a nutrient score of zero for added sugars. After calculating the nutrient scores for each nutrient, the dietary intake score calculator 140 can calculate the average of the nutrient scores (e.g., 40).

[0067]

[0079] Exemplary method 800 also includes determining an energy score (block 808). For example, an individual can use input device 110 to input a list of foods including the amount of each food into lifestyle score system 102. Diet intake score calculator 140 can access the information stored in memory 104 for each of the foods input by the individual to determine the amount of calories consumed by the individual. Diet intake score calculator 140 can also access the individual's EER within memory 104. For example, an individual may have previously input their characteristics into lifestyle score system 102 that enables diet intake score calculator 140 to calculate the individual's EER using the IOM formula and store the individual's EER in memory 104. Diet intake score calculator 140 can input the food information and the individual's EER into energy function 700 to obtain an output energy score (e.g., 0.8).

[0068]

[0080] Exemplary method 800 also includes determining a diet intake score (block 810). Diet intake score calculator 140 can multiply the calculated average nutrient score (e.g., 40) by the energy score (e.g., 0.8) to determine a diet intake score (e.g., 32). The diet intake score can be segmented into a plurality of categories indicating the health status of an individual's diet intake. For example, a diet intake score less than 40 may be considered unhealthy. It has been found that typical methods have little effect on the total diet intake score when energy is averaged with all nutrients. In fact, as more nutrients are averaged into the score, the impact of energy on the overall average decreases. The method 800 disclosed herein incorporates energy into the diet intake score as a multiplier to reflect its importance to the overall score rather than as another nutrient to be averaged. Thus, method 800 can provide a more reliable and accurate representation of an individual's diet intake amount score than typical methods that cannot accurately reflect the importance of the amount of energy consumed.

[0069]

[0081] The exemplary method 800 also includes determining a lifestyle score (block 812). Optionally, the lifestyle score may be on a scale of 0 to 100. For example, the lifestyle score calculator 150 can determine the lifestyle score by calculating a weighted sum of a physical activity score (e.g., 80), a sleep score (e.g., 100), and a diet intake score (e.g., 32). In various examples, the weight applied to the physical activity score for determining the lifestyle score (e.g., 60) is 0.3, the weight applied to the sleep score is 0.2, and the weight applied to the diet intake score is 0.5. The lifestyle score can be segmented into multiple categories to indicate to an individual how healthy their lifestyle is so that the individual can adjust their lifestyle and monitor the lifestyle score. For example, a lifestyle score in the range of 90 to 100 can be designated as an optimal lifestyle score, and a lifestyle score less than 90 can be designated as needing improvement. As in the above example, by showing 90 to 100 as the optimal lifestyle score and weighting the components, if one of the individual's physical activity score, sleep score, and diet intake score indicates that the respective aspect of the individual's lifestyle is unhealthy, it is ensured that an optimal lifestyle score cannot be obtained.

[0070]

[0082] For example, if an individual has a physical activity score of 100, an unhealthy sleep score of 49, and a diet intake score of 100, the individual has a lifestyle score of 89.8 (e.g., (100 * 0.3)+(49 * 0.2)+(100 * 0.5)), which is below the optimal lifestyle range. In another example, if an individual has an unhealthy physical activity score of 49, a sleep score of 100, and a diet intake score of 100, the individual has a lifestyle score of 84.7 (e.g., (49 * 0.3)+(100 * 0.2)+(100 *has a lifestyle score of 0.5), which is below the optimal lifestyle range. In another example, if an individual has a physical activity score of 100, a sleep score of 100, and an unhealthy diet intake score of 39, the individual has a lifestyle score of 69.5 (e.g., (100 * 0.3)+(100 * 0.2)+(39 * 0.5)), which is below the optimal lifestyle range.

[0071]

[0083] In other examples, lifestyle scores below 90 can be further segmented. For example, for a lifestyle score in the range of 75 - 89, the category is "Good", for a lifestyle score in the range of 60 - 75, the category is "Average", and for a lifestyle score below 60, the category is "Recommend for Improvement".

[0072]

[0084] Exemplary method 800 also includes causing a lifestyle score to be displayed (block 814). For example, a processor of the lifestyle score system 102 may cause a representation of the lifestyle score (e.g., a graphic image) to be displayed on the display 108. In some examples, the representation can be a donut-shaped graphic representation segmented to include portions corresponding to each component of the lifestyle score, physical activity, sleep, and diet intake. Each portion can be sized in proportion to the amount it contributes to the overall lifestyle score. Optionally, the representation may also include a display corresponding to a particular lifestyle score, such as a display of "Optimal" for lifestyle scores in the range of 90 - 100.

