Battery adapter for power tools

Abstract

The battery adapter can be used with off-brand battery manufacturers to power power tools. The battery adapter is configured to monitor the voltage, temperature, and power level of the battery. By monitoring these levels, it helps prevent the tool from over-discharging the battery and also helps prevent overheating. The battery adapter has a visible battery power level indicator actuated by a switch, which visibly displays to the user a general indication of the power remaining in the battery. The battery adapter can electrically disconnect the battery if the monitored temperature reaches a specific threshold. The battery adapter can also electrically disconnect when the battery adapter and the off-brand battery are connected to a recharging station.

Description

Cross - reference to related applications 【0001】 This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 351,865, filed on June 14, 2022, entitled "BATTERY ADAPTER FOR POWER TOOLS". 【Technical Field】 【0002】 The technology disclosed herein generally relates to battery adapters, and more particularly to a type of battery adapter that enables off - brand batteries to be utilized by power tools such as fastening tools. Embodiments are specifically disclosed as battery adapters for fastening tools having a temperature sensor, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, and a plurality of LEDs, and the battery adapter provides operational data regarding the battery for use in automatically disabling the battery or electrically disconnecting it when a pre - set temperature or current threshold is exceeded and a low battery voltage threshold occurs, and also for visually displaying the power level state of the battery to the user. 【0003】 The battery adapter has a first side (or face) that physically and electrically connects to a power tool. The opposite second side of the battery adapter physically and electrically connects to an external off - brand battery pack. The battery adapter is configured to supply current from the external off - brand battery pack to the tool. By using this type of battery adapter, it enables an external power tool to be powered by an otherwise incompatible external battery pack. Note that in this specification, the battery pack may sometimes be described as an "off - brand battery". In other words, the battery pack and the power tool typically cannot be used together because they are of different brands, so the battery is "off - brand" compared to the power tool. 【0004】 The battery adapter includes switching transistors, such as power MOSFETs, configured to operate normally while continuously monitoring the temperature of the external off-brand battery pack. If the external off-brand battery pack reaches or exceeds a specific temperature range threshold, the battery adapter is configured to electrically disconnect the external off-brand battery pack from the supply of current. 【0005】 The battery adapter has a current shunt configured to monitor the magnitude of the current flow. The battery adapter is configured to electrically disconnect the external off-brand battery pack if the tool's current usage exceeds the rated output of the external off-brand battery pack, and to allow a predetermined transient “overcurrent” condition to exist without disconnecting the current from the battery, as long as the overcurrent condition does not exist for less than a predetermined time interval. The current control circuit provides a predetermined set of maximum allowable current ranges that exist for a corresponding predetermined set of time intervals before disconnecting the battery current. 【0006】 The battery adapter includes certain safety features not typically found in previous conventional battery adapters sold for use with power tools. Some of the safety features disclosed herein include a reverse current detection circuit, an overcurrent-for-time detection circuit, and a “remote” battery temperature monitoring circuit, and the battery adapter has the ability to disconnect the battery pack from continuing to supply power to the power tool if any of these safety conditions are violated. 【0007】 Statement on federally funded research and development none. [Background technology] 【0008】 External batteries are commonly used in power tools such as fastener drive tools. The battery provides sufficient power and ease of use for typical cordless tool operation. Generally, each tool manufacturer sells its own branded batteries for use with their tools. For example, DeWalt® tools operate only with DeWalt batteries, and Makita® tools operate only with Makita batteries. 【0009】 A common problem is that many users have batteries from one manufacturer (i.e., DeWalt) but also tools from other manufacturers such as Senco. Not only do different battery manufacturers have different electrical connections and physical shapes, but the safety requirements necessary for the safe use of each battery also differ. [Overview of the project] 【0010】 Therefore, one advantage is to provide a battery adapter for power tools that is configured to use off-brand batteries while monitoring the battery temperature, thereby allowing the off-brand battery to be electrically disconnected when a specific temperature range threshold is reached or exceeded. 【0011】 We provide a battery adapter for power tools that is configured to use off-brand batteries while monitoring the current level, and another advantage is that the off-brand battery can be electrically disconnected when the battery adapter and the off-brand battery are connected to a charging station. 【0012】 We provide a battery adapter for power tools that is configured to use off-brand batteries while monitoring the power level of the off-brand batteries, and another advantage is that the adapter can visually display the approximate battery charge level. 【0013】 Another advantage is to provide a battery adapter for power tools that is configured to use an off-brand battery while monitoring the magnitude of the current output by the off-brand battery, and also to monitor the duration of the "overcurrent" condition if the current exceeds an "overcurrent" threshold. If the "overcurrent" condition persists for longer than a predetermined time interval, the battery adapter's system controller will disconnect the power current path between the off-brand battery and the power tool. Furthermore, there can be multiple thresholds for the magnitude of the acceptable "overcurrent," each with its own maximum duration before the system controller disconnects the power current path. 【0014】 Additional advantages and other novel features are described in part in the following description, some of which will become apparent to those skilled in the art by considering the following, or can be acquired by practicing the art disclosed herein. 【0015】 To achieve the aforementioned advantages and other advantages, according to one embodiment, a battery adapter is provided, the battery adapter comprising (a) a housing having a first side and an opposite second side, (b) an electronic control circuit including a computer processing circuit, a memory circuit including instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit, a current shunt, a current sensing circuit, and a power switching semiconductor for switching power current paths, (c) the first side of the housing being physically and electrically attached to an external power tool, and (d) the second side of the housing being physically and electrically mated with an external battery pack, the external power tool and the external battery pack Incompatible, (e) the battery adapter is operable to provide current flowing from the external battery pack to the external power tool, thereby powering the external power tool; (f) the current sensing circuit is operable to receive a voltage signal from the current shunt, and if the voltage signal exhibits the correct polarity and acceptable magnitude, the power switching semiconductor is operable to allow current to flow from the external battery pack to the external power tool using the power current path; (g) if the voltage signal from the current shunt exhibits the incorrect polarity, the power switching semiconductor is operable to disconnect the power current path. 【0016】 In another embodiment, a battery adapter is provided, the battery adapter comprising (a) a housing having a first side and a second side opposite to it, (b) an electronic control circuit including a computer processing circuit, a memory circuit including instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit, a current shunt, a current sensing circuit, and a power switching semiconductor for switching power current paths, (c) the first side of the housing being physically and electrically attached to an external power tool, (d) the second side of the housing being physically and electrically mated to an external battery pack, the external power tool and the external battery pack being incompatible, and (e) the battery adapter (f) The current sensing circuit receives a voltage signal from the current shunt, and if the voltage signal exhibits a predetermined overcurrent magnitude that is less than a predetermined acceptable time interval, the power switching semiconductor is operable to allow current to flow from the external battery pack to the external power tool using the power current path; and (g) if the voltage signal from the current shunt exhibits an overcurrent magnitude that persists for a duration longer than a predetermined acceptable time interval, the power switching semiconductor is operable to disconnect the power current path. 