Automated Capsulotomy

Abstract

The system (20) includes a radiation source (48) and a controller (44). The controller is configured to: define a treatment zone (88) in a capsule (86) of an eye (25) of a subject (22); and, following definition of the treatment zone, form an opening (96) in the capsule by irradiating multiple target regions (94) within the treatment zone in an iterative process, the iterative process including, during each of multiple iterations of the process: acquiring an image (98) of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target region. Other embodiments are also described.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to ophthalmic procedures, and in particular to capsulotomy procedures.

[0002] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 053,650, filed July 19, 2020, entitled "Automated Posterior Capsulotomy and Combination Device," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [Background technology]

[0003] After replacement of the eye's natural lens, opacification of the posterior capsule of the eye may occur. In these cases, a posterior capsulotomy may be the treatment of choice.

[0004] U.S. Patent No. 8,465,478 (Patent Document 2) describes a system, apparatus, and method for developing a laser system capable of performing precise, predetermined jigsaw capsulotomy. The system, apparatus, and method further enable the use of a single laser as both a treatment laser and a laser radar, reducing patient-to-patient and physician-to-physician variability associated with handheld devices for performing capsulorhexis and capsulorhexis. Furthermore, precise, predetermined jigsaw shot patterns and shaped capsulorhexis based at least in part on the shape of an IOL, particularly an accommodative IOL, are described.

[0005] U.S. Patent No. 8,845,625 describes a system and method for cataract intervention. In one embodiment, the system includes: a laser source configured to generate a treatment beam including a plurality of laser pulses; an integrated optical system including an imaging assembly operably coupled to a treatment laser delivery assembly so that the imaging assembly shares at least one common optical element, the integrated optical system configured to acquire image information related to one or more target tissue structures and direct the treatment beam in a three-dimensional pattern to cause destruction in at least one of the target tissue structures; and a controller operably coupled to the laser source and the integrated optical system, the controller configured to adjust the laser beam and treatment pattern based on the image information and to distinguish between two or more anatomical structures of the eye based at least in part on a robust least-squares fit analysis of the image information.

[0006] U.S. Patent No. 10,143,590 (Patent Document 4) describes a method and apparatus for performing laser-assisted posterior capsulotomy and for performing laser eye surgery on an eye with a penetrating cornea. The method for performing a posterior capsulotomy includes injecting a fluid between the posterior lens capsule and the anterior hyaloid membrane to separate the two. With the posterior lens capsule separated from the anterior hyaloid membrane, a posterior capsulotomy is performed on the posterior lens capsule by using a laser to incise the posterior lens capsule.

[0007] U.S. Patent No. 10,849,789 (Patent Document 5) describes an ophthalmic measurement and laser surgery system including a laser source; a corneal topography subsystem; an axis determination subsystem; a distance measurement subsystem including an optical coherence tomograph (OCT); and a refractive index determination subsystem. All subsystems are under the operational control of a controller. The controller is configured to perform the following operations: operate the corneal topography subsystem to obtain corneal surface information; operate the axis determination subsystem to identify one or more ocular axes of the eye; operate the OCT to sequentially scan the eye with multiple OCT scan patterns, where the multiple scan patterns are configured to determine an axial length of the eye; and operate the refractive index determination subsystem to determine the refractive index of one or more ocular tissues, where at least one of the corneal surface information, the ocular axis information, and the axial length is modified based on the determined refractive index. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0008] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 053,650 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 8,465,478 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 8,845,625 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Patent No. 10,143,590 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Patent No. 10,849,789 Summary of the Invention

[0009] According to some embodiments of the present application, there is provided a system having a radiation source and a controller, wherein the controller is configured to: define a treatment zone in the eye capsule of a subject; and following definition of the treatment zone, form an opening in the capsule by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process, the iterative process including, during each of multiple iterations of the process: acquiring images of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target areas based on the acquired images; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target area.

[0010] In some embodiments, the capsule is the posterior capsule.

[0011] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to define the treatment zone by: identifying an anterior capsule opening in the anterior capsule of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely behind the anterior capsule opening.

[0012] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to define the treatment zone by: identifying an edge of an iris of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge.

[0013] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to define the treatment zone by identifying one or more features of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; calculating an estimated position of the IOL according to the features; and defining the treatment zone according to the estimated position.

[0014] In some embodiments, during at least one of the iterations, designating a target region comprises: identifying capsule tissue of the last designated target region based on the acquired image; and redesignating one of the last designated target regions in response to the tissue identification.

[0015] In some embodiments, during at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: identifying, based on the acquired image, a portion of the periphery of the opening that is farther from the boundary of the treatment zone than other portions of the periphery of the opening; and designating a target region that is a predetermined distance from the identified portion of the periphery.

[0016] In some embodiments, during at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: identifying a fold within the treatment zone based on the image; and in response to identifying the fold, designating the target region such that the target region overlaps the fold.

[0017] In some embodiments, during at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: confirming, based on the acquired image, that the periphery of the opening is stable; and designating the target region in response to the confirmation.

[0018] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to form an opening after designating a sequence of temporary target areas, and during at least one of the iterations, designating a target area includes: determining, based on the acquired image, that a distance between a next temporary target area in the sequence and a periphery of the opening is greater than a predetermined threshold distance; and designating the next temporary target area in the sequence as a target area in response to determining that the distance is greater than the predetermined threshold distance.

[0019] In some embodiments, during at least one other of the repetitions, the step of designating the target region includes: confirming, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than a predetermined threshold distance; and in response to confirming that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance, designating as the target region one interim target region following the next interim target region after the interim target region.

