OLED panels with advanced subpixel overhang

Abstract

The embodiments described herein relate to a device including a substrate, a plurality of adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate, and a plurality of subpixels. Each subpixel includes adjacent first overhangs, adjacent second overhangs, an anode, a hole-injection layer (HIL) material, additional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) material, and a cathode. Each first overhang is defined by a body structure disposed on a base structure disposed on the PDL structure and extending laterally past the base structure. Each second overhang is defined by a superstructure disposed on the body structure and extending laterally past the body structure. The HIL material is disposed on and in contact with the anode and disposed adjacent and below the first overhang. The additional OLED material is disposed on the HIL material and extends below the first overhang.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The embodiments described herein relate generally to displays. More particularly, the embodiments described herein relate to sub-pixel circuits and methods of forming sub-pixel circuits that may be used in displays, such as organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays. [Background technology]

[0002] Input devices, including display devices, can be used in a variety of electronic systems. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in which an emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds that emits light in response to an electric current. OLED devices are classified as bottom-emitting devices if the emitted light passes through a transparent or semitransparent bottom electrode and the substrate on which the panel is fabricated. Top-emitting devices are classified based on whether the light emitted from the OLED device exits through a lid that is added after the device is fabricated. OLEDs are currently used to create display devices for many electronic devices. Electronic device manufacturers are now miniaturizing these display devices while providing higher resolution than was possible just a few years ago.

[0003] OLED pixel patterning is currently based on processes that limit panel size, pixel resolution, and substrate size. Instead of utilizing fine metal masks, pixels must be patterned using photolithography. Currently, OLED pixel patterning requires lifting off the organic material after the patterning process. When lifted off, the organic material leaves behind particles that impair OLED performance. Therefore, there is a need in the art for sub-pixel circuits and methods of forming sub-pixel circuits to increase pixels per inch and improve OLED performance. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In one embodiment, a device is provided. The device includes a substrate and a plurality of adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate. Each PDL structure includes a top surface and a plurality of subpixels. Each subpixel includes adjacent first overhangs, each defined by a body extension of a body structure extending laterally past the base structure. The base structure is disposed on the top surface of the PDL structure, and the body structure is disposed on the base structure. Adjacent second overhangs are defined by top extensions of a superstructure extending laterally past the overhang portions of the body extensions. The superstructure is disposed on the body structure. The subpixels further include an anode and a hole-injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode and below the adjacent first overhangs. Furthermore, an additional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) material is disposed on the HIL material. The additional OLED material is disposed on a first portion of the body extension, and a cathode is disposed on the additional OLED material. The cathode extends adjacent the second overhang and contacts the second portion of the body extension.

[0005] In another embodiment, a device is provided. The device has a plurality of subpixels, each subpixel including a portion of a substrate and at least one metal-containing layer disposed on the substrate. Adjacent first overhangs are each defined by a pixel-defining layer (PDL) extension of a PDL structure extending laterally past the base structure. The base structure is disposed on an upper surface of the at least one metal-containing layer. The PDL extension is disposed on the base structure, and a PDL body of the PDL structure is disposed on the substrate. A body structure is disposed on an upper surface of the PDL structure. Adjacent second overhangs are each defined by an upper extension of a superstructure extending laterally past the overhang portion of the body extension of the body structure. The superstructure is disposed on the body structure, and the body structure is disposed on the PDL structure. A hole injection layer (HIL) material is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer in contact with the at least one metal-containing layer and below the adjacent first overhangs. An additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material is disposed on the HIL material. The additional OLED material is disposed on the first portion of the body extension structure. A cathode is disposed on the additional OLED material, the cathode extending under the adjacent second overhang and contacting the second portion of the body extension structure.

[0006] In another embodiment, a device is provided. The device includes a substrate and a plurality of adjacent pixel definition layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate. A plurality of adjacent overhang structures are disposed on the top surface of the PDL structures. Each of the overhang structures includes a base structure disposed on the top surface of the PDL structure, a body structure disposed on the base structure, and a superstructure disposed on the base structure. The base structure includes a non-conductive material. The body structure includes a conductive material. The superstructure includes a top extension extending laterally past the body structure. The device further includes a plurality of subpixels, each subpixel including an anode, a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode, additional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material, and a cathode disposed on the additional OLED material. The HIL material extends under the top extension and contacts a first portion of the non-conductive material of the base structure. A cathode is disposed over the additional OLED material and extends adjacent and under the overhang, contacting the conductive material at the sidewalls of the body structure.

[0007] In yet another embodiment, a device is provided. The device includes a substrate, a plurality of first adjacent pixel defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate, a plurality of adjacent overhang structures disposed on top surfaces of the first PDL structures, and a plurality of subpixels. Each of the overhang structures includes a second PDL structure disposed on the top surface of the first PDL structure and including a non-conductive material, a body structure disposed on top of the second PDL structure and including a conductive material, and a superstructure disposed on the body structure, the superstructure including a top extension extending laterally beyond the body structure. Each of the plurality of subpixels includes an anode, a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode, additional organic light-emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material, and a cathode disposed on the additional OLED material. The HIL material extends under the top extension and contacts the non-conductive material of the second PDL structure. The cathode extends under an adjacent overhang structure.

[0008] In order that the above-enumerated features of the present disclosure may be understood in detail, the disclosure briefly summarized above will now be more particularly described, with reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It should be noted, however, that the accompanying drawings depict only exemplary embodiments and therefore should not be considered as limiting the scope of the present disclosure, as other equally effective embodiments may also be permitted. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1A] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 1B] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure of a subpixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 1C] 1 is a schematic top cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit having a dotted architecture according to an embodiment. [Figure 1D] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit having a line-type architecture according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for forming sub-pixels according to an embodiment. [Figures 3A-3D] 1A-1C are schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during a method of forming a subpixel according to an embodiment. [Figure 4A] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 4B] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure of a subpixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for forming sub-pixels according to an embodiment. [Figures 6A-6F] 1A-1C are schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate during a method of forming a subpixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 7A] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 7B] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure of a subpixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 8A] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sub-pixel circuit according to an embodiment. [Figure 8B] 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure of a subpixel circuit according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] For ease of understanding, wherever possible, like reference numerals will be used to refer to like elements common to the figures, and it is believed that elements disclosed in one embodiment can be beneficially utilized on other embodiments without specific description.

[0011] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The embodiments described herein relate generally to displays. More particularly, the embodiments described herein relate to subpixel circuits and methods of forming subpixel circuits that can be used in displays, such as organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. In various embodiments, the subpixels use advanced overhang structures to improve the functionality of the display.

[0012] In one embodiment, the device includes a substrate and a plurality of adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate. Each PDL structure includes a top surface and a plurality of subpixels. Each subpixel includes adjacent first overhangs, each defined by a body extension of a body structure extending laterally past the base structure. The base structure is disposed on the top surface of the PDL structure, and the body structure is disposed on the base structure. The body structure is comprised of a conductive material, and the base structure is comprised of a metal-containing material or an inorganic material. Adjacent second overhangs are defined by top extensions of a superstructure extending laterally past the overhanging portions of the body extensions. The superstructure is comprised of an inorganic material and disposed on the body structure. The subpixels further include an anode and a hole-injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode. The HIL material is disposed below adjacent first overhangs. Additionally, an additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material is disposed on the HIL material and extends below the adjacent first overhang. The additional OLED material is disposed on the first portion of the body extension, and a cathode is disposed on the additional OLED material. The cathode extends below the adjacent second overhang and contacts the second portion of the body extension.

[0013] In another embodiment, a device has a plurality of subpixels, each subpixel including a portion of a substrate and at least one metal-containing layer disposed on the substrate. Each adjacent first overhang is defined by a pixel-defining layer (PDL) extension of a PDL structure extending laterally past the base structure. The base structure is disposed on an upper surface of the at least one metal-containing layer. The base structure is comprised of a metal-containing material or an inorganic material. The PDL extension is disposed on the base structure, and a PDL body of the PDL structure is disposed on the substrate. A body structure is disposed on an upper surface of the PDL structure. Each adjacent second overhang is defined by an upper extension of a superstructure extending laterally past the overhang portion of the body extension of the body structure. The superstructure is disposed on the body structure, and the body structure is disposed on the PDL structure. The superstructure is comprised of an inorganic material, and the body structure is comprised of a conductive material. A hole injection layer (HIL) material is disposed on and in contact with the at least one metal-containing layer and beneath an adjacent first overhang. An additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material is disposed on the HIL material and extends beneath the adjacent first overhang. The additional OLED material is disposed on a first portion of the body extension structure. A cathode is disposed on the additional OLED material and extends beneath an adjacent second overhang and contacts a second portion of the body extension structure.

[0014] In another embodiment, a device includes a substrate and a plurality of adjacent pixel defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate. A plurality of adjacent overhang structures are disposed on the top surface of the PDL structures. Each of the overhang structures includes a base structure disposed on the top surface of the PDL structure, a body structure disposed on the base structure, and a superstructure disposed on the body structure. The base structure includes a non-conductive material. The body structure includes a conductive material. The superstructure includes an upper extension extending laterally past the base structure. The device further includes a plurality of subpixels, each subpixel including an anode, a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode, additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material, and a cathode disposed on the additional OLED material. The HIL material extends under the upper extension and contacts a first portion of the non-conductive material of the base structure. The cathode is disposed on the additional OLED material and extends under an adjacent overhang. The cathode contacts the conductive material on the sidewall of the body structure.

[0015] In yet another embodiment, a device includes a substrate, a plurality of first adjacent pixel defining layer (PDL) structures disposed on the substrate, a plurality of adjacent overhang structures disposed on top surfaces of the first PDL structures, and a plurality of subpixels. Each of the overhang structures includes a second PDL structure disposed on top of the first PDL structure. The second PDL structure includes a non-conductive material. A body structure is disposed on top of the second PDL structure, the body structure including a conductive material. A superstructure is disposed on the body structure, the superstructure including an upper extension extending laterally past the body structure. Each of the plurality of subpixels includes an anode, a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the anode, additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material, and a cathode disposed on the additional OLED material. The HIL material extends under the upper extension and contacts the non-conductive material of the second PDL structure. The cathode extends under an adjacent overhang structure.