[0073]

[0085] In various other examples, the systems and methods disclosed herein can include evaluating additional lifestyle components. In one example, the evaluated lifestyle components can include sitting habits, such as total sitting time and / or continuous sitting time that is harmful to an individual's health. In another example, the lifestyle components can include stress, such as determining a stress level based on an individual's measured heart rate.

[0074]

[0086] A typical way to evaluate the health impact of combinations of lifestyle components is to equally weight each lifestyle component. However, this approach assumes that each lifestyle component has the same magnitude of effect on the health outcome, and combining multiple lifestyle factors can lead to misclassification. Thus, the provided systems and methods can assign weights to each component in order to more accurately reflect the magnitude that each component has on an individual's lifestyle health status. In various examples, more weight is assigned to diet and physical activity compared to sleep. This is because these are well-established and long-accepted risk factors. Since the sleep score is not only a new risk factor but also based on the knowledge that the quality of sleep may play an important role, less weight may be attributable to the sleep score. Thus, in various examples where the quality of sleep is included in the sleep score, the weight attributable to the sleep score can increase. However, in an example where the sleep score is based only on sleep duration, the weight attributable to the sleep score may be smaller. This does not necessarily mean that the importance of the sleep component is lower. In fact, this smaller weight is compensated for by the fact that the sleep score has a smaller healthy range to achieve the maximum sleep score.

[0075]

[0087] Figure 9 shows a comparison between the average scores of four systems compared to the provided system. The score of the provided system is different from the other four systems, but still falls into the same category of healthy versus unhealthy.

[0076]

[0088] Furthermore, certain findings help support the high weight given to diet. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, taking an active but unhealthy diet can be more harmful in the long term (if correlated with a mortality outcome) than taking an inactive but healthy diet. This does not occur if correlated with HRQOL. A statistically significant correlation exists only when inactivity is combined with an unhealthy diet. This means that in the long term, physical activity cannot mask a poor diet. Thus, the systems and methods disclosed herein provide a more accurate representation of the health status of an individual's lifestyle by weighting diet more highly than other lifestyle components.

[0077]

[0089] The provided systems and methods have been validated based on a set of individuals. Demographic characteristics of participants (n = 45) with complete data (at least 5 measurement points for each variable, excluding blood tests where only 2 measurement points each are considered) for exposure and outcome are shown in Table 4 below. Males (n = 14, mean age = 42.5 years) were slightly older than females (n = 31, mean age = 39 years) and had a higher BMI (24.9 kg / m 2 ) than females (23.0 kg / m 2 ).

[0078]

[0090]

Table 4

[0079]

[0091] The average number of steps of our female participants over the first three months of participation in the study was 7,434.1 steps per day (SD = 2,310.7). Men had more steps per day (8,627 / day, SD = 3,219.3). Thus, on average, our sample did not meet the generally prevalent "reference value" of 10,000 steps per day. Considering energy consumption during moderate to intense activity periods, women, on average, only expended 125.3 kcal per day (SD = 50.7), while men expended 248.7 kcal per day (SD = 136).

[0080]

[0092] Regarding sleep, men slept, on average, 7.2 hours per night (432 minutes, SD = 31.2 minutes), thus just over one hour longer than the minimum recommended value (6 hours) by the National Sleep Foundation and only 12 minutes longer than the minimum recommended value (7 hours) by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. Female participants slept, on average, longer than men, reaching 7 hours and 45 minutes per night (495 minutes, SD = 40.8 minutes).

[0081]

[0093] Women reported consuming, on average, 1,658.3 kcal per day (SD = 325.4 kcal), while their counterparts reported 2,122.3 kcal per day (SD = 527.5 kcal). Furthermore, for men, 44.5% of their energy came from CHO, 32.8% from fat, and 17% from protein, which means men consumed slightly more fat than recommended by the World Health Organization. Men had an intake of 2.73 g of sodium per day (SD = 0.86 g), slightly exceeding the recommended sodium intake of 2 g per day. Their average sugar intake was 107.5 g per day (SD = 44.4 g), which corresponds to 20.3% of total energy. However, there was no information on free sugars or added sugars, which are limited according to the Public Health Bureau.

[0082]

[0094] In the case of female participants, only 43.2% of the energy is derived from CHO, while protein and fat contribute 17.3% and 34% respectively, indicating that women consumed more fat than recommended. Women consumed slightly less sodium per day than men (2.4 g, SD = 0.7 g)) and at the same time, less total sugar was consumed by these participants compared to men (75.1 g / day, SD = 24 g).