【0017】 In yet another embodiment, a battery adapter is provided, the battery adapter comprising: (a) a housing having a first side and an opposite second side; (b) an electronic control circuit comprising a computer processing circuit, a memory circuit including instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit, and a power switching semiconductor; (c) the first side of the housing is physically and electrically mounted to an external power tool; (d) the second side of the housing is physically and electrically mated to an external battery pack, and the external power tool and the external battery pack are incompatible; (e) the external battery pack comprises a remote temperature sensing circuit that remotely senses the electrical characteristics of onboard components; (f) the battery adapter provides current to flow from the external battery pack to the external power tool, thereby powering the external power tool; and (g) the power switching semiconductor is operable to disconnect the current flowing from the external battery pack when a predetermined temperature threshold, determined by the remote temperature sensing circuit, is exceeded. 【0018】 In another embodiment, a battery adapter is provided, the battery adapter comprising: (a) a housing having a first side and an opposite second side; (b) an electronic control circuit including a computer processing circuit, a memory circuit including instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit, a voltage sensing circuit, a power current path, and a plurality of colored LEDs (light-emitting diodes) exhibiting at least two different colors; (c) a battery state switch; (d) the first side of the housing is operable to be physically and electrically mounted to an external power tool; (e) the second side of the housing is operable to be physically and electrically mated to an external battery pack, the external power tool and the external battery pack are incompatible; and (f) the battery adapter uses the power current path to transfer power from the external battery pack to the tool. (g) A voltage sensing circuit is connected to the power current path to direct the current flowing through it, thereby supplying power to the tool; (h) The voltage sensing circuit is further connected to an input / output interface circuit; (i) At least one of the input / output interface circuit and the computer processing circuit includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that generates a digital signal for analysis by the processing circuit; (j) When the battery state switch is activated, several colored LEDs are energized to visually indicate the energy level status of the external battery pack; (k) The processing circuit generates at least one output signal that controls which of the several colored LEDs should be lit based on the value of the digital signal. 【0019】 Further advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and drawings, which describe and illustrate preferred embodiments in one of the best modes conceived for carrying out the art. As will be understood, other different embodiments of the art disclosed herein are possible, and some of its details can be modified in various obvious ways, all without departing from its principles. Therefore, the drawings and description are to be considered illustrative and not limiting in nature. [Brief explanation of the drawing] 【0020】 The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate some aspects of the technology disclosed herein and, together with the description and claims, serve to explain the principles of the technology. In the drawings, 【0021】 [Figure 1] is a right side view of a battery adapter configured in accordance with the principles of the technology disclosed herein, adapted to fit a fastener driving tool on one side of the adapter and an off-brand battery on the other side of the adapter. 【0022】 [Figure 2] is a right side exploded view of the battery adapter assembly of FIG. 1, showing the battery adapter removed from the tool and the off-brand battery removed from the battery adapter. 【0023】 [Figure 3] is a right perspective view of the exploded view of FIG. 2. 【0024】 [Figure 4] is an exploded view of the battery adapter of FIG. 1. 【0025】 [Figure 5] is a block diagram showing a part of the main electronic and electrical components of the battery adapter of FIG. 1. 【0026】 [Figure 6] is a flowchart showing a part of the important logical operations of the "power-on routine" of the battery adapter of FIG. 1. 【0027】 [Figure 7A] is the first part of a flowchart showing a part of the important logical operations of the "normal execution routine" of the battery adapter of FIG. 1. 【0028】 [Figure 7B]This is the second part of the flowchart in Figure 7A. 【0029】 [Figure 8] Figure 1 is a flowchart showing some of the important logical operations of the "alarm handler routine" of the battery adapter. 【0030】 [Figure 9] Figure 1 is a front top perspective view of the battery adapter. 【0031】 [Figure 10] Figure 1 is a rear bottom perspective view of the battery adapter. 【0032】 [Figure 11] Figure 1 is a right side view of the battery adapter. 【0033】 [Figure 12] Figure 1 is a top view of the battery adapter. 【0034】 [Figure 13] Figure 1 is a bottom view of the battery adapter. [Modes for carrying out the invention] 【0035】 Herein, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be referred to in detail, the embodiments of which are shown in the accompanying drawings, and similar figures indicate the same elements throughout the drawings. 【0036】 It should be understood that the technology disclosed herein is not limited in its application to the details of the configuration and arrangement of its components as described in the following description or shown in the drawings. Other embodiments of the technology disclosed herein are possible and can be implemented or performed in various ways. It should also be understood that the expressions and terms used herein are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” and their variations herein, means to include the items listed below and their equivalents, as well as additional items. Unless otherwise specified, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or “mounted,” and their variations herein, are used broadly and include direct and indirect connections, couples, or mounts. Furthermore, the terms “connected” or “coupled,” and their variations, are not limited to physical or mechanical connections or couples. Furthermore, the terms “communicating with” or “being in communication with” indicate that two different physical or virtual elements are exchanging signals or information with each other in some way, whether the transmission of signals or information is direct or whether there are additional physical or virtual elements between them that are similarly involved in the transmission of signals or information. Furthermore, the terms “being in communication with” can also refer to a mechanical, hydraulic, or pneumatic system in which one end of the “communication” (the “first end”) may be the “cause” of a certain motion (mechanical movement or hydraulic or pneumatic change in state) that occurs, and the other end of the “communication” (the “second end”) may be “affected” by that movement / change in state, regardless of whether there are intermediate components between the “first end” and the “second end”.When a product has moving parts that depend on a magnetic field, or detects changes in a magnetic field in any way, or when data is transferred from one electronic device to another by the use of a magnetic field, these situations can be referred to as "magnetically communicating" with each other, in which case one end of the "communication" can induce a magnetic field, and the other end can receive that magnetic field and be affected by (or otherwise influenced by) it. 【0037】 For example, terms like "First Entrance" and "Second Entrance," which precede element names, are used for identification purposes to distinguish similar or related elements, results, or concepts, and are not necessarily intended to imply order, nor are terms like "First" or "Second" intended to exclude the inclusion of additional similar or related elements, results, or concepts unless otherwise indicated. 【0038】 Furthermore, while embodiments disclosed herein may be illustrated and described as if, for illustrative purposes, the majority of components were implemented solely in hardware, it should be understood that they include both hardware and electronic components or modules. 【0039】 However, those skilled in the art will recognize, based on reading the detailed embodiments for carrying out this invention, that in at least one embodiment, an electronically based aspect of the technology disclosed herein can be implemented in software. Therefore, it should be noted that multiple hardware and software-based devices, as well as multiple different structural components, may be used to implement the technology disclosed herein. Furthermore, where software is used, the processing circuit running such software may be a general-purpose computer, while performing all the functions that can otherwise be performed by a dedicated computer, which may be specifically designed to implement this technology. 