[0016] Each of the embodiments of the subpixel circuits described herein includes multiple subpixels, each defined by an adjacent overhang structure that is permanent to the subpixel circuit. While the figures show two subpixels, each defined by an adjacent overhang structure, the subpixel circuits of the embodiments described herein include multiple subpixels, such as two or more subpixels. Each subpixel has an OLED material configured to emit white, red, green, blue, or other colored light when energized. For example, the OLED material of a first subpixel emits red light when energized, the OLED material of a second subpixel emits green light when energized, and the OLED material of a third subpixel emits blue light when energized.

[0017] The overhangs are permanent to the subpixel circuits and include a superstructure disposed on at least the body structure. The subpixel circuits are formed using evaporative deposition, with adjacent overhang structures defining each subpixel of the display subpixel circuit, such that the overhang structures remain in place after the subpixel circuits are formed. Evaporative deposition is used to deposit OLED materials (including the hole injection layer (HIL), hole transport layer (HTL), emissive layer (EML), and electron transport layer (ETL)) and the cathode. In one embodiment, the HIL layer has a higher conductivity than the HTL layer. In another embodiment, the HIL layer has a higher energy level than the HTL layer. In some cases, an encapsulation layer may be deposited by evaporative deposition. In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode and the encapsulation layer. The overhang structures and the evaporation angle established by the evaporation source define the deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structures provide a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at the evaporation angle established by the evaporation source. To deposit at a particular angle, the evaporation source is configured to emit deposition material at a particular angle relative to the overhang structures, and the encapsulation layer of each subpixel is disposed on the cathode with the encapsulation layer extending under at least a portion of each adjacent overhang structure and along a sidewall of each adjacent overhang structure.

[0018] FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 100 according to an embodiment. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 1A is taken along section line 1″-1″ of FIGS. 1C and 1D . The subpixel circuit 100 includes a substrate 102. A metal-containing layer 104 may be patterned on the substrate 102 and is defined by an adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structure 126 disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the PDL structure 126 is disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the metal-containing layer 104 is pre-patterned on the substrate 102. For example, the substrate 102 is pre-patterned with a metal-containing layer 104 of indium tin oxide (ITO). The metal-containing layer 104 is configured to act as the anode of the respective subpixel. In one embodiment, the metal-containing layer 104 is a stack of a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, a second metal-containing layer disposed on the first TCO layer, and a third TCO layer disposed on the second metal-containing layer. The metal-containing layer 104 may include, but is not limited to, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, ITO, combinations thereof, or other suitable conductive materials.

[0019] A plurality of PDL structures 126 are disposed on the substrate 102. The PDL structures 126 include one of an organic material, an organic material with an inorganic coating disposed thereon, or an inorganic material. The organic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, polyimide. The inorganic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiNO), magnesium fluoride (MgF), or combinations thereof. Adjacent PDL structures 126 define respective subpixels and expose the anode (i.e., metal-containing layer 104) of each subpixel circuit 100.

[0020] The subpixel circuit 100 includes multiple subpixels 106, including at least a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B. While the figures show a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B, the subpixel circuit 100 of the embodiments described herein may include more than one subpixel 106, such as a third and fourth subpixel. Each subpixel 106 includes an OLED material configured to emit white, red, green, blue, or other color light when energized. For example, the OLED material of the first subpixel 108A may emit red light when energized, the OLED material of the second subpixel 108B may emit green light when energized, the OLED material of the third subpixel may emit blue light when energized, and the OLED material of the fourth subpixel may emit another color light when energized.

[0021] Each subpixel 106 includes an overhang structure 110. The overhang structure 110 is permanent to the subpixel circuit. The overhang structure 110 further defines each subpixel 106 of the subpixel circuit 100. Each overhang structure 110 includes adjacent first overhangs 117 and adjacent second overhangs 109. The adjacent first overhangs are defined by a body extension 117A (shown in FIG. 1B) of the body structure 110A that extends laterally past the base structure 110C. The base structure 110C is disposed on the top surface 103 (shown in FIG. 1B) of the multiple adjacent PDL structures 126. The body structure 110A is disposed on the top surface 119 of the base structure 110C. An adjacent second overhang 109 is defined by an upper extension 109A (shown in FIG. 1B) of the upper structure 110B that extends laterally past the overhang portion of the body extension 117A. The upper structure 110B is disposed on the body structure 110A. In one embodiment, the upper structure 110B is disposed on the body structure 110A.

[0022] In one embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstructure 110B of a non-conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A of a conductive inorganic material. In another embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstructure 110B of a conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A of a conductive inorganic material. The conductive material of the body structure 110A includes aluminum (Al), aluminum neodymium (AlNd), molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum tungsten (MoW), copper (Cu), or a combination thereof. The inorganic material of the superstructure includes titanium (Ti), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O), or a combination thereof. The base structure 110C includes a metal-containing material or an inorganic material. In one example, the metal-containing material is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material. TCO materials include, but are not limited to, indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), or combinations thereof. The overhang structure 110 can remain in place, i.e., is permanent.

[0023] The adjacent first overhang 117 is defined by a body extension 117A. At least the bottom surface 118 of the body structure 110A is wider than the top surface 119 of the base structure 110C, forming the body extension 117A (shown in FIG. 1B ). The body extension 117A of the body structure 110A forms the first overhang 117, allowing the body structure 110A to shadow the base structure 110C. The shadowing of the first overhang 117 allows for the evaporative deposition of an OLED material. The OLED material may include one or more of a HIL, a HTL, an EML, and an ETL. A HIL material 150 of the OLED material is disposed on and in contact with the metal-containing layer 104. The HIL material 150 is disposed below the adjacent first overhang 117. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is different from the material of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. An additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends past the end of the HIL material 150 to contact the PDL structure 126 under the adjacent first overhang 117. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is different from the material of the body structure 110A, the body structure 110B, and the base structure 110C. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source define a deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structure provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. The first overhang 117 and the evaporation source define a first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL1 and the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 The first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as HIL1 and the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 results from the overhang structure and the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150 and additional OLED material 112 .

[0024] The adjacent second overhang 109 is defined by an upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B. At least the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B is wider than the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A (shown in FIG. 1B ) of the second overhang 109. The upper structure 110B is disposed on the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A. The upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B forms the second overhang 109, allowing the upper structure 110B to shadow the body structure 110A. The shadowing of the second overhang 109 allows the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114, respectively. The HIL material 150 and the additional OLED material 112 are disposed below the second overhang 109. Additional OLED material 112 is further disposed on a first portion 170 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A of the body structure 110A. A cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and extends below the adjacent second overhang 109. The cathode contacts a second portion 172 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source define a deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structure provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. The second overhang 109 and the evaporation source define a second HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL2 , the second OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED2 , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as HIL2 , the second OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED2 , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathodearises from the overhang structure and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source, i.e., the overhang structure causes a shadowing effect during the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 and the cathode 114 contact the body extension 117A of the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110. The HIL material 150 does not contact the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A of the body structure 110A.

[0025] In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on and in contact with the top surface 103 of the metal-containing layer 104 and the PDL structure 126. The HIL material 150 is disposed under adjacent first and second overhangs 117 and 118 such that the HIL material 150 contacts the body extension 117A. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material is disposed on the HIL material 150. The additional OLED material extends under the adjacent first overhang 117 and on a first portion of the body extension 117A. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 1A and 1B , the additional OLED material 112 extends under the adjacent overhang 117, past a first HIL endpoint 161 of the HIL material 150, and into contact with the PDL structure 126 at a first OLED endpoint 157. 4A and 4B applied to subpixel circuit 100, HIL material 150 extends past first OLED termination 157 beneath adjacent overhang 117. A portion of additional OLED material 112 is disposed beneath adjacent first overhang 117, separating HIL material 150 disposed on metal-containing layer 104 from HIL material 150 disposed on body extension 117A.

[0026] The cathode 114 includes a conductive material such as a metal. For example, the cathode 114 may include, but is not limited to, silver, magnesium, chromium, titanium, aluminum, ITO, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 114 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. In some embodiments, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, for example, applied to the subpixel circuit 100. In other embodiments, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, for example, applied to the subpixel circuit 100. In the exemplary embodiment shown in Figures 1A and 1B, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 terminate at the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A, i.e., they are not disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B or on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B.

[0027] Each subpixel 106 includes an encapsulation layer 116. The encapsulation layer 116 may be, or may correspond to, a localized passivation layer. The encapsulation layer 116 of each subpixel is disposed on the cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with the encapsulation layer 116 extending along each sidewall of the body structure 110A and the superstructure 110B, beneath at least a portion of each second overhang 109. The encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114 and extends to contact the cathode 114 on at least a second portion 172 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A. In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the conductive material of the body structure 110A at a third portion 173 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A. 1A and 1B, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the bottom surface of the top extension 109A, the sidewalls 113 of the superstructure 110B, and the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B applied to the subpixel circuit 100, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the bottom surface of the top extension 109A, and extends to be disposed over the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 when the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewalls 113 and top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. 8A and 8B applied to subpixel circuit 100, encapsulation layer 116 terminates at sidewall 111 of body structure 110A, i.e., is not disposed on sidewall 113 of superstructure 110B of overhang structure 110, top surface 115 of superstructure 110B, or bottom surface of top extension 109A. encapsulation layer 116 comprises a non-conductive inorganic material, such as a silicon-containing material. The silicon-containing material can include a SiN-containing material.