[0020] In some embodiments, during at least one other of the repetitions, the step of designating a target region includes: confirming, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; and in response to confirming that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance, designating a target region by applying an offset to the position of a next interim target region from the interim target region.

[0021] In some embodiments, the controller is further configured to define a target boundary in the pouch and terminate the iterative process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predefined threshold percentage of the target boundary.

[0022] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to define the target boundary by positioning the target boundary at a predetermined offset inward from the boundary of the treatment zone.

[0023] According to some embodiments of the present application, there is provided a method further comprising the steps of: defining a treatment zone in the subject's eye capsule; and, following the definition of the treatment zone, forming an opening in the capsule by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process, the iterative process comprising, during each of multiple iterations of the process: acquiring images of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target areas based on the acquired images; and causing a radiation source to irradiate the designated target area.

[0024] According to some embodiments of the present application, there is provided a computer software product further comprising a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon program instructions that, when read by a controller, cause the controller to perform the steps of: defining a treatment zone in the subject's eye capsule; and, following the definition of the treatment zone, irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process to form an opening in the capsule; the iterative process having, during each of multiple iterations of the process, the steps of: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target areas based on the acquired image; and causing a radiation source to irradiate the designated target area. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0025] The present invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: [Figure 1] 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for performing a capsulotomy on the capsule of a patient's eye, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2] 1 is a schematic illustration of a capsulotomy device according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 3] 1 is a schematic illustration of a method for defining a treatment zone, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 4] 10A-10C are schematic illustrations of the formation of an opening in a pouch, according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 5-6] 1 is a schematic illustration of a technique for designating a target region according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 7] 1 is a schematic diagram of a technique for designating a target region based on a sequence of pre-designated interim target regions, according to some embodiments of the present invention; [Figure 8] 1 is a flow diagram of an exemplary iterative process for forming an opening in an eye capsule, according to some embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0026] (overview) Traditional capsulotomy requires extensively trained specialists, who, unfortunately, may be in short supply.

[0027] To address this challenge, embodiments of the present invention provide an automated capsulotomy system that allows physicians with less training to perform the procedure. The system includes a radiation source, a camera, a controller, and appropriate optics. Based on images acquired by the camera, the controller controls the radiation source and optics to create an opening in the posterior capsule by irradiating the capsule.

[0028] Typically, the controller first defines a treatment zone that includes at least a portion of the opacified portion of the posterior capsule. The controller then designates a first target region, typically at the center of the treatment zone, and irradiates the first target region. After confirming from an image of the capsule that an opening has been initialized at the first target site, the controller designates a second target region at an appropriate distance from the periphery of the opening and irradiates the second target region. After confirming from another image of the capsule that the opening has been expanded, the controller designates and irradiates a third target region. In this way, the controller uses image processing to optimize the designation of the target region, thereby facilitating more efficient expansion of the opening, i.e., using fewer radiation beams. Once another image confirms that the opening has been sufficiently expanded, the controller terminates the procedure.

[0029] Typically, the controller is configured to identify a posterior capsular fold through image processing. In response to identifying the fold, a target region overlying the fold can be designated. Advantageously, targeting the capsular fold can more efficiently dilate the opening.

[0030] In some embodiments, a series of interim target regions are designated before irradiating the pouch. The controller then iterates through the interim target regions. For each interim target region, the controller determines whether to irradiate the interim target region, skip the interim target region, or irradiate a new target region offset from the interim target region based on the proximity of the interim target region to the periphery of the opening.

[0031] In addition to performing the automated capsulotomy of the posterior capsule described herein, the controller can form a slit-shaped opening in the anterior capsule of the eye. Alternatively, or additionally, the controller can form a larger opening in the anterior capsule using any of the techniques described herein.

[0032] (System Description) 1, which is a schematic illustration of a system 20 including a capsulotomy device 21 for performing a capsulotomy in the capsule of an eye 25 of a patient 22, according to some embodiments of the present invention. Reference is further made to FIG. 2, which is a schematic illustration of a capsulotomy device 21, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0033] The capsulotomy device 21 includes an optical unit 30 and a controller 44. The optical unit 30 includes one or more beam steering elements, including, for example, one or more galvo mirrors 50. The optical unit 30 further includes a radiation source 48 configured to irradiate the ocular capsule 25 with one or more treatment beams 52 by directing the treatment beams toward the beam steering elements. The beams are directed toward the capsule by the beam steering elements. Typically, the radiation source 48 is further configured to irradiate the capsule with a pair of aiming beams 53 configured to overlap each other only if the distance of the optical unit from the capsule and the positioning of the beam steering elements provide the desired treatment spot size on the capsule. Thus, the aiming beams 53 can be used to confirm the spot size of each treatment beam before emitting the treatment beam, as further described below with reference to FIG. 8.

[0034] In some embodiments, optical unit 30 further comprises one or more other optical systems. For example, optical unit 30 can comprise a beam expander 70 that expands and then recollimates treatment beam 52. In such embodiments, optical unit 30 typically further comprises a focusing module (e.g., an F-theta lens or another type of lens) configured to focus the treatment beam.

[0035] More specifically, before or during emission of each treatment beam 52 from radiation source 48, controller 44 directs beam-directing elements toward a target region of the capsule, thereby directing the beam to the target region. For example, the beam may be deflected by galvo mirror 50 through beam expander 70 toward beam combiner 56, and then deflected by beam combiner 56 through focusing module 72 so that the beam strikes the target region with a desired spot size. (Because each treatment beam strikes the capsule with a non-infinitely small spot size, this application generally describes each beam as striking a "region" of the capsule, rather than a "point" on the capsule.) Path 92 extends from the most downstream beam-directing element, such as focusing module 72, to the target region.

