Electrically driven valve

Abstract

To reduce an amount of valve leakage by making a soft material usable for a main valve body.SOLUTION: An electric drive valve includes a main valve, a pilot valve and a pilot valve driving device. The main valve has a valve body 12 having a main valve chamber 13, a main valve port 14, an inflow hole 16 and an outflow hole 17, a main valve body 18, and a valve closing spring 25 for energizing the main valve body toward the main valve port. The pilot valve is a drive valve having a pilot valve chamber 26, a pilot flow passage 30 communicating between the pilot valve chamber and the outflow hole, a pilot valve seat 31 and a pilot valve body 32, and includes a connection member 33 that blocks a main valve chamber top surface. The pilot valve chamber has a first pilot chamber 27 formed on an upper surface side of the connection member, and a second pilot chamber 28 formed on a lower surface side of the connection member. The pilot valve seat and the pilot valve body are arranged in the first pilot chamber. The main valve port is open to a bottom surface of the main valve chamber, and the outflow port is open to a lateral surface of the main valve chamber. The electric drive valve has a communication passage 29 communicating between the two pilot chambers, and an introduction passage 20 communicating between the inflow hole and the second pilot chamber.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an electric drive valve for opening and closing a refrigerant flow path, and particularly to a pilot type drive valve provided with a pilot valve for controlling a main valve.

Background Art

[0002] Electromagnetic valves and electric valves that open and close a refrigerant flow path using an electric drive device such as an electromagnetic actuator or an electric motor have been conventionally used in refrigeration cycle devices equipped with a refrigerant circuit such as an air conditioner, a refrigerating device, and a freezing device.

[0003] Such electric drive valves include a normally closed type (always closed type) that opens only when energized and a normally open type (always open type) that closes only when energized. Further, such electric drive valves include a direct acting type that directly moves a valve body by an electric drive device to open and close the valve, and a pilot type that opens and closes a pilot valve by an electric drive device and opens and closes a main valve in response to the opening and closing of this pilot valve. These drive valves are properly selected according to the intended use.

[0004] Further, the following Patent Document 1 is a document that discloses a pilot type electromagnetic valve.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0005]

Patent Document 1

Summary of the Invention

Problems to be Solved by the Invention

[0006] By the way, in recent years, from the viewpoints of improving safety and reducing environmental impact, the use of CO2 refrigerant has been promoted in refrigeration cycle devices.

[0007] However, when using high-pressure refrigerants such as CO2 refrigerants, the valve opening is closed under high pressure when the valve is shut off. Therefore, to prevent so-called wear and tear on the valve body (deformation and performance deterioration due to aging), it is necessary to use a highly rigid material (for example, metal or hard resin) for the valve body. For this reason, it is difficult to reduce valve leakage.

[0008] On the other hand, if a pressure cancellation structure can be adopted that introduces the pressure from the lower side (valve seat side) of the valve body to the upper side (opposite side of the valve seat) of the valve body, the load on the valve body when the valve is closed can be reduced, making it possible to reduce valve leakage by using a valve body made of a soft material. However, conventional pilot-operated valves cannot be equipped with such a pressure cancellation structure due to their structure.

[0009] Therefore, the objective of the present invention is to provide a novel pilot-operated valve structure equipped with a pressure cancellation structure, thereby enabling the use of a valve body made of a soft material and reducing valve leakage. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] To solve the aforementioned problems and achieve the objective, the electrically driven valve according to the present invention (sometimes simply referred to as "driven valve" in this application) is a pilot-operated electrically driven valve comprising a main valve for opening and closing the flow path of refrigerant, a pilot valve for controlling the main valve, and an electrically driven device for driving the pilot valve, and has the following structure.

[0011] The main valve comprises a valve body having a main valve chamber, an inlet for allowing refrigerant to flow into the main valve chamber through a main valve port opening into the main valve chamber, and an outlet for allowing refrigerant to flow out of the main valve chamber; a main valve body provided in the main valve chamber so as to be movable back and forth relative to a main valve seat formed at the main valve chamber side end of the main valve port and for opening and closing the main valve port; and a main valve closing spring that biases the main valve body toward the main valve seat.

