Network devices for indoor localization
The integration of smart antennas with beam switching technology in network devices addresses the limitations of existing indoor localization systems by enhancing accuracy and coverage, and improving Wi-Fi quality within multi-AP architectures.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/111247
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-04
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing indoor localization systems face challenges such as limited accuracy due to the need for additional tags and base stations, performance limitations in Line of Sight (LoS) scenarios, and restricted coverage range due to regulatory constraints on Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). Additionally, single-AP solutions with complex beam steering technologies are costly and complex to manage, while multi-AP architectures suffer from high EM interferences and lack central coordination.
The proposed solution involves network devices with smart antennas that utilize beam switching and received signal information to accurately locate STAs. These devices collect parameters such as received signal strength indicator (RSSI), round trip time (RTT), reception angle, and phase from multiple Access Points (APs) to estimate the STA's location within the indoor network.
This approach enhances the accuracy of indoor real-time localization, improves Wi-Fi quality, and provides smart Wi-Fi features within a Multi-AP architecture. By leveraging multiple APs and smart antenna technology, the system achieves precise localization even in non-Line of Sight (NLoS) scenarios and extends coverage beyond the limitations of single-AP systems.
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Figure CN2023111247_13022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NETWORK DEVICES FOR INDOOR LOCALIZATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to network devices for indoor networks, especially for indoor localization. In order to improve the accuracy of indoor localization, particularly indoor real-time localization, this disclosure proposes network devices and methods for an indoor network, for instance, an indoor network with multiple Access Points (Multi-AP) .BACKGROUND
[0002] The indoor real-time localization systems can work based on the concept of motion detections (such as Infrared, and optical sensors in Line of Sight (LoS) region) or by Electromagnetics wave with different technologies such as with additional attaching tags and communications with base stations mainly with Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology, or in case of indoor localization based on WLAN-enabled devices that can be based on single AP angle of arrival or multiple distributed AP systems to identify the direction of Station (STA) with respect to AP or to manage the data from APs in a combined and central manner.
[0003] However, the indoor real-time localization systems based on UWB take the burden of additional tags and base stations to provide localization. Infrared and Optical sensors'performance for sensing and localization is limited to LoS, and any barrier or walls that act as an obstacle also prevent the right performance.
[0004] Wi-Fi-enabled indoor localizations based on one AP will have limitations as the maximum Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of a complied AP with regulations will be limited by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, in a range varying based on the channels and also the country regulations, almost 23 dBm (200 mW) for 5-GHz low-frequency channels and up to 36 dBm (4000 mW) for 5-GHz high-frequency channels. Therefore the 5-GHz single-AP coverage will be limited to about 15 meters of reach. The single AP solutions with complicated antenna systems such as the phased array or other methods providing beam steering can establish smart features if STA is in close proximity but will degrade the localization performance if the STA does not establish a LoS robust communication link, such as when the STA is in another room or far from AP. Embedding complex beam steering technology within each AP of an M-AP architecture is not practical and has not been deployed due to excessive costs and more complex management layer.
[0005] The Wi-Fi-enabled indoor localizations based on the Infrustructre of APs, such as (Wi-Fi backhauled) EasyMesh or Network cable backhauled APs or coaxial-backhauled Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) , are mainly based on Point to Point (P2P) architecture. The antenna systems with P2P architectures often consist of fixed-beam low-gain and / or high-gain antennas. It allows high-quality transceiving with Wi-Fi users and with extended coverage to several rooms but suffers from a lack of central coordination of APs and also the high EM interferences between APs as of their wide-beam antenna radiations.
[0006] The location of each STA in an indoor space is of high interest to be identified for a variety of applications. Consequently, it is desired to find a simple and smart method to make accurate localizations.SUMMARY
[0007] In view of the above, this disclosure aims to provide improved network devices, an improved indoor network, and corresponding methods for indoor localization. An objective is to exploit beam switching in network devices with smart antenna, and received signal (that is radiated from a given STA) information, to provide an innovative way to identify the location of STAs. One aim is to improve the accuracy of indoor real-time localization. Another aim is to improve Wi-Fi quality and to provide a range of smart Wi-Fi features in the context of Multi-AP architecture (such as for IEEE 802.11. be / bn) , and beyond single-AP localizations and sensing (as described in IEEE 802.11. ac / ax / bf) .