[0036] Typically, the radiation source includes a laser, such as an Nd:YAG laser. (Examples of commercially available products incorporating Nd:YAG lasers include the Optimis II by Quantel Medical of Cournon-d'Auvergne, France, and the Selecta Duet by Lumenis of Yokneam, Israel.) The laser can be modified to include an attenuator, an energy meter, and / or a mechanical shutter. Instead of or in addition to a laser, the radiation source may include any other suitable radiation emitter.

[0037] In some embodiments, the treatment beam comprises visible light. Alternatively or additionally, the treatment beam can comprise non-visible electromagnetic radiation, such as microwave radiation, infrared radiation, X-ray radiation, or gamma radiation. Typically, the wavelength of the treatment beam is between 400 and 1400 nm, e.g., 532 nm or 1064 nm.

[0038] Typically, the spatial profile of each treatment beam 52 on the capsule is approximately circular, e.g., the spot size is less than 22 μm. Alternatively, the spatial profile of each treatment beam 52 may be elliptical, square, or any other suitable shape. Generally, the size and shape of the treatment beam spot are selected to deliver sufficient energy for photodisruption of the capsule.

[0039] Typically, the aiming beam comprises visible light, for example having a wavelength between 600 and 700 nm.

[0040] Optical unit 30 further includes camera 54, which is used by controller 44 to acquire images of the eye. As shown in FIG. 2, camera 54 is typically at least approximately aligned with path 92. For example, the angle between path 92 and an imaginary line extending from eye 25 to the camera may be less than 15 degrees. In some embodiments, the camera is positioned behind beam combiner 56, and the camera receives light through the beam combiner. In other embodiments, the camera is offset from the beam combiner.

[0041] At the start of treatment, camera 54 acquires an initial image of the capsule, or at least a portion thereof. Based on the image, controller 44 defines a treatment zone on the capsule, as described further below with reference to FIG. 3. Subsequently, during treatment, camera 54 acquires multiple images of the capsule, or at least a portion thereof, at relatively high frequency. Controller 44 processes these images and, in response, designates target areas within the treatment zone for irradiation, as described further below with reference to subsequent figures.

[0042] Typically, the camera 54 comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, an optical coherence tomography (OCT) sensor, and / or a hyperspectral imaging sensor. Using the sensor, the camera acquires a suitable type of two-dimensional or three-dimensional image, such as a monochrome image, a color image (e.g., based on three-color frames), a multispectral image, a hyperspectral image, an optical coherence tomography (OCT) image, or an image generated by fusing multiple images of different types.

[0043] Typically, the optical unit 30 further includes a light source 66, which is at least approximately aligned with the pathway 92. For example, the angle between an imaginary line extending from the end of the pathway 92 on the eye 25 to the light source 66 may be less than 20 degrees, such as less than 10 degrees. The light source 66 is configured to function as a fixation target 64 by transmitting a visible fixation light 68, thus helping to stabilize the position of the eye. In particular, prior to treatment, the patient 22 is instructed to fixate the eye 25 on the light source 66. Subsequently, during treatment, the eye 25 fixates on the light source thanks to the light source 66 transmitting the fixation light 68. The line of sight approximately coincides with the pathway 92 (because the light source is approximately aligned with the pathway), and the eye is relatively stable. While the eye fixates on the light source, the radiation source irradiates the eye capsule with the treatment beam 52.

[0044] In some embodiments, the light source 66 includes a light emitter, such as a light emitting diode (LED). In other embodiments, the light source includes a reflector configured to reflect light emitted from the light emitter.

[0045] The wavelength of the fixation light 68 may be higher or lower than the wavelength of the treatment beam, but is typically between 350 and 850 nm. For example, the fixation light 68 may be orange or red, with a wavelength of 600 to 750 nm.

[0046] Typically, the optical unit includes an optical bench, and at least some of the aforementioned elements of the optical unit, such as the radiation source, galvo mirror, and beam combiner, are coupled to the optical bench. Typically, the optical unit further includes a front surface 33 through which the treatment beam and the fixation light pass. For example, the optical unit 30 may include a housing 31 that at least partially encloses the optical bench and has the front surface 33 (the housing 31 may be made of plastic, metal, and / or any other suitable material). The front surface 33 may be attached to the optical bench or may be an integral part of the optical bench.

[0047] In some embodiments, the anterior surface 33 is shaped to define an opening 58 through which the treatment beam and fixation light pass. In other embodiments, the anterior surface includes an exit window instead of the opening 58, allowing the fixation light 68 and treatment beam 52 to pass through the exit window. The exit window may be made of plastic, glass, or any other suitable material that is generally transparent to any light used to image the eye, such as the treatment beam, the aiming beam, the fixation light 68, and light from the illumination source 60 described below.

[0048] The optical unit 30 is mounted to an XYZ stage unit 32 that is controlled by a control mechanism 36, such as a joystick. Using the control mechanism 36, a user of the system 20 can position the optical unit (e.g., by adjusting the distance of the optical unit from the eye) before treating the eye. In some embodiments, the XYZ stage unit 32 includes a locking element configured to prohibit movement of the stage unit after it is positioned.

[0049] In some embodiments, the XYZ stage unit 32 includes one or more motors 34, and a control mechanism 36 connected to an interface circuit 46. When a user operates the control mechanism, the interface circuit 46 converts this activity into appropriate electronic signals, and the controller controls the motors 34 in response to these signals.

[0050] In other embodiments, the XYZ stage unit 32 is manually controlled by manipulating a control mechanism. In such embodiments, the XYZ stage unit may include a set of gears instead of the motors 34.

