Quality of service monitoring
The network entity addresses the latency issue in 3GPP networks by monitoring delay differences between QoS flows and reporting threshold exceedances, thereby improving QoS monitoring efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/110345
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-07-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-06
AI Technical Summary
Current 3GPP networks face challenges in reducing latency in quality of service (QoS) monitoring, which is essential for ensuring optimal data transmission and user experience.
A network entity is designed to monitor delay differences between pairs of QoS flows and report when these differences exceed predefined thresholds, providing per-flow QoS monitoring and reducing latency in the process.
The proposed solution effectively reduces latency in QoS monitoring by enabling timely reporting of delay differences, thereby enhancing the overall quality of service in 3GPP networks.
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Figure CN2023110345_06022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Quality of service monitoring
[0001] TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD
[0002] Examples of the disclosure relate to quality of service (QoS) monitoring. Some relate to quality of service monitoring in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network.BACKGROUND
[0003] In the current 3GPP specification, a network function (UPF) receives an indication of at least one Quality of Service (QoS) flow for which a delay is to be monitored (aQoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement) and provides per-flow QoS monitoring comprising determining a delay for the indicated QoS flow and reporting, in dependence upon the delay, to the SMF or local NEF or the AF as defined in 3GPP TS 23.501.
[0004] It would be desirable to reduce latency in quality of service monitoring.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided a network entity comprising
[0007] means for providing an interface to a data network;
[0008] means for receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; and
[0009] means for providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0010] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity is configured to, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, report that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0011] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity is configured to, report a maximum of the measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows.
[0012] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity is configured to provide a user plane function, that receives the indication of the at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, from a session management function.
[0013] In some but not necessarily all examples, the pair of QoS flows relate to an application and the delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows is set by the application.
[0014] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises:
[0015] means for receiving an indication of multiple pairs of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pairs of QoS flows wherein the indication comprises an indication that a first QoS flow is a reference QoS flow to be used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows ; and
[0016] means for providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the pairs of QoS flows defined by the pairwise combination of the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows and reporting in dependence upon the delay difference for the pairs of QoS flows exceeding maximum delay difference thresholds for the pairs of QoS flows.
[0017] In some but not necessarily all examples, wherein the first QoS flow and each of the multiple different QoS flows relate to an application and the maximum delay difference thresholds for each of multiple different QoS flows is set by the application. In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises: means for receiving an indication of a maximum delay difference threshold for each of multiple different QoS flows.
[0018] In some but not necessarily all examples, the received indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, is provided in a session reporting rule information element.
[0019] In some but not necessarily all examples, the session reporting rule information element comprises an information element for controlling a delay difference monitoring that comprises: a QoS Flow Identifier of a first QoS Flow in a pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required and at least one QoS Flow Identifier of at least a second QoS Flow in the pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required.
[0020] In some but not necessarily all examples, the session reporting rule information element comprises a reporting condition wherein the reporting condition is, optionally, event-triggered, periodic-triggered, or session-release triggered.
[0021] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises: means for reporting, via the user plane, in dependence upon the delay difference.
[0022] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises: means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, to an application (AF) or to a network entity (NEF) .
[0023] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises: means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, directly to a local application
[0024] (AF) or a local network entity (SMF, PCF, NEF) , or indirectly via a control plane to a remote application or a remote network entity.
[0025] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, comprising means for preparing and sending a delay difference report information element comprising at least QoS
[0026] Flow Identifiers for a pair of QoS Flows.
[0027] In some but not necessarily all examples, the delay difference report information element additionally comprises an indication of the value of the monitored delay difference.
[0028] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided a method comprising:
[0029] providing a service (UPF) comprising:
[0030] providing an interface to a Data Network (DN)
[0031] receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows
[0032] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided a computer program that when executed by one or more processors enables:
[0033] providing an interface service to a Data Network (DN) ;
[0034] receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; and
[0035] providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0036] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided a network entity comprising
[0037] means for indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.
[0038] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises: means for performing management of user data sessions comprising multiple quality-of-service (QoS) flows, including establishment, modification, and release of user data sessions, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement;
[0039] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity is configured to provide a session management function, and to provide the indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, to a user plane function, optionally the indication being provided via a session reporting rule information element.
[0040] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises:
[0041] means for indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, multiple pairs of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pairs of QoS flows, wherein the indication comprises an indication that a first QoS flow is a reference QoS flow to be used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows ;
[0042] In some but not necessarily all examples, the network entity comprises:
[0043] means for indicating a maximum delay difference threshold for each of the multiple different QoS flows, wherein the first QoS flow and each of the multiple different QoS flows relate to an application and the maximum delay difference thresholds for each of multiple different QoS flows is set by the application.
[0044] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided a method comprising:
[0045] providing a service (SMF) comprising:
[0046] indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0047] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided computer program that when executed by one or more processors enables:
[0048] indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0049] According to various, but not necessarily all, examples there is provided examples as claimed in the appended claims.
[0050] While the above examples of the disclosure and optional features are described separately, it is to be understood that their provision in all possible combinations and permutations is contained within the disclosure. It is to be understood that various examples of the disclosure can comprise any or all of the features described in respect of other examples of the disclosure, and vice versa. Also, it is to be appreciated that any one or more or all of the features, in any combination, may be implemented by / comprised in / performable by an apparatus, a method, and / or computer program instructions as desired, and as appropriate.
[0051] BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0052] Some examples will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0053] FIG. 1 shows an example of the subject matter described herein;
[0054] FIG. 2 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0055] FIG. 3 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0056] FIG. 4A shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0057] FIG. 4B shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0058] FIG. 5 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0059] FIG. 6 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0060] FIG. 7A shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0061] FIG. 7B shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0062] FIG. 8 shows another example of the subject matter described herein;
[0063] FIG. 9 shows another example of the subject matter described herein.
[0064] The figures are not necessarily to scale. Certain features and views of the figures can be shown schematically or exaggerated in scale in the interest of clarity and conciseness. For example, the dimensions of some elements in the figures can be exaggerated relative to other elements to aid explication. Similar reference numerals are used in the figures to designate similar features. For clarity, all reference numerals are not necessarily displayed in all figures.