[0008] These and other objectives are achieved by the embodiments of this disclosure as described in the independent claims. Advantageous implementations are further defined in the dependent claims.
[0009] According to a first aspect of this disclosure, a first network device for an indoor network for indoor localization of a STA is provided. The indoor network comprises at least two second network devices. The first network device is configured to: obtain, from the at least two second network devices, one or more parameters of a received radio frequency (RF) signal from the STA, and information of a subspace where the STA is located; and estimate a location of the STA based on the one or more parameters and the information of the subspace where the STA is located.
[0010] This disclosure proposes a first network device that collects information / data from other network devices (i.e., at least two second network devices) and uses such data to enable localization of STAs. It may be worth mentioning that, it is possible that only one of the at least two second network devices (which receives signals from the STA) connects to the STA for WLAN communications with access to bandwidth and details of data (or two second network devices connect to the STA in case of STA roaming transition) , but all second network devices can use received signal strength indicator (RSSI) simple data (which can be very weak) to build all complementary information needed by the first network device for performing localization of STA.
[0011] In particular, the location of the STA may be a location with respect to APs, which can be translated to an absolute indoor location if knowing the indoor locations of APs.
[0012] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the one or more parameters of the received RF signal comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, a round trip time (RTT) , a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal.
[0013] Notably, for APs that are not connected to the STA for WLAN communications, the RSSI data can be very weak. However, even with weak signal strength (e.g., the signal level may be just above the noise floor threshold, or above the reception sensitivity of the AP entrance) while complete communication within Transmit opportunity (TXOP) can not be performed, the APs can still pick up STA’s ID / beacon and recorded RSSI to build necessary information for the first network device to perform localization of STA.
[0014] The other parameters, which may impact the precision of the localization, will be clear LoS path (or its identification) , quality of switch beams, low coupling and correlation between sub network devices and ports, and low side lobes and back radiations.
[0015] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the information of the subspace where the STA is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device, an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.
[0016] Notably, the second network device may comprise transceivers / antennas for radiating and / or receiving beams. For instance, the knowledge of the selected antenna and / or the selected beam from the second network device (i.e., identified by the ID of the transceiver / beam) to the STA can, on one hand, directly tell an AP-STA angle, and knowing more than one AP-STA angle can tell the location of the STA with respect to each AP. On the other hand, the selected antenna of each AP (i.e., the second network device) can add additional information on the distance of the STA from that AP, as each AP has more than one antenna, each dedicated to short or long-range communications.
[0017] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to estimate the location of the STA further based on statistical data of the STA.
[0018] Statistical data of the same STA (which may be previously stored from the past) can be used to accelerate localization. The statistical data may include an IP address of the STA and changes in a signal form or a signal level. For example, the IP address allocated to each STA helps to distinguish it from other STAs and record the localization information of each STA. Also, changes in a signal form or level due to indoor movements can be used to set the starting indoor location of STAs.
[0019] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to switch at least one of at least two switchable beams of at least one second network device based on the one or more parameters.
[0020] In a specific embodiment, the disclosure enables Wi-Fi indoor localization based on a beam-switch multi-AP network. The beam-switch feature of the multi-AP network may be implemented as switchable beams of one antenna, beams switching between single-beam antennas, or any possible combination of antennas and beams. For instance, the second network device may comprise at least two transceivers, wherein each transceiver is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of the front hemisphere of the second network device. The main beam of each second network device’s antenna toward STA with sufficiently low side lobes of the same antenna. The ideal beam of the second network device, which can be from its multi-antenna system and with low side-lobes, will be used for localization.
[0021] Possibly, the coverage of each second network device can be advantageously enhanced. For instance, if the one or more parameters of the received signals indicate that a respective radiation direction is desired, the first network device may instruct the second network device to receive signals in that desired direction for a given RF stream by switching the antenna elements.