[0012] The pilot valve comprises a pilot valve chamber, a pilot passage that connects the pilot valve chamber and the outlet, a pilot valve seat formed at the pilot valve chamber side end of the pilot passage, and a pilot valve body that is driven by the electrical drive device and moves back and forth relative to the pilot valve seat to open and close the pilot passage.

[0013] Furthermore, the electrically driven valve is equipped with a connecting member fixed to the valve body so as to close the top surface of the main valve chamber. In addition, the main valve, pilot valve, and electric drive device are arranged in order along the axis of the electrically driven valve.

[0014] The pilot valve chamber has a first pilot chamber formed on the upper side of the connecting member and a second pilot chamber formed on the lower side of the connecting member. The pilot valve seat is formed in the first pilot chamber. The pilot valve body is positioned in the first pilot chamber. The main valve port opens to the bottom of the main valve chamber. The outlet port opens to the side of the main valve chamber. Furthermore, the electrically driven valve has a communication passage connecting the first pilot chamber and the second pilot chamber, and an inlet passage connecting the inlet port and the second pilot chamber. Furthermore, both the pilot channel and the connecting passage are formed in the connecting member.

[0015] In this invention, the axial direction of the electrically driven valve is defined as the vertical direction, with the direction from the main valve toward the electrically driven device being defined as "up," and the direction from the electrically driven device toward the main valve being defined as "down." Based on these concepts of "up" and "down," terms related to up and down, such as "upper side," "lower side," "upper," "downward," "upper part," and "lower part," are used in this application. However, since the driven valve of this invention (and the embodiments described later) can be used in various orientations, "down" is not necessarily the direction of gravity and "up" is not necessarily the direction opposite to gravity.

[0016] Furthermore, while the present invention typically relates to a solenoid valve, that is, a solenoid valve that uses an electromagnetic actuator as a drive device to drive a pilot valve, as in the embodiments described later, it is also possible to use an electric motor as the drive device (to make it an electric valve). This is because it is possible to move the pilot valve body up and down using an electric motor, and the objectives of the present invention can be achieved in the same way. Therefore, in this application, these solenoid valves and electric valves are collectively referred to as "electrically driven valves" or "driven valves".

[0017] In conventional pilot-operated valves, refrigerant is generally introduced into the main valve chamber from the side and discharged from the bottom of the main valve chamber (this flow path configuration is referred to as "downward flow" in this application). In contrast, the valve of the present invention, conversely to the conventional design, introduces refrigerant into the main valve chamber through a main valve port that communicates with the inlet and opens at the bottom of the main valve chamber, and discharges refrigerant through an outlet that opens on the side of the main valve chamber (this flow path configuration is referred to as "downward lateral flow" in this application). In addition, the valve is provided with an introduction passage that connects the lower side (inlet and main valve port) and the upper side (second pilot chamber) of the main valve body. This allows the high refrigerant pressure in the main valve port (inlet) to be introduced to the upper side of the main valve body, making it possible to reduce or eliminate the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body. Therefore, according to the present invention, a relatively soft material (and thus with high sealing performance) can be used for the main valve body, and the amount of valve leakage can be reduced. Furthermore, when using a soft material for the main valve body in this manner, it is not necessary for the entire main valve body to be made of the soft material; it is sufficient if at least the portion that contacts the main valve seat and closes the main valve opening is made of the soft material.

[0018] Furthermore, in one aspect of the present invention, the diameter of the main valve body and the diameter of the main valve seat are made to match. With this aspect, the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body is eliminated, and the load applied to the main valve body is reduced to only the spring load of the main valve closing spring. This makes it possible to construct an electrically driven valve with good valve leakage properties (low valve leakage due to the provision of a soft valve body) that can be used regardless of the type of refrigerant (whether it is a refrigerant with low or high operating pressure).

[0019] In the present invention, it is also possible to make the diameter of the main valve body larger than the diameter of the main valve seat. According to such an aspect, the closing valve load (the pressing force of the main valve body against the main valve seat when the valve is closed) can be increased, and the valve leakage amount can be further reduced.