[0065] In the following description a class (or set) can be referenced using a reference number without a subscript index (e.g. 10) and a specific instance of the class (member of the set) can be referenced using the reference number with a numerical type subscript index (e.g. 10_1) and a non-specific instance of the class (member of the set) can be referenced using the reference number with a variable type subscript index (e.g. 10_i) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0066] FIG 1 illustrates an example of a network 100 comprising a plurality of network nodes including terminal nodes 110, access network nodes 120 and one or more core network nodes 129. The terminal nodes 110 and access network nodes 120 communicate with each other. The one or more core network nodes 129 communicate with the access network nodes 120.
[0067] The network 100 is in this example a radio telecommunications network, in which at least some of the terminal nodes 110 and access network nodes 120 communicate with each other using transmission / reception of radio waves.
[0068] The one or more core network nodes 129 may, in some examples, communicate with each other. The one or more access network nodes 120 may, in some examples, communicate with each other.
[0069] The network 100 may be a cellular network comprising a plurality of cells 122 each served by an access network node 120. In this example, the interface between the terminal nodes 110 and an access network node 120 defining a cell 122 is a wireless interface 124.
[0070] The access network node 120 is a cellular radio transceiver. The terminal nodes 110 are cellular radio transceivers.
[0071] In the example illustrated the cellular network 100 is a third generation Partnership Project (3GPP) network in which the terminal nodes 110 are user equipment (UE) and the access network nodes 120 are base stations.
[0072] In the particular example illustrated the network 100 is an Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access network (E-UTRAN) . The E-UTRAN consists of E-UTRAN NodeBs (eNBs) 120, providing the E-UTRA user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE 110. The eNBs 120 are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 interface 126. The eNBs are also connected by means of the S1 interface 128 to a Mobility Management Entity (MME) .
[0073] In other example the network 100 is a Next Generation (or New Radio, NR) Radio Access network (NG-RAN) . The NG-RAN consists of gNodeBs (gNBs) 120, providing the user plane and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE 110. The gNBs 120 are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 / Xn interface 126. The gNBs are also connected by means of the N2 interface 128 to the Access and Mobility management Function (AMF) .
[0074] A user equipment comprises a mobile equipment. Where reference is made to user equipment that reference includes and encompasses, wherever possible, a reference to mobile equipment.
[0075] The following description relates to a network entity comprising:
[0076] means for receiving an indication 20 of at least one pair of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold 22 for the pair of QoS flows 10, wherein a QoS flow 10 is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; and
[0077] means 30 for providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows 10 and reporting 40 in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows 10.
[0078] In at least some examples, the network entity 204 comprises means for providing an interface to a data network.
[0079] In at least some example the monitoring is QoS monitoring. In at least some examples the monitoring is per-flow QoS monitoring.
[0080] FIG 2 illustrates an example of a network entity 204.
[0081] A Quality of Service (QoS) flow 10 is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement. The network entity 204 is configured to provide monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring, that is, monitoring of QoS for individual QoS flows 10.
[0082] The network entity 204 is configured to receive and process an indication 20 of at least one pair of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored.
[0083] The network entity 204 is configured to receive and process an indication 22 of a maximum delay difference threshold for the indicated pair of QoS flows 10.
[0084] The network entity 204 is configured 30 to provide monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows 10 and reporting 40, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows 10.
[0085] In at least some examples, the network entity 204 is configured to report that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, the report being produced when it is determined that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0086] The reporting 40 is, optionally, event-triggered. For example, the report is produced and sent in response to a determination that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0087] The reporting is, optionally, periodic-triggered, or session-release triggered. For example, the report is produced and sent in response to a timeout of a counter or in response to release of the data session.
[0088] The report 40 can comprise a measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows or a maximum of the measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows.
[0089] In some examples, in the absence of the event-trigger (in the absence of the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows) , a report 40 is produced and sent in response to a periodic-trigger, or session-release trigger that comprises a measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows or a maximum of the measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows.
[0090] In at least some examples, the received indication 20 indicates multiple pairs of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored. In at least some examples, the received indication 22 indicates maximum delay difference thresholds for respective indicated pairs of QoS flows 10. In at least some examples, the received indication 22 indicates different maximum delay difference thresholds for respective different indicated pairs of QoS flows 10.
[0091] In at least some examples, the pair (s) of QoS flows 10 relate to an application and the delay difference threshold (s) for the pair (s) of QoS flows 10 is set by the application.
[0092] In at least some examples, the pair (s) of QoS flows 10 are indicated explicitly and in other examples the pairs of QoS flows are indicated relative to a reference (baseline) QoS flow 10_i. In at least some examples, the received indication 20 indicates that a first QoS flow 10_i is a reference QoS flow 10 to be used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow 10_i and each of multiple different QoS flows 10_j within the indicated pairs of QoS flows. The reference (baseline) QoS flow 10_i can be identified using a QoS flow identifier. The subjects of the comparison, the multiple different QoS flows 10_j, can be identified using QoS flow identifiers. There can be a different maximum delay difference threshold for each of multiple different QoS flows 10_j within the indicated pairs of QoS flows.
[0093] In at least some examples, the received indication 22 indicates maximum delay difference thresholds for respective indicated pairs of QoS flows 10. In at least some examples, maximum delay difference thresholds are indicated explicitly and in other examples the maximum delay difference threshold are indicated relative to a reference (baseline) maximum delay difference threshold.
[0094] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a "Service-Based Architecture" (SBA) framework, for the core network part of the network 100. The architecture elements are defined in terms of "Network Functions" (NFs) . In this document, the term network entity can be any apparatus that enables a network function. A network function offers services to other network functions which provides modularity and reusability.
[0095] Networking planes (also known as traffic planes) provides logical separation of traffic in the network. The User Plane (UP) 200 carries the network user traffic. The Control Plane (CP) 201 controls how data packets are forwarded in the network 100. It makes forwarding decisions and implements quality of service (QoS) . Control and User Plane Separation (CUPS) enables flexible network deployment and operation and independent evolution of the CP and UP network functions.
[0096] The Application Function (AF) 218 is a control plane function within or outside the operator network and interacts with 5G core network. It provides application services to the UE user.