[0022] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to record the location of the STA in time, and / or generate a statistical distribution of the location of the STA in time.
[0023] Optionally, this disclosure further proposes to record statically the distribution of each STA inside the home (or any other indoor place with Wi-Fi coverage) . With few (e.g., M) beams for each second network device, and few (e.g., N) second network devices in the indoor network, the proposed localization idea divide the indoor space into a lot of (e.g., N*M) 3D sub-spaces. Each of those sub-spaces is allocated to a given beam number that can be traced. As such, the first network device (or any central management of a multi-AP system) can record the presence and location of Wi-Fi devices in time and provide the statistical distribution on each device location in time. Such data can also be exploited for later use or for improving the Wi-Fi quality of service.
[0024] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to predict a future location of the STA based on the recorded location of the STA in time, and / or based on the statistical distribution of the location of the STA in time.
[0025] Optionally, the first network device can record the presence and location of STAs in time and provide the prediction on the location of each STA in time. Such data can be exploited for later use or for improving the Wi-Fi quality of service.
[0026] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is further configured to provide the location of the STA to a security device.
[0027] For instance, in case of intruders at indoor locations such as home or office, according to this embodiment, spatial allocation derived based on one or more second network device’s beams can be integrated to localize an intruder’s zone as well as to allow a better focus of the security camera.
[0028] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first network device is interconnected with the at least two second network devices through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.
[0029] Optionally, the proposed multi-AP system may be Wi-Fi backhauled (e.g., EasyMesh) , Network cable backhauled, or coaxial backhauled (e.g., MoCA) . Such a multi-AP system may be based on P2P architecture or Point to Multi-Point (P2MP) architecture.
[0030] According to a second aspect of this disclosure, a second network device for an indoor network for indoor localization of a STA is provided. The indoor network comprises a first network device. The second network device comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of a front hemisphere of the second network device. The second network device is configured to: receive a received radio frequency, RF, signal from the STA; identify a subspace where the STA is located based on the received RF signal; and provide one or more parameters of the received RF signal, and information of the subspace where the STA is located, to the first network device.
[0031] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the one or more parameters of the radiated or received RF signal comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, an RTT, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal.
[0032] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the information of the subspace where the STA is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device, an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.
[0033] In an implementation form of the second aspect, at least one of the at least two transceivers is further configured to radiate a beam in boresight direction.
[0034] Optionally, the second network device may be further configured with one extra beam in the boresight direction. This solution may be implemented with the cost of a more complicated feeder but maybe the same antenna numbers. It further divides the indoor volume into more sub-spaces and also can use to distinguish STA in the center of the salon with RF1 and / or RF2 streams (boresight beam) or close to walls (any of tilted beams) . The latter implies a possibility of STA changing the room and therefore can provide useful information for roaming.
[0035] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second network device is interconnected with the first network device through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.
[0036] In particular, the first network device and the second network devices may be interconnected with any backhauling method, such as with fiber, wireless (e.g., EasyMesh WLAN) , coaxial cables (e.g., MoCA) , or Ethernet network cables. The network devices may be connected in P2P, P2MP, or other architectures.
[0037] According to a third aspect of this disclosure, an indoor network is provided. The indoor network comprises the first network device according to the first aspect or any one of the implementation forms of the first aspect, and at least two second network devices each according to the second aspect or any one of the implementation forms of the second aspect.
[0038] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the first network device is a master access device, and each of the at least two second network devices is a sub access device.
[0039] In a particular case, the indoor network may be an optical network, the first network device may be an MFU, and each of the at least two second network devices may be an SFU.
[0040] In an implementation form of the third aspect, the at least two second network devices are optically coupled to the first network device via an optical splitter.
[0041] According to a fourth aspect of this disclosure, a method is provided for operating a first network device for an indoor network for indoor localization of a STA. The indoor network comprises at least two second network devices. The method comprises the steps of obtaining, from the at least two second network devices, one or more parameters of a received RF signal from the STA, and information of a subspace where the STA is located; and estimating a location of the STA based on the one or more parameters and the information of the subspace where the STA is located.