[0051] System 20 further includes a headrest 24 that includes a forehead rest 26 and a chin rest 28. During capsulotomy, patient 22 presses their forehead against forehead rest 26 while resting their chin on chin rest 28. In some embodiments, headrest 24 further includes a fastener. Straps 27 are configured to secure the patient's head from behind and keep the patient's head pressed against the headrest.

[0052] In some embodiments, system 20 further comprises a contact lens configured to focus the treatment beam and / or stabilize eye 25 while in contact with the eye.

[0053] In some embodiments, the headrest 24 and the XYZ stage unit 32 are both mounted on a surface 38, such as the top of a tray or table, as shown in Figure 1. In other embodiments, the XYZ stage unit is mounted on the surface 38 and the headrest is mounted to the XYZ stage unit.

[0054] System 20 further includes a monitor 42 configured to display images of the eye acquired by the camera. Monitor 42 may be attached to optical unit 30 or located in any other suitable location, such as on surface 38 adjacent device 21. In some embodiments, monitor 42 includes a touchscreen via which a user can input commands and / or information into the system. Alternatively or additionally, system 20 may include any other suitable input device that a user can use, such as a keyboard or a mouse.

[0055] In some embodiments, the monitor 42 is directly connected to the controller 44 via a wired or wireless communication interface. In other embodiments, the monitor 42 is connected to the controller 44 via an external processor, such as a processor found in a standard desktop computer.

[0056] In some embodiments, the controller 44 is located within the XYZ stage unit 32, as shown in Figure 2. In other embodiments, the controller 44 is located external to the XYZ stage unit. Alternatively or additionally, the controller may perform at least some of the functions described herein in cooperation with a separate external processor.

[0057] In some embodiments, system 20 is also configured to perform a trabeculoplasty procedure, for example, as described in International Patent Application Publication WO / 2020 / 008323, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Thus, system 20 can be used to perform a trabeculoplasty on patient 22 before or after the patient undergoes a capsulotomy. For example, both procedures can be performed while patient 22 is in a single sitting position.

[0058] In such embodiments, the treatment wavelength used for the trabeculoplasty procedure (e.g., 532 nm) may be the same as the wavelength used for the capsulotomy procedure. Alternatively, radiation source 48 may include a wavelength converter configured to convert the wavelength of the treatment beam from a first wavelength used for the capsulotomy procedure (e.g., 1064 nm) to a second wavelength used for the trabeculoplasty procedure (e.g., 532 nm), or vice versa. Typically, the radiation source further includes a switch configured to switch the treatment beam between a first optical path that includes the wavelength converter and a second optical path that does not include the wavelength converter.

[0059] Alternatively or additionally, in such embodiments, optical unit 30 may further include one or more illumination sources 60 comprising, for example, one or more LEDs, such as white light or infrared LEDs. For example, optical unit 30 may include a ring of LEDs surrounding opening 58. In such embodiments, controller 44 may cause illumination source 60 to intermittently flash light at the eye during a trabeculoplasty procedure, as described in International Patent Application Publication No. WO / 2020 / 008323, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. This flashing light can facilitate imaging performed by a camera, and the brightness of the flashing light can further help constrict the eye's pupil. (For ease of illustration, electrical connections between controller 44 and illumination source 60 are not explicitly shown in FIG. 2.) In some embodiments, illumination source 60 is coupled to front surface 33, as shown in FIG. 2.

[0060] 1, in some embodiments, particularly those in which annuloplasty (which generally requires the entire limbus to be visible) is being performed, the optical unit is oriented obliquely upward toward the eye, while the eye gazes obliquely downward toward the optical unit, resulting in an oblique path 92. For example, the path can be oriented at an angle θ between 5 and 20 degrees relative to the horizontal. Advantageously, this orientation reduces occlusion of the patient's eye by the patient's upper eyelid and associated anatomical structures.

[0061] In some embodiments, the diagonal orientation of path 92 is achieved by an optical unit mounted on a wedge 40 that is attached to the XYZ stage unit, as shown in Figure 1. That is, the optical unit is attached to the XYZ stage unit via the wedge 40.

[0062] In some embodiments, at least some of the functionality of controller 44 is implemented in hardware, e.g., one or more fixed-function or general-purpose integrated circuits, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and / or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), as described herein. Alternatively or additionally, controller 44 may perform at least some of the functionality described herein by executing software and / or firmware code. For example, controller 44 may be embodied as a programmed processor, including, e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) and / or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Program code and / or data, including software programs, may be loaded for execution and processing by the CPU and / or GPU. The program code and / or data may be downloaded to the controller in electronic form, e.g., over a network. Alternatively or additionally, the program code and / or data may be provided to and / or stored on non-transitory, tangible media, such as magnetic, optical, or electronic memory. Such program code and / or data, when provided to the controller, generates a machine or special-purpose computer configured to perform the tasks described herein.

[0063] In some embodiments, the controller comprises a system on module (SOM), such as the DART-MX8M by Variscite of Lod, Israel.

[0064] (Definition of treatment zone) Reference is now made to FIG. 3, which is a schematic illustration of a method for defining treatment zones, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0065] Figure 3 shows eye 25 at the start of a capsulotomy. In particular, Figure 3 shows the anterior capsule 76 of the eye within the edge 78 of the iris 74 of the eye. An opening 84 has been formed in anterior capsule 76 to allow the eye's natural lens to be removed (e.g., by phacoemulsification) and an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) 80 to be inserted. Behind IOL 80 is an opacified posterior capsule 86 where the capsulotomy will occur.

[0066] Typically, IOL 80 includes elliptical optics 89 connected to curved filaments or "haptics" that secure the IOL in place. For example, elliptical optics 89 may be circular, with a diameter between 6 mm and 14 mm. IOL 80 is generally transparent, but in some cases, one or more features of IOL 80 (particularly the IOL's optics 89) may be visible behind aperture 84, as shown in FIG. 3. For example, in some cases, optics 89 includes a Fresnel lens containing multiple lens zones, and concentric circles 82 defining the lens zones are visible.