[0028] In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. For example, a first capping layer and a second capping layer are disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. Each of the embodiments described herein can include one or more capping layers disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The first capping layer can include an organic material. The second capping layer can include an inorganic material, such as lithium fluoride. The first and second capping layers can be deposited by evaporative deposition. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 100 further includes at least a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the overhang structure 110 and the encapsulation layer 116. In yet another embodiment, the subpixel includes an intermediate passivation layer disposed on each overhang structure 110 of the subpixel 106 and disposed between the encapsulation layer 116 and the global passivation layer 120.

[0029] 1B is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure 110 of a subpixel circuit 100 according to an embodiment. The body extension 117A includes a first bottom edge 174 and a first overhang vector 153. The upper structure 110B includes a second bottom edge 152 and a second overhang vector 154. The first bottom edge 174 extends past the first HIL endpoint 161. The first overhang vector 153 is defined by the first bottom edge 174 and the PDL structure 126. The HIL material 150 is disposed on the metal-containing layer 104 and a portion of the PDL structure 126, and extends below the first overhang 117 to the first HIL endpoint 161. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends below the first overhang 117, past the first HIL endpoint 161 of the HIL material 150 to the first OLED endpoint 157, to contact the PDL structure 126.

[0030] In one embodiment, the second bottom edge 152 extends past the first bottom edge 174. In another embodiment, the first bottom edge 174 extends past the second bottom edge 152. The second overhang vector 154 is defined by the second bottom edge 152 and the PDL structure 126. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is not disposed on the conductive material of the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the HIL material 150 is also disposed under the second overhang 109 and on a portion of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A, extending to a second HIL endpoint 162. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends to a second OLED endpoint 158. The additional OLED material 112 contacts a first portion 170 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A. The additional OLED material 112 separates the HIL material 150 disposed in the body extension 117A from the HIL material 150 disposed in the PDL structure 126. This creates a discontinuity between the HIL material 150 disposed in the metal-containing layer 104 and the HIL material 150 on the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A. This discontinuity interrupts the direct path through the HIL material 150 from the metal-containing layer 104 to the conductive material of the body structure 110A. Thus, the HIL material 150 does not continuously connect the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104. Thus, when an input current flows through the metal-containing layer 104 and then through the HIL material 150, the current flows through the additional OLED material 112 to the cathode 114, illuminating the subpixel 106. If the HIL material 150 continuously connects the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104, some of the current will flow from the HIL material 150 to the body structure 110A, bypassing the additional OLED material 112.

[0031] The HIL material 150 defines a first HIL angle θ between the first HIL vector 159 and the first overhang vector 153. HIL1A first HIL vector 159 is defined by a first HIL endpoint 161 extending below the first overhang 117, a first lower edge 174 of the body extension 117A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150, forming a first OLED angle θ between the first OLED vector 155 and the first overhang vector 153. OLED1 A first OLED vector 155 is defined by a first OLED end point 157 extending below the body structure 110A, a first bottom edge 174 of the body structure 110A, and the angle set by the evaporation source.

[0032] The HIL material 150 has a second HIL angle θ between the second HIL vector 160 and the second overhang vector 154. HIL2 A second HIL vector 160 is defined by a second HIL endpoint 162 extending below the second overhang 109, the second lower edge 152 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150, forming a second OLED angle θ between the second OLED vector 156 and the second overhang vector 154. OLED2 A second OLED vector 156 is defined by a second OLED end point 158 ​​extending below the upper structure 110B, the second lower edge 152 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on a first portion 170 of the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A.

[0033] Cathode 114 is disposed on additional OLED material 112 at a first portion 170 of sidewall 111 of body extension 117A and is disposed on PDL structure 126. In some embodiments, cathode 114 is disposed on a second portion 172 of sidewall 111 of body extension 117A. Cathode 114 has a cathode angle θ between cathode vector 164 and second overhang vector 154. cathodeCathode vector 164 is defined by cathode edge 166 that extends at least below upper structure 110B, second lower edge 152 of upper extension 109A, and the angle established by the evaporation source. Encapsulation layer 116 is disposed over cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with encapsulation layer 116 extending at least below upper structure 110B of overhang structure 110 and contacting third portion 173 of sidewall 111 of body extension 117A.

[0034] During the evaporative deposition of the additional OLED material 112, the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 define the locations of the first OLED endpoint 157 and the second OLED endpoint 158. For example, the additional OLED material 112 evaporates at the OLED maximum angle corresponding to the first OLED vector 155 and the second OLED vector 156, and the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 ensure that the additional OLED material 112 is not deposited past the first OLED endpoint 157 and the second OLED endpoint 158. During the evaporation of the HIL material 150, the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 define the locations of the first HIL endpoint 161 and the second HIL endpoint 162. For example, the HIL material 150 evaporates at the HIL maximum angle corresponding to the first HIL vector 159 and the second HIL vector 160, and the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 ensure that the HIL material 150 is not deposited past the first HIL endpoint 161 and the second HIL endpoint 162. In one embodiment, the second HIL endpoint 162 is on the sidewall 111 of the body extension 117A, allowing the HIL material 150 to deposit on the body extension 117A. The first HIL endpoint 161 is on the PDL structure 126. In another embodiment, there is no second HIL endpoint 162, and the first HIL endpoint 161 is on the PDL structure 126. The HIL material 150 is not deposited on the body extension 117A. During the evaporative deposition of the cathode 114, the second lower edge 152 of the upper extension 109A defines the location of the cathode edge 166. For example, the cathode 114 is evaporated at a maximum cathode angle corresponding to the cathode vector 164, and the second lower edge 152 ensures that the cathode 114 is not deposited past the cathode edge 166. The second OLED angle θ OLED2 is the cathode angle θ cathode In one embodiment, the first HIL angle θ HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 is the first OLED angle θ OLED and the second θ OLED2 In another embodiment, the first OLED angle θ OLED and the second OLED angle θ OLED2 is the first HIL angle θ HIL1and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 is smaller than.

[0035] FIG. 1C is a schematic top cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 100 having a dot-type architecture 101C according to an embodiment. FIG. 1D is a schematic cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 100 having a line-type architecture 101D according to an embodiment. Each of the top cross-sectional views of FIG. 1C and FIG. 1D is taken along section line 1′-1′ in FIG. 1A. The dot-type architecture 101C includes multiple pixel openings 124A from adjacent PDL structures 126. Each of the pixel openings 124A is surrounded by an overhang structure 110 shown in FIG. 1A, which defines each of the subpixels 106 of the dot-type architecture 101C. The line-type architecture 101D includes multiple pixel openings 124B from adjacent PDL structures 126. Each of the pixel openings 124B is abutted by an overhang structure 110 shown in FIG. 1A, which defines each of the subpixels 106 of the line-type architecture 101D.

[0036] Figure 2 is a flow diagram of a method 200 for forming a subpixel circuit 100 according to an embodiment. Figures 3A-3D are schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate 102 during a method 200 for forming a subpixel circuit 100 according to an embodiment described herein.

[0037] In operation 201, as shown in FIG. 3A , a base structural layer 302C, a body structural layer 302A, and an upper structural layer 302B are deposited on the substrate 102. The base structural layer 302C is disposed on the PDL structure 126. The body structural layer 302A is disposed on the base structural layer 302C. The upper structural layer 302B is disposed on the body structural layer 302A. The body structural layer 302A corresponds to the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110. The upper structural layer 302B corresponds to the upper structure 110B of the overhang structure 110. The base structural layer 302C corresponds to the base structure 110C of the overhang structure 110. A resist 306 is disposed and patterned. The resist 306 is disposed on the upper structural layer 302B. The resist 306 is a positive resist or a negative resist. The positive resist includes a portion of the resist that dissolves in a resist developer when exposed to electromagnetic radiation, and the resist developer is applied to the resist after a pattern is written into the resist using electromagnetic radiation. The negative resist includes a portion of the resist that does not dissolve in a resist developer when exposed to radiation, and the resist developer is applied to the resist after a pattern is written into the resist using electromagnetic radiation. The chemical composition of the resist 306 determines whether the resist is a positive resist or a negative resist. The portion of the upper structural layer 302B having the resist 306 is patterned to form one of the pixel openings 124A of the dot-type architecture 101C or the pixel opening 124B of the line-type architecture 101D of the first subpixel 108a. The patterning is one of photolithography, digital lithography, or laser ablation processes.

[0038] In operation 202, the portions of the upper structural layer 302B exposed by the pixel openings 124A, 124B are removed, as shown in FIG. 3B. The upper structural layer 302B exposed by the pixel openings 124A, 124B can be removed by a dry etching process. Operation 202 forms the upper structure 110B.

[0039] In operation 203, as shown in FIG. 3C , portions of the body structural layer 302A and the base structural layer 302C exposed by the pixel openings 124A and 124B are removed. The body structural layer 302A and the base structural layer 302C exposed by the pixel openings 124A and 124B can be removed by a wet etching process. Operation 203 forms the remaining portion of the overhang structure 110 of the first subpixel 108A. Due to the etch selectivity between the material of the upper structural layer 302B corresponding to the upper structure 110B, the material of the body structural layer 302A corresponding to the body structure 110A, and the etching process for removing the exposed portions of the upper structural layer 302B and the body structural layer 302A, the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B becomes wider than the top surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A of the second overhang 109 (shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B ). Due to etching selectivity during the etching process for removing the material of body structure layer 302A corresponding to body structure 110A, the material of base structure layer 302C corresponding to base structure 110C, and exposed portions of body structure layer 302A and base structure layer 302C, bottom surface 118 of body structure 110A is wider than top surface 119 of base structure 110C, forming body extension 117A (shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B ) of first overhang 117. Shadowing of first overhang 109 and second overhang 117 allows for the evaporative deposition of HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114.

[0040] In operation 204, resist 306 is removed from superstructure 110B, leaving overhang structure 110, as shown in FIG. 3D.