[0042] Implementation forms of the method of the fourth aspect may correspond to the implementation forms of the first network device of the first aspect described above. The method of the fourth aspect and its implementation forms achieve the same advantages and effects as described above for the first network device of the first aspect and its implementation forms.
[0043] According to a fifth aspect of this disclosure, a method is provided for operating a second network device for an indoor network for indoor localization of a STA. The indoor network comprises a first network device. The second network device comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of front-hemisphere of the second network device. The method comprises the steps of receiving a received RF signal from the STA; identifying a subspace where the STA is located based on the received RF signal; and providing one or more parameters of the received RF signal, and information of the subspace where the STA is located, to the first network device.
[0044] Implementation forms of the method of the fifth aspect may correspond to the implementation forms of the second network device of the first aspect described above. The method of the fifth aspect and its implementation forms achieve the same advantages and effects as described above for the second network device of the second aspect and its implementation forms.
[0045] According to a sixth aspect of this disclosure, a computer program is provided that comprises instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of the first network device according to the first aspect of this disclosure, cause the processor to perform the method according to the fourth aspect of this disclosure or any implementation form thereof.
[0046] According to a seventh aspect of this disclosure, a computer program is provided that comprises instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of the second network device according to the second aspect of this disclosure, cause the processor to perform the method according to the fifth aspect of this disclosure or any implementation form thereof.
[0047] It has to be noted that all devices, elements, units, and means described in the present application could be implemented in software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof. All steps which are performed by the various entities described in the present application as well as the functionalities described to be performed by the various entities are intended to mean that the respective entity is adapted to or configured to perform the respective steps and functionalities. Even if, in the following description of specific embodiments, a specific functionality or step to be performed by external entities is not reflected in the description of a specific detailed element of that entity that performs that specific step or functionality, it should be clear for a skilled person that these methods and functionalities can be implemented in respective software or hardware elements or any kind of combination thereof.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0048] The above-described aspects and implementation forms will be explained in the following description of specific embodiments in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which:
[0049] FIG. 1 shows a Passive Optical Network (PON) on-premises use case;
[0050] [Rectified under Rule 91, 11.07.2024]FIG. 2 shows an example of Fiber to the room (FTTR) ;
[0051] FIG. 3 shows a first network device according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0052] FIG. 4 shows a second network device according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0053] FIG. 5 shows one SFU of an FTTR network according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0054] FIG. 6 shows two SFUs of an FTTR network according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0055] FIG. 7 shows one SFU of an FTTR network according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0056] FIG. 8 shows an example of multi-AP positioning according to an embodiment of the disclosure;
[0057] FIG. 9 shows an exemplary flow diagram of the method according to an embodiment of this disclosure; and
[0058] FIG. 10 shows an exemplary flow diagram of the method according to an embodiment of this disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0059] Illustrative embodiments of a first network device, a second network device, an indoor network, and corresponding methods for indoor localization of a STA are described with reference to the figures. Although this description provides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of the application.
[0060] Moreover, an embodiment / example may refer to other embodiments / examples. For example, any description including but not limited to terminology, element, process, explanation, and / or technical advantage mentioned in one embodiment / example is applicative to the other embodiments / examples.
[0061] FTTR is a new multiple APs indoor network technology in accordance with IEEE 802.11 and ITU-T, which rely on optical fiber backhauling to provide Wi-Fi connectivity to indoor users (i.e., STAs) . FTTR provides reliable coverage and efficient energy consumption. FTTR use cases are first enabled by ETSI's 5th Generation Fixed Network group (ETSI ISG F5G) standards which include Wi-Fi services to consumers and enterprises. FTTR practically extends the fiber connectivity of a conventional Fiber to the home (FTTH) into each room via P2MP topology.