【0040】 As used herein, the term “circuit” can refer to an actual electronic circuit, such as an integrated circuit chip (or a portion thereof), or to a function performed by a processing circuit, such as a microprocessor or ASIC, which includes a logic state machine or another form of processing element (including sequential processing circuits). A particular type of circuit may be several types of analog or digital circuits, and such circuits may, in some cases, be implemented in software by a logic state machine or sequential processor. In other words, if a processing circuit is used to perform a desired function (such as a demodulation function) used in the technology disclosed herein, there may not be a specific “circuit” that is sometimes called a “demodulation circuit,” but there will be a demodulation “function” that is performed in software. All of these possibilities are conceived by the inventors and are within the principles of the art when considering “circuit.” 【0041】 In this technical disclosure, the terms “battery” and “battery pack” are generally used interchangeably. When dealing with actual battery pack designs, design engineers typically refer to individual battery cells as “batteries” and groups of such battery cells (either connected in series or parallel, or a combination of both) as “battery packs.” In this specification, the inventors may use the term “battery pack,” which naturally has a fairly specific meaning, namely having two or more battery cells. However, even though everyone in the art knows the correct term is “battery pack,” it is well known that most consumers refer to the energy source of a power tool as a “battery.” Therefore, in this specification, the term “battery” usually refers to a “battery pack.” When individual battery cells are specifically discussed in this specification, the term “battery cell” is used. 【0042】 Referring to Figure 1, a SENCO® fastener driving tool 5 (e.g., FUSION Finisher Model No. F-15XP Nailer) is shown in a right side view. The power tool 5 includes a fastener magazine 6, a motor housing 7, a handle with a trigger 8, and a battery mounting section 9. Typically, a Senco brand battery is mounted in the battery mounting section 9 and then used to supply power to the motor housed inside the motor housing 7. However, Figure 1 shows a battery adapter 10 mounted in the battery mounting section 9. An off-brand battery 12 (e.g., a DeWalt® battery model number DCB240, DC182, or DCB203) is mounted in the battery adapter 10. 【0043】 On the first side (or top) 20 (see Figure 4), the battery adapter 10 is sized and shaped to fit into the battery compartment 9 in the same way as a standard Senco brand battery. On the second side (or bottom) 30, the battery adapter 10 is sized and shaped to accommodate an off-brand battery 12, such as a DeWalt battery, which will be described in more detail below. In other words, in this illustrated embodiment, the first side 20 of the battery adapter 10 interfaces with the Senco tool, and the second side 30 of the battery adapter 10 interfaces with the DeWalt battery. 【0044】 Referring to Figure 2, the right-hand exploded view shows the battery adapter 10 detached from the power tool 5 and the off-brand battery 12 detached from the battery adapter. The battery adapter 10 may be first mounted in the battery mounting section 9 of the power tool 5, and then the off-brand battery 12 may be mounted on the battery adapter. Alternatively, the off-brand battery 12 may be first mounted on the battery adapter 10, and then the combination of the off-brand battery and the battery adapter may be mounted in the power tool 5 in the battery mounting section 9. 【0045】 Referring here to Figure 3, a perspective view of Figure 2 is shown. As described above, an off-brand battery 12 and battery adapter 10 may be mounted on the power tool 5, and the off-brand battery 12 may then be used to power the tool's electrical system (including the electric motor), allowing the tool 5 to operate. The tool 5 typically drives fasteners, such as nails or staples, into a substrate. The fasteners are stored in the magazine 6 and driven sequentially through the fastener driver of the tool 5. The power tool 5 uses an electric motor to power the lifter, moving the driver to the "ready" position. The driver is released (using gas pressure in the form of a gas spring) to drive the fasteners into the substrate, and then the lift sequence starts again. 【0046】 The Senco tools shown in Figures 1-3 are FUSION® tools that use pressurized gas to propel the driver and drive in fasteners. This Senco FUSION tool has a pressurized storage chamber (inside the main housing of reference no. 15) that stores the pressurized gas, and the lifter must move the driver against this gas pressure during the lift sequence. This is achieved by conducting current from the battery to the motor that operates the lifter. As described above, the battery adapter 10 facilitates the flow of current from the off-brand battery 12 to the power tool 5 (i.e., to the motor and other electronic circuits of the tool). 【0047】 It should be noted that batteries from different manufacturers have different electrical connectors and different physical connections. Without a battery adapter, for example, a DeWalt battery cannot be used with a Senco tool, and vice versa. In other words, a user cannot simply plug a battery from any manufacturer into any power tool. The usefulness of a battery adapter is clear to owners who have one or more DeWalt batteries but want to use them with Senco tools. 【0048】 Referring to Figure 4, an exploded view of the battery adapter 10 is shown. The upper part 20 has a top surface 28. This top surface 28 sits directly on the battery mounting section 9 of the power tool 5. 【0049】 The printed circuit board 100 (which may also be referred to herein as “adapter electronics” or “PCB”) containing the electronic components of the battery adapter 10 includes an electrical connection 22 to the power tool, a push button 25 (which may also be referred to herein as “battery status switch” or “PB1”), and a plurality of LEDs 26 (“light-emitting diodes”). 【0050】 The internal cover 23 covers a portion of the PCB 100, including the button 25 and multiple LEDs 26. The LED light pipe 27 on the internal cover 23 is mounted directly above the multiple LEDs 26. A pair of manual latches 24 allow the battery adapter 10 to be electrically disconnected from the power tool 5 and unmounted. 【0051】 When the user presses button 25 (assuming the off-brand battery 12 is installed in the battery adapter 10), LED 26 lights up to indicate how much energy remains in the battery. The visible light signal emitted by LED 26 is amplified by LED light pipe 27. LED 26 is sometimes called a "gas gauge" because it indicates how much "gas" (i.e., energy) remains in the off-brand battery 12. Preferably, LED 26 remains lit for a relatively short time interval, such as 3 or 5 seconds. After that time interval has elapsed, LED 26 should be de-energized to conserve battery energy. 【0052】 In a preferred embodiment, the LED 26 includes two green LEDs, one yellow LED, and one red LED. When PB1 25 is pressed, five different battery status indicators become available. In the first state, all four LEDs 26 are lit, indicating that the off-brand battery 12 is fully charged; in other words, two green, one yellow, and one red LED are lit. In the second state, only three of the LEDs 26 are lit, indicating that the off-brand battery 12 is approximately 75% charged; in other words, one green, one yellow, and one red LED are lit. In the third state, only two LEDs 26 are lit, indicating that the off-brand battery 12 is approximately 50% charged; in this state, only the yellow and red LEDs are lit. In the fourth state, only a single red LED 26 is lit, indicating that the off-brand battery 12 is low power (approximately 25% charged). In the fifth state, one red LED 26 blinks, indicating that the off-brand battery 12 requires recharging. 【0053】 Another conceivable configuration is to use three-color LEDs 26 to display the energy status of the off-brand battery 12. For example, if all LEDs 26 are flashing or solid green, it means the power state is fully charged. For example, if all LEDs 26 are flashing or solid yellow, it means the power state is low. For example, if all LEDs 26 are flashing or solid red, it means the power state is zero and the off-brand battery 12 needs to be recharged. It is conceivable that the three colors can be any three colors that the LEDs can display in any order, depending on how the battery adapter designer chooses to indicate the battery's charge status to the user. 【0054】 It can also be conceivable that LED26 could instead be a single color, and the battery status could be indicated by how many LEDs are lit (or not lit). For example, four lit LEDs would mean "fully charged," two or three lit LEDs would progressively mean "lower power," and one or zero lit LEDs would mean, for example, "virtually no power and it's time to recharge." 【0055】 It should be noted that the push-button switch (PB1) in 25 should be operated manually by the human user of the power tool so that the current charge status of the battery 12 can be visually observed. When the push-button ("battery status") switch 25 is operated, in the preferred operating mode, the LED 26 will light up at short time intervals, such as 3 or 5 seconds, as determined by the design engineer of the power tool's electronics. It is preferable to keep the LED off for most of the time, as this would otherwise result in constant power consumption of the battery. 【0056】 The electrical connection to the off-brand battery 32 is mounted on the PCB 100 on the opposite side from the electrical connection to the power tool 22, which is located above it. The lower part 30 is securely mounted to the upper part 20 and covers the PCB 100, the internal cover 27, and the electrical connection to the off-brand battery 32. 