[0083]

[0095] Figures 11 - 12 show plots comparing men on the left side of each plot and women on the right side of each plot for various lifestyle variables. The plots also include sub - variables of diet, sleep, and physical activity. Both men and women had an average healthy BMI, but more men than women had a BMI exceeding 25 kg / m 2 (Figure 12). Regarding BP, the systolic BP of female participants was on average 107.8 mmHg (SD = 7.6 mmHg), and the diastolic BP was 67.5 mmHg (SD = 6.2 mmHg), both falling within the normal range (results not shown). Men had a slightly higher systolic BP than women (115.7 mmHg, SD = 5.6 mmHg), but still within the normal range. The same was true for diastolic BP (average = 72.2 mmHg, SD = 4.7 mmHg). The fasting blood glucose of men was on average about 4.87 mmol / L (SD = 0.31), while in the case of women, it was 4.5 mmol / L (SD = 0.4). Triglyceride levels were low in women (0.9 mmol / L, SD = 0.37) and higher in men (1.4 mmol / L, SD = 0.9), but both were within the normal range. In the case of men, LDL - C was rather at the high borderline (average = 3.65 mmol / L, SD = 1.0), while in the case of women, it was optimal (average = 2.85 mmol / L, SD = 0.85). Figure 13 shows a plot indicating the distribution of different health outcomes comparing men on the left side of each plot and women on the right side of each plot.

[0084]

[0096] For the physical activity score, the amount of MVPA in METs-min / day was used, and thus this was calculated based on the kcal / min consumption and kg body weight of each participant. However, only the time when the number of steps per minute was higher than 90 was considered (activities with less than 90 steps per minute were considered not to fall into the MVPA category). Thus, for MVPA, men, on average, reached and exceeded the minimum recommended value of 86 METs-min / day (Figure 12). Men, on average, reached 104 METs-min / day of MVPA (SD = 98), while female participants did not reach the minimum recommended value (average METs-min / day was 48.8, SD = 30.6). However, looking at the physical activity score, the scenario changes. On average, men seem to be exercising sufficiently (reaching the lowest point, which might lead one to think that they should have a positive score of around 60), but in fact, men had an average score of 34.6 points (SD = 17.8). The average METs-min per day for women was 48.8 METs-min / day, and their average score was 23.8 points (SD = 12.6). This occurs for three reasons: (1) Most participants did not exercise daily, and especially in the case of men, there was a very large variation in the total METs-min between different days. Women were more consistent; (2) The score is discretely linear, and after reaching 86 METs-min in a day, the score decreases for each additional MET-min; and (3) After reaching 214 METs-min in a day, the score continues to be 100 even if one exercises more than this.

[0085]

[0097] This method of calculating the average daily score follows the official recommended guidelines of reaching the recommended total METs-minutes per week by exercising every day or at least 2 - 3 times a week. Further, if the daily METs-minutes are first averaged and then the score is estimated, individuals who exercise at a high intensity for only a few days (to account for days of 0 METs-minutes) will ultimately have a good average score. Still, it is desirable to encourage individuals to exercise daily, as recommended. For example, Tables 5 and 6 below show the physical activity of two different individuals over one week. The individual in Table 5 has an inconsistent physical activity habit, while the individual in Table 6 has a more consistent physical activity habit.

[0086]

[0098]

Table 5

[0087]

[0099]

Table 6

[0088]

[0100] If the daily METs-minutes for this week are first averaged and then the average score is calculated, this individual, despite having inconsistent behavior, will have a positive score (>50 points to <70 points is the minimum recommended zone). However, if the daily score is first calculated based on the daily METs-minutes and then that score is averaged, the average score for this week will be much lower (not meeting the minimum recommended value). This suggests that it better reflects the profile of this individual because they have no activity on most days of the week. Still, the minimum recommended value of 600 METs-minutes per week can also be seen. In this case, they reached 900 METs-minutes / week, exceeding the weekly recommended amount. Thus, again, the way individuals are classified will always depend on how one wants to interpret the official recommendations.

[0089]

[0101] In the case of a more consistent profile, different ways of calculating the average score do not have a significant impact on his / her average score. Regarding the correlation with health outcomes, it should be noted that more penalties are added to those with less consistency in that behavior because the average of the daily scores (rather than the average METS-minute score) was taken.