[0062] FIG. 1 shows a PON on-premises use case where FTTR covers Wi-Fi entire house by deploying one principal AP and several in-room APs, namely, one Mast FTTR Unit (MFU) and a number of Sub FTTR Units (SFUs) . MFU-SFUs serve as a multiple-APs unified network to provide smart and coordinated Wi-Fi connectivity.
[0063] The SFUs for residential applications may have small sizes (<100 mm by 100 mm) , and be backhauled by fiber to the main AP of the home based on IEEE 802.11 network. SFUs may operate in indoor locations such as residential, small offices, or larger zones such as shopping centers sportive saloons, schools, or hospitals. SFUs in each room provide high-quality and high-reliability Wi-Fi, especially within rooms far from the MFU, with lighter requirements on the transmit power and Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) , in comparison with the conventional Wi-Fi system. The latter is more effective on 5.2-5.8 GHz band (802.11. a / n / ac / ax) rather than 2.45 GHz band (802.11. b / g / n) , due to the greater path loss of higher frequencies signals, therefore, weaker RSSI.
[0064] The conventional Wi-Fi APs employ the relay or repeaters that work together with the main AP to extend the Wi-Fi network coverage in the buildings and rooms at a far distance from the main AP unit. Such a solution is called EasyMesh and works based on wireless backhauling, contrary to fiber backhauling used in FTTR.
[0065] FIG. 2 shows an example of FTTR employing smart antennas to enable beam selection, similar to hybrid beamforming concept of Massive MIMO but here for Wi-Fi indoor applications. The FTTR unit may be an SFU having two RF streams, each of which is connected to antenna arrays here as an example with two switching antennas. The antenna array and its phase-shifter feeder tilt boresight beam for example to theta +30 degrees and -30 degrees consequently. The switching radiation pattern complementarily covers the front half-hemisphere with a high front-to-back (F2B) ratio and low side lobe levels. Radiation polarizations of RF streams are designed to maximize the orthogonality possible (here 45 degrees) to satisfy the user’s transceiving polarizations. This reassures high isolation between RF streams and maximizes diversity over radiation patterns to satisfy a high MIMO efficiency. Such SFU system of communication with STA works independently and establishes the communication link to STA. In centralized management of SFUs by MFU, the antenna system protocol will allow it possessing SFU to intelligently use each combination pair of four quarter-hemisphere beams, some to keep as primary radiation pattern encompassing the users as well as rejecting any other combination pair of quarter-hemisphere that bring undesired or no useful signal from the user, in terms of Electromagnetic interference (EMI) or noises reflections. The SFUs with fixed-beam antennas, or smart antennas (with switching or steering beams) can provide reliable communication based on IEEE 802.11 network between STAs and the SFU with which the most robust link can be established, as the primary FTTR functionality. However, the knowledge about STA from other SFUs is not exploited in this configuration.
[0066] The high-gain antenna radiation pattern makes a focused beam toward the center of each room without sufficient radiations to tangential angles and users are positioned non-necessarily in the center of the room. On the contrary, the presence of low-Gain antennas with a quasi-omni-directional radiation pattern reassures radiations to any possible angle but with the disadvantage of high interferences between Edge Optical Network Units (ONTs) .
[0067] Indoor Wi-Fi coverage for data communication can improve with multi-AP systems such as FTTR. The location of each STA in an indoor space is of high interest to be identified for a variety of applications. As such every smart SFU connected to the FTTR network may have received signal strength (RSS) from STAs above the noise floor threshold and reception sensitivity of the SFU entrance, which might not be strong enough for communication purposes (i.e., a complete communication within TXOP can not be performed) . However, this disclosure proposes to use such data to process in MFU to estimate the location of the STAs. For instance, the APs may pick up STA’s ID / beacon and recorded RSSI to build necessary information for the MFU to perform localization of STA. This data in a regular case without a smart antenna may not have information about the angle of arrival from STA or if yes, it will be very approximatively.
[0068] In FIG. 3, an exemplary embodiment of a first network device 300 for an indoor network 100 for indoor localization of a STA, is illustrated.