[0067] At the start of the capsulotomy procedure, controller 44 (FIG. 2) defines a treatment zone 88 on posterior capsule 86, here bounded by boundary 90. Typically, treatment zone 88 is elliptical, e.g., circular.

[0068] For example, based on at least one initial image of the eye acquired by camera 54 (FIG. 2), the controller may identify an opening 84 in the anterior capsule 76, for example, by applying any suitable pattern matching and / or edge detection techniques to the initial image. The controller may then define the treatment zone so that the treatment zone is entirely behind the opening. For example, the controller may offset the boundary 90 a predetermined distance (e.g., 0.1 to 1 mm) inward from the periphery of the opening 84. As an added safety measure, the controller may further identify the edge 78 of the iris 74 based on the initial image and verify that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge 78.

[0069] Alternatively, based on an initial image of the eye, the controller may identify one or more features of the IOL 80, for example, by applying any suitable pattern matching and / or edge detection techniques to the initial image. The controller can calculate an estimated position of the IOL in response to the features and define a treatment zone in response to the estimated position. In particular, the controller can define the position and size of the treatment zone so that the IOL does not fall through the opening, even if the entire treatment zone is opened. As an added safety measure, the controller can further verify that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge 78 and / or verify that the treatment zone is entirely behind the opening 84.

[0070] For example, prior to treatment, a user may input relevant features of the IOL, such as the dimensions and / or number of lens zones belonging to the optic 89, into the controller. In response to identifying one or more circles 82, the controller may calculate the location of the center of the optic. In response, the controller may center the treatment zone at the center of the optic and / or offset the boundary 90 a predetermined distance (e.g., 0.5-1 mm) inward from the periphery of the optic in accordance with relevant medical literature.

[0071] Alternatively, the controller can define the treatment zone by offsetting the boundary 90 a predetermined distance (e.g., up to 1 mm) inward from the edge 78 without necessarily identifying the opening 84 or any feature of the IOL 80.

[0072] Typically, following definition of the treatment zone, the controller superimposes a boundary 90 defining the treatment zone onto the initial image of the eye and displays the image with the superimposed boundary on the monitor 42 (FIG. 1). The user can then adjust the treatment zone before accepting it, for example, by using the mouse to drag one or more points on the boundary 90.

[0073] In other embodiments, the controller defines the treatment zone in response to input from a user without necessarily performing the image processing described above. For example, the user can input the desired center and radius of the treatment zone and / or drag a point on boundary 90 as described above.

[0074] (Opening formation) After defining the treatment zone 88, the controller forms an opening in the pouch 86 by irradiating multiple target areas 94 within the treatment zone in an iterative process. During each iteration of the process, the controller acquires an image of at least a portion of the pouch, designates one of the target areas 94 based on the acquired image, and causes the radiation source 48 (FIG. 2) to irradiate the designated target area. For example, FIG. 3 shows an initial target area in the center of the treatment zone 88 that the controller can designate and then irradiate during the first iteration of the process.

[0075] For further details, reference is now made to FIG. 4, which is a schematic illustration of the formation of an opening 96 in a pouch 86, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0076] Section A of Figure 4 shows an image 98 of the eye after initialization of the aperture 96, which is performed by illuminating the first designated target area 94 shown in Figure 3. Based on the image, the controller designates a second target area, for example, as further described below with reference to Figure 5.

[0077] Section B of Figure 4 shows an image 98 after irradiation of the second target area, which expands the opening 96. Based on the image, the controller designates a third target area 94.

[0078] Section C of Figure 4 shows image 98 after a number of further iterations in which target region 94 is irradiated. Based on such images, the controller may decide to refrain from designating any further target regions and thus terminate the iterative process.

[0079] For example, the controller may define a target boundary 91 for the opening, e.g., by positioning the target boundary 91 at a predetermined offset (e.g., 0.01-1 mm) inward from the treatment zone boundary 90. The controller may then terminate the process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predetermined threshold percentage (e.g., 90%-100%) of the target boundary 91. The user may then adjust the target boundary, as described above for boundary 90 with reference to FIG. 3. The process may terminate in response to determining that the opening has reached a predetermined threshold percentage (e.g., 90%-100%) of the treatment zone boundary 90.

[0080] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which is a schematic illustration of a technique for designating a target region 94, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0081] Figure 5 illustrates a scenario in which an opening 96 is formed, as generally shown in section AB of Figure 4. In this scenario, the controller optionally performs the following procedure to designate the next target area.

[0082] First, based on image 98, the controller identifies a portion of the perimeter of the opening that is farther from boundary 90 than other portions of the perimeter.

[0083] For example, for multiple points 104a along the perimeter, the controller can calculate the shortest distance d0a between point 104a and boundary 90, i.e., the length of the shortest line between point 104a and boundary 90. The controller can then identify the point 104a where d0a is the largest.

[0084] Alternatively, the controller can calculate, for multiple angles, the distance d between (i) the point 104b where a line 102 emanating from the center 100 of the treatment zone at an angle intersects the periphery of the opening 96, and (ii) the point where the line 102 intersects the boundary 90. The controller can then identify the point 104b where d is maximum.

[0085] The controller then designates target region 94 at a predetermined distance d1 from the identified portion of the perimeter. For example, after identifying point 104a as described above, the controller may designate target region 94a on the shortest line between identified point 104a and boundary 90 at a distance d1 from identified point 104a. Similarly, following identification of point 104b above, the controller may designate target region 94b on line 102 connecting identified point 104b to boundary 90 at a distance d1 from identified point 104b.