[0090]

[0102] Looking at the sleep time per night, men, on average, had 432 minutes of sleep per night (at first glance, this may lead to the idea that they have an average score of 100 points as the sleep time falls within the recommended range). However, regarding physical activity, their scores indicated inconsistent behavior. On average, the score was 75.9 (SD = 10.9 points), which is a good score anyway. In the case of women, the average sleep time per night was 495 minutes, but their average score was 80.9 points (SD = 9.6 points), and averaging the scores per night reflected some variation in the sleep periods between different nights, so it was not 100 points.

[0091]

[0103] The average diet score for women was 43.4 points (SD = 8.4 points), which reflects the average diet quality according to the dietary intake scores disclosed herein. In the case of men, the average diet score was slightly higher (average = 46.6, SD = 8.7 points).

[0092]

[0104] Finally, men, according to some examples, had an average lifestyle score of 51.3 points (SD = 7.7 points), which falls into the category of insufficient lifestyle. Women had an even lower lifestyle score, reaching only an average of 45.7 points out of 100 (SD = 7.5 points).

[0093]

[0105] Overall, no significant changes from baseline were observed in either exposure or outcome until the end of the study. Thus, looking at the sub-components of the sample's lifestyle scores, as well as those of its overall lifestyle score, little negative correlation was seen between the lifestyle score and the sub-components of the lifestyle and health outcome scores. That is, (1) higher physical activity, diet, and lifestyle scores corresponded to lower BMI, (2) higher diet and lifestyle scores corresponded to lower median arterial pressure, and (3) higher physical activity, sleep, and lifestyle scores corresponded to lower LDL cholesterol.

[0094]

[0106] There was no significant correlation between either fasting blood glucose and the lifestyle score or triglycerides and the lifestyle score. Further investigation was done by using a random forest model to predict health outcomes, and the random forest model was also reported to be unable to make meaningful predictions for glucose and triglycerides from the input parameters.

[0095]

[0107] The correlation pattern of energy intake was very similar to the diet score (both were similarly correlated with BMI and MAP). This suggests that using only total energy intake has a similar statistical discriminative power for health outcomes as the diet score. This may be related to the systematic underreporting of energy intake (both participants underestimated their energy intake by reporting only about 85% of their EER).

[0096]

[0108] According to the 2013 American Heart Association (AHA) / American College of Cardiology (ACC) Guideline on Lifestyle Management to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk, in adults, there is moderate evidence suggesting that aerobic physical activity (PA) reduces LDL-C by an average of 3 - 6 mg / dL compared to control interventions. However, it does not have a consistent effect on triglycerides.

[0097]

[0109] Regarding the lack of a correlation between the lifestyle score or physical activity score and triglycerides, and the existence of a correlation between the lifestyle score, especially the physical activity score and sleep score, and LDL, these findings support these descriptions. The disclosed findings are in the same direction as the AHA / ACC guidelines regarding the evidence that aerobic physical activity reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure. According to these guidelines, aerobic physical activity has a high strength of evidence of reducing systolic BP by an average of 2 - 5 mmHg and diastolic BP by 1 - 4 mmHg. Furthermore, typical interventions shown to be effective in lowering BP have, on average, a duration of at least 12 weeks, with 3 - 4 sessions per week, lasting an average of 40 minutes / session, and including aerobic physical activity with MVPA. This results in, at least, 40 minutes × 4 METs = 160 * Converted to 4 sessions / week = 640 METs - minutes / week. This level of physical activity falls within the range of the minimum amount of physical activity included in the systems and methods disclosed herein. As described above, only male study participants reached the minimum daily amount of 86 METs - minutes / day, which is equivalent to approximately 600 METs - minutes / week. Female sample participants did not, on average, reach this amount. Still, this does not necessarily mean that their weekly amount was less than 600 METs - minutes. In fact, even though our female participants did not routinely reach the minimum recommended value, a correlation between physical activity and BP was still observed.

[0098]

[0110] No correlation was found between the lifestyle score and the individual scores (PA, sleep, or diet) based on fasting plasma glucose measurement. However, the short-term and long-term effects of physical activity on diabetes have been well demonstrated in both intervention studies and cohort studies respectively. 。 For example, according to a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies, individuals with a total activity level of 600 MET-min / week (the minimum recommended level) were found to have a 2% lower risk of diabetes compared to those who reported no physical activity. 。 Increasing from 600 to 3600 MET-min / week further reduced the risk by 19%. Perhaps this can be explained by the fact that the results are confounded due to the very stable measurement of fasting blood glucose levels. Rather, postprandial glucose levels, which are more sensitive to lifestyle behaviors, may show other results.