[0041] In operation 205, the OLED material, cathode 114, and encapsulation layer 116 of the first subpixel 108A are deposited. The OLED material includes the HIL material 150 and the additional OLED material 112. Shadowing of the second overhang 109 causes the evaporative deposition of each of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114. As further described in the corresponding description of FIG. 1B , the overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source adjust the first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 (shown in FIG. 1B ), the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 and the second θ OLED2 (shown in FIG. 1B), and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode (shown in FIG. 1B ). That is, the overhang structure 110 provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to the overhang structure 110. The first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 , the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 and the second OLED angle θ OLED2 , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode results from the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150 , the additional OLED material 112 , and the cathode 114 .

[0042] In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 contacts a first portion 170 of the body extension 117A, and the cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and contacts a second portion 172 of the body extension 117A. The HIL material 150 contacts the top surface 103 (shown in FIG. 1B ) of the PDL structure 126 and the body extension 117A. The additional OLED material 112 separates the HIL material 150 of the PDL structure 126 from the HIL material 150 disposed on the body extension 117A. In another embodiment, the HIL material 150 does not contact the body extension 117A. The encapsulation layer 116 is deposited on the cathode 114. The encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the cathode 114, which is disposed on the additional OLED material 112. The encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the cathode 114 at a second portion 172 of the body extension 117A. The encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the body structure 110A at a third portion 173 of the body extension 117A. The encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the superstructure 110B at a lower surface of the top extension 109A. The encapsulation layer 116 extends onto the upper surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In embodiments including a capping layer, the capping layer is deposited between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The capping layer may be deposited by evaporative deposition. Embodiments may also include a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the encapsulation layer 116.

[0043] 4A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 400 according to an embodiment. In one embodiment, the subpixel circuit 400 includes a line architecture. The line architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings, each of which is abutted by an overhang structure 110 that defines a respective subpixel 106 of the line architecture. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 400 includes a dot architecture. The dot architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings, each of which is surrounded by an overhang structure 110 that defines a respective subpixel 106 of the dot architecture.

[0044] The subpixel circuit 400 includes a substrate 102. At least one metal-containing layer 404 is disposed on the substrate 102 and is defined by adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures 126 disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the at least one metal-containing layer 404 is disposed on the substrate 102, and the PDL structures 126 are disposed on the substrate 102. The at least one metal-containing layer 404 is pre-patterned on the substrate 102, for example, an indium tin oxide (ITO) metal-containing layer 404 is pre-patterned on the substrate 102. The at least one metal-containing layer 404 is a stack of a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer 404B, a second metal-containing layer 404A disposed on the first TCO layer, and a third TCO layer 404C disposed on the second metal-containing layer. The at least one metal-containing layer 404 is configured to operate as an anode for each subpixel. Materials for the second metal-containing layer 404B include, but are not limited to, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, ITO, combinations thereof, or other suitable conductive materials.

[0045] A plurality of PDL structures 126 are disposed on the substrate 102. The PDL structures 126 include one of an organic material, an organic material with an inorganic coating disposed thereon, or an inorganic material. The organic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, polyimide. The inorganic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiNO), magnesium fluoride (MgF), or combinations thereof. Adjacent PDL structures 126 define respective subpixels and expose the anode (i.e., metal-containing layer 404) of each subpixel of the subpixel circuit 400.

[0046] The subpixel circuit 400 includes multiple subpixels 106, including at least a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B. While the figure shows a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B, the subpixel circuit 400 of the embodiments described herein may include more than one subpixel 106, such as a third and fourth subpixel. Each subpixel 106 includes an OLED material configured to emit white, red, green, blue, or other color light when energized. For example, the OLED material of the first subpixel 108A may emit red light when energized, the OLED material of the second subpixel 108B may emit green light when energized, the OLED material of the third subpixel may emit blue light when energized, and the OLED material of the fourth subpixel may emit other color light when energized.

[0047] The overhang structures 110 are permanent to the subpixel circuit 400. The overhang structures 110 further define each subpixel 106 of the subpixel circuit 400. The overhang structures 110 include adjacent first overhangs 117 and adjacent second overhangs 109. Each of the first overhangs 117 is defined by PDL extensions 126A (shown in FIG. 4B ) of multiple adjacent PDL structures 126 that extend laterally past the base structure 110C. The base structure 110C is disposed on the upper surface of the metal-containing layer 404, and the PDL extensions 126A are disposed on the base structure 110C. In one embodiment, the PDL extensions 126A are disposed on the base structure 110C. The PDL structures 126 further include a PDL body 126B, which is disposed on the substrate 102. The overhang structure 110 further includes a body structure 110A disposed on the top surface 103 (shown in FIG. 4B ) of the PDL structure 126. The second overhang 109 further includes a superstructure 110B disposed on at least the body structure 110A. In one embodiment, the superstructure 110B is disposed on the body structure 110A. In one embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstructure 110B made of a non-conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A made of a conductive inorganic material. In another embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstructure 110B made of a conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A made of a conductive inorganic material. The conductive material of the body structure 110A includes aluminum (Al), aluminum neodymium (AlNd), molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum tungsten (MoW), copper (Cu), or a combination thereof. The inorganic material of the superstructure includes titanium (Ti), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O), or a combination thereof. The base structure 110C includes a metal-containing material or an inorganic material. In one example, the metal-containing material is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material. TCO materials include, but are not limited to, indium zinc oxide (IZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), or a combination thereof. The overhang structure 110 can remain in place, i.e., is permanent.

[0048] The adjacent first overhang 117 is defined by a PDL extension 126A of the PDL structure 126 that extends laterally past the base structure 110C. At least a bottom surface 127 of the PDL extension 126A is wider than a top surface 119 of the base structure 110C. The base structure 110C is disposed on at least one metal-containing layer 404. The PDL extension 126A of the PDL structure 126 forms the first overhang 117, allowing the PDL structure 126 to shadow the at least one metal-containing layer 404. The shadowing of the first overhang 117 allows for the evaporative deposition of an OLED material. The OLED material may include one or more of a HIL, a HTL, an EML, and an ETL. A HIL material 150 of the OLED material is disposed on and in contact with the at least one metal-containing layer 404 and the PDL extension 126A. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. The HIL material 150 is disposed on and in contact with the at least one metal-containing layer 404, disposed beneath an adjacent first overhang 117, and extends to a first HIL endpoint 161. An additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends beneath an adjacent first overhang 117. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In the illustrated embodiment, the HIL material 150 extends beneath an adjacent first overhang 117, past the first OLED endpoint 157, to the first HIL endpoint 161. 1A and 1B applied to subpixel circuit 400, the additional OLED material 112 extends beneath the adjacent first overhang 117, past the first HIL endpoint 161, and into contact with at least one metal-containing layer 404. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is different from the materials of body structure 110A, body structure 110B, and base structure 110C. The first overhang 117 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source determine the first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL1and the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 The first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as HIL1 and the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 arises from the overhang structure 110 and the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150 and the additional OLED material 112. That is, the overhang structure 110 provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to the overhang structure 110.

[0049] The adjacent second overhang 109 is defined by an upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B. At least the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B is wider than the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A of the second overhang 109. The upper structure 110B is disposed on the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A. The upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B forms the second overhang 109, allowing the upper structure 110B to shadow the body structure 110A. The shadowing of the second overhang 109 allows the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114, respectively. The HIL material 150 is disposed on a portion of the PDL extension 126A. The additional OLED material 112 extends past the second HIL endpoint 162 of the HIL material 150 of the PDL extension 126A to contact the body structure 110A at the second OLED endpoint 158 ​​and is disposed on a first portion 170 of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. A cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and extends under the adjacent second overhang 109 to contact a second portion 172 of the body structure 110A. The second overhang 109 and the evaporation angle established by the evaporation source define a second HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL2 , the second OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED2 , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The second HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as HIL2, the second OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED2 , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode can result from the overhang structure 110 and the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114 below the second overhang 109. That is, the overhang structure 110 creates a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to the overhang structure 110. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 and cathode 114 contact the body structure 110A, and the HIL material 150 does not contact the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the HIL material layer 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114 contact the body structure 110A.

[0050] In one embodiment, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on a portion of the sidewall 128 of the PDL extension 126A and a portion of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the HIL material is disposed on a portion of the sidewall 128 of the PDL extension 126A but not on the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. A portion of the additional OLED material 112 disposed beneath the adjacent first overhang 117 separates the HIL material 150 disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 404 from the HIL material 150 disposed on the PDL extension 126A. The discontinuity interrupts the direct path through the HIL material 150 from the at least one metal-containing layer 404 to the conductive material of the body structure 110A. Thus, the HIL material 150 does not continuously connect the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the at least one metal-containing layer 404. Thus, when an input current flows through the metal-containing layer 404 and then through the HIL material 150, the current flows through the additional OLED material 112 to the cathode 114, illuminating the subpixel 106. If the HIL material 150 continuously connects the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 404, a portion of the current will flow from the HIL material 150 to the body structure 110A, bypassing the additional OLED material 112. In another embodiment, the HIL material 150 is not disposed in the PDL extension 126A. Thus, there is no direct connection from the at least one metal-containing layer 404 to the body structure 110A through the HIL material 150, and thus the current flows through the additional OLED material 112 to the cathode 114, illuminating the additional OLED material 112.

[0051] The cathode 114 includes a conductive material such as a metal. For example, the cathode 114 may include, but is not limited to, silver, magnesium, chromium, titanium, aluminum, ITO, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 114 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110 and on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B applied to subpixel 400, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 terminate at the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A, i.e., are not disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B or the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B.