[0097] The Network Exposure Function (NEF) 216 exposes 3GPP core network capabilities to third parties, or non-3GPP environments. The NEF 216 translates between information exchanged with the AF 218 and information exchanged with the internal network functions. The NEF 216 receives information from other network functions (based on exposed capabilities of other network functions) .
[0098] The Policy Control Function (PCF) 214 provides policy rules for control plane functions. This includes service data flow detection, policy enforcement, and flow-based charging, policies to manage Quality of Service (QoS) , charging, quota, optimization, and admission control. It controls the routing and scheduling of network traffic.
[0099] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 210 is a control plane function in the 5G core network that handles connection and management mobility tasks including registration management, connection management, Reachability management, Mobility Management, Access Authentication, Access Authorization.
[0100] The Session Management Function (SMF) 212 is the control function that manages the user data sessions including establishment, modification, and release of user data sessions. The SMF 212 communicates indirectly with the UE 110 through the AMF 210. The SMF 212 keeps track of PDU sessions and QoS Flows in the 5G Core for UEs 110 and makes sure their states and status are in sync between Network Functions in Control and User Planes 200, 201. The SMF 212 collects all the information related to PDU session management from various network components (e.g., UPF 204, PCF 214) and controls / orchestrates those network components. It enforces policy decisions related to service data flow detection and controls packet routing and forwarding.
[0101] The User Plane Function (UPF) 204 is the interconnect point between the mobile infrastructure and the Data Network (DN) , e.g. encapsulation and decapsulation of GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for the user plane (GTP-U) . The UPF provides per-flow QoS handling for the user plane. This includes QoS management and reporting. The UPF can be implemented as a pure cloud native network function using microservices methodologies and can be deployable within a serverless framework on shared (non-dedicated) resources.
[0102] A service communication proxy (SCP) [not illustrated] can provide Message forwarding and routing to destination network function.
[0103] The control plane 201 comprises the AF 218, the NEF 216, the PCF 214, the SMF 212 and the AMF 210, as well as other network functions not illustrated such as SCP.
[0104] The user plane 202 comprises the UE 110, the radio access network (RAN) 202, the UPF 204, and the DN 206. There may be multiple UPF 204 involved in the interactions in the user plane. The radio access network (RAN) 202 provides the radio access nodes 120 (FIG 1) .
[0105] The user data can flow from a source (e.g. DN 206 / UE 110) to a destination (UE 110 / DN 206) . Each of the data packets goes through a specific PDU Session and QoS flow within a PDU Session and Data Radio Bearer (DRB) . Within this pipeline, there can be one or more logical flows with different levels of priority, data rate, latency etc. The logical flows are QoS Flows 10.
[0106] The QoS Flow 10 is the finest granularity of QoS differentiation in the PDU Session.
[0107] A QoS Flow ID (QFI) is used to identify a QoS Flow in the 5G System. User Plane traffic with the same QFI within a PDU Session receives the same traffic forwarding treatment (e.g. scheduling, admission threshold) . The QFI is carried in an encapsulation header. QFI is used for all PDU Session Types.
[0108] Within the 5G system, a QoS Flow 10 is controlled by the SMF 212 and may be preconfigured, or established via the PDU Session Establishment procedure or the PDU Session Modification procedure.
[0109] A QoS Flow 10 is characterised by:
[0110] A QoS profile is provided by the SMF 212 to the RAN 202 via the AMF 210 or preconfigured in the RAN 202;
[0111] One or more QoS rule (s) and optionally QoS Flow level QoS parameters associated with these QoS rule (s) which can be provided by the SMF 212 to the UE 110 via the AMF 210.
[0112] The AF 218 can provide PDU Set QoS Parameters and Protocol Description that is used in determining PCC Rules by the PCF 214. When the PCF 214 determines that PDU Set based QoS Handling is to be performed for an application service flow, the PCF 214 generates a PCC rule containing the PDU Set QoS parameters and the SMF 212 determines a QoS Profile for the QoS Flow 10. The PDU Set QoS parameters are sent to the SMF 212 as part of the PCC rule. The SMF 212 sends them to RAN 202 as part of the QoS Profile. If the RAN 202 receives PDU Set QoS Parameters and supports them, it enables the PDU Set based QoS handling and applies PDU Set QoS Parameters.
[0113] Multi-modal services consist of several data flows (multi-modal flows) that relate to each other and may come from different sources. Each data flow (single-modal data) of a multi-modal flow can be one type of data (for example audio, video, positioning, haptic data) associated with the same multi-modal service. The data flows of a multi-modal service can, for example, originate from a single UE 110, from multiple UEs 110, or from a single device coupled to the UE 110 or multiple devices coupled to the UE 110 or UEs 110.
[0114] Multi-modal data is input data from different kinds of devices / sensors or the output data (like audio, video, text, positioning, haptic data) to different kinds of destinations (e.g. one or more UEs 110) required for the same task or application.
[0115] Support for the coordinated delivery of multi-modal services for a single and multiple UEs 110 can be provided via use of a multi-modal service ID and multi-modal service requirements. A multi-modal service ID is an identifier indicating that the data flows (single-modal data) are associated with each other (multi-modal data flows) for a multi-modal service. The multi-modal service ID can, for example, be provided by the application (the AF 218) . QoS monitoring requirements are part of the multi-modal service requirements and used by the PCF 214 to generate authorized QoS monitoring policy for the service data flows this includes per QoS flow per UE QoS monitoring of QoS flows 10.
[0116] Tactile and multi-modal communication services enable multi -modal interactions, combining ultra-low latency with good availability and reliability. For a typical tactile and multi-modal communication service / application, there can be different modalities affecting the user experience, e.g. Video / Audio content; environmental sensor information, haptic (touch) data.
[0117] A multi-modal synchronization threshold can be defined as the maximum tolerable temporal separation of the onset of two stimuli, one of which is presented to one sense and the other to another sense, such that the accompanying stimuli are perceived as being synchronous. A multi-modal synchronization threshold can, for example, be of the order of a 25ms difference in delay between the audio QoS flow and the tactile QoS flow when there is a pairing of audio QoS flow and tactile QoS flow, and of the order of a 35ms difference in delay between the visual QoS flow and the tactile QoS flow when there is a pairing of audio QoS flow and tactile QoS flow.
[0118] The AF may request to be notified when the delay difference between two QoS flows exceeds a threshold e.g. a multi-modal synchronization threshold.