[0086] Reference is now made to FIG. 6, which is a schematic illustration of another technique for designating target regions 94, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0087] In some cases, at least one fold 106 of pouch tissue is within the treatment zone. In such cases, the controller may identify the fold 106, for example, by applying an edge detection algorithm, a line detection algorithm, or any other suitable image processing algorithm to the image 98. The target region 94 may be specified such that the target region overlaps the fold.

[0088] For example, for each identified fold, the controller can calculate two distances: (i) the distance d2 between the center of the fold and the closest point on the periphery of the opening, and (ii) the distance d3 between the center of the fold and the closest point on the boundary 90. The controller can then identify a set of "targetable" folds for which d2 falls within a predetermined distance range (e.g., 0.2 to 2 mm, such as 0.5 to 1 mm). The controller can then select the targetable fold for which d3 is the largest and then position the target region 94 at the center of the selected fold. Alternatively, if there are no targetable folds, the controller can instead specify the target region using the technique of FIG. 5.

[0089] Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which is a schematic illustration of a technique for designating a target region based on a pre-designated sequence of interim target regions, according to some embodiments of the present invention.

[0090] In some embodiments, prior to irradiating the capsule (and subsequently defining the treatment zone), a sequence of temporary target regions 130 is designated. For example, the controller can display an image of the capsule to the user, and the user can manually designate the sequence by clicking the mouse over each portion of the image where a temporary target region 130 is desired. Alternatively, the controller can designate the sequence and display it to the user, who can then approve the sequence after shifting, adding, or deleting any number of temporary target regions 130.

[0091] Typically, the sequence follows a generally geometric pattern. For example, the provisional target regions can be arranged in a spiral 132 that spirals outward from the center of the treatment zone, or in multiple intersecting lines that define an asterisk. Portions of the sequence can deviate slightly from the pattern, for example, so that one or more provisional target regions 130 overlap a fold 106 (FIG. 6).

[0092] In such an embodiment, when forming the opening 96, the controller repeats the sequence of interim target regions 130. For each interim target region, the controller (i) designates the interim target region as the next target region 94, i.e., accepts the interim target region for irradiation, as shown in the upper right insert of Figure 7, (ii) designates the next target region by applying an offset to the position of the interim target region, as shown in the middle right insert of Figure 7, or (iii) designates the downstream interim target region as the next target region, as shown in the lower right insert of Figure 7.

[0093] In particular, for each interim target region, the controller checks whether the distance d2 between the interim target region and the periphery of the opening 96 is greater than a predetermined threshold distance (e.g., 0.2-0.9 mm). If d2 is greater than the predetermined threshold distance, the interim target region is designated as target region 94. If not, the controller applies an offset or designates a downstream interim target region.

[0094] 4-7, it should be noted that the opening 96 does not necessarily have to be initialized at the center of the treatment zone. For example, when sweeping across the capsule in a cross or star pattern, the initial target area on each line of the cross or star may be designated near the edge of the treatment zone.

[0095] (An example of an iterative process) Reference is now made to Figure 8, which is a flow chart of an exemplary iterative process 108 for forming an opening in the ocular capsule, according to some embodiments of the present invention. The iterative process 108 may be performed by the controller after defining the treatment zone, for example, as described above with reference to Figure 3.

[0096] Each iteration of process 108 begins with an imaging step 110 in which the controller acquires an image of at least a portion of the capsule using camera 54 (FIG. 2). Following imaging step 110, the controller locates treatment zone boundary 90 (FIG. 3) within the camera's field of view (FOV) by repeating any image processing previously used to define the treatment zone, in a location determination step 112. (The location of the treatment zone boundary within the FOV may change throughout treatment due to eye movement.) For example, if the treatment zone was defined by placing boundary 90 a predetermined distance from the periphery of opening 84 (FIG. 3), the controller may identify the periphery of opening 84 in the most recently acquired image and then identify the location of the treatment zone boundary that is a predetermined distance therefrom. In embodiments in which a target boundary 91 (FIG. 4) is defined, the controller may also identify the location of target boundary 91 within the camera's FOV.

[0097] Subsequently, in a check step 114, the controller checks whether at least one target region has already been irradiated (i.e., whether at least one iteration has already been performed). If not, the controller executes a target designation step 124, described below. If not, the controller checks in another check step 116 whether the last designated (and irradiated) target region has been opened. In other words, the controller checks whether capsule tissue is present in the last designated target region based on the acquired image.

[0098] Typically, check step 116 consists of two substeps. In the first substep, the controller determines the location of the last target region based on the location of boundary 90. For example, based on the location of boundary 90, the controller calculates a shift in the location of the center of the treatment zone and then applies the same shift to the location of the last target region. Thus, for example, if (i) the center of the treatment zone is (0,0) and the last target region is centered at (x0,y0), and (ii) the center of the treatment zone is currently (dx,dy), the controller identifies (x0+dx,y0+dy) as the new location of the last target region. Then, in the second substep, the controller calculates the change in pixel values ​​between the last target region in the current image and the last target region in the last image and compares this change with a predetermined threshold.

[0099] If the last target region has not opened (i.e., the controller identified capsule tissue in the last target region), the controller redesignates the last target region in target redesignation step 126. In some embodiments, the controller may also increase the energy at which the target region is subsequently irradiated in predetermined increments. (Typically, in such embodiments, the energy may be increased multiple times in predetermined increments up to a predetermined maximum energy, after which process 108 is aborted if the target region has not yet opened.)