【0057】 Referring here to Figure 5, some of the main electronic and electrical components of the battery adapter 10, the off-brand battery 12, and the Senco power tool 5 are shown in a block diagram. The Senco power tool 5 includes a CPU 50 ("Central Processing Unit"), which may also be referred to herein as a microprocessor. The Senco power tool 5 also optionally includes a power tool communication port 52 (or "Communication Port"). The optional communication port 52 includes a serial data read 46 for communicating with an external device, such as the battery adapter 10. The Senco power tool 5 has, for example, a power tool "+" input read 42 and a power tool "-" input read 44 that are electrically connected to the battery adapter 10. The CPU 50, the optional communication port 52, the power tool "+" input terminal read (in 42), and the power tool "-" input terminal read (in 44) are collectively referred herein as the "Senco power tool electronics" 40. 【0058】 The off-brand battery 12 includes a battery temperature sensor 13 (or "temperature sensor"), a battery communication port 15 (or "communication port"), a battery "+" output lead 14, a battery "-" output lead 16, a battery serial data lead 18, and multiple battery temperature sensor output leads 17. The communication port 15 is optionally used to communicate with an external device, such as a battery adapter 10, via the battery serial data lead 18. Various types of data, including important operating state information such as battery cell current, battery cell temperature, and battery cell voltage level, can be transferred from the battery. The battery "+" output lead 14 and the battery "-" output lead 16 supply power to an external device, such as a power tool. The temperature sensor 13 provides temperature information to an external device, such as a battery adapter 10, via the battery temperature sensor output lead wires 17. 【0059】 In many cases, the battery temperature sensor is a relatively inexpensive thermistor, which has a variable resistance characteristic that changes as its temperature changes. (The resistance of a thermistor usually decreases as the thermistor's temperature increases.) Thermistor 13 has two leads 17, as shown in Figure 5. One of the leads of thermistor 13 may be electrically connected (inside the battery pack 12) to either the "+ output" terminal (on lead 14) or the "- output" terminal (on lead 16), in which case it will be understood that only a single wire at 17 is needed to interface with the interface amplifier 146 located in the battery adapter. This is a common configuration for many DeWalt batteries. 【0060】 The battery adapter 10 includes a PCB 100, which includes a system controller 110 (sometimes referred to herein as the "CPU"). The controller 100 typically includes a microprocessor or microcomputer that functions as a processing circuit. Also part of the controller is at least one memory circuit 112 (sometimes referred to herein as "MEM"), which typically includes circuit elements of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). To store user input information (where applicable), a non-volatile memory device such as an EEPROM, NVRAM, or flash memory device is typically included. The CPU 110 and MEM 112 communicate with each other via a memory and data bus 116. (Note: Such a bus may also include interrupt lines and memory selection lines if desired by the battery adapter designer.) 【0061】 The I / O interface circuit 114 (sometimes referred to as the "I / O interface" in the drawings) interfaces with several inputs and outputs on PCB 100. The CPU 110 and the I / O interface circuit 114 communicate with each other via memory and data bus 118. Inputs on PCB 100 include PB1 25, an optional communication port #1 120 ("communication port #1"), an optional temperature sensor 140, a current sensor 142, a voltage sensor 144, a current shunt 130, and a battery temperature sensor interface / amplifier 146 (sometimes referred to as the "interface / amplifier" in the drawings). Outputs included on PCB 100 are a power MOSFET 132, an optional communication port #2 122 ("communication port #2"), and a colored LED (light-emitting diode) 124. (Note that LED 124 in Figure 5 has the same components as LED 26 in Figure 4). Naturally, other circuits and components may be conceived for PCB 100 at the designer's request, such other circuits may include a fuse F1 (or fusible link) and a voltage regulator 134. 【0062】 The battery communication port 15 may be configured to communicate with an optional communication port #1 via a battery serial data read 18. The battery temperature sensor may be configured to communicate with the interface / amplifier 146 via a plurality of battery temperature sensor output leads 17. The current shunt 130 and current sensor 142 include a plurality of leads 138 between them, in which case the current shunt includes at least one low-resistance resistor(s) that generates a relatively low differential voltage signal to the current sensor 142. The current shunt resistor is in series with either a high-current path starting from the +OUTPUT lead at 14 and passing through the fuse F1 and power MOSFET 132 to the +IN lead at 42, or a high-current path starting from the -OUTPUT lead at 16 and passing through the power MOSFET 132 to the -IN lead at 44. 【0063】 The I / O interface circuit 114 includes an output control lead 126 to a colored LED 124 and an output control lead 128 to a power MOSFET 132. An optional communication port #2 122 can communicate with an optional communication port 52 via a serial data lead 46. 【0064】 In the illustrated embodiment, fuse F1 is located on the "+" battery power lead 136 upstream of the voltage regulator 134. 【0065】 Reverse current connection disconnected 【0066】 One purpose of the current shunt 130 is to prevent the off-brand battery 12 from being charged while it is attached to the battery adapter 10. This can occur if the user places the battery adapter 10 with the off-brand battery 12 attached onto a Senco brand battery charger. Due to manufacturing differences between batteries, it is preferable that the off-brand battery 12 be recharged using its own specific battery charger. For example, if the off-brand battery is a DeWalt® battery, the off-brand battery should be charged by a DeWalt® battery charger. 【0067】 However, if the battery adapter 10 with the off-brand battery 12 attached is placed on a Senco brand battery charger, a reverse current may occur. The current shunt 130 is configured to detect this reverse current flow and send a signal to the I / O interface 114, which then proceeds to the CPU 50. The CPU 50 is programmed to electrically disconnect the battery adapter 10 if a reverse current is detected. 【0068】 In other words, the current sensing circuit 142 uses the voltage signal (at 138) generated by the current shunt 130 to determine whether the current flowing through the power current paths 14 and 16 has the correct polarity and acceptable magnitude. If so, the power switching semiconductor (MOSFET 132) is configured (under the control of the CPU 110) to allow current to continue flowing from the external battery pack 12 to the power tool 5 through the power current paths 14 and 16, including the fuse F1, and the subsequent power current paths at 42 and 44. On the other hand, if the current flowing through the power current paths 14 and 16 does not have the correct polarity, the voltage signal (at 138) generated by the current shunt 130 detects the incorrect polarity, and the power switching semiconductor is configured (again, under the control of the CPU 110) to disconnect the power current paths. This is usually achieved simply by turning off the semiconductor 132 (MOSFET). It will be understood that the power MOSFET 132 may consist of a single transistor that "opens" or "closes" only one of the power current paths, or a pair of transistors that "opens" or "closes" both of the power current paths. 【0069】 It will be further understood that the currents and “signals” flowing through the various power current paths and voltage or current sensing circuits in the circuit of Figure 5 are effectively direct current (DC), and the characterization of “polarity” essentially refers to the direction of current flow. A more complex concept of polarity is typically required only when an optional type of battery pack includes an AC generator (or alternator) type device to generate an alternating current (AC) output for powering a tool, for example, an AC motor. If that type of battery pack is designed for a fastener driving tool, the circuit shown in Figure 5 can still be used for the purposes described herein with only minor modifications. For one thing, the magnitude of the AC signal is constantly changing, even under normal conditions, and therefore the determination that an overcurrent is present may have to wait until the waveform (possibly a sine wave or square wave) moves away from the 0 axis before noticing an unusually large magnitude, so the overcurrent detection scheme may operate somewhat slower. 【0070】 In the above embodiment, where a current sensing circuit 142 is required to detect whether or not a reverse current is occurring, the current sensor 138 must have the ability to detect the magnitude of both positive and negative voltages. In such a design, a standard differential amplifier circuit is sufficient, as long as it is connected to both a positive and a negative voltage source and its operational amplifier can output both positive and negative voltage signals. Furthermore, the input / output interface circuit 114 must also have the ability to convert the magnitudes of both positive and negative voltages into digital signal values. In this way, the system controller (CPU 110) can identify when a current flow of inappropriate polarity is passing through the current shunt 130. 