[0099]

[0111] In a non-limiting preferred example, the system includes a display device, a memory, and a processor that communicates with the memory. The processor is configured to determine a physical activity score, determine a sleep score, determine a plurality of nutrient scores each corresponding to a respective nutrient, determine an energy score, and determine a dietary intake score.

[0100]

[0112] The physical activity score uses the amount of physical activity as an input and is an output value of a piecewise continuous physical activity function that includes: (a) a first output value for zero amount of physical activity; (b) an increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than zero and less than the minimum recommended physical activity amount; (c) an increasing output value at a second ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than the minimum recommended physical activity amount and less than the optimal physical activity amount, where the first ratio is greater than the second ratio; and (d) a first maximum output value for the optimal physical activity amount.

[0101]

[0113] The sleep score is the output value of a piecewise continuous sleep function that uses the amount of sleep as input and includes: (a) a second output value for an amount of sleep less than a lower sleep threshold that is less than a minimum recommended sleep amount; (b) an increasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than a range of optimal sleep amounts; (c) a second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal sleep amounts; (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the range of optimal sleep amounts and less than an upper sleep threshold that exceeds the maximum recommended sleep amount; and (e) a second output value for an amount of sleep greater than the upper sleep threshold.

[0102]

[0114] Each nutrient score is the output value of a respective piecewise continuous nutrient function corresponding to each nutrient. Each piecewise continuous nutrient function uses the amount of each nutrient as input and includes: (a) a third output value for a zero amount of each nutrient; (b) an increasing output value for an amount of each nutrient greater than a lower nutrient threshold and less than a range of healthy amounts of each nutrient; (c) a third maximum output value for an amount of each nutrient within the range of healthy amounts of each nutrient; (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of each nutrient greater than the range of healthy amounts of each nutrient and less than an upper nutrient threshold; and (e) a third output value for an amount of each nutrient greater than the upper nutrient threshold.

[0103]

[0115] The energy score is the output value of a piecewise continuous energy function that uses the amount of energy as input and includes: (a) a fourth output value for a zero amount of energy; (b) an increasing output value for an amount of energy greater than zero and less than a range of healthy amounts of energy; (c) a fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the range of healthy amounts of energy; and (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of energy greater than the range of healthy amounts of energy.

[0104]

[0116] The dietary intake score is determined by calculating the average of a plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiplying that average by the energy score.

[0105]

[0117] The processor is also configured to determine a lifestyle score by calculating the sum of (1) a physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) a sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) a diet intake score multiplied by a third weight. The processor is also configured to cause a representation of the lifestyle score to be displayed on a display device.

[0106]

[0118] In a non-limiting preferred example, the method includes determining a physical activity score by determining output values of a piecewise continuous physical activity function that uses, as an input, an amount of physical activity and includes (a) a first output value for a zero amount of physical activity, (b) an increasing output value at a first rate for an amount of physical activity greater than zero and less than a minimum recommended amount of physical activity, (c) an increasing output value at a second rate for an amount of physical activity greater than the minimum recommended amount of physical activity and less than an optimal amount of physical activity, where the first rate is greater than the second rate, (d) a first maximum output value for the optimal amount of physical activity.

[0107]

[0119] The sleep score is then determined by determining output values of a piecewise continuous sleep function that uses, as an input, an amount of sleep and includes (a) a second output value for an amount of sleep less than a lower sleep threshold less than a minimum recommended amount of sleep, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than a range of optimal amounts of sleep, (c) a second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal amounts of sleep, (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the range of optimal amounts of sleep and less than an upper sleep threshold greater than a maximum recommended amount of sleep, (e) a second output value for an amount of sleep greater than the upper sleep threshold.

[0108]

[0120] Next, a plurality of nutrient scores are determined. Each nutrient score is the output value of a respective piecewise continuous nutrient function corresponding to each nutrient. Each piecewise continuous nutrient function uses the amount of each nutrient as input and includes (a) a third output value for a zero amount of each nutrient, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than the lower nutrient threshold and less than the healthy amount range of each nutrient, (c) a third maximum output value for an amount of each nutrient within the healthy amount range of each nutrient, (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than the healthy amount range of each nutrient and less than the upper nutrient threshold, and (e) a third output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than the upper nutrient threshold.

[0109]

[0121] Next, an energy score, which is the output value of a piecewise continuous energy function that uses the amount of energy as input and includes (a) a fourth output value for a zero amount of energy, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of energy that is greater than zero and less than the healthy amount range of energy, (c) a fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the healthy amount range of energy, and (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of energy that is greater than the healthy amount range of energy, is determined.