[0052] Each subpixel 106 includes an encapsulation layer 116. The encapsulation layer 116 may be, or may correspond to, a localized passivation layer. The encapsulation layer 116 of each subpixel is disposed on the cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with the encapsulation layer 116 extending under at least a portion of each of the overhang structures 110 and along each of the sidewalls of the overhang structures 110. The encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114 and extends to contact the cathode 114 on at least a second portion 172 of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the conductive material of the body structure 110A at a third portion 173 of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. 4A and 4B , the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the underside of the top extension 109A, and extends to be disposed over the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 when the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewalls 113 and the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B applied to subpixel 400, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the underside of the top extension 109A, the sidewalls 113, and the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. 8A and 8B applied to subpixel 400, the encapsulation layer terminates at the sidewall 111 of body structure 110A, i.e., is not disposed on the sidewall 113 of superstructure 110B of overhang structure 110, the top surface 115 of superstructure 110B, or the bottom surface of top extension 109A. The encapsulation layer 116 includes a non-conductive inorganic material, such as a silicon-containing material. The silicon-containing material can include a SiN-containing material.

[0053] In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. For example, a first capping layer and a second capping layer are disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. Each of the embodiments described herein can include one or more capping layers disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The first capping layer can include an organic material. The second capping layer can include an inorganic material, such as lithium fluoride. The first and second capping layers can be deposited by evaporative deposition. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 400 further includes at least a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the overhang structure 110 and the encapsulation layer 116. In yet another embodiment, the subpixel includes an intermediate passivation layer disposed on each overhang structure 110 of the subpixel 106 and disposed between the encapsulation layer 116 and the global passivation layer 120.

[0054] 4B is a schematic cross-sectional view of an overhang structure 110 of a subpixel circuit 400 according to an embodiment. The PDL extension 126A includes a first bottom edge 174 and a first overhang vector 153. The top extension 117A includes a second bottom edge 152 and a second overhang vector 154. The first bottom edge 174 extends past the first HIL endpoint 161. The first overhang vector 153 is defined by the first bottom edge 174 and at least one metal-containing layer 404. The HIL material 150 is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 404 and over a portion of the PDL extension 126A and extends below the first overhang 117 to the first HIL endpoint 161. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on HIL material 150 , which extends below first overhang 117 , past first OLED termination 157 to first HIL termination 161 .

[0055] In one embodiment, the second bottom edge 152 extends past the first bottom edge 174. In another embodiment, the first bottom edge 174 extends past the second bottom edge 152. A second overhang vector 154 is defined by the second bottom edge 152 and the PDL structure 126. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 104 and a portion of the PDL structure 126. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 404 and a portion of the PDL extension 126A, extending below the second overhang 109 to the second HIL endpoint 162. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends below the second overhang 109 past the second HIL endpoint 162 of the HIL material 150 onto the body structure 110A. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material contacts the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on a portion of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A under the second overhang 109. The HIL material 150 is disposed at a second HIL angle θ between the second HIL vector 160 and the second overhang vector 154. HIL2 A second HIL vector 160 is defined by a second HIL endpoint 162 extending below the second overhang 109, the second bottom edge 152 of the upper structure 110B, and the angle established by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150, forming a second OLED angle θ between the second OLED vector 156 and the second overhang vector 154. OLED2 A second OLED vector 156 is defined by a second OLED end point 158 ​​extending below the second overhang 109, a second lower edge 152 of the upper extension 117A, and an angle set by a source of additional OLED material (not shown). Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on a first portion 170 of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A.

[0056] Cathode 114 is disposed on additional OLED material 112. In some embodiments, cathode 114 is disposed on second portion 172 of sidewall 111 of body structure 110A. Cathode 114 has a cathode angle θ between cathode vector 164 and second overhang vector 154. cathode Cathode vector 164 is defined by a cathode edge 166 that extends at least under second overhang 109, second bottom edge 152 of superstructure 110B, and the angle established by the evaporation source. An encapsulation layer 116 is disposed over cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with encapsulation layer 116 extending at least under superstructure 110B of overhang structure 110 and contacting third portion 173 of sidewall 111 of body structure 110A.

[0057] During the evaporative deposition of the additional OLED material 112, the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 define the locations of the first OLED endpoint 157 and the second OLED endpoint 158; for example, the additional OLED material 112 evaporates at the OLED maximum angle corresponding to the first OLED vector 155 and the second OLED vector 156, and the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 ensure that the additional OLED material 112 is not deposited past the first OLED endpoint 157 and the second OLED endpoint 158. In an embodiment including the HIL material 150, the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 define the locations of the first HIL endpoint 161 and the second HIL endpoint 162; for example, the HIL material 150 evaporates at the HIL maximum angle corresponding to the first HIL vector 159 and the second HIL vector 160, and the first lower edge 174 and the second lower edge 152 ensure that the HIL material 150 is not deposited past the first HIL endpoint 161 and the second HIL endpoint 162. In one embodiment, the second HIL endpoint 162 is at the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A, allowing the HIL material 150 to deposit on the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the second HIL endpoint 162 is at the PDL extension 126, and the HIL material 150 is not deposited on the body structure 110A. During the evaporative deposition of the cathode 114, the second lower edge 152 of the upper structure 110B defines the location of the cathode edge 166, e.g., the cathode 114 is evaporated at a maximum cathode angle corresponding to the cathode vector 164, and the second lower edge 152 ensures that the cathode 114 is not deposited past the cathode edge 166. OLED2 is the cathode angle θ cathode In one embodiment, the first HIL angle θ HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 is the first OLED angle θ OLED and the second OLED angle θ OLED2 In another embodiment, the first OLED angle θ OLED and the second OLED angle θ OLED2 is the first HIL angle θ HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2is smaller than.

[0058] Figure 5 is a flow diagram of a method 500 of forming a subpixel circuit 100 according to an embodiment. Figures 6A-6F are schematic cross-sectional views of a substrate 102 during a method 500 of forming a subpixel circuit 400 according to an embodiment described herein.

[0059] In operation 501, as shown in FIG. 6A , a body structural layer 602A and a top structural layer 602B are deposited on the PDL structure 126. The base structural layer 602C is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 404. In one embodiment, the metal-containing layer is the at least one metal-containing layer 404. The at least one metal-containing layer 404 is a stack of a first TCO layer 404B, a second metal-containing layer 404A disposed on the first TCO layer 404B, and a third TCO layer 404C disposed on the second metal-containing layer 404A. The base structural layer 602C is disposed on the third TCO layer 404C. The at least one metal-containing layer 404 is disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the at least one metal-containing layer 404 is disposed on the substrate 102. The PDL structural layer 626 includes a PDL extension 626A and a PDL body 626B. The PDL extension 626A is disposed on the base structural layer 602C. The PDL body 626B is disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the PDL body 626B is disposed on the substrate 102. The body structural layer 602A is disposed on the PDL structural layer 626. The upper structural layer 602B is disposed on the body structural layer 602A. The body structural layer 602A corresponds to the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110. The upper structural layer 602B corresponds to the upper structure 110B of the overhang structure 110. The base structural layer 602C corresponds to the base structure 110C of the overhang structure 110. In one embodiment, a resist 606 is disposed and patterned. The resist 606 is disposed on the upper structural layer 602B. The resist 606 is a positive resist or a negative resist. Positive resists include portions of the resist that dissolve in a respective resist developer when exposed to electromagnetic radiation, and the resist developer is applied to the resist after a pattern has been written into the resist using electromagnetic radiation. Negative resists include portions of the resist that do not dissolve in a respective resist developer when exposed to radiation, and the resist developer is applied to the resist after a pattern has been written into the resist using electromagnetic radiation. The chemical composition of resist 606 determines whether the resist is a positive or negative resist.The portion of the upper structural layer 602B having the resist 606 is patterned to form one of the pixel openings 124A with a dot architecture or the pixel openings 124B with a line architecture of the first subpixel 108A. The patterning is one of a photolithography, a digital lithography process, or a laser ablation process.

[0060] In operation 502, the portions of the upper structural layer 602B exposed by the pixel openings 124A, 124B are removed, as shown in FIG. 6B. The upper structural layer 602B exposed by the pixel openings 124A, 124B can be removed by a dry etching process. Operation 502 forms the upper structure 110B.

[0061] In operation 503, as shown in FIG. 6C , a portion of the body structure layer 602A exposed by the pixel openings 124A and 124B is removed. The body structure layer 602A exposed by the pixel openings 124A and 124B can be removed by a wet etching process. Operation 503 forms the upper structure 110B and the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110 of the first subpixel 108A. Due to the etching selectivity between the material of the upper structure layer 602B corresponding to the upper structure 110B, the material of the body structure layer 602A corresponding to the body structure 110A, and the etching process for removing the exposed portions of the upper structure layer 602B and the body structure layer 602A, the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B is wider than the top surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A of the second overhang 109 (shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B ). Resist 606 is then removed from superstructure 110B (not shown).

[0062] In operation 504, as shown in FIG. 6D , a resist 608 is deposited and patterned. The resist 608 is patterned to form one of the pixel openings 124A of the dot-type architecture 101C or the pixel openings 124B of the line-type architecture 101D of the first subpixel 108A. The patterning is one of a photolithography, a digital lithography process, or a laser ablation process. The resist 608 is deposited on the superstructure 110B, the body structure 110A, and the PDL structure layer 626. The PDL structure layer 626 exposed by the resist 608 is removed using a dry etching process.

[0063] In operation 505, as shown in FIG. 6E, the portions of the base structure layer 602C exposed by the pixel openings 124A and 124B are removed. The portions of the base structure layer 602C exposed by the resist can be removed by a wet etching process. Due to the etching selectivity between the material of the base structure layer 602C corresponding to the base structure 110C and the etching process for removing the exposed portions of the PDL structure layer 626, the bottom surface 12 of the PDL structure layer 626 becomes wider than the top surface 119 of the base structure 110C, forming the PDL extension 126A of the first overhang 117 (shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B ). The shadowing of the first overhang 117 allows the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 to be evaporated and deposited under the first overhang.

[0064] In operation 506, resist 608 is removed from superstructure 110B, as shown in Figure 6F.