【0071】 Temperature connection disconnected 【0072】 A typical power tool battery pack includes a temperature sensor, such as a temperature sensor 13, within an off-brand battery 12. However, each manufacturer's tool is typically pre-configured to receive information from the manufacturer's brand battery to shut down the tool in the event of a high-temperature alert. 【0073】 The battery adapter 10 includes a fuse F1 and a power MOSFET 132, as well as an interface / amplifier 146 for detecting high-temperature events. Preferably, the power MOSFET 132 is configured to alert at a temperature of approximately 150 ± 5°C for at least 300 ms. Naturally, the power MOSFET can be configured to alert over almost any temperature range determined by the system designer. 【0074】 In an optional operating mode, the battery temperature sensor 13 may be pre-configured to transmit temperature alerts (as digital signals) via multiple battery temperature sensor output leads 17. In this optional configuration, the interface / amplifier 146 receives any temperature alerts transmitted by the temperature sensor 13. The interface / amplifier 146 transmits these temperature alerts to the I / O interface 114, which then transmits them to the CPU 50. The CPU 50 is configured to electrically disconnect the off-brand battery 12 in the event of a high-temperature alert. 【0075】 In a more conventional configuration, the battery temperature sensor 13 is a more passive component, such as a thermistor, which exhibits electrical properties that change as its temperature changes. In the case of a thermistor, its resistance changes in the opposite direction to the temperature. This changing resistance can be measured remotely as a voltage signal directed to the interface / amplifier 146. In such a configuration, the interface amplifier 146 is preferably a differential amplifier. 【0076】 Referring to Figure 6, a logic flowchart is provided showing some of the key logical operations used by the system controller for the power-on routine. In logic function 200, the initialization of the CPU and I / O interfaces is initiated. Next, in logic function 202, the power MOSFETs are turned off until their state is known. Then, in logic function 204, the CPU starts an input scan, scanning all sensors and (optional) communication ports for data. Next, in logic function 206, the CPU checks the threshold settings of the sensors used for various alarm detections. 【0077】 The routine then proceeds to logic decision 210, where the sensor is queried for any alert conditions. If no alarm conditions are detected, the routine moves to logic function 214, where the power MOSFET is turned on. Then, in logic function 216, the CPU returns to the normal execution routine (see Figures 7A-7B). 【0078】 However, if the answer to logic function 210 is "yes," the alarm condition is detected in logic function 210, and in logic function 212, the CPU proceeds to the alarm handler routine (see Figure 8). Once the alarm handler routine is completed, the power-on routine proceeds to logic function 220, where it is asked whether it is safe to proceed. If the answer is "yes," the routine proceeds to logic function 214 as described above. Alternatively, if the answer is "no," the routine proceeds to logic function 222, where the power MOSFET is kept off. Next, in logic function 224, an output alarm condition message is sent to the power tool. Then, in logic function 226, the CPU signals an alarm and energizes the visual indicator (either on the power tool or on the battery adapter, depending on the system designer's preference). Next, in logic function 228, the time and date of the alarm condition are stored in memory. Finally, in logic function 250, the power-on routine ends and returns from this subroutine. 【0079】 Disconnect from overcurrent or undervoltage connection. 【0080】 Referring now to FIG. 7A, a flowchart showing the first part of the normal execution routine is provided. The routine begins in logic function 300 by scanning the analog inputs. Next, in logic function 302, the system controller compares the data values of the analog inputs to their alarm thresholds. Note that according to logic function 304, the sensor data of the current is scanned more quickly than the other inputs. 【0081】 Next, in logic function 306, the battery output current versus time is determined for a plurality of threshold settings. As a preferred example, when I ≤ 65 A (± about 5 amperes), the condition is normal; when 65 A < I ≤ 95 A (± about 5 amperes), the condition is allowed to persist for 0.4 seconds; when 95 A < I ≤ 175 A (± about 5 amperes), the condition is allowed to persist for 0.05 seconds; and when 175 A < I ≤ 250 A (± about 5 amperes), the condition is allowed to persist for 0.001 seconds. Of course, these thresholds can be modified according to the specific safety requirements the designer is planning to use and can vary sufficiently according to the type of battery pack for which this alarm detection circuit is designed. 【0082】 Next, in logic function 308, the battery output voltage (“V”) is determined for use with the “gas gauge” 26, and which of the LEDs 124 should be lit is determined for a plurality of threshold settings. For use with an 18 - volt battery pack containing five battery cells in series for a particular type of lithium - battery cell chemistry, a preferred set of ranges of battery state thresholds can be selected. For example, in a fully - charged battery state (when V ≥ 20.5 VDC ), all four LEDs (two green LEDs, one yellow LED, and one red LED) are energized. Next, in a lower battery - charge state, (19.8 VDC ≤ V < 20.5 VDCFor the voltage range, only three LEDs (one green LED, one yellow LED, and one red LED) are powered, and in the following lower battery charge states, (17.5 VDC ≤V<19.8 VDC For the voltage range, only two LEDs (one yellow LED and one red LED) are powered, and in the following lower battery charge states, (16.8 VDC <V≦17.5 VDC For a given voltage range, only a single LED (i.e., one red LED) is powered, and in the next lowest battery charge state (which is the lowest battery charge state determined), (e.g., V < 16.8 VDC For a given voltage range, only a single LED (i.e., one red LED) will be powered and blink. These thresholds may be modified depending on the specific requirements the system designer plans to use, and in this case, it is conceivable that they will also vary from battery pack to battery pack. 【0083】 It should be noted that the threshold voltage levels used in the "gas gauge" LED are typically determined under "no-load" conditions; in other words, the power tool is not currently being used, for example, to drive nails, turn screws, or rotate a saw. Therefore, the battery 12 is not under significant load. (Of course, it is supplying power to the electronics of the battery adapter 100 and the power tool 5, but these electrical loads are not substantial compared to a so-called "full load" condition.) 【0084】 Next, in logic decision 310, the system controller queries whether the battery current exceeds a predetermined cutoff value. If "yes," the logic is directed to logic function 312, and the power MOSFET is turned off. Then, in logic function 314, the logic is directed to the alarm handler routine (see Figure 8). Once the alarm handler routine is executed, in logic function 350, the normal execution routine returns from this routine. 【0085】 However, if the result in logic function 310 is "no", another logic decision in 320 determines whether the battery voltage is below a predetermined shut-off value. If "yes", the logic flows to logic function 312 as described above. If "no", the logic flows to arrow "7B-1" and continues to Figure 7B. As an example, if an 18-volt battery pack with five battery cells in series is discharged under load to the extent that the overall output voltage drops to approximately 15 volts DC (or 14.4 volts DC in the worst case), the battery pack must be quickly disconnected, otherwise these battery cells could suffer permanent damage. This 14.4-volt threshold is, in essence, the recommended "turn-off" limit for such an 18-volt battery pack. Naturally, other battery designs using different numbers of battery cells and different overall output voltages will have numerically different required "turn-off" voltage limits. Furthermore, if a partially depleted battery experiences a high inrush current, which can often occur when the motor of a larger power tool (e.g., a nail gun or automatic screwdriver) is turned on, it is generally preferable to further temporarily reduce the battery pack voltage over short time intervals without disconnecting the battery. For example, if an 18-volt battery pack is partially depleted, it may experience an inrush current of about 100 amps in a relatively large power tool, and its voltage will be reduced to about 10 volts over a maximum duration of about 50 milliseconds without disconnecting. This is an exception to the aforementioned 14.4-volt minimum threshold voltage "rule." 