[0119] The indication 22 (FIG 2) of a maximum delay difference threshold for the indicated pair of QoS flows 10 can for example be a multi-modal synchronization threshold.
[0120] Referring back to FIG 2, in at least some examples, the network entity 204 comprises means for providing an interface to a data network 206.
[0121] In 3GPP, the network entity 204 provides the user plane function. The 3GPP network entity 204, the user plane function (UPF) 204, is configured to provide a 3GPP user plane function that receives the indication 20 of the at least one pair of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold 22 for the pair of QoS flows 10, from a 3GPP session management function (SMF) . The reporting 40 can be to an application function and / or a network exposure function (NEF) . The reporting 40 can avoid the Policy Control Function (PCF) .
[0122] In at least some examples, the reporting 40, in dependence upon the delay difference, is to an application (AF) or to a network entity (NEF, SMF) .
[0123] In at least some examples, the reporting 40, in dependence upon the delay difference, is directly to a local application (AF 218) or a local network entity (NEF 216) , or indirectly, via the control plane 202, to a remote application or to a remote network entity (NEF, SMF) .
[0124] In at least some examples, the reporting 40, in dependence upon the delay difference, comprises preparing and sending a delay difference report information element comprising at least QoS Flow Identifiers for a pair of QoS Flows 10. The delay difference report information element can additionally comprise an indication of the value of the monitored delay difference.
[0125] From the forgoing it will be appreciated that the comparison of a delay difference for a pair of QoS flows 10 against a maximum delay difference threshold occurs at the UPF 204.
[0126] The network 100 comprises a network entity (the SMF 212) comprising:
[0127] means for indicating to a user plane function (UPF) 204 that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN 206) and provides (per-flow QoS) monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.
[0128] The network entity (e.g. SMF) 212 comprises means for performing management of user data sessions comprising multiple quality-of-service (QoS) flows, including establishment, modification, and release of user data sessions, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.
[0129] In at least some examples, the network entity (SMF) 212 provides a 3GPP session management function, and provides the indication 20 of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and the indication 22 of a maximum delay difference threshold for the indicated pair of QoS flows, to a 3GPP user plane function 204.
[0130] FIG 4A illustrates an example QoS monitoring means 30 for providing monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring. The QoS monitoring comprises determining 34_ij a delay difference Δ_ij for the at least one pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j and reporting 40 in dependence upon the delay difference Δ_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_1, 10_j. The reporting 40 reports that the delay difference Δ_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_1, 10_j.
[0131] The QoS monitoring means 30 of the network entity (the UPF 204) provides monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS handling for contemporaneous multiple QoS flows 10 that transfer user data including at least a first QoS flow 10_i and a second QoS flow QoS flow 10_j.
[0132] In some but not necessarily all examples, the QoS monitoring means 30 comprises:
[0133] means 32_i for measuring a first delay for the first QoS flow 10_i;
[0134] means 32_j for measuring a second delay for the second QoS flow 10_j;
[0135] mean 34_ij for determining a difference between the first delay and the second delay
[0136] means 36_ij for comparing the determined difference Δ_ij to the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij and
[0137] means for reporting 40 that the delay difference Δ_ij for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j, if the comparison indicates that the determined difference Δ_ij exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij (e.g. Δ_ij > T_ij) .
[0138] FIG 4B illustrates an example QoS monitoring means 30 for providing monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring. The QoS monitoring comprises determining 34_ij a delay difference Δ_ij for each pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j and reporting 40 in dependence upon the delay difference Δ_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j. The reporting 40 reports that the delay difference Δ_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j. The above process can be repeated for multiple different pairs of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j. In some examples, the different pairs of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j have different maximum delay difference thresholds T_ij.
[0139] The report 40 can include a value of the delay difference for the QoS flow pair 10_i, 10_j or a maximum delay difference for the QoS flow pair 10_i, 10_j This may be provided for all pairs, or for only those pairs for which the delay difference for the pair exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for that pair, or for only those pairs for which the delay difference for the pair does not exceed the maximum delay difference threshold for that pair.
[0140] In some examples, but not necessarily all examples, each pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j is defined with reference to a reference (baseline) QoS flow 10_i that remains a constant for each pair of QoS flows 10_i, 10_j.
[0141] That is. the first QoS flow 10_i in the pairs of QoS flows remains constant across a plurality of pairs of QoS flows.
[0142] There is therefore a set of second QoS flows 10_j that comprises multiple QoS flows. The delay for each member 10_j of the set is pairwise compared to the delay for the reference QoS flow 10_i. A delay difference is therefore produced for each member of the set. There can be a different maximum delay difference threshold T_ij associated with each member j of the set. For each member j of the set it is determined if the delay difference Δ_ij for the member j of the set exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for the member j of the set, and if it does there is a report 40 produced and sent that reports that the delay difference Δ_ij for the identified member j of the set exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for that member j. The report 40 can be a single report for all members of the set.
[0143] Optionally, the set can include a delay difference for the identified member of the set or a maximum delay difference for the identified member of the set. This may be provided for all members of the set, or for only those members for which the delay difference for the identified member of the set exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for that member, or for only those members for which the delay difference for the identified member of the set does not exceed the maximum delay difference threshold for that member.
[0144] The QoS monitoring means 30 of the network entity (the UPF 204) provides per-flow QoS handling for contemporaneous multiple QoS flows 10 that transfer user data including at least a first QoS flow 10_1, a second QoS flow QoS flow 10_2 and a third QoS flow QoS flow 10_3. Referring to FIG 4B there is a first comparison of Δ_ij v T_ij for i=1, j=2 and a second comparison of Δ_ij v T_ij for i=1, j=3.