[0020] Furthermore, in the present invention, it is preferable that both the diameter of the main valve body and the diameter of the main valve seat are larger than the diameter of the inflow hole. This is because even if the differential pressure generated on the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body is small, the load generated on the main valve body by the differential pressure can be increased, and the main valve body can be more reliably operated (slid).

[0021] Also, in the present invention, since the flow path arrangement (the flow direction of the refrigerant) is a downward cross flow in which the refrigerant flows in from the main valve port, the main valve body that advances toward the main valve port during the closing valve operation is pushed by the refrigerant flowing into the main valve chamber, and the closing speed of the main valve is slower than that of the conventional horizontal downstream flow structure in which the refrigerant flows out from the main valve port. Therefore, according to the present invention, the impact received by the main valve body during the closing valve operation can be mitigated, and it is also possible to improve the durability of the electric drive valve (the main valve body, particularly the main valve body using a soft material).

Effects of the Invention

[0022] According to the present invention, it is possible to use a valve body made of a soft material and reduce the valve leakage amount.

[0023] Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be clarified by the following description of the embodiments of the present invention based on the drawings. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes can be made within the scope described in the claims. Also, in each figure, the same reference numerals indicate the same or corresponding parts.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0024] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a pilot type electric drive valve (closed valve state) according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 2]FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the pilot-operated electric drive valve (in a state where the pilot valve is open) according to the above embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the pilot-operated electric drive valve (open state) according to the above embodiment.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0025] An electric drive valve according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. The electric drive valve according to the present embodiment is a solenoid valve that opens and closes a refrigerant flow path in a refrigeration cycle device such as a heat pump type air conditioning system. The solenoid valve includes a main valve that opens and closes the refrigerant flow path, a pilot valve that controls the main valve, and an electromagnetic drive device that drives the pilot valve, and is a normally closed type pilot-operated solenoid valve that is in a closed state when not energized.

[0026] Describing the details of each part, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the main valve includes a valve body 12 having a main valve chamber 13, an inflow hole 16 for allowing refrigerant to flow into the main valve chamber 13 through the main valve port 14, and an outflow hole 17 for allowing refrigerant to flow out from the main valve chamber 13, a main valve body 18 that opens and closes the main valve port 14, and a closing spring (referred to as "lower closing spring" / corresponding to the main valve closing spring referred to in the present invention) 25 that biases the main valve body 18 downward.

[0027] The valve body 12 has an upper surface opening 12a communicating with the main valve chamber 13. The main valve port 14 opens upward at the center of the bottom surface of the main valve chamber 13. A main valve seat 15 with which the main valve body 18 comes into contact and separates (contacts or separates) is formed on the upper surface portion of the main valve port 14. The inflow hole 16 communicates with the main valve chamber 13 through the main valve port 14. The outflow hole 17 opens on the side surface (circumferential surface) of the main valve chamber 13.

[0028] On the other hand, the pilot valve has a pilot valve chamber 26 consisting of an upper pilot chamber 27 and a lower pilot chamber 28 that communicate with each other by a communication passage 29, a pilot passage 30 that connects the pilot valve chamber 26 (upper pilot chamber 27) and the outlet hole 17, a pilot valve seat 31 formed at the end of the pilot passage 30 on the upper pilot chamber 27 side, and a pilot valve body 32 that moves back and forth relative to the pilot valve seat 31 when driven by an electromagnetic drive device 38 to open and close the pilot passage 30.

[0029] A connecting member 33 is fixed to the upper surface of the valve body 12. This connecting member 33 closes the upper surface of the main valve chamber 13 (the upper opening 12a of the valve body 12) and is interposed between the valve body 12 and the electromagnetic drive device 38 to connect them. The connecting member 33 has a flange portion 34 that protrudes outward from the upper opening 12a of the valve body 12 and abuts against the upper surface of the valve body 12, a fitting portion 35 that fits into the upper opening 12a of the valve body 12, and a cylindrical portion 36 that protrudes vertically downward from the lower surface of the fitting portion 35.

[0030] Furthermore, a female thread 12b is formed on the inner circumferential surface of the upper opening 12a of the valve body 12, while a male thread 37 that screws into this female thread 12b is formed on the outer circumferential surface of the fitting portion 35 of the connecting member 33. Therefore, the connecting member 33 is fixed to the valve body by screwing the fitting portion 35 into the upper opening 12a.