【0086】 The overall operation of the flowchart in Figure 7A relating to functional logic function 306 can be summarized using a somewhat different description. As described above, there are multiple threshold settings for the magnitude of the acceptable battery output "overcurrent" that can be tolerated for a given (relatively short) time interval without requiring the power transistor (MOSFET) 132 to disconnect the battery current. This can also be explained as the current sensing circuit 142 receiving a voltage signal from the current shunt 130 (at 138), and if the voltage signal exhibits a predetermined overcurrent magnitude that is less than a predetermined acceptable time interval, the power switching semiconductor (MOSFET 132) is configured to allow current to flow from the external battery pack 12 to the power tool 5 using the power current paths (at 14, 16, 42, and 44). However, if the voltage signal from the current shunt exhibits an overcurrent magnitude that persists for a longer duration than a suitable predetermined acceptable time interval, the power switching semiconductor is configured to disconnect the power current paths. In other words, the power transistor 132 will interrupt the current flowing between paths 14, 16 and 42, 44. Note that by positioning the MOSFET 132 "immediately before" the power current is supplied to the power tool 5 (see Figure 5), the battery adapter 100 remains powered by the battery pack 12 even if the MOSFET 132 cuts off the current to the tool 5. This allows the battery adapter electronics to remain prepared to sense its input and continue to control its output while waiting for the overcurrent situation to resolve. 【0087】 Continuing this alternative explanation, the condition that the magnitude of a given overcurrent is less than a given acceptable time interval preferably includes at least two ranges of overcurrent magnitude and acceptable time interval, such that (a) the magnitude of the first overcurrent has a first maximum current magnitude that is permitted to exist over a first maximum time interval before a decision is made to disconnect the power current path, (b) the magnitude of the second overcurrent has a second maximum current magnitude that is permitted to exist over a second maximum time interval before a decision is made to disconnect the power current path, and (c) if the magnitude of the second maximum current is greater than the magnitude of the first maximum current, the second maximum time interval is less than the first maximum time interval. This can be seen to be true from the above explanation referring to logic function 306 in Figure 7A. Furthermore, this paragraph states that in the general case, i.e., the larger the magnitude of the operational “overcurrent” that can be temporarily tolerated by a given battery pack design, the shorter the amount of time that this “overcurrent” can be permitted to persist before damaging the battery. This principle is fairly well known in the art. 【0088】 Herein, we provide another explanation of the normal execution routine in Figure 7A. The processing circuit is configured to (a) maintain a set of current thresholds and time thresholds in the memory circuit 112, (b) periodically receive sampled current magnitude readings from the current shunt 130 using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) which is part of the input / output interface circuit 114 (or the ADC may be onboard the processing circuit chip itself), (c) periodically analyze the received sampled current magnitude readings and determine (using logic function 306) whether the most recent magnitude reading corresponds to one of the overcurrent magnitude thresholds, and (d) if so, determine the duration for which the most recent magnitude reading persisted, and then make a final decision on whether to disconnect or not disconnect the power transistor 132. This final decision is made by the processing circuit 110 as follows: (i) if the determined duration is not greater than the time threshold for the most recent magnitude reading, the power switching semiconductor 132 is allowed to remain in a current-conducting state, thereby preventing the power current path from being disconnected; or (ii) if the determined duration is greater than the time threshold for the most recent magnitude reading, the power switching semiconductor is instructed to change to a current-non-conducting state, thereby disconnecting the power current path between the battery pack 12 and the power tool 5. 【0089】 Referring to Figure 7B, a flowchart is provided showing the second part of the normal execution routine. At arrow 7B-1, the logic continues to logic function 322, where the system controller determines the battery temperature from interface / amplifier 146. Then, at logic function 324, the system controller determines the battery temperature from serial data from communication port 15. (Logic function 324 depends on whether optional communication port #1 120 is installed on PCB 100.) 【0090】 Next, in logic decision 330, the system controller determines whether the temperature sensor reading exceeds a first temperature threshold "T1". T1 is preferably at least 140°F. If the answer is "yes", in logic function 332, a warning message may be optionally sent to the power tool. If the answer is "no", in logic decision 340, the system controller determines whether the temperature sensor reading exceeds a second (higher) temperature "T2". T2 is preferably at least 160°F. If the answer is "no", the logic flows to arrow "7B-2" and continues to Figure 7A. These thresholds T1 and T2 are set by the system designer. It should be noted that since the temperature of most physical systems changes quite slowly compared to many other phenomena (such as voltage or current in an electrical circuit), it is recommended that the system controller should not rush when deciding to turn off the power MOSFET 132 in logic decision 340 and logic function 342. In other words, careful system design should require at least two or three consecutive "high" readings from the temperature sensor (e.g., those readings at the A / D converter (ADC) when the A / D converter (ADC) samples its input) before disconnecting the battery (by turning off the MOSFET132). This recommended feature also improves the noise immunity of this power tool system. 【0091】 While the system controller compares the actual temperature to the T1 threshold in logic decision 330, in logic function 360, it also determines the skin temperature of the battery adapter at a physical location adjacent to the installed off-brand battery. Then, in logic decision 370, the system controller determines whether the temperature sensor reading is greater than a third temperature threshold "T3". As previously stated, the threshold T3 is set by the system designer, for example, T3 is preferably at least 100°F. If the result is "yes", the logic proceeds to logic decision 332 described above. However, if the result is "no", the logic proceeds to logic decision 380, where the system controller determines whether the temperature sensor reading is greater than a fourth (higher) temperature "T4". The value of T4 is set by the system designer, for example, T4 is preferably at least 120°F. In the design of this optional feature, it should be noted that the temperature sensing circuit includes a solid temperature sensor 140 positioned close to the side of the housing facing the battery pack 12 so as to directly detect the temperature of the external battery pack. 【0092】 It will be understood that the optional temperature sensor 140 is essentially used only as a "backup plan" if there is no actual temperature sensor 13 in the battery pack 12. Battery cells can heat up very rapidly under high-current discharge load conditions, and having an onboard temperature sensor inside the battery pack 12 is far more desirable than having only the optional temperature sensor 140 in the battery adapter 100. 【0093】 If the result of logic function 380 is "no", the logic is directed to arrow 7B-2, continuing to Figure 7A. However, if the result of logic function 380 is "yes" (i.e., the temperature reading is "high"), the logic is directed to logic function 342, and the system controller turns off the power MOSFET. Referring back to logic decision 340, if the result is "yes" (i.e., the temperature reading is "high"), the logic in logic function 342 will again turn off the MOSFET. The logic then proceeds to logic function 344, where the system controller proceeds to the alarm handler routine (see Figure 8). Finally, after the alarm handler routine is completed in logic function 350, the normal execution routine returns from this routine. 【0094】 At arrow 7B-2, the logic flows back to Figure 7A at logic function 346, where the normal execution routine "continues". The logic returns to the "start" of the routine at logic function 300. In other words, the normal execution routine is a continuous execution routine that actively checks various safety thresholds associated with the battery adapter 10 and the off-brand battery 12. 【0095】 Referring to Figure 8, a flowchart illustrating the alarm handler routine is provided. First, in logical function 400, the system controller reads the status messages and alarm status currently in the CPU. Next, in logical decision 410, the system controller determines whether the power tool has been in continuous use since it was turned on. If the answer is "no", in logical function 412, the system controller sends a message or sets an indicator to ensure that the battery is connected and the status light is normal to the user. Next, in logical function 414, the system controller logs the alarm status to memory and keeps the alarm indicator on until the tool is reset. Finally, in logical function 450, the alarm handler routine ends and the system returns from this routine. 