[0069] The first network device 300 may comprise processing circuitry (not shown) configured to perform, conduct or initiate the various operations of the first network device 300 described herein. The processing circuitry may comprise hardware and software. The hardware may comprise analog circuitry or digital circuitry, or both analog and digital circuitry. The digital circuitry may comprise components such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable arrays (FPGAs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , or multi-purpose processors. The first network device 300 may further comprise memory circuitry, which stores one or more instruction (s) that can be executed by the processor or by the processing circuitry, in particular under the control of the software. For instance, the memory circuitry may comprise a non-transitory storage medium storing executable software code which, when executed by the processor or the processing circuitry, causes the various operations of the first network device 300 to be performed. In one embodiment, the processing circuitry comprises one or more processors and a non-transitory memory connected to the one or more processors. The non-transitory memory may carry executable program code which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes the first network device 300 to perform, conduct or initiate the operations or methods described herein.
[0070] the one or more parameters 301 of the received RF signal comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, an RTT, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal.
[0071] The indoor network 100 comprises at least two second network devices 401, 402. It should be noted that although only two second network devices 401, 402 are shown in FIG. 3, the indoor network 100 proposed in this disclosure may comprise further network devices, such as a third network device and a fourth network device, besides the first and second network devices. It may be understood that except for the first network device, the remaining network devices are identical or parallel. The first network device can be considered as a master network device in the indoor network, while the other network devices can be considered as a sub network device in the indoor network.
[0072] The first network device 300 is configured to obtain, from the at least two second network devices 401, 402, one or more parameters 301 of a received RF signal from the STA, and information 302 of a subspace where the STA is located. The first network device 300 is further configured to estimate a location 303 of the STA based on the one or more parameters 301 and the information 302 of the subspace where the STA is located.
[0073] This disclosure proposes to use indoor RSS (radiated from a given STA) at every sub network device of the indoor network, in order to compute the location of STAs based on an intersection of active sub-spaces from all sub network devices and their allocated used spatial beams. The process can be implemented solely or complementary to the conventional indoor localization methods and with a single AP or multiple APs of P2MP or P2P architecture. Notably, the present disclosure is discussed in the context of Multi-AP architecture (such as for IEEE 802.11. be / bn) , and beyond single-AP localizations and sensing (as described in IEEE 802.11. ac / ax / bf) .
[0074] For instance, a minimum of RSS in the sub network device reception of a high-gain beam toward STA can be used to provide useful information about the angle of arrival in an LoS scenario. Exploiting several beams of each sub network device, with smart antenna, and several sub network devices’ RSS information, together provide an innovative way to identify the location of STA, as well as using this data for improving Wi-Fi quality and a range of features which will be discussed in the following part of the application.
[0075] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the one or more parameters 301 of the received RF signal comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, an RTT, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal.
[0076] It should be understood that even though only one AP (one of the second network devices 401, 402, or the first network device 300) is connected to the STA for WLAN communications with access to bandwidth and details of data (or two APs in case of STA roaming transition) , but all APs of the same network (i.e., the indoor network 100) is proposed to be able to use RSSI simple data (of ID / beacon from a given STA whose SINR can be low) to build all complimentary information (e.g., the one or more parameters 301 of the received RF signal) that is needed to perform localization of STA at the master network device (i.e., the first network device 300, or a processing unit of the first network device 300) .
[0077] The other parameters which may impact the precision of the localization will be clear LoS path (or its identification) , quality of switch beams, low coupling and correlation between sub network devices and ports, and low side lobes and back radiations.
[0078] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the information 302 of the subspace where the STA is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device, an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.
[0079] Notably, the selected antenna and / or the selected beam from AP (i.e., the second network device) to the STA can on one hand directly tell an AP-STA angle, and knowing more than one AP-STA angle can tell the location of the STA with respect to each AP. On the other hand, the selected antenna of each AP can add additional information on the distance of the STA from that AP because each AP has more than one antenna, each dedicated to short or long-range communications.
[0080] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device may be further configured to estimate the location 303 of the STA further based on statistical data of the STA.