[0031] A bottomed, open hole (with the bottom closed and the top open) is formed in the center of the upper surface of the connecting member 33, and this hole is designated as the upper pilot chamber (corresponding to the first pilot chamber in this invention) 27. A pilot passage 30 is opened in the center of the bottom surface of the upper pilot chamber 27, and a pilot valve seat 31 is formed at its upper end. The pilot valve body 32 opens and closes the pilot passage 30 by moving toward and away from this pilot valve seat 31. The pilot passage 30 is drilled inside the connecting member 33, and the end opposite to the pilot valve seat 31 (upper pilot chamber 27) is opened to the periphery of the main valve chamber 13 (outside the main valve body 18) at the lower peripheral edge of the fitting portion 35 so as to communicate with the outflow hole 17 even when the main valve is closed with the main valve body 18 seated on the main valve seat 15.

[0032] The electromagnetic drive device 38, which is installed on the upper part of the connecting member 33, has a sleeve 39, a plunger 40, an suction element 41, a coil 42, and a valve closing spring 43.

[0033] The sleeve 39 is a cylindrical member with no bottom or lid (open at both the top and bottom ends), and is fixed to the connecting member 33 so as to rise vertically upward from the upper surface of the connecting member 33 (the upper edge of the upper pilot chamber 27). The sleeve 39 is fixed to the connecting member 33 by fitting the lower end of the sleeve 39 into the upper pilot chamber 27 and, for example, welding it. The plunger 40 is housed inside the sleeve 39 so as to be slidable in the vertical direction. The pilot valve body 32 is fixed to the center of the lower surface of the plunger 40.

[0034] A suction element 41 is fixed to the upper end of the sleeve 39 so that it can suction the plunger 40. A coil 42 is installed on the outside (outer circumference) of the sleeve 39. Furthermore, a valve closing spring (referred to as the "upper valve closing spring") 43 is provided between the suction element 41 and the plunger 40. The upper valve closing spring 43 is made of a compression coil spring and biases the pilot valve body 32 toward the pilot valve seat 31 (downward) via the plunger 40.

[0035] Furthermore, a circular cross-section hole is formed in the center of the lower surface of the fitting portion 35 of the connecting member 33, which is integrated with the internal space of the cylinder portion 36 (in other words, it is formed in the center of the lower surface of the fitting portion 35, continuous with the internal space of the cylinder portion 36 so as to extend the internal space of the cylinder portion 36 upward). This hole and the internal space of the cylinder portion 36 form a guide hole that slidably supports the main valve body 18. The upper end of the main valve body 18 is slidably fitted into the guide hole in the vertical direction, thereby supporting the main valve body 18 inside the main valve chamber 13.

[0036] The main valve body 18 has a cylindrical overall shape and has a partition wall 19 that widens horizontally at an intermediate position in the vertical direction, dividing the inside of the main valve body 18 vertically. The space above the partition wall 19, together with the space above the guide hole, becomes the lower pilot chamber (corresponding to the second pilot chamber in this invention) 28. The lower pilot chamber 28 is equipped with the lower valve closing spring 25. The lower valve closing spring 25 is installed in a compressed state between the upper surface of the partition wall 19 and the ceiling surface of the guide hole (the lower surface of the fitting portion 35 of the connecting member 33).

[0037] Furthermore, the connecting member 33 has a connecting passage 29 formed in the center of the connecting member 33 (more precisely, slightly off-center from the center in order to form the pilot valve seat 31 at the center of the connecting member 33), which connects the lower pilot chamber 28 and the upper pilot chamber 27, and penetrates the connecting member 33 in the vertical direction.

[0038] Furthermore, the outer circumferential surface of the upper end of the main valve body 18 is provided with a sealing material interposed between the main valve body 18 and the inner circumferential surface of the guide hole. This sealing material consists of an O-ring 21 and a lip seal 22 positioned outside the O-ring 21, and serves to block communication between the main valve chamber 13 and the lower pilot chamber 28.