[0065] In operation 507, the OLED material, cathode 114, and encapsulation layer 116 of the first subpixel 108A are deposited. The OLED material includes the HIL material 150 and the additional OLED material 112. Shadowing of the second overhang 109 causes the evaporative deposition of each of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114. As further described in the corresponding description of FIG. 1B, the overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source adjust the first HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL1 and the second HIL angle θ HIL2 (shown in FIG. 4B ), the first OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED1 and the second OLED angle θ OLED2 (shown in FIG. 4B), as well as the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114. cathode (shown in FIG. 4B ). That is, overhang structure 110 provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to overhang structure 110. The HIL angle of HIL material 150, the OLED angle of additional OLED material 112, and the cathode angle of cathode 114 result from the evaporative deposition of HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114.

[0066] The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on a first portion 170 of the body structure 110A, and the cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 contacts the first portion 170 of the body structure 110A, and the cathode contacts a second portion 172 of the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110. The HIL material 150 contacts the top surface 103 of the PDL structure 126 and the sidewalls 128 of the PDL extension 126A. The additional OLED material 112 separates the HIL material 150 of the PDL structure 126 from the HIL material 150 disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 104. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on the at least one metal-containing layer 104. An encapsulation layer 116 is deposited on the cathode 114. The encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114, which is disposed on the additional OLED material 112, at a first portion 170 of the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114 at a second portion 172 of the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the body structure 110A at a third portion 173 of the body structure 110A. The encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the superstructure 110B at a lower surface of the upper extension 109A. The encapsulation layer 116 extends onto the upper surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In embodiments including a capping layer, the capping layer is deposited between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The capping layer can be deposited by evaporative deposition.

[0067] FIG. 7A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 700 according to an embodiment. The subpixel circuit 700 includes a substrate 102. In one embodiment, the subpixel circuit 700 includes a line architecture. The line architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings, each of which is abutted by an overhang structure 110 that defines a respective subpixel 106 of the line architecture. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 700 includes a dot architecture. The dot architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings, each of which is surrounded by an overhang structure 110 that defines a respective subpixel 106 of the dot architecture. A metal-containing layer 104 may be patterned on the substrate 102 and is defined by adjacent pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures 126 disposed on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the PDL structures 126 are disposed on the substrate 102. The metal-containing layer 104 is pre-patterned on the substrate 102, for example, a metal-containing layer 104 of indium tin oxide (ITO) is pre-patterned on the substrate 102. The metal-containing layer 104 is configured to act as the anode of each subpixel. In one embodiment, the metal-containing layer 104 is a stack of a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, a second metal-containing layer disposed on the first TCO layer, and a third TCO layer disposed on the second metal-containing layer. Materials for the metal-containing layer 104 include, but are not limited to, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, ITO, combinations thereof, or other suitable conductive materials.

[0068] A plurality of PDL structures 126 are disposed on the substrate 102. The PDL structures 126 include one of an organic material, an organic material with an inorganic coating disposed thereon, or an inorganic material. The organic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, polyimide. The inorganic material of the PDL structures 126 includes, but is not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiNO), magnesium fluoride (MgF), or combinations thereof. Adjacent PDL structures 126 define respective subpixels and expose the anode (i.e., the metal-containing layer 104) of each subpixel of the subpixel circuit 700.

[0069] The subpixel circuit 700 includes multiple subpixels 106, including at least a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B. While the figure shows a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B, the subpixel circuit 700 of the embodiments described herein may include more than one subpixel 106, such as a third and fourth subpixel. Each subpixel 106 includes an OLED material configured to emit white, red, green, blue, or other color light when energized. For example, the OLED material of the first subpixel 108A may emit red light when energized, the OLED material of the second subpixel 108B may emit green light when energized, the OLED material of the third subpixel may emit blue light when energized, and the OLED material of the fourth subpixel may emit another color light when energized.

[0070] The overhang structure 110 is permanent to the subpixel circuit 700. The overhang structure 110 further defines each subpixel 106 of the subpixel circuit 700. The overhang structure 110 includes at least a superstructure 110B disposed on a body structure 110A and a body structure 110A disposed on a base structure 110C. In one embodiment, the superstructure is disposed on the body structure 110A, and the body structure 110A is disposed on the base structure 110C. The base structure 110C is disposed on the PDL structure 126. In one embodiment, the base structure 110C is disposed on the PDL structure 126. The body structure 110A includes a conductive inorganic material. The superstructure 110B includes a polymeric material, an inorganic material, or a metallic material. The conductive material of the body structure 110A includes aluminum (Al), aluminum neodymium (AlNd), molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum tungsten (MoW), copper (Cu), or a combination thereof. The inorganic material of the superstructure includes titanium (Ti), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O), or a combination thereof. The base structure 110C includes a non-conductive material.

[0071] Adjacent overhangs 709 each define an upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B that extends laterally past the base structure 110C and the body structure 110A. At least the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B is wider than the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A of the overhang 709. The upper structure 110B is disposed on the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A. The upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B forms the overhang 709, allowing the upper structure 110B to shadow the body structure 110A. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source define a deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structure 110 provides a shadowing effect during evaporation deposition at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. Shadowing of the overhang 709 allows for evaporative deposition of the OLED material and the cathode 114, respectively. The OLED material can include one or more of a HIL, a HTL, an EML, and an ETL. A HIL material 150 of the OLED material is disposed on and in contact with the metal-containing layer 104 and extends to a HIL endpoint 762 of the PDL structure 126. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is different from the material of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. An additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is different from the material of the body structure 110A, the body structure 110B, and the base structure 110C. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends beneath the overhang 709, past the HIL endpoint 762 of the HIL material 150, to an OLED endpoint 758, in contact with a first portion 775 of the base structure 110C. The cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and extends beneath the adjacent overhang 709 to the cathode edge 166, in contact with a second portion 776 of the base structure 110C. In this embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 and the HIL material 150 do not contact the body structure 110A.In another embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 extends into contact with the body structure 110A, and the cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and extends into contact with the body portion 110A. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source determine the HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL , the OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as follows: HIL , the OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The shadowing effect can result from the overhang structure 110 and the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114. That is, the overhang structure 110 creates a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to the overhang structure 110. In another embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 and the cathode 114 contact the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110, and the HIL material 150 does not contact the body structure. In another embodiment, the HIL material 150 does not contact a portion of the base structure 110C. The discontinuity interrupts the direct path through the HIL material 150 from the metal-containing layer 104 to the conductive material of the body structure 110A. Thus, the HIL material 150 does not continuously connect the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104. Thus, when an input current flows through the metal-containing layer 104 and then through the HIL material 150, the current flows through the additional OLED material 112 to the cathode 114, illuminating the subpixel 106. If the HIL material 150 continuously connects the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104, some of the current will flow from the HIL material 150 to the body structure 110A, bypassing the additional OLED material 112.

[0072] The cathode 114 includes a conductive material such as a metal. For example, the cathode 114 may include, but is not limited to, silver, magnesium, chromium, titanium, aluminum, ITO, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 114 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. In the illustrated embodiment of Figures 7A and 7B, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110 and on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in Figures 8A and 8B applied to subpixel 700, the HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114 terminate at the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A, i.e., are not disposed on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110.

[0073] Each subpixel 106 includes an encapsulation layer 116. The encapsulation layer 116 may be, or may correspond to, a localized passivation layer. The encapsulation layer 116 of each subpixel is disposed on the cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with the encapsulation layer 116 extending under at least a portion of each of the overhang structures 110 and along each of the sidewalls of the overhang structures 110. The encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114 and extends to contact the cathode 114 over at least a second portion of the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A. In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the conductive material of the body structure 110A. In the exemplary embodiments of 7A and 7B, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the underside of the top extension 109A, and extends to be disposed over the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 when the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewalls 113 and the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. In some embodiments, for example, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of the superstructure 110B at the underside of the top extension 109A, the sidewalls 113, and the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B. 8A and 8B applied to subpixel 700, encapsulation layer 116 terminates at sidewall 111 of body structure 110A, i.e., is not disposed on sidewall 113 of superstructure 110B, superstructure 110B of overhang structure 110, or the underside of top extension 109A. encapsulation layer 116 includes a non-conductive inorganic material, such as a silicon-containing material. The silicon-containing material can include a SiN-containing material.

[0074] In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. For example, a first capping layer and a second capping layer are disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. Each of the embodiments described herein can include one or more capping layers disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The first capping layer can include an organic material. The second capping layer can include an inorganic material, such as lithium fluoride. The first and second capping layers can be deposited by evaporative deposition. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 700 further includes at least a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the overhang structure 110 and the encapsulation layer 116. In yet another embodiment, the subpixel includes an intermediate passivation layer disposed on each overhang structure 110 of the subpixel 106 and disposed between the encapsulation layer 116 and the global passivation layer 120.

[0075] 7B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the overhang structure 110 of the subpixel circuit 700. The overhang structure 110B includes a bottom edge 752 and an overhang vector 754. In one embodiment, the bottom edge 752 extends past the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C. In another embodiment, the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C extends past the bottom edge 752. The overhang vector 754 is defined by the bottom edge 752 and the PDL structure 126. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the metal-containing layer 104 and a portion of the PDL structure 126. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on the metal-containing layer 104 and a portion of the PDL structure 126. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends below the overhang 709, past the HIL endpoint 762 of the HIL material 150, to contact the base structure 110C at the OLED endpoint 758. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed below the overhang 709 and on a portion of the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C. The HIL material 150 forms a HIL angle θ between the HIL vector 760 and the overhang vector 754. HIL The HIL vector 760 is defined by the HIL endpoint 762 that extends below the overhang 709, the lower edge 752 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150, forming an OLED angle θ between the OLED vector 756 and the overhang vector 754. OLED An OLED vector 756 is defined by an OLED endpoint 758 extending below the overhang 709, the lower edge 752 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material is disposed on a first portion 775 of the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C.

[0076] The cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112. In some embodiments, the cathode 114 is disposed on the second portion 776 of the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C. The cathode 114 is disposed at a cathode angle θ between the cathode vector 164 and the overhang vector 754. cathodeCathode vector 164 is defined by cathode edge 166 extending under at least overhang 709, bottom edge 752 of top extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Encapsulation layer 116 is disposed over cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with encapsulation layer 116 extending under at least top structure 110B of overhang structure 110 and in contact with body structure 110A.