[0081] Statistical data of the same STA can be used to accelerate localization. For example, the IP allocated to each STA can help to distinguish the STA from other STAs and also record the localization information of each STA. In addition, changes in a signal form and / or signal level due to indoor movements (movements in the home) can be used to set the starting indoor location for STAs. The disclosure focuses on using the data from different antennas, RF streams, and beams of APs to enable the localization of STAs.
[0082] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device 300 may be further configured to switch at least one of at least two switchable beams of at least one second network device based on the one or more parameters 301.
[0083] In a specific embodiment, the disclosure enables Wi-Fi indoor localization based on a beam-switch multi-AP network. The beam-switch feature of the multi-AP network may be implemented as switchable beams of one antenna, switching between single-beam antennas, or any possible combination of antennas and beams. For instance, the second network device may comprise at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of the front hemisphere of the second network device. The main beam of each second network device’s antenna toward STA with sufficiently low side lobes of the same antenna. The ideal beam of the second network device, which can be from its multi-Antenna system and with low side-lobes, will be used for localization.
[0084] Further, it may be worth mentioning that the speed of communication between APs, speed of switching, and speed of algorithm and processing may need to be fast enough to allow real-time localization of a dynamic STA.
[0085] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device 300 may be further configured to record the location 303 of the STA in time, and / or generate a statistical distribution of the location 303 of the STA in time.
[0086] Optionally, this disclosure further proposes to record statically the distribution of each Wi-Fi device inside the home (or any other indoor place with Wi-Fi coverage) . With few (M) beams for each sub network device, and few (N) sub network devices in the indoor network, the proposed localization idea divide the space into a lot of (N*M) 3D sub-spaces. Each of those sub-spaces is allocated to a given sub-unit beam number that can be traced. As such, the master network device (or any central management of a multi-AP system) can record the presence and location of Wi-Fi devices in time and provide the statistical distribution as well as a prediction on each device location in time. Such data can be exploited for later use as data or to improve the Wi-Fi quality of service.
[0087] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device 300 may be further configured to predict a future location of the STA based on the recorded location 303 of the STA in time, and / or based on the statistical distribution of the location 303 of the STA in time.
[0088] The first network device 300 can record the presence and location of Wi-Fi devices in time and provide the prediction on each device location in time. Such data can be exploited for later use or to improve the Wi-Fi quality of service.
[0089] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device 300 may be further configured to provide the location 303 of the STA to a security device.
[0090] For instance, in the case of intruders at indoor locations such as homes or offices, conventional Wi-Fi sensing systems are only capable of analyzing Wi-Fi waves and deciding to alert abnormal motion or movement. With the use of this embodiment, spatial allocation from the sub network device’s beam can be integrated to localize an intruder’s zone as well as to allow a better focus of the security camera.
[0091] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the first network device 300 is interconnected with the at least two second network devices 401, 402 through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.
[0092] FIG. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment of a second network device 401 / 402 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The second network device 401 / 402 is for an indoor network 100 for indoor localization of a STA 400.
[0093] The second network device 401 / 402 may comprise processing circuitry (not shown) configured to perform, conduct or initiate the various operations of the first network device 300 described herein. The processing circuitry may comprise hardware and software. The hardware may comprise analog circuitry or digital circuitry, or both analog and digital circuitry. The digital circuitry may comprise components such as application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , field-programmable arrays (FPGAs) , digital signal processors (DSPs) , or multi-purpose processors. The first network device 300 may further comprise memory circuitry, which stores one or more instruction (s) that can be executed by the processor or by the processing circuitry, in particular under the control of the software. For instance, the memory circuitry may comprise a non-transitory storage medium storing executable software code which, when executed by the processor or the processing circuitry, causes the various operations of the first network device 300 to be performed. In one embodiment, the processing circuitry comprises one or more processors and a non-transitory memory connected to the one or more processors. The non-transitory memory may carry executable program code which, when executed by the one or more processors, causes the first network device 300 to perform, conduct or initiate the operations or methods described herein.