[0100] Alternatively, if the last target area has been opened, the controller identifies the perimeter of opening 96 ( FIG. 4 ) in a perimeter identification step 118, e.g., using any suitable perimeter detection algorithm. Then, in a size check step 120, the controller checks whether the opening is large enough, e.g., by checking whether the opening reaches target boundary 91, as described above with reference to FIG. 4 . If so, process 108 ends. If not, the controller proceeds to a stability check step 122.

[0101] In a stability check step 122, the controller checks the stability of the aperture periphery by comparing its current position and shape relative to the treatment zone boundary with its last position and shape. If the controller determines that the periphery is stable, it proceeds to a target designation step 124. Alternatively, if the controller determines that the periphery is not stable, i.e., the aperture is still enlarged as a result of the previous irradiation, it refrains from designating a new target region and returns to the imaging step 110.

[0102] In a target designation step 124, the controller designates a new target region. For example, the controller may first check for targetable folds as described above with reference to FIG. 6. If a targetable fold is found, the controller may target the fold as further described above with reference to FIG. 6. If not found, the controller may designate a target region as described above with reference to FIG. 5 or FIG. 7.

[0103] Following execution of target designation step 124 or target redesignation step 126, the controller directs aiming beam 53 (FIG. 2) toward the designated target area in aiming step 128. The controller then acquires another image of the capsule in imaging step 110. Next, the controller determines whether the aiming beams overlap each other at the designated target area in confirmation step 134. If not, the controller adjusts the distance of optical unit 30 from the eye in distance adjustment step 136, for example, by transmitting an appropriate control signal to motor 34 (FIG. 2). Alternatively or additionally, the controller can adjust the position of at least one optical system within the optical unit, such as galvanometer mirror 50 or focusing module 72 (FIG. 2). The controller then acquires another image of the capsule and repeats confirmation step 134. In this manner, the distance of the optical unit from the eye and / or the position of the optical system can be repeatedly adjusted by the controller. Alternatively, the distance of the optical unit from the eye may be manually adjusted by the user.

[0104] Once the controller (or user) verifies that the aiming beams overlap, the controller causes radiation source 48 (FIG. 2) to irradiate the designated target area in an irradiation step 138. The controller then begins another iteration of process 108.

[0105] In some embodiments, the aiming beams are shaped to define different portions of a predetermined composite pattern, and the predetermined composite pattern is formed on the pouch only when the aiming beams overlap one another. Examples of such patterns are described, for example, in International Patent Application Publication WO / 2020 / 008323, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0106] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described above, but rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described above, as well as variations and modifications thereof that are not in the prior art and that would occur to one skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The present disclosure also includes the following aspects. [Aspect 1] A system comprising: Radiation sources; and Controller and: and The controller: defining a treatment zone in the capsule of the subject's eye; and Following definition of the treatment zone, forming openings in the pouch by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process; It is configured as follows: The iterative process comprises, during each of a plurality of iterations of the process: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target area; having A system characterized by: [Aspect 2] 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the capsule is the posterior capsule. Aspect 3 The controller identifying an anterior capsule opening in an anterior capsule of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely behind the anterior capsule opening; configured to define the treatment zone by 3. The system of embodiment 2. Aspect 4 The controller identifying an iris edge of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge; configured to define the treatment zone by 2. The system of embodiment 1, Aspect 5 The controller identifying one or more features of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; calculating an estimated position of the IOL in response to the features; and defining the treatment zone in response to the estimated location; configured to define the treatment zone by 2. The system of embodiment 1, Aspect 6 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: Finally, identifying the capsule tissue in the designated target area based on the acquired images; and redesignating one of the last designated target regions in response to identifying the tissue; 2. The system of embodiment 1, comprising: Aspect 7 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: identifying a portion of the periphery of the opening that is farther from a boundary of the treatment zone than other portions of the periphery of the opening based on the acquired images; and designating a target area a predetermined distance from the identified portion of the perimeter; 2. The system of embodiment 1, comprising: Aspect 8 The step of designating the target region during at least one of the iterations comprises: identifying folds within the treatment zone based on the image; and In response to identifying the fold, designating the target region such that the target region overlaps the fold; 2. The system of embodiment 1, comprising: Aspect 9 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the periphery of the opening is stable; and designating the target region in response to the confirmation; 2. The system of embodiment 1, comprising: Aspect 10 the controller is configured to form the opening after designation of a sequence of temporary target regions; During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that a distance between a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area and a periphery of the opening is greater than a predetermined threshold distance; and designating a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area as a target area in response to determining that the distance is greater than the predetermined threshold distance; 10. The system according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, comprising: Aspect 11 During at least one other one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; designating as a target area a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area in response to determining that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; 11. The system of embodiment 10, comprising: Aspect 12 During at least one further one of the iterations, the step of designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; and designating the target area by offsetting the position of a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area in response to determining that the distance is not greater than a predetermined threshold distance; 11. The system of embodiment 10, comprising: Aspect 13 The controller defining a target boundary in the pouch; and terminating the iterative process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predefined threshold percentage of the target boundary. further configured as follows: 10. The system according to any one of aspects 1 to 9, Aspect 14 Aspect 14. The system of aspect 13, wherein the controller is configured to define the target boundary by positioning the target boundary offset a predetermined distance inward from the boundary of the treatment zone. Aspect 15 defining a treatment zone in the capsule of the subject's eye; and Following definition of the treatment zone, forming openings in the pouch by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process; and The iterative process comprises, during each of a plurality of iterations of the process: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target area; having A method characterized by: Aspect 16 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the capsule is the posterior capsule. Aspect 17 The step of defining the treatment zone comprises: identifying an anterior capsule opening in an anterior capsule of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely behind the anterior capsule opening; 17. The method of embodiment 16, comprising: Aspect 18 The step of defining the treatment zone comprises: identifying an iris edge of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 19 The step of defining the treatment zone comprises: identifying one or more features of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; calculating an estimated position of the IOL in response to the features; and defining the treatment zone in response to the estimated location; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 20 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: Finally, identifying the capsule tissue of the designated target area based on the acquired images; and redesignating one of the last designated target regions in response to identifying the tissue; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 21 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: identifying a portion of the periphery of the opening that is farther from a boundary of the treatment zone than other portions of the periphery of the opening based on the acquired images; and designating a target area a predetermined distance from the identified portion of the perimeter; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 22 The step of designating the target region during at least one of the iterations comprises: identifying folds within the treatment zone based on the image; and In response to identifying the fold, designating the target region such that the target region overlaps the fold; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 23 During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the periphery of the opening is stable; and designating the target region in response to the confirmation; 16. The method of embodiment 15, comprising: Aspect 24 forming the opening comprises forming the opening after designating a sequence of temporary target regions; and During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that a distance between a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area and a periphery of the opening is greater than a predetermined threshold distance; and In response to determining that the distance is greater than the predetermined threshold distance, designating a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area as a target area; 24. The method according to any one of aspects 15 to 23, comprising: Aspect 25 During at least one other one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than a predetermined threshold distance; designating, in response to determining that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance, a next interim target area following the first interim target area as a target area; 25. The method of claim 24, comprising: Aspect 26 During at least one further one of the iterations, the step of designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; and in response to determining that the distance is not greater than a predetermined threshold distance, designating the target area by applying an offset to a position of a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area; 25. The method of claim 24, comprising: Aspect 27 defining a target boundary in the pouch; and terminating the iterative process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predefined threshold percentage of the target boundary; further comprising 24. The method according to any one of aspects 15 to 23, Aspect 28 The step of defining a target boundary comprises: defining the target boundary by locating the target boundary at a predetermined distance offset inward from a boundary of the treatment zone; 28. The method of claim 27, Aspect 29 1. A computer software product comprising a tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon program instructions that, when read by a controller, cause the controller to: defining a treatment zone in the capsule of the subject's eye; and Following definition of the treatment zone, forming openings in the pouch by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process; Execute The iterative process comprises, during each of a plurality of iterations of the process: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target area; and having 1. A computer software product characterized by:

Claims

1. 1. A system comprising: Radiation source; and With the controller: and The controller: defining a treatment zone in the eye capsule of the subject; and Following definition of the treatment zone, forming openings in the pouch by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process; It is configured as follows: The iterative process comprises, during each of a plurality of iterations of the process: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing the radiation source to irradiate the designated target area; and The controller further comprises: defining a target boundary in the pouch; and terminating the iterative process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predefined threshold percentage of the target boundary. It is configured as follows: A system characterized by:

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the capsule is the posterior capsule.

3. The controller identifying an anterior capsule opening in an anterior capsule of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; Steps and A stenosis treatment zone is defined such that the treatment zone is entirely behind the anterior capsule opening. Tep and; configured to define the treatment zone by 3. The system of claim 2.

4. The controller identifying an iris edge of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; and defining the treatment zone such that the treatment zone is entirely within the edge; configured to define the treatment zone by 2. The system of claim 1.

5. The controller identifying one or more features of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) of the eye based on at least one initial image of the eye; calculating an estimated position of the IOL in response to the features; and defining the treatment zone in response to the estimated location; configured to define the treatment zone by 2. The system of claim 1.

6. During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: Finally, identifying the tissue of the capsule in the designated target area based on the acquired images; and redesignating one of the last designated target regions in response to identifying the tissue; 2. The system of claim 1, comprising:

7. During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: Identifying a portion of the periphery of the opening that is farther from the boundary of the treatment zone than other portions of the periphery of the opening based on the acquired images; and designating a target area a predetermined distance from the identified portion of the perimeter; 2. The system of claim 1, comprising:

8. The step of designating the target region during at least one of the iterations comprises: identifying folds within the treatment zone based on the image; and In response to identifying the fold, designating the target region such that the target region overlaps the fold; 2. The system of claim 1, comprising:

9. During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the periphery of the opening is stable; and designating the target region in response to the confirmation; 2. The system of claim 1, comprising:

10. the controller is configured to form the opening after designation of a sequence of temporary target regions; During at least one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance between a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area and the periphery of the opening is greater than a predetermined threshold distance; and designating a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area as a target area in response to determining that the distance is greater than the predetermined threshold distance; The system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it comprises:

11. During at least one other one of the repetitions, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; designating as a target area an interim target area next to a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area in response to determining that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; 11. The system of claim 10, comprising:

12. During at least one further one of the iterations, designating the target region comprises: determining, based on the acquired image, that the distance is not greater than the predetermined threshold distance; and designating the target area by offsetting the position of a next interim target area downstream of the interim target area in response to determining that the distance is not greater than a predetermined threshold distance; 11. The system of claim 10, comprising:

13. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to define the target boundary by offsetting the target boundary a predetermined distance inward from a boundary of the treatment zone.

14. 1. A computer software product comprising a tangible, non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon program instructions, the instructions, when read by a controller, causing the controller to: defining a treatment zone in the capsule of the subject's eye; and Following definition of the treatment zone, forming openings in the pouch by irradiating multiple target areas within the treatment zone in an iterative process; Execute The iterative process comprises, during each of a plurality of iterations of the process: acquiring an image of at least a portion of the capsule; designating one of the target regions based on the acquired image; and causing a radiation source to irradiate the designated target area; and The instructions further direct the controller to: defining a target boundary in the pouch; and terminating the iterative process in response to determining that the opening has reached a predefined threshold percentage of the target boundary; Execute 1. A computer software product characterized by:

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