[0077] During the evaporative deposition of the additional OLED material 112, the lower edge 752 of the upper extension 109A defines the location of an OLED endpoint 758; e.g., the additional OLED material 112 evaporates at an OLED maximum angle corresponding to an OLED vector 756, and the lower edge 752 ensures that the additional OLED material 112 does not deposit past the OLED endpoint 758. The lower edge 752 of the upper extension 109A defines the location of a HIL endpoint 762; e.g., the HIL material 150 evaporates at an HIL maximum angle corresponding to an HIL vector 760, and the lower edge 752 ensures that the HIL material 150 does not deposit past the HIL endpoint 762. In one embodiment, the HIL endpoint 762 is at the sidewall 740 of the base structure 110C, allowing the HIL material 150 to deposit on the base structure 110C. In another embodiment, the HIL endpoint 762 is at the PDL structure 126, and the HIL material 150 is not deposited on the base structure 110C. During the evaporative deposition of the cathode 114, the lower edge 752 of the upper extension 109A defines the location of the cathode edge 166; e.g., the cathode 114 is evaporated at the cathode maximum angle corresponding to the cathode vector 164, and the lower edge 752 ensures that the cathode 114 is not deposited past the cathode edge 166. The OLED angle θ OLED is the cathode angle θ cathode In one embodiment, the HIL angle θ HIL is the OLED angle θ OLED In another embodiment, the OLED angle θ OLED is the HIL angle θ HIL is smaller than.

[0078] FIG. 8A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a subpixel circuit 800 according to an embodiment. The subpixel circuit 800 includes a substrate 102. In one embodiment, the subpixel circuit 800 includes a line-type architecture. The line-type architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings. Each of the pixel openings is abutted by an overhang structure 110 that defines each of the subpixels 106 of the line-type architecture. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 800 includes a dot-type architecture. The dot-type architecture includes a plurality of pixel openings. Each of the pixel openings is surrounded by an overhang structure 110 that defines each of the subpixels 106 of the dot-type architecture. A metal-containing layer 104 may be patterned on the substrate 102 and is defined by adjacent first pixel-defining layer (PDL) structures 826 disposed on the substrate 102. The metal-containing layer 104 is at least one metal-containing layer. The metal-containing layer 104 is pre-patterned on the substrate 102, for example, a metal-containing layer 104 of indium tin oxide (ITO) is pre-patterned on the substrate 102. In one embodiment, the metal-containing layer 104 is a stack of a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer, a second metal-containing layer disposed on the first TCO layer, and a third TCO layer disposed on the second metal-containing layer. The metal-containing layer 104 is configured to act as the anode for each subpixel. Materials for the metal-containing layer 104 include, but are not limited to, chromium, titanium, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, ITO, combinations thereof, or other suitable conductive materials.

[0079] The first PDL structure 826 includes one of an organic material, an organic material with an inorganic coating disposed thereon, or an inorganic material. The organic material of the first PDL structure 826 includes, but is not limited to, polyimide. The inorganic material of the first PDL structure 826 includes, but is not limited to, silicon oxide (SiO), silicon nitride (SiN), silicon oxynitride (SiNO), magnesium fluoride (MgF), or a combination thereof. Adjacent first PDL structures 826 define respective subpixels and expose the anode (i.e., the metal-containing layer 104) of each subpixel of the subpixel circuit 800.

[0080] The subpixel circuit 800 includes multiple subpixels 106, including at least a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B. While the figure shows a first subpixel 108A and a second subpixel 108B, the subpixel circuit 800 of the embodiments described herein may include more than one subpixel 106, such as a third and fourth subpixel. Each subpixel 106 includes an OLED material configured to emit white, red, green, blue, or other color light when energized. For example, the OLED material of the first subpixel 108A may emit red light when energized, the OLED material of the second subpixel 108B may emit green light when energized, the OLED material of the third subpixel may emit blue light when energized, and the OLED material of the fourth subpixel may emit other color light when energized.

[0081] The overhang structure 110 is permanent to the subpixel circuit 800. The overhang structure 110 further defines each subpixel 106 of the subpixel circuit 800. The overhang structure 110 includes at least a superstrate 110B disposed on a body structure 110A, which is disposed on a second PDL structure 828. In one embodiment, the superstrate 110B is disposed on the body structure 110A, which is disposed on the second PDL structure 828. The second PDL structure 828 is disposed on top of the first PDL structure 826. In one embodiment, the second PDL structure 828 is disposed on top of the first PDL structure 826. In one embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstrate 110B of a non-conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A of a conductive inorganic material. In another embodiment, the overhang structure 110 includes a superstructure 110B of a conductive inorganic material and a body structure 110A of a conductive inorganic material. The conductive material of the body structure 110A includes aluminum (Al), aluminum neodymium (AlNd), molybdenum (Mo), molybdenum tungsten (MoW), copper (Cu), or a combination thereof. The inorganic material of the superstructure includes titanium (Ti), silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon oxynitride (Si2N2O), or a combination thereof. The second PDL structure 828 includes a non-conductive material. In one embodiment, the first PDL structure 826 and the second PDL structure 828 include the same material, for example, silicon nitride. In another embodiment, the first PDL structure 826 includes a different material from the second PDL structure 828, for example, the first PDL structure includes silicon nitride and the second PDL structure 828 includes silicon oxynitride. The overhang structures 110 can remain in place, i.e., are permanent. Therefore, no organic material is left behind from the lifted-off overhang structures to impair OLED performance. Eliminating the lift-off step also increases throughput.

[0082] Each adjacent overhang 809 defines an upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B that extends laterally beyond the body structure 110A. At least the bottom surface 107 of the upper structure 110B is wider than the upper surface 105 of the body structure 110A, forming the upper extension 109A of the overhang 809. The upper structure 110B is disposed on the upper surface of the body structure 110A. The upper extension 109A of the upper structure 110B forms the overhang 809, allowing the upper structure 110B to shadow the body structure 110A. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source define the deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structure 110 provides a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. The shadowing of the overhang 809 allows the OLED material and the cathode 114 to be evaporatively deposited, respectively. The OLED material may include one or more of a HIL, a HTL, an EML, and an ETL. A HIL material 150 of the OLED material is disposed on and in contact with the metal-containing layer 104 and extends to the HIL endpoint 862 of the first PDL structure 826. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. An additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the body structure 110B, and the base structure 110C. The additional OLED material 112 extends past the HIL endpoint 862 of the HIL material 150 to contact the second PDL structure 828 at the OLED endpoint 858 and is disposed on a first portion 875 of the second PDL structure 828. A cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112 and extends under the adjacent overhang 809 to contact a second portion of the second PDL structure 828. In one embodiment, the cathode 114 does not contact the second PDL structure 828. The overhang structure 110 and the evaporation angle established by the evaporation source determine the HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150. HIL , the OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED, and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The HIL angle θ of the HIL material 150 is defined as follows: HIL , the OLED angle θ of the additional OLED material 112 OLED , and the cathode angle θ of the cathode 114 cathode The shadowing effect can result from the overhang structure 110 and the evaporative deposition of the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114. That is, the overhang structure 110 creates a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition at an evaporation angle set by an evaporation source configured to emit deposition material at a specific angle relative to the overhang structure 110. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 and the cathode 114 contact the body structure 110A of the overhang structure 110, and the HIL material 150 does not contact the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the cathode 114 contacts the body structure 110A, and the HIL material 150 and the additional OLED material 112 do not contact the body structure 110A. In either embodiment, the HIL material 150 does not contact the conductive material of the body structure 110A. The discontinuity interrupts the direct path through the HIL material 150 from the metal-containing layer 104 to the conductive material of the body structure 110A. Thus, the HIL material 150 does not continuously connect the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104. Thus, when an input current flows through the metal-containing layer 104 and then through the HIL material 150, the current flows through the additional OLED material 112 to the cathode 114, illuminating the subpixel 106. If the HIL material 150 continuously connects the conductive material of the body structure 110A to the metal-containing layer 104, some of the current would flow from the HIL material 150 to the body structure 110A, bypassing the additional OLED material 112.

[0083] The cathode 114 includes a conductive material such as a metal. For example, the cathode 114 may include, but is not limited to, chromium, titanium, aluminum, ITO, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the material of the cathode 114 is different from the materials of the body structure 110A, the superstructure 110B, and the base structure 110C. In another embodiment, the cathode 114 and the additional OLED material 112 are disposed on a portion of the body structure 110A. In another embodiment, the cathode 114 is disposed on a portion of the body structure 110A, and the additional OLED material 112 is not disposed on a portion of the body structure. In some embodiments, the additional OLED material 112 and the cathode 114 are disposed on the sidewalls 113 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110 and on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110, as shown in Figures 7A and 7B, for example, applied to the subpixel circuit 800. In exemplary embodiments 8A and 8B, the HIL material 150, the additional OLED material 112, and the cathode 114 terminate at the sidewalls 111 of the body structure 110A, i.e., are not disposed on the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110.

[0084] Each subpixel 106 includes an encapsulation layer 116. The encapsulation layer 116 may be, or may correspond to, a localized passivation layer. The encapsulation layer 116 of each subpixel is disposed on the cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with the encapsulation layer 116 extending under at least a portion of each of the overhang structures 110 and along each of the sidewalls of the overhang structures 110. The encapsulation layer 116 is disposed on the cathode 114 and extends to contact the cathode 114 over at least a second portion of the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828. In some embodiments, the encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the conductive material of the body structure 110A. 4A and 4B applied to subpixel 800, encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of superstructure 110B at the bottom surface of top extension 109A, and extends to be disposed over HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114 when HIL material 150, additional OLED material 112, and cathode 114 are disposed on sidewalls 113 and top surface 115 of superstructure 110B. In some embodiments, encapsulation layer 116 extends to contact the inorganic material of superstructure 110B at the bottom surface of top extension 109A, sidewalls 113, and top surface 115 of superstructure 110B, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. In the exemplary embodiments of 8A and 8B, the encapsulation layer 116 terminates at the sidewall 111 of the body structure 110A, i.e., is not disposed on the sidewall 113 of the superstructure 110B, the top surface 115 of the superstructure 110B of the overhang structure 110, or the bottom surface of the top extension 109A. The encapsulation layer 116 comprises a non-conductive inorganic material, such as a silicon-containing material. The silicon-containing material can include a SiN-containing material.