[0110]

[0122] Next, the diet intake score is determined by calculating the average of the plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiplying the average by the energy score.

[0111]

[0123] Next, the lifestyle score is determined by calculating the sum of (1) the physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) the sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) the diet intake score multiplied by a third weight. Next, this method includes displaying the representation of the lifestyle score.

[0112]

[0124] In a non-limiting preferred example, the non-transitory computer-readable medium stores instructions. When executed by a processor, the instructions cause the processor to determine a physical activity score, a sleep score, a plurality of nutrient scores corresponding to respective nutrients, an energy score, and a diet intake score.

[0113]

[0125] The physical activity score uses the amount of physical activity as an input and includes (a) a first output value for zero amount of physical activity, (b) an increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than zero and less than the minimum recommended physical activity amount, (c) an increasing output value at a second ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than the minimum recommended physical activity amount and less than the optimal physical activity amount, where the first ratio is greater than the second ratio, and (d) a first maximum output value for the optimal physical activity amount, and is an output value of a piecewise continuous physical activity function.

[0114]

[0126] The sleep score uses the amount of sleep as an input and includes (a) a second output value for an amount of sleep less than a lower sleep threshold less than the minimum recommended sleep amount, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than the range of optimal sleep amount, (c) a second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal sleep amount, (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the range of optimal sleep amount and less than an upper sleep threshold exceeding the maximum recommended sleep amount, and (e) a second output value for an amount of sleep greater than the upper sleep threshold, and is an output value of a piecewise continuous sleep function.

[0115]

[0127] Each nutrient score is the output value of a respective piecewise continuous nutrient function corresponding to each nutrient. Each piecewise continuous nutrient function uses the amount of each nutrient as input and includes (a) a third output value for zero amount of each nutrient, (b) an increasing output value for each nutrient amount greater than the lower nutrient threshold and less than the healthy amount range of each nutrient, (c) a third maximum output value for each nutrient amount within the healthy amount range of each nutrient, (d) a decreasing output value for each nutrient amount greater than the healthy amount range of each nutrient and less than the upper nutrient threshold, and (e) a third output value for each nutrient amount greater than the upper nutrient threshold.

[0116]

[0128] The energy score is the output value of a piecewise continuous energy function that uses the amount of energy as input and includes (a) a fourth output value for zero amount of energy, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of energy greater than zero and less than the healthy amount range of energy, (c) a fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the healthy amount range of energy, and (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of energy greater than the healthy amount range of energy.

[0117]

[0129] The diet intake score is determined by calculating the average of a plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiplying that average by the energy score.

[0118]

[0130] The instructions also cause the processor to determine a lifestyle score by calculating the sum of (1) the physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) the sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) the diet intake score multiplied by a third weight. The instructions also cause the processor to display the representation of the lifestyle score on a display device.

[0119]

[0131] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one of ordinary skill in the art can make fullest use of the claimed invention using the foregoing description. The examples and embodiments disclosed herein should be construed as merely illustrative and not in any way limiting the scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes can be made to the details of the above-described embodiments without departing from the underlying principles described. In other words, various modifications and improvements to the embodiments specifically disclosed in the above description are within the scope of the appended claims. For example, any suitable combination of the features of the various embodiments described is contemplated.

Claims

1. A display device, a memory, a processor communicating with the memory, the processor determines a physical activity score that is an output value of a piecewise continuous physical activity function, determines a sleep score that is an output value of a piecewise continuous sleep function, determines a plurality of nutrient scores, each nutrient score of the plurality of nutrient scores being an output value of a respective piecewise continuous nutrient function corresponding to each of the plurality of nutrients, determines an energy score that is an output value of a piecewise continuous energy function, calculates an average of the plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiplies the average by the energy score to determine a diet intake score, determines a lifestyle score by calculating a sum of (1) the physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) the sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) the diet intake score multiplied by a third weight, causes a representation of the lifestyle score to be displayed on the display device, a processor configured as such, and the piecewise continuous sleep function uses the amount of sleep as an input, (a) a second output value for an amount of sleep less than a lower sleep threshold that is less than a minimum recommended sleep amount, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than a range of optimal sleep amounts, (c) a second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal sleep amounts, (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of sleep greater than the range of optimal sleep amounts and less than an upper sleep threshold that exceeds a maximum recommended sleep amount, (e) the second output value for an amount of sleep greater than the upper sleep threshold, A lifestyle scoring system including.