[0145] QoS monitoring means 30 thus comprises (please note the features are not explicitly labelled in FIG 4B) :
[0146] means 32_1 for measuring a first delay for the first QoS flow 10_1;
[0147] means 32_2 for measuring a second delay for the second QoS flow 10_2;
[0148] mean 34_12 for determining a first difference between the first delay and the second delay
[0149] means 36_12 for comparing the determined first difference Δ_12 to a first maximum delay difference threshold T_12 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the second QoS flow 10_2 and
[0150] means for reporting 40 that the first delay difference Δ_12 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the second QoS flow 10_2 exceeds the first maximum delay difference threshold T_12 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the second QoS flow 10_2, if the comparison indicates that the determined first difference Δ_12 exceeds the first maximum delay difference threshold T_12 (e.g. Δ_12 > T_12) ;
[0151] means 32_3 for measuring a third delay for the third QoS flow 10_3;
[0152] means 34_13 for determining a second difference between the first delay and the third delay
[0153] means 36_13 for comparing the determined second difference Δ_13 to a second maximum delay difference threshold T_13 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the third QoS flow 10_3 and
[0154] means for reporting 40 that the second delay difference Δ_13 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the third QoS flow 10_3 exceeds the second maximum delay difference threshold T_13 for the pairing of the first QoS flow 10_1 and the third QoS flow 10_3, if the comparison indicates that the determined second difference Δ_13 exceeds the second maximum delay difference threshold T_13 (e.g. Δ_13 > T_13) .
[0155] The first QoS flow 10_i can be a reference (baseline) QoS flow that is used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows.
[0156] In at least some examples, the first QoS flow 10_i and each of multiple different QoS flows 10_j relate to an application and the maximum delay difference thresholds T_ij for each of the multiple different QoS flows 10_j is set by the application (application function 218) .
[0157] The QoS monitoring means 30 receives an indication 22 of a maximum delay difference threshold T_ij for each of multiple different QoS flows 10_j.
[0158] FIG 5 illustrates an example of the network 100 previously described. The QoS monitoring means 30 is at the UPF 204. Multiple Quality of Service (QoS) flows 10 are illustrated between the UPF 204 and the RAN 202 (on the way to the UE 110 which is not illustrated) .
[0159] The UPF 204 is configured to receive and process an indication 20 of at least one pair of QoS flows 10 for which a delay difference is to be monitored and is configured to receive and process an indication 22 of a maximum delay difference threshold for the indicated pair of QoS flows 10. The indications 20, 22 are provided in a session reporting rule (SRR) information element 277 sent by the SMF 212.
[0160] The indications 20, 22 can, in some examples, originate from the AF 220. In this example, the AF 220 sends the indications 20, 22 to the SMF via message 221, 223 and 225.
[0161] In at least some examples, the session reporting rule information element 277 comprises an information element for controlling a delay difference monitoring that comprises: a QoS Flow Identifier of a first QoS Flow in a pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required and a QoS Flow Identifier of a second QoS Flow in the pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required.
[0162] In at least some examples, the session reporting rule information element 277 comprises a reporting condition wherein the reporting condition is, optionally, event-triggered, periodic-triggered, or session-release triggered. The reporting condition can for example comprise an indication 22 of a maximum delay difference threshold for the indicated pair of QoS flows 10.
[0163] The UPF 204 is configured 30 to provide monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows 10 and reporting 40, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows 10.
[0164] In this example, the UPF 204 is configured to report 40 by preparing and sending a delay difference report information element 231, 241 comprising at least QoS Flow Identifiers for a pair of QoS Flows for which a monitored delay difference has exceeded the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair. In this example, but not necessarily all examples, the delay difference report information element 231, 241 additionally comprises an indication of the value of the monitored delay difference for the pair of QoS Flows for which a monitored delay difference has exceeded the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair.
[0165] The UPF 204 is configured to report 40, via the user plane, that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
[0166] The UPF 204 is configured to report 40 that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows to an application (AF 218) or to an interface to a network entity (NEF 216) .
[0167] The UPF 204 is configured to report that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows directly 241 to a local application (AF 218) or local interface to a network entity (NEF 216) , or indirectly 231 via a control plane to a remote application (AF 218) or remote interface to a network entity (NEF 216) .
[0168] FIG 6 illustrates an example of the network 100 previously described. The QoS monitoring means 30 is at the UPF 204.
[0169] QoS Monitoring for packet delay can be applied based on 3rd party application request 221 and / or PCF policy control.
[0170] The AF 218 provides, using a Nnef_AFsessionWithQoS request 221, the pair (s) of QoS flows for which the relative delay difference should be monitored and the Maximum relative delay threshold (s) beyond which an immediate report must be generated.
[0171] If all pairs of flows within the same multi-modal service should be compared against a single threshold then only the maximum delay threshold and the multi-modal service id is provided.
[0172] In a variant, the AF 218 provides a reference (baseline) QoS flow 10 against which all the other flows within the pair (s) of flows is compared to determine the relative delay difference between pairs of QoS flows 10.
[0173] The Nnef_AFsessionWithQoS_Create Request can, for example, comprise a Multi-modal Service ID, QoS monitoring requirements (pair (s) of flows to monitor, baseline flow ID, maximum relative packet delay threshold (s) ) .
[0174] The NEF 216 authorizes 22 the AF request 221. The NEF 221 then sends to the PCF 214 a Npcf_PolicyAuthorization_Create Request 223. The Npcf_PolicyAuthorization_Create Request can for example comprises the same content as the Nnef_AFsessionWithQoS_Create Request e.g. Multi-modal Service ID, QoS monitoring requirements (pair (s) of flows to monitor, baseline flow ID, maximum relative packet delay threshold) .
[0175] The PCF 214 generates the authorized QoS Monitoring policy for a service data flow based on the QoS Monitoring request 221, 223 received from the AF 218. PCF generates PCC rules that include QoS monitoring policy for all the QoS flows within the multi-modal service for which delay difference is required by the AF 218. The PCF 214 includes the authorized QoS Monitoring policy in the PCC rule and provides it to the SMF 212 in the Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify request 225. The delay difference threshold as indicated by the AF 218 is also forwarded to the SMF 212 in this message 225. The PCF can include the multi-modal service id in the PCC rules.
[0176] The Npcf_SMPolicyControl_UpdateNotify request 225 can, for example, comprise Group PCC rules (QoS monitoring policy (pair (s) of flows to monitor, baseline flow ID, maximum relative packet delay threshold) ) .
[0177] The SMF 212 assigns the QFI for a new QoS Flow and derives its QoS profile, corresponding UPF instructions and QoS Rule (s) from the PCC rule (s) bound to the QoS Flow and other information provided by the PCF 214. The SMF 212 configures the UPF 204 and RAN 204 to perform delay measurements according to the method selected e.g. per QoS Flow per UE QoS measurement.