【0096】 However, if the result in logic function 410 is "yes", then in logic decision 420, the system controller determines whether the alarm is a low voltage alert. If the result is "yes", then in logic function 422, the system controller keeps the red LED on, which means the user needs to replace it with a different off-brand battery that is sufficiently charged before using the power tool. The logic then flows to logic function 414 as described above. 【0097】 If the result in logical function 420 is "no", in logical decision 430 the system controller determines whether the alert is a high temperature alert or a high current alert. If the result is "no", in logical function 434 the system controller stores the other type of alarm state in memory. Next, in logical function 450 the alarm handler routine terminates and the system returns from this routine. 【0098】 If the result in logical function 430 is "yes", in logical decision 440 the system controller determines whether the battery has cooled to its normal operating temperature. If the result is "no", in logical function 432 the system controller sends a message or sets the indicator to a "hard alarm" state, thereby allowing the battery to cool or requiring a manual reset of the power tool and / or battery adapter. The logic then flows to logical function 414 as described above. 【0099】 If the result in logic function 440 is "yes", logic function 442 performs an automatic reset, turning off the alarm indicator and allowing the power tool to function normally. The logic then proceeds to logic function 450, after which the alarm handler routine finishes and the system returns from this routine. 【0100】 Referring to Figure 9, the battery adapter 10 is shown in a front top perspective view. The upper part 20 and upper surface 28 slide onto the battery mounting section 9 and are fixed on the battery mounting section 9 when the battery adapter 10 is connected to the power tool 5. The electrical connection part 22 to the tool is electrically connected to the tool 5 when the battery adapter 10 is mounted on the tool. A manual latch 24 can be pressed to allow the user to remove (unmount) the battery adapter 10 from the tool 5. 【0101】 Referring here to Figure 10, the battery adapter 10 is shown in a rear bottom perspective view. A gas gauge 26 and a push button PB1 25 are shown. The lower part 30 and the bottom surface 38 interface with the off-brand battery 12 when connected to each other. The off-brand battery 12 slides between the set of guide rails 36 into the recess 34, where it electrically connects to the electrical connections to the off-brand battery 32. To remove (demount) the off-brand battery 12 from the battery adapter 10, one or more manual latches on the battery adapter are pressed in a similar manner to the manual latch 24. 【0102】 Referring to Figure 11, the battery adapter 10 is shown in a right side view. As described above, the upper part 20 and the upper surface 28 are fitted into the battery mounting section 9, and the electrical connection part 22 is fitted into the power tool and electrically connected to the tool 5. The lower part 30 interfaces with the off-brand battery 12. 【0103】 Referring now to Figure 12, the battery adapter 10 is shown in a top view. In this figure, the gas gauge 26 and PB1 25 are shown at the left end of the battery adapter 10 (in this figure). In this position, the gas gauge 26 is located directly below the user's hand gripping the handle 8 of the power tool 5, and is therefore easily visible during operation. Naturally, it is conceivable that the gas gauge 26 and PB1 25 could be positioned in other locations around the battery adapter 10, depending on the requirements of the system designer. 【0104】 Referring to Figure 13, the battery adapter 10 is shown in a bottom view. The off-brand battery 12 is mounted (installed) by sliding it onto the battery adapter 10 from the left (in this figure) so that the off-brand battery is electrically connected to the electrical connection to the battery 32. 【0105】 It should be noted that some of the embodiments illustrated herein do not, for the sake of clarity, have all of their components as shown in some of the drawings herein. To see examples of such outer housings and other components, particularly with respect to earlier designs, readers should refer to other U.S. patents and applications owned by Senco. Similarly, information on "how" the electronic controller operates to control the function of the power tool can be found in other U.S. patents and applications owned by Senco. Furthermore, other aspects of the tooling technology of the present invention may exist in conventional fastener driving tools sold by the assignee, Kyocera Senco Industrial Tools, Inc., including information disclosed in prior U.S. patents and published applications. Examples of such publications include U.S. Nos. 6,431,425, 5,927,585, 5,918,788, 5,732,870, 4,986,164, 4,679,719, 8,011,547, 8,267,296, 8,267,297, 8,011,441, 8,387,718, 8,286,722, 8,230,941, and These include U.S. Patent Publications 8,602,282, 9,676,088, 10,478,954, 9,993,913, 10,549,412, 10,898,994, 10,821,585, and 8,763,874, as well as U.S. Patent Application Publications 2020 / 0156228, 2021 / 0016424, 2020 / 0070330, and 2020 / 0122308. These documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. 【0106】 It will be understood that the logical operations described in relation to the flowcharts in Figures 6-8 may be implemented using sequential logic (e.g., by using microprocessor technology), or using a logic state machine, or possibly by separate logic, and may even be implemented using a parallel processor. In one preferred embodiment, a microprocessor or microcontroller (e.g., microprocessor 110) may be used to execute software instructions stored in memory cells within the ASIC. In fact, together with RAM and executable ROM, the entire microprocessor 110 may be contained within a single ASIC in one mode of the technology disclosed herein. Of course, other types of circuits may be used to implement these logical operations shown in the drawings without departing from the principles of the technology disclosed herein. In any case, some type of processing circuit is provided by using separate logic elements to accomplish these tasks, whether based on a microprocessor, microcomputer, microcontroller, logic state machine, or by a type of computing device not yet invented. Furthermore, any type of memory circuit is provided, whether based on a typical RAM chip, EEROM chip (including flash memory), or by using separate logic elements to store data and other operational information, or by using a type of memory device not yet invented. Generally, the memory circuit of a particular electronic product contains instructions that can be executed by the processing circuit of that same particular electronic product. 【0107】 Furthermore, it will be understood that the precise logical operation shown in the flowcharts of Figures 6-8 and described above may be modified to function similarly, though perhaps not strictly, without departing from the principles of the technology disclosed herein. The precise nature of some of the logical decisions and other commands in these flowcharts pertains to specific future models for fastener driving tools (e.g., those involved in Senco nail guns or screw driving tools using DeWalt batteries), and in many examples, the results of the overall invention will be the same and certainly similar, but when using other models or brands of battery adapters (e.g., Milwaukee batteries), somewhat different functions or decisions will be taken. 【0108】 As used herein, the term “proximal” may mean that one physical object is positioned close to a second physical object such that the two objects are possibly adjacent to each other, but it does not necessarily require that there be no third object positioned between them. In the art disclosed herein, it is possible that a “male positioning structure” is positioned “proximal” to a “female positioning structure.” Generally, this may mean that the two male and female structures are in physical contact with each other, or that they are “fitted” together by a particular size and shape, which essentially holds one structure oriented in a predetermined direction relative to the other and in an XY (e.g., horizontal and vertical) position, regardless of whether the two male and female structures actually contact each other along a continuous surface. Alternatively, two structures of any size and shape (whether male, female, or other) may be positioned somewhat close to each other, regardless of whether they are in physical contact with each other, but such a relationship can still be called “proximal.” Alternatively, two or more possible locations relative to a particular point can be specified in relation to the precise attributes of a physical object, such as being "near" or "at" the end of the rod, and all of these possible, near / at locations can be considered "proximal" to the end of the rod. Furthermore, the term "proximal" can also have a meaning strictly relating to a single object, which may have two ends, where the "distal end" is the end located somewhat further away from the object reference point (or region), and the "proximal end" is the other end that would be located somewhat closer to that same object reference point (or region). 