[0039] The outer circumferential surface of the lower end of the main valve body 18 is equipped with a ring-shaped packing 23 made of a soft material (e.g., rubber or PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)) that is advantageous in reducing valve leakage. When the valve is closed, the packing 23 comes into contact with the main valve seat 15, thereby closing the main valve opening 14. A washer 24 is provided on the lower surface of the packing 23 to prevent the packing 23 from falling off.

[0040] Furthermore, an introduction passage 20 is formed in the partition wall 19, which penetrates the partition wall 19 in the vertical direction. This introduction passage 20 introduces the high refrigerant pressure in the main valve port 14 (inlet hole 16) to the upper side of the main valve body 18 (lower pilot chamber 28), and has a smaller flow path diameter than the pilot passage 30.

[0041] Furthermore, although both the main valve body 18 and the main valve port 14 (main valve seat 15) have a circular cross-sectional shape, in this embodiment, their diameters D1 (the diameter D1 of the main valve body 18 and the diameters D1 of the main valve port 14 and main valve seat 15) are made equal. This is to eliminate the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces (upper and lower sides) of the main valve body 18, and to limit the load applied to the main valve body 18 to only the spring load of the lower valve closing spring 25. As a result, in combination with the use of a packing 23 made of a soft material for the main valve body 18, it is possible to construct a solenoid valve 11 with good valve leakage resistance that can be used regardless of the type of refrigerant (operating pressure). In addition, since the load on the main valve body 18 (packing 23) pressed against the main valve seat 15 in the closed state can be reduced, it is also possible to improve the durability of the solenoid valve 11.

[0042] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the diameter D1 of the main valve body 18 is made larger than the diameter (flow path diameter) D2 of the inlet hole 16, which has a circular cross-sectional shape. This is to increase the load generated on the main valve body 18 by the differential pressure generated on the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body 18, even if the differential pressure is small, thereby ensuring that the main valve body 18 operates (slides) more reliably.

[0043] The operation of the solenoid valve 11 according to this embodiment is described as follows.

[0044] When the coil 42 is not energized, as shown in Figure 1, the plunger 40 is pushed down by the upper valve closing spring 43, causing the pilot valve body 32 to seat on the pilot valve seat 31 and closing the pilot passage 30. As a result, the internal pressure of the pilot valve chamber 26 (upper pilot chamber 27 and lower pilot chamber 28), which is in communication with the inlet hole 16 via the main valve port 14, the inlet passage 20, and the communication passage 29, is equal to the internal pressure of the inlet hole 16, and the main valve body 18 is pressed against the main valve seat 15 by the biasing force of the lower valve closing spring 25, maintaining the closed state.

[0045] When current is applied to the coil 42, as shown in Figure 2, the plunger 40 is attracted to the suction element 41, causing it to rise against the biasing force of the upper valve closing spring 43, and the pilot valve body 32 separates from the pilot valve seat 31, opening the pilot passage 30. As a result, the refrigerant in the pilot valve chamber 26 is released to the outlet hole 17 through the pilot passage 30, and the internal pressure of the pilot valve chamber 26 decreases. Furthermore, the cross-sectional area of ​​the pilot passage 30 is larger than that of the inlet passage 20, and the amount of refrigerant released from the pilot valve chamber 26 to the outlet hole 17 through the pilot passage 30 is greater than the amount of refrigerant flowing into the pilot valve chamber 26 from the inlet hole 16 through the inlet passage 20. Therefore, the internal pressure of the pilot valve chamber 26 is lower than the internal pressure of the inlet hole 16 (main valve port 14), and a differential pressure is generated on the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body 18, pulling the main valve body 18 upward.

[0046] As shown in Figure 3, the main valve body 18 is pushed up against the biasing force of the lower valve closing spring 25, and the main valve opening 14 is opened, resulting in an open valve state. In this open valve state, the refrigerant (see reference numeral F1) that has flowed into the main valve chamber 13 from the inlet hole 16 through the main valve opening 14 is discharged through the outlet hole 17 (see reference numeral F2). The pushed-up main valve body 18 then abuts against the lower surface of the fitting portion 35 of the connecting member 33 (the stepped portion formed on the peripheral edge of the ceiling surface of the guide hole) and stops.