[0178] The SMF 212 configures the UPF to report the QoS monitoring results for the QoS Flow with parameters determined by the SMF based on the authorized QoS Monitoring policy received from the PCF 214. The SMF 212 may configure the UPF 204 to perform this QoS monitoring using parameters provided in the Session Reporting Rule (SRR) 227.
[0179] The SMF 212 generates an extended session reporting rule (SRR) 227 indicating 20 the pairs of QoS flows 10 for which delay difference is required and for each pair indicating 22 a maximum delay threshold. The extended session reporting rule (SRR) 227 is sent to the UPF 204.
[0180] The Session Reporting Rules (SRR) contain information to request the UPF 204 to detect and report events for a PDU session. The Session Reporting Rule (SRR) defines detection and reporting events that the UPF shall report including monitoring, for example, per QoS Flow per UE QoS Monitoring Report. The SMF 212 may configure the UPF 204 to perform QoS monitoring for one or more QoS Flows and to report the monitoring results.
[0181] The SRR IE is enhanced with a new IE: “Delay Difference Monitoring per QoS flow Control Information” as illustrated in the table below:
[0182] Create SRR IE within PFCP Session Establishment Request
[0183] The Delay Difference Monitoring per QoS flow Control Information can for example comprise:
[0184] Flow identifiers for which QoS flows monitoring is required;
[0185] Requested QoS Monitoring: uplink, downlink and / or round-trip and
[0186] Reporting Frequency: event triggered, periodic, of when PDU session is released
[0187] Packet delay thresholds: event triggered delay threshold
[0188] The Delay Difference Monitoring per QoS flow Control Information can for example comprise:
[0189] QoS parameter (s) to be measured indicating the subject of the QoS monitoring e.g. QoS pairs, delay type (uplink, downlink and / or round-trip)
[0190] Reporting period indicating the time interval in which a new measurement result and a potential report has to be available. If no measurement result is available to the UPF within the Reporting period, the UPF shall report a measurement failure;
[0191] Reporting frequency indicating the type of the reporting as "periodic" or "event triggered" :
[0192] If the Reporting frequency indicates "periodic" , the UPF shall send a report each time the reporting period is over.
[0193] If the Reporting frequency indicates "event triggered" , a Reporting threshold for each parameter in the QoS parameter (s) to be measured and a Minimum waiting time are provided as well.
[0194] The UPF shall send a report when the measurement result matches or exceeds the indicated Reporting threshold. Subsequent reports shall not be sent by the UPF during the Minimum waiting time. If measurement results are received during the Minimum waiting time, the UPF shall report the minimum and the maximum measurement result when the Minimum waiting time is over.
[0195] (Optional) Target of the reporting and Indication of direct event notification indicating that the UPF shall send the reports to a different NF than the SMF (i.e. to the Local NEF or the AF) .
[0196] (Optional) Reporting suggestion information applicable to Target of the reporting to reduce the UPF performance impacts.
[0197] An example of a Delay Difference Monitoring per QoS flow Control Information is provided in the table below:
[0198] The Session Reporting Rules (SRR) 227 is sent from the SMF 212 to the UPF 204 via a N4 Session Modification Request. It can comprise: SRR (pair (s) of flow to monitor, Maximum relative packet delay threshold (s) ) .
[0199] It can also include an indication to calculate a maximum relative packet delay across QoS flows identified.
[0200] The UPF 204 generates 228 the relative packet delay differences across all the requested pairs of QoS flows provided in the SRR.
[0201] The UPF 204 triggers 230 sending a QoS monitoring report 40, for example, when a delay difference between a pair of indicated QoS flows 10 exceeds a maximum delay difference threshold.
[0202] The UPF 204 sends reports 40 in the form of QoS Monitoring Report which indicates the QoS Monitoring result for one or more QoS Flows.
[0203] In one example, the QoS Monitoring Report is sent (N4 Session Report 231) from the UPF 204 to the SMF 212, then is sent (Nsmf_EventExposure message 233) from the SMF 212 to the PCF 214 and then is sent (Npcf_EventExposure message 235) from the PCF 214 to the NEF 216. The NEF 216 can in some examples forward it to the AF 218.
[0204] The N4 Session Report 231 can, for example, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Packet Delay Measurement) .
[0205] The Nsmf_EventExposure message 233 can, for example, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Packet Delay Measurement) .
[0206] The Npcf_EventExposure message 235 can, for example, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Delay Measurement) .
[0207] In one alternative example, the QoS Monitoring Report is sent (Nupf_EventExposure message 241) from the UPF 204 to the NEF 216. The NEF 216 can in some examples forward it to the AF 218. The Nupf_EventExposure message can, for example, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Packet Delay Measurement) .
[0208] In another alternative example, the QoS Monitoring Report is sent (Nupf_EventExposure message 243) from the UPF 204 to the AF 218. The Nupf_EventExposure message can, for example, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Packet Delay Measurement) .
[0209] The QoS Monitoring Report indicates the QoS Monitoring Result for one or more QoS flows. A QoS Monitoring Report Information element can, for example, comprise QoS flow identifier (QFI) information element comprising the QoS Flow identifier for which QoS monitoring is reported and optionally a QoS Monitoring Measurement information element contains the measured packet delay difference (s)
[0210] The NEF 216 can in some examples forward a QoS monitoring report to the AF 218 via Nnef_AFsessionWithQoS_Notify message 251. The Nnef_AFsessionWithQoS_Notify message 251 can, in some examples, comprise a QoS monitoring report (Maximum Relative Delay Measurement) ;
[0211] An example of a QoS monitoring report is provided in the table below:
[0212] Delay Difference Report IE
[0213] Maximum Relative Delay Measurement
[0214] FIG. 7A illustrates an example of a method 500 that provides a service, for example a service of a user plane function 204.
[0215] The method 500 comprises, at block 502, providing an interface to a Data Network (DN) receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.
[0216] The method 500 comprises, at block 504, providing monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS handling comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows,
[0217] FIG. 7B illustrates an example of a method 510 that provides a service, for example a service of a session management function 212.
[0218] The method 500 comprises, at block 502, indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, for example, per-flow QoS monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair.
[0219] Fig 8 illustrates an example of a controller 400 suitable for use in an apparatus of the network 100. Implementation of a controller 400 may be as controller circuitry. The controller 400 may be implemented in hardware alone, have certain aspects in software including firmware alone or can be a combination of hardware and software (including firmware) .