[0085] In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. For example, a first capping layer and a second capping layer are disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. Each of the embodiments described herein can include one or more capping layers disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The first capping layer can include an organic material. The second capping layer can include an inorganic material, such as lithium fluoride. The first and second capping layers can be deposited by evaporative deposition. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 100 further includes at least a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the overhang structure 110 and the encapsulation layer 116. In yet another embodiment, the subpixel includes an intermediate passivation layer disposed on each overhang structure 110 of the subpixel 106 and disposed between the encapsulation layer 116 and the global passivation layer 120.

[0086] 8B is a schematic cross-sectional view of the overhang structure 110 of the subpixel circuit 800. The upper structure 110B includes a bottom edge 852 and an overhang vector 854. The overhang vector 854 is defined by the bottom edge 852 and the first PDL structure 826. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed on the metal-containing layer 104 and on a portion of the first PDL structure 826. The additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150 and extends past the HIL endpoint 862 of the HIL material 150 to the OLED endpoint 858. In one embodiment, the HIL material 150 is disposed below the overhang 809 and on a portion of the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828. The HIL material 150 has a HIL angle θ between the HIL vector 860 and the overhang vector 854. HILThe HIL vector 860 is defined by the HIL endpoint 862 that extends below the overhang 809, the lower edge 852 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on the HIL material 150, forming an OLED angle θ between the OLED vector 856 and the overhang vector 854. OLED An OLED vector 856 is defined by an OLED end point 858 extending below the second overhang 109, the lower edge 852 of the upper extension 109A, and the angle set by the evaporation source. Additional OLED material 112 is disposed on a first portion 875 of the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828.

[0087] Cathode 114 is disposed on the additional OLED material 112. In some embodiments, cathode 114 is disposed on a second portion of a sidewall 829 of second PDL structure 828. Cathode 114 is disposed at a cathode angle θ between cathode vector 164 and overhang vector 854. cathode Cathode vector 164 is defined by a cathode edge 166 that extends under at least overhang 809, a bottom edge 852 of superstructure 110B, and the location of the cathode source. An encapsulation layer 116 is disposed over cathode 114 (and additional OLED material 112), with encapsulation layer 116 extending under at least superstructure 110B of overhang structure 110 and contacting a portion of the conductive material of body structure 110A.

[0088] During the evaporative deposition of the additional OLED material 112, the lower edge 852 of the upper extension defines the location of the OLED endpoint 858; e.g., the additional OLED material 112 evaporates at an OLED maximum angle corresponding to the OLED vector 856, and the lower edge 852 ensures that the additional OLED material 112 does not deposit past the OLED endpoint 858. In one embodiment, the additional OLED material 112 is deposited on a first portion 875 of the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828. In another embodiment, the additional OLED material is deposited on a portion of the body structure 110A. During the deposition of the HIL material 150, the lower edge 852 of the upper extension 109A defines the location of the HIL endpoint 862; e.g., the HIL material 150 evaporates at an HIL maximum angle corresponding to the HIL vector 860, and the lower edge 852 ensures that the HIL material 150 does not deposit past the HIL endpoint 862. In one embodiment, the HIL endpoint 862 is at the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828, allowing the HIL material 150 to deposit on the second PDL structure 828. In another embodiment, the HIL endpoint 862 is at the first PDL structure 826, the HIL material 150 is not deposited on the second PDL structure 828, and additional OLED material 112 is deposited on the first PDL structure 826. During the evaporative deposition of the cathode 114, the bottom edge 852 of the upper structure 110B defines the location of the cathode edge 166; e.g., the cathode 114 is evaporated at a maximum cathode angle corresponding to the cathode vector 164, and the bottom edge 852 ensures that the cathode 114 is not deposited past the cathode edge 166. In one embodiment, the cathode 114 is disposed on a second portion of the sidewall 829 of the second PDL structure 828. In one embodiment, the cathode 114 is not disposed on the second PDL structure 828. The OLED angle θ OLED is the cathode angle θ cathode In one embodiment, the HIL angle θ HIL is the OLED angle θ OLED In another embodiment, the OLED angle θ OLED is the HIL angle θ HIL is smaller than.

[0089] In embodiments including one or more capping layers, the capping layer is disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. For example, a first capping layer and a second capping layer are disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. Each of the embodiments described herein can include one or more capping layers disposed between the cathode 114 and the encapsulation layer 116. The first capping layer can include an organic material. The second capping layer can include an inorganic material, such as lithium fluoride. The first and second capping layers can be deposited by evaporative deposition. In another embodiment, the subpixel circuit 800 further includes at least a global passivation layer 120 disposed on the overhang structure 110 and the encapsulation layer 116. In yet another embodiment, the subpixel includes an intermediate passivation layer disposed on each overhang structure 110 of the subpixel 106 and disposed between the encapsulation layer 116 and the global passivation layer 120.

[0090] In summary, what is described herein relates to subpixel circuits and methods of forming subpixel circuits that can be used in displays, such as organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. The subpixel circuits are formed using evaporative deposition with adjacent overhang structures that define each subpixel of the subpixel circuit of the display, such that the overhang structures remain in place after the subpixel circuit is formed. Evaporative deposition can be used to deposit the HIL material, additional OLED material, and cathode. The overhang structures define a deposition angle; i.e., the overhang structures provide a shadowing effect during evaporative deposition of the HIL material, additional OLED material, and cathode at the evaporation angle set by the evaporation source. An encapsulation layer for each subpixel is disposed over the cathode, with the encapsulation layer extending beneath at least a portion of each adjacent overhang structure and along the sidewall of each adjacent overhang structure.

[0091] While the forgoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the present disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, which scope is defined by the following claims.

Claims

1. A device, A substrate; Multiple subpixels and Including, Each subpixel is first overhangs adjacent the periphery of each of the subpixels, each first overhang being defined by a body extension of a body structure extending laterally past a base structure, the base structure being disposed on the substrate, and the body structure being disposed on the base structure; second overhangs adjacent the periphery of each of the subpixels, each second overhang being defined by an upper extension of a second overhang structure that extends laterally past an overhang portion of the body extension, the second overhang structure being disposed on the body structure; an anode; a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on the anode; an additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material; the additional OLED material extends below the first overhang past the end of the HIL material; or the HIL material extends past the endpoint of the additional OLED material; additional OLED materials; and a cathode disposed over the additional OLED material; the cathode extends to contact a portion of the sidewall of the body structure; a cathode; Including, the device.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the base structure comprises a metal-containing material or an inorganic material.

3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the metal-containing material is a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) material.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the body structure comprises at least one conductive material of a metal or a metal alloy.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second overhang structure comprises an inorganic material.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the additional OLED material is disposed on a first portion of the body extension.

7. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein a plurality of adjacent pixel defining layer (PDL) structures are disposed on the substrate, each PDL structure including a top surface, and the base structure is disposed on the top surface of the PDL structure.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the HIL material is disposed on and in contact with the anode.

9. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the additional OLED materials comprise one or more of a hole transporting layer (HTL), an emissive layer (EML), and an electron transporting layer (ETL).

10. an encapsulation layer disposed on the cathode; The encapsulation layer is contacting the cathode on a second portion of the body extension; and The device of claim 1 , wherein a third portion of the body extension extends to contact the conductive material of the body structure.

11. A device having a plurality of sub-pixels, each sub-pixel comprising: A part of the board, at least one metal-containing layer disposed on the substrate; first overhangs adjacent the periphery of each of the subpixels, each first overhang being defined by a pixel-defining layer (PDL) extension of a PDL structure extending laterally past a base structure, the base structure being disposed on a top surface of the at least one metal-containing layer, the PDL extension being disposed on the base structure, and a PDL body of the PDL structure being disposed on the substrate; a body structure disposed on top of the PDL structure; second overhangs adjacent the periphery of each of the subpixels, each second overhang being defined by an upper extension of a superstrate structure extending laterally past the body structure, the superstrate structure being disposed on the body structure, and the body structure being disposed on the PDL structure; a hole injection layer (HIL) material disposed on and in contact with the at least one metal-containing layer and below the first overhang; an additional organic light emitting diode (OLED) material disposed on the HIL material, the additional OLED material extending under the first overhang and disposed on a first portion of the body structure; a cathode disposed on the additional OLED material, the cathode extending under the second overhang and contacting a second portion of the body structure; and A device comprising:

12. The device of claim 11 , wherein the body structure comprises at least one conductive material of a metal or a metal alloy.

13. The device of claim 11 , wherein the superstructure comprises an inorganic material.

14. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the additional OLED material extends past an end of the HIL material to contact the at least one metal-containing layer.

15. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the HIL material extends past an endpoint of the additional OLED material to contact the at least one metal-containing layer.

16. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the additional OLED materials comprise one or more of a hole transport layer (HTL), an emissive layer (EML), and an electron transport layer (ETL).

17. The device of claim 11 , wherein the base structure comprises a metal-containing material.

18. The device of claim 11 , wherein an encapsulation layer is disposed over the cathode, the encapsulation layer extending to contact the conductive material of the body structure.

19. 12. The device of claim 11, wherein the at least one metal-containing layer is a stack of a first TCO layer, a second metal layer disposed on the first TCO layer, and a third TCO layer disposed on the second metal layer, and the base structure is disposed on an upper surface of the third TCO layer.

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