[0047] On the other hand, when the current to the coil 42 is stopped from this open valve state, the suction force of the suction element 41 disappears and the plunger 40 is released from the suction element 41. As a result, the plunger 40 is pushed back downward by the upper valve closing spring 43, the pilot valve body 32 seats on the pilot valve seat 31, and the pilot passage 30 is closed. Consequently, the refrigerant flowing into the pilot valve chamber 26 through the introduction passage 20 accumulates in the pilot valve chamber 26, increasing the internal pressure of the pilot valve chamber 26. This eliminates the differential pressure on the upper and lower surfaces of the main valve body 18, and the biasing force of the lower valve closing spring 25 pushes the main valve body 18 down, resulting in a closed valve state where the main valve body 18 seats on the main valve seat 15 (see Figure 1). [Explanation of Symbols]

[0048] A Center axis D1 Diameter of the main valve body and main valve opening (main valve seat) D2 Diameter of inflow hole (flow path diameter) F1, F2 Refrigerant Flow 11 Electrically driven valves (solenoid valves) 12 Valve body 12a Top opening 12b Female thread 13 Main valve chamber 14 Main valve opening 15 Main valve seat 16 Inflow hole 17 Outflow hole 18 Main valve body 19 Bulkhead 20 Introductory path 21 O-rings 22 Lip Seals 23 Packing 24 washers 25 Lower valve closing spring 26 Pilot valve chamber 27 Upper Pilot Room 28 Lower Pilot Room 29 Communication path 30 Pilot channel 31 Pilot valve seat 32 Pilot valve body 33 Connecting Member 34 Flange section 35 Inset part 36 Cylinder section 37 Male screw 38 Electromagnetic drive device 39 sleeves 40 plungers 41 Attractor 42 coils 43 Upper valve closing spring

Claims

1. It comprises a main valve for opening and closing the flow path of refrigerant, a pilot valve for controlling the main valve, and an electrical drive device for driving the pilot valve. The aforementioned main valve is A valve body having a main valve chamber, an inlet for allowing refrigerant to flow into the main valve chamber through a main valve port opening into the main valve chamber, and an outlet for allowing the refrigerant to flow out of the main valve chamber, A main valve body is provided within the main valve chamber so as to be movable back and forth relative to a main valve seat formed at the main valve chamber side end of the main valve opening, and opens and closes the main valve opening. A main valve closing spring biases the main valve body toward the main valve seat, It has, The aforementioned pilot valve Pilot valve chamber and A pilot flow path connecting the pilot valve chamber and the outlet hole, A pilot valve seat formed at the pilot valve chamber side end of the aforementioned pilot flow path, A pilot valve body, driven by the aforementioned electrical drive device, moves back and forth relative to the pilot valve seat to open and close the pilot passage, It has, The valve further comprises a connecting member fixed to the valve body so as to close the top surface of the main valve chamber. An electrically driven valve, If the main valve, pilot valve, and electric drive unit are arranged in order along the axial direction of the electric drive valve, and if the axial direction is defined as the vertical direction, and the direction from the main valve towards the electric drive unit is defined as "up", and the direction from the electric drive unit towards the main valve is defined as "down", The pilot valve chamber is A first pilot chamber formed on the upper surface side of the connecting member, A second pilot chamber formed on the lower surface side of the connecting member, It has, The pilot valve seat is formed in the first pilot chamber, The pilot valve body is located in the first pilot chamber, The main valve opening is located at the bottom of the main valve chamber. The aforementioned outlet hole opens to the side of the main valve chamber, The aforementioned electrically driven valve is A connecting passage that connects the first pilot room and the second pilot room, An introduction passage connecting the inlet hole and the second pilot chamber, It has, Both the pilot channel and the communication passage are formed in the connecting member. An electrically driven valve characterized by the following features.

2. The diameter of the main valve body and the diameter of the main valve seat are made to match. The electrically driven valve according to claim 1.

3. The diameter of the main valve body and the diameter of the main valve seat are both made larger than the diameter of the inlet hole. An electrically driven valve according to claim 1 or 2.

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