[0220] As illustrated in Fig 8 the controller 400 may be implemented using instructions that enable hardware functionality, for example, by using executable instructions of a computer program 406 in a general-purpose or special-purpose processor 402 that may be stored on a computer readable storage medium (disk, memory etc) to be executed by such a processor 402.
[0221] The processor 402 is configured to read from and write to the memory 404. The processor 402 may also comprise an output interface via which data and / or commands are output by the processor 402 and an input interface via which data and / or commands are input to the processor 402.
[0222] The memory 404 stores a computer program 406 comprising computer program instructions (computer program code) that controls the operation of the apparatus when loaded into the processor 402. The computer program instructions, of the computer program 406, provide the logic and routines that enables the apparatus to perform the methods illustrated in the accompanying Figs. The processor 402 by reading the memory 404 is able to load and execute the computer program 406.
[0223] The apparatus 204 comprises:
[0224] at least one processor 402; and
[0225] at least one memory 404 including computer program code,
[0226] the at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 402, cause the apparatus at least to:
[0227] provide an interface to a Data Network (DN) ;
[0228] receive an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement;
[0229] provide monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows,
[0230] As illustrated in Fig 9, the computer program 406 may arrive at the apparatus [REF5] via any suitable delivery mechanism 408. The delivery mechanism 408 may be, for example, a machine readable medium, a computer-readable medium, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, a computer program product, a memory device, a record medium such as a Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) or a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) or a solid-state memory, an article of manufacture that comprises or tangibly embodies the computer program 406. The delivery mechanism may be a signal configured to reliably transfer the computer program 406. The apparatus [REF5] may propagate or transmit the computer program 406 as a computer data signal.
[0231] Computer program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the following or for performing at least the following:
[0232] provide an interface to a Data Network (DN) ;
[0233] receive an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement;
[0234] provide monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows,
[0235] The computer program instructions may be comprised in a computer program, a non-transitory computer readable medium, a computer program product, a machine readable medium. In some but not necessarily all examples, the computer program instructions may be distributed over more than one computer program.
[0236] Although the memory 404 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which may be integrated / removable and / or may provide permanent / semi-permanent / dynamic / cached storage.
[0237] Although the processor 402 is illustrated as a single component / circuitry it may be implemented as one or more separate components / circuitry some or all of which may be integrated / removable. The processor 402 may be a single core or multi-core processor.
[0238] References to ‘computer-readable storage medium’ , ‘computer program product’ , ‘tangibly embodied computer program’ etc. or a ‘controller’ , ‘computer’ , ‘processor’ etc. should be understood to encompass not only computers having different architectures such as single / multi-processor architectures and sequential (Von Neumann) / parallel architectures but also specialized circuits such as field- programmable gate arrays (FPGA) , application specific circuits (ASIC) , signal processing devices and other processing circuitry. References to computer program, instructions, code etc. should be understood to encompass software for a programmable processor or firmware such as, for example, the programmable content of a hardware device whether instructions for a processor, or configuration settings for a fixed-function device, gate array or programmable logic device etc.
[0239] As used in this application, the term ‘circuitry’ may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0240] (a) hardware-only circuitry implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0241] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0242] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0243] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory or memories that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions and
[0244] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0245] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0246] The blocks illustrated in the accompanying Figs may represent steps in a method and / or sections of code in the computer program 406. The illustration of a particular order to the blocks does not necessarily imply that there is a required or preferred order for the blocks and the order and arrangement of the block may be varied. Furthermore, it may be possible for some blocks to be omitted.
[0247] Where a structural feature has been described, it may be replaced by means for performing one or more of the functions of the structural feature whether that function or those functions are explicitly or implicitly described.
[0248] As used here ‘module’ refers to a unit or apparatus that excludes certain parts / components that would be added by an end manufacturer or a user.
[0249] The above-described examples find application as enabling components of: automotive systems; telecommunication systems; electronic systems including consumer electronic products; distributed computing systems; media systems for generating or rendering media content including audio, visual and audio visual content and mixed, mediated, virtual and / or augmented reality; personal systems including personal health systems or personal fitness systems; navigation systems; user interfaces also known as human machine interfaces; networks including cellular, non-cellular, and optical networks; ad-hoc networks; the internet; the internet of things; virtualized networks; and related software and services.
[0250] The apparatus can be provided in an electronic device, for example, a mobile terminal, according to an example of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that a mobile terminal is merely illustrative of an electronic device that would benefit from examples of implementations of the present disclosure and, therefore, should not be taken to limit the scope of the present disclosure to the same. While in certain implementation examples, the apparatus can be provided in a mobile terminal, other types of electronic devices, such as, but not limited to: mobile communication devices, hand portable electronic devices, wearable computing devices, portable digital assistants (PDAs) , pagers, mobile computers, desktop computers, televisions, gaming devices, laptop computers, cameras, video recorders, GPS devices and other types of electronic systems, can readily employ examples of the present disclosure. Furthermore, devices can readily employ examples of the present disclosure regardless of their intent to provide mobility.
[0251] The term ‘comprise’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y. If it is intended to use ‘comprise’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context by referring to “comprising only one... ” or by using “consisting” .
[0252] In this description, the wording ‘connect’ , ‘couple’ and ‘communication’ and their derivatives mean operationally connected / coupled / in communication. It should be appreciated that any number or combination of intervening components can exist (including no intervening components) , i.e., so as to provide direct or indirect connection / coupling / communication. Any such intervening components can include hardware and / or software components.
[0253] As used herein, the term "determine / determining" (and grammatical variants thereof) can include, not least: calculating, computing, processing, deriving, measuring, investigating, identifying, looking up (for example, looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, "determining" can include receiving (for example, receiving information) , accessing (for example, accessing data in a memory) , obtaining and the like. Also, "determine / determining" can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, and the like.
[0254] In this description, reference has been made to various examples. The description of features or functions in relation to an example indicates that those features or functions are present in that example. The use of the term ‘example’ or ‘for example’ or ‘can’ or ‘may’ in the text denotes, whether explicitly stated or not, that such features or functions are present in at least the described example, whether described as an example or not, and that they can be, but are not necessarily, present in some of or all other examples. Thus ‘example’ , ‘for example’ , ‘can’ or ‘may’ refers to a particular instance in a class of examples. A property of the instance can be a property of only that instance or a property of the class or a property of a sub-class of the class that includes some but not all of the instances in the class. It is therefore implicitly disclosed that a feature described with reference to one example but not with reference to another example, can where possible be used in that other example as part of a working combination but does not necessarily have to be used in that other example.