2. The segmented continuous physical activity function uses the amount of physical activity as an input, (a) a first output value for a zero amount of physical activity, (b) an increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than zero and less than the minimum recommended physical activity amount, (c) an increasing output value at a second ratio for an amount of physical activity greater than the minimum recommended physical activity amount and less than the optimal physical activity amount, wherein the first ratio is greater than the second ratio, (d) a first maximum output value for the optimal physical activity amount, The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, comprising.

3. Each of the segmented continuous nutrient functions uses the amount of the respective nutrient as an input, (a) a third output value for a zero amount of the respective nutrient, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of the respective nutrient greater than the lower nutrient threshold and less than the healthy amount range of the respective nutrient, (c) a third maximum output value for an amount of the respective nutrient within the healthy amount range of the respective nutrient, (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of the respective nutrient greater than the healthy amount range of the respective nutrient and less than the upper nutrient threshold, (e) the third output value for an amount of the respective nutrient greater than the upper nutrient threshold, The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, comprising.

4. The segmented continuous energy function uses the amount of energy as an input, (a) a fourth output value for a zero amount of energy, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of energy greater than zero and less than the healthy amount range of energy, (c) a fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the healthy amount range of energy, (d) a decrease output value for an amount of energy greater than the range of a healthy amount of said energy; The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, comprising .

5. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, wherein the first weight is equal to 0.3, the second weight is equal to 0.2, and the third weight is equal to 0.

5.

6. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, wherein the determined lifestyle score is within a range of lifestyle scores between a maximum lifestyle score and a minimum lifestyle score, and the expression of each lifestyle score between 90% and 100% of the maximum lifestyle score designates said each lifestyle score as optimal.

7. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 2, wherein the segmented continuous physical activity function includes an output value equal to half of the first maximum output value.

8. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, further comprising an activity monitor, wherein the processor is configured to receive data corresponding to at least one of an amount of physical activity and an amount of sleep from the activity monitor.

9. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 8, wherein the activity monitor includes an accelerometer.

10. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, wherein the segmented continuous sleep function includes an output value equal to half of the second maximum output value.

11. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, wherein the lower sleep threshold is equal to an amount of sleep that is 84% of the minimum recommended sleep amount.

12. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, wherein the upper sleep threshold is equal to an amount of sleep that is 10% greater than the maximum recommended sleep amount.

13. The upper sleep threshold of the segmented continuous sleep function includes a first upper threshold for a person within a first age range and a second upper threshold for a person within a second age range, and the first age range is exclusive from the second age range, the lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1.

14. The lifestyle scoring system according to claim 1, further comprising an input device, wherein the processor is configured to receive data corresponding to the characteristics of the user from the input device.

15. The one or more characteristics of the user include one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of the activity level of the user, the age of the user, the gender of the user, the weight of the user, the body mass index (BMI) of the user, and the medical condition of the user, the lifestyle scoring system according to claim 14.

16. The processor determines a physical activity score by determining an output value of a segmented continuous physical activity function, the processor determines a sleep score by determining an output value of a segmented continuous sleep function, the processor determines a plurality of nutrient scores, each of the plurality of nutrient scores being an output value of a respective segmented continuous nutrient function corresponding to each of the plurality of nutrients, the processor determines an energy score that is an output value of a segmented continuous energy function, the processor calculates an average of the plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiplies the average by the energy score to determine a diet intake score, the processor determines a lifestyle score by calculating the sum of (1) the physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) the sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) the diet intake score multiplied by a third weight, the processor causes a representation of the lifestyle score to be displayed, including, The segmented continuous sleep function uses the amount of sleep as an input, (a) a second output value for an amount of sleep that is less than a lower sleep threshold that is less than a minimum recommended amount of sleep, and (b) an increasing output value for an amount of sleep that is greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than a range of optimal sleep amounts, and (c) a second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal sleep amounts, and (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of sleep that is greater than the range of optimal sleep amounts and less than an upper sleep threshold that exceeds a maximum recommended amount of sleep, and (e) the second output value for an amount of sleep that is greater than the upper sleep threshold, A lifestyle scoring method comprising:

17. The segmented continuous physical activity function uses the amount of physical activity as an input, (a) a first output value for a zero amount of physical activity, (b) an increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of physical activity that is greater than zero and less than a minimum recommended amount of physical activity, (c) an increasing output value at a second ratio for an amount of physical activity that is greater than the minimum recommended amount of physical activity and less than an optimal amount of physical activity, wherein the first ratio is greater than the second ratio, (d) a first maximum output value for the optimal amount of physical activity, The lifestyle scoring method according to claim 16, comprising:

18. Each of the segmented continuous nutrient functions uses the amount of the respective nutrient as an input, (a) a third output value for a zero amount of the respective nutrient, (b) an increasing output value for an amount of the respective nutrient that is greater than a lower nutrient threshold and less than a range of healthy amounts of the respective nutrient, (c) a third maximum output value for an amount of the respective nutrient within the range of healthy amounts of the respective nutrient, (d) a decrease output value for each of the amounts of the respective nutrients that is greater than the healthy amount range of the respective nutrients and less than the upper nutrient threshold value; (e) the third output value for each of the amounts of the respective nutrients that is greater than the upper nutrient threshold value; The lifestyle scoring method according to claim 16, comprising: **Claim 19** The piecewise continuous energy function uses the amount of energy as an input, (a) a fourth output value for a zero amount of energy; (b) an increasing output value for an amount of energy that is greater than zero and less than the healthy amount range of energy; (c) a fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the healthy amount range of the energy; (d) a decreasing output value for an amount of energy that is greater than the healthy amount range of the energy; The lifestyle scoring method according to claim 16, comprising: **Claim 20** The lifestyle scoring method according to claim 16, wherein the plurality of nutrients includes two or more of the nutrients consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, total fat, fiber, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, food folate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, sodium, saturated fat, and added sugars. **Claim 21** The lifestyle scoring method according to claim 18, wherein the third output value is equal to the third maximum output value for each of the respective piecewise continuous nutrient functions of the respective nutrients, (1) sodium, (2) added sugars, and (3) saturated fat. **Claim 22** A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to determine a physical activity score by determining an output value of a piecewise continuous physical activity function; Determine a sleep score by determining an output value of a segmented continuous sleep function, Determine a plurality of nutrient scores, each of the plurality of nutrient scores being an output value of a respective segmented continuous nutrient function corresponding to each of a plurality of nutrients, Determine an energy score that is an output value of a segmented continuous energy function, Calculate an average of the plurality of respective nutrient scores and multiply the average by the energy score to determine a diet intake score, Determine a lifestyle score by calculating a sum of (1) the physical activity score multiplied by a first weight, (2) the sleep score multiplied by a second weight, and (3) the diet intake score multiplied by a third weight, Cause a representation of the lifestyle score to be displayed on a display device, The segmented continuous sleep function uses the amount of sleep as an input, (a) A second output value for an amount of sleep that is less than a lower sleep threshold that is less than a minimum recommended amount of sleep, and (b) An increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of sleep that is greater than the lower sleep threshold and less than a range of optimal sleep amounts, (c) A second maximum output value for an amount of sleep within the range of optimal sleep amounts, (d) A decreasing output value for an amount of sleep that is greater than the range of optimal sleep amounts and less than an upper sleep threshold that exceeds a maximum recommended amount of sleep, (e) The second output value for an amount of sleep that is greater than the upper sleep threshold, including, A non-transitory computer-readable medium.

23. The segmented continuous physical activity function uses the amount of physical activity as an input, (a) A first output value for a zero amount of physical activity, (b) An increasing output value at a first ratio for an amount of physical activity that is greater than zero and less than a minimum recommended amount of physical activity, (c) An increased output value at a second ratio for an amount of physical activity that is greater than the minimum recommended amount of physical activity and less than the optimal amount of physical activity, wherein the first ratio is greater than the second ratio, and the increased output value at the second ratio; (d) A first maximum output value for the optimal amount of physical activity; The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 22, comprising:

24. Each of the piecewise continuous nutrient functions uses the amount of each nutrient as an input, (a) A third output value for a zero amount of each nutrient; (b) An increased output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than a lower nutrient threshold and less than a range of healthy amounts of each nutrient; (c) A third maximum output value for an amount of each nutrient within the range of healthy amounts of each nutrient; (d) A decreased output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than the range of healthy amounts of each nutrient and less than an upper nutrient threshold; (e) The third output value for an amount of each nutrient that is greater than the upper nutrient threshold; The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 22, comprising:

25. The piecewise continuous energy function uses the amount of energy as an input, (a) A fourth output value for a zero amount of energy; (b) An increased output value for an amount of energy that is greater than zero and less than a range of healthy amounts of energy; (c) A fourth maximum output value for an amount of energy within the range of healthy amounts of energy; (d) A decreased output value for an amount of energy that is greater than the range of healthy amounts of energy; The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to claim 22, comprising:

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