【0109】 It will be understood that the various components described and / or illustrated herein can be manufactured in a variety of ways, including being manufactured as part of multiple components or as a single integrated component for each of these components, without departing from the principles of the technology disclosed herein. For example, the components included as enumerated elements in the following claims may be manufactured as a single integrated component, or they may be manufactured as a combined structure of several individual components assembled together. However, the “multiple component” still falls within the scope of the enumerated elements claimed for the purpose of infringement of the claims, even if the enumerated elements claimed appear to be described and illustrated herein only as a single integrated structure. 【0110】 All documents cited in the "Background Art" and "Modes for Carrying Out the Invention" sections are incorporated herein by reference in the relevant parts, but no citation of any document should be construed as accepting prior art to the art disclosed herein. 【0111】 The above description of preferred embodiments is provided for illustrative and explanatory purposes only. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the art disclosed herein to the exact form disclosed herein, and the art disclosed herein can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. Any embodiment described or illustrated herein is intended as a non-exclusive embodiment, and many modifications or variations of such embodiment or preferred embodiment are possible by taking into consideration the above teachings without departing from the spirit and scope of the art disclosed herein. The embodiments are selected and described to illustrate the principles of the art disclosed herein and its practical application, thereby enabling those skilled in the art to utilize the art disclosed herein in various embodiments and with various modifications suitable for specific applications conceivable. Therefore, this application is intended to cover all variations, uses, or adaptations of the art disclosed herein using its general principles. Furthermore, this application intends to cover any such deviations from the disclosure so as to fall within the scope of known or customary practices in the art to which the technology disclosed herein relates and which are included within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

[Claim 1] Battery adapter (10), (a) A housing having a first side (20) and an opposite second side (30), (b) an electronic control circuit including a computer processing circuit (110), a memory circuit (112) containing instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit (114), a voltage sensing circuit (144), a power current path (138), and a plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124) (light-emitting diodes) exhibiting at least two different colors, (c) Battery status switch (25), Equipped with, (d) The first side of the housing is operable to be physically and electrically attached to an external power tool (5) (e) The second side of the housing is operable to physically and electrically engage with the external battery pack (12), and the external power tool and the external battery pack are incompatible. (f) The battery adapter uses the power current path to direct the current flowing from the external battery pack to the tool, thereby supplying power to the tool. (g) The voltage sensing circuit is connected to the power current path, thereby detecting the magnitude of the voltage output by the external battery pack, (h) The voltage sensing circuit is further connected to the input / output interface circuit, (i) At least one of the input / output interface circuit and the computer processing circuit includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that generates a digital signal for analysis by the processing circuit, (j) When the battery status switch is activated, the multiple colored LEDs are energized to visually display the energy level status of the external battery pack. (k) The processing circuit determines which of the plurality of colored LEDs should be lit based on the value of the digital signal (308), and generates at least one output signal to control the plurality of colored LEDs. Battery adapter (10). [Claim 2] The battery adapter (10) according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of light pipes (27) positioned proximal to and associated with the plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124). [Claim 3] The battery adapter (10) according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124) is lit for a few seconds after the battery state switch (25) is activated. [Claim 4] The plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124) can display at least red, yellow, or green, and when the plurality of colored LEDs are energized, (a) The presence of at least one red LED indicates that the external battery pack (12) needs to be recharged. (b) The presence of at least one yellow LED indicates that the external battery pack is partially discharged, (c) The presence of at least one green LED indicates that the external battery pack is fully charged. The battery adapter (10) according to claim 1. [Claim 5] At least one of the plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124) can display red, yellow, and green, and when the plurality of colored LEDs are energized, (a) If only a single red LED is flashing, the external battery pack (12) needs to be recharged. (b) When only a single red LED is constantly lit, the external battery pack is in a low charge state of more than approximately 25%. (c) When both the red LED and the yellow LED are lit, the external battery pack is charged to more than approximately 50%. (d) When the red LED, yellow LED, and a single green LED are lit, the external battery pack is charged to more than approximately 75%. (e) When the red LED, yellow LED, and two green LEDs are lit, the external battery pack is in a fully charged state. The battery adapter (10) according to claim 1. [Claim 6] At least one of the plurality of colored LEDs (26, 124) can display red, yellow, and green, and when the plurality of colored LEDs are energized, (a) When four of the colored LEDs that are energized are emitting green visible light, the external battery pack (12) is in a fully charged state. (b) If fewer than four of the colored LEDs that are energized are emitting green visible light, the external battery pack is charged to more than approximately 75%. (c) When at least two of the colored LEDs that are energized are emitting yellow visible light, the external battery pack is charged to more than approximately 50%. (d) When at least one of the colored LEDs that is energized is continuously emitting red visible light, the external battery pack is charged to more than approximately 25%. (e) If at least one of the colored LEDs that is energized is flashing red visible light, the external battery pack needs to be recharged. The battery adapter (10) according to claim 1. [Claim 7] Battery adapter (10), (a) A housing having a first side (20) and an opposite second side (30), (b) an electronic control circuit including a computer processing circuit (110), a memory circuit (112) containing instructions executable by the processing circuit, an input / output interface circuit (114), a current shunt (130), a current sensing circuit (142), and a power switching semiconductor (132) that switches a power current path (138), Equipped with, (c) The first side of the housing is physically and electrically attached to the external power tool (5), (d) The second side of the housing is physically and electrically fitted to the external battery pack (12), and the external power tool and the external battery pack are not interchangeable. (e) The battery adapter is capable of providing current to flow from the external battery pack to the external power tool, thereby supplying power to the external power tool. (f) The current sensing circuit is operable to receive a voltage signal from the current shunt, and if the voltage signal exhibits the correct polarity and acceptable magnitude, the power switching semiconductor is operable to allow current to flow from the external battery pack to the external power tool using the power current path. (g) If the voltage signal from the current shunt exhibits incorrect polarity, the power switching semiconductor is operable to disconnect the power current path (312). Battery adapter (10). [Claim 8] (a) A manual latch (24) for disconnecting the battery adapter from the external power tool (5), (b) at least one guide rail (36) on the second side (30) for guiding the external battery pack (12) for insertion into and removal from the battery adapter, The battery adapter (10) according to claim 7, further comprising the above. [Claim 9] (a) The current shunt (130) includes a resistor with a predetermined substantially low resistance value, (b) The current sensing circuit (142) includes a differential voltage amplifier having an active range for detecting both positive and negative voltages, (c) At least one of the input / output interface circuit (114) and the computer processing circuit (110) includes an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) having an active range for detecting both positive and negative voltages. The battery adapter (10) according to claim 7. [Claim 10] Battery status switch (25), Multiple LEDs (26) and Furthermore, When the battery status switch is activated, the multiple LEDs are temporarily powered to visually indicate the energy level of the external battery pack (12). The battery adapter (10) according to claim 7. [Claim 11] The power switching semiconductor (132) includes at least one metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), The battery adapter (10) according to claim 7.

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