[0255] Although examples have been described in the preceding paragraphs with reference to various examples, it should be appreciated that modifications to the examples given can be made without departing from the scope of the claims.
[0256] Features described in the preceding description may be used in combinations other than the combinations explicitly described above.
[0257] Although functions have been described with reference to certain features, those functions may be performable by other features whether described or not.
[0258] Although features have been described with reference to certain examples, those features may also be present in other examples whether described or not.
[0259] The term ‘a’ , ‘an’ or ‘the’ is used in this document with an inclusive not an exclusive meaning. That is any reference to X comprising a / an / the Y indicates that X may comprise only one Y or may comprise more than one Y unless the context clearly indicates the contrary. If it is intended to use ‘a’ , ‘an’ or ‘the’ with an exclusive meaning then it will be made clear in the context. In some circumstances the use of ‘at least one’ or ‘one or more’ may be used to emphasis an inclusive meaning but the absence of these terms should not be taken to infer any exclusive meaning.
[0260] The presence of a feature (or combination of features) in a claim is a reference to that feature or (combination of features) itself and also to features that achieve substantially the same technical effect (equivalent features) . The equivalent features include, for example, features that are variants and achieve substantially the same result in substantially the same way. The equivalent features include, for example, features that perform substantially the same function, in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result.
[0261] In this description, reference has been made to various examples using adjectives or adjectival phrases to describe characteristics of the examples. Such a description of a characteristic in relation to an example indicates that the characteristic is present in some examples exactly as described and is present in other examples substantially as described.
[0262] The above description describes some examples of the present disclosure however those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of possible alternative structures and method features which offer equivalent functionality to the specific examples of such structures and features described herein above and which for the sake of brevity and clarity have been omitted from the above description. Nonetheless, the above description should be read as implicitly including reference to such alternative structures and method features which provide equivalent functionality unless such alternative structures or method features are explicitly excluded in the above description of the examples of the present disclosure.
[0263] Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features believed to be of importance it should be understood that the Applicant may seek protection via the claims in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and / or shown in the drawings whether or not emphasis has been placed thereon.
Claims
1.A network entity comprisingmeans for providing an interface to a data network;means for receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; andmeans for providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.2.A network entity as claimed in claim 1, configured to, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, report that the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeds the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.3.A network entity as claimed in claim 1 or 2, configured to, report a maximum of the measured delay difference for the pair of QoS flows.4.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, configured to provide a user plane function, that receives the indication of the at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, from a session management function.5.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the pair of QoS flows relate to an application and the delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows is set by the application.6.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising:means for receiving an indication of multiple pairs of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pairs of QoS flows wherein the indication comprises an indication that a first QoS flow is a reference QoS flow to be used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows; andmeans for providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the pairs of QoS flows defined by the pairwise combination of the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows and reporting in dependence upon the delay difference for the pairs of QoS flows exceeding maximum delay difference thresholds for the pairs of QoS flows.7.A network entity as claimed in claim 6wherein the first QoS flow and each of the multiple different QoS flows relate to an application and the maximum delay difference thresholds for each of multiple different QoS flows is set by the application.8.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising: means for receiving an indication of a maximum delay difference threshold for each of multiple different QoS flows.9.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the received indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, is provided in a session reporting rule information element.10.A network entity as claimed in claim 9, wherein the session reporting rule information element comprises an information element for controlling a delay difference monitoring that comprises: a QoS Flow Identifier of a first QoS Flow in a pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required and at least one QoS Flow Identifier of at least a second QoS Flow in the pair of flows for which delay difference monitoring is required.11.A network entity as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein the session reporting rule information element comprises a reporting condition wherein the reporting condition is, optionally, event-triggered, periodic-triggered, or session-release triggered.12.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising:means for reporting, via the user plane, in dependence upon the delay difference.13.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, to an application (AF) or to a network entity (NEF) .14.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, directly to a local application (AF) or a local network entity (SMF, PCF, NEF) , or indirectly via a control plane to a remote application or a remote network entity.15.A network entity as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising means for reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference, comprising means for preparing and sending a delay difference report information element comprising at least QoS Flow Identifiers for a pair of QoS Flows.16.A network entity as claimed in claim 15, wherein the delay difference report information element additionally comprises an indication of the value of the monitored delay difference.17.A method comprising:providing a service (UPF) comprising:providing an interface to a Data Network (DN)receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement;providing monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.18.A computer program that when executed by one or more processors enables: providing an interface service to a Data Network (DN) ;receiving an indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement; andproviding monitoring comprising determining a delay difference for the at least one pair of QoS flows and reporting, in dependence upon the delay difference for the pair of QoS flows exceeding the maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.19.A network entity comprisingmeans for indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.20.A network entity as claimed in claim 19 comprising means for performing management of user data sessions comprising multiple quality-of-service (QoS) flows, including establishment, modification, and release of user data sessions, wherein a QoS flow is a flow of data that has a specified quality-of-service requirement.21.A network entity as claimed in claim 19 or 20, configured to provide a session management function, and to provide the indication of at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows, to a user plane function, optionally the indication being provided via a session reporting rule information element.22.A network entity as claimed in any of claims 19 to 21, comprising:means for indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, multiple pairs of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pairs of QoS flows, wherein the indication comprises an indication that a first QoS flow is a reference QoS flow to be used to determine a delay difference between the first QoS flow and each of multiple different QoS flows.23.A network entity as claimed in claim 22, comprising means for indicating a maximum delay difference threshold for each of the multiple different QoS flows, wherein the first QoS flow and each of the multiple different QoS flows relate to an application and the maximum delay difference thresholds for each of multiple different QoS flows is set by the application.24.A method comprising:providing a service (SMF) comprising:indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.25.A computer program that when executed by one or more processors enables:indicating to a user plane function that provides an interface to a Data Network (DN) and provides monitoring, at least one pair of QoS flows for which a delay difference is to be monitored and a maximum delay difference threshold for the pair of QoS flows.
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