[0094] The indoor network 100 comprises a first network device 300. It should be noted that although only one second network device 401 / 402 is shown in FIG. 4, the indoor network 100 proposed in this disclosure may comprise further network devices, such as a third network device and a fourth network device, besides the first and second network devices. It may be understood that except for the first network device, the remaining network devices are identical or parallel. The first network device can be considered a master network device in the indoor network, while the other network devices can be considered sub network devices in the indoor network.
[0095] The second network device 401 / 402 comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of a front hemisphere of the second network device. The second network device 401 / 402 is configured to receive a received radio frequency, RF, signal 201 from the STA 200. The second network device 401 / 402 is further configured to identify a subspace 202 where the STA 200 is located based on the received RF signal 201. Then, the second network device 401 / 402 is configured to provide one or more parameters 301 of the received RF signal 201, and information 302 of the subspace 202 where the STA 200 is located, to the first network device 300.
[0096] This disclosure proposes a second network device 401 / 402, which is a sub network device of a multi-APs system, for providing RSS (radiated from the STA) information and the identified subspace information of the STA to the master network device (e.g., the first network device 300) . With the knowledge of such information, the master network device is enabled to derive an accurate location of the STA.
[0097] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the one or more parameters 301 of the radiated or received RF signal 201 comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, an RTT, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal 201.
[0098] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the information 302 of the subspace 202 where the STA 200 is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device 401 / 402, an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.
[0099] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, at least one of the at least two transceivers is further configured to radiate a beam in boresight direction.
[0100] Optionally, the second network device 401 / 402 may be further configured with one extra beam in the boresight direction. This solution may be implemented with the cost of a more complicated feeder but maybe the same antenna numbers. It further divides the indoor volume into more sub-spaces and also can use to distinguish STA in the center of the salon with RF1 and / or RF2 streams (boresight beam) or close to walls (any of tilted beams) . The latter implies a possibility of STA changing the room and therefore can provide useful information for roaming.
[0101] According to an embodiment of this disclosure, the second network device 401 / 402 is interconnected with the first network device 300 through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.
[0102] In a particular case, the indoor network 100 may be an optical network, the first network device 300 may be an MFU, and each of the at least two second network devices 401, 402 may be an SFU. Optionally, the at least two second network devices 401 and 402 are optically coupled to the first network device 300 via an optical splitter.
[0103] In this example, the disclosure proposes an FTTR Wi-Fi localization to improve the precision of indoor localization. Notably, the localization accuracy relies on the number of SFUs, and their overlapping indoor Wi-Fi coverages. The accuracy may be exponentially proportional to the number of beams each SFU provides. According to this disclosure, some other scenarios are proposed as follows:
[0104] · Complementary method (based on sub-space angular allocation from each SFU) , to enhance the precision of indoor Wi-Fi localization, in addition to the conventional localization (based on distance estimation and even with high accuracy) .
[0105] · Keeping the history of STA locations and the SFU’s used beams in order to identify the last location before getting disconnected from FTTR Wi-Fi, e.g., due to STA with power cut, or located in possible blind zones.
[0106] · Localization of STAs and identifying their angular position with respect to each SFU, will help FTTR to provide adaptively and dynamic Wi-Fi coverage, especially in the case of MU-MIMO, and to solve Wi-Fi coverage issues when sudden changes happen in the number or the locations of STAs.
[0107] · Localization of dynamic and moving STAs valorizes FTTR with better service on seamless roaming by providing a pre-knowledge on STAs locations and move, and early prediction of new SFU to connect to STA from the sub-space angular zone and location of STA from which roaming happens.
[0108] · FTTR localization method can apply in the beginning with fixed or semi-fixed locations of STAs to propose an ideal topology for placement of SFUs, to maximize Wi-Fi quality of service such as for roaming or localizations. This can be done based on local or testbed measurements, and also possibly be based on propagation simulations within the building by its plan only.
[0109] · The localizations based on the angle to the SFUs can turn into real physical localization indoors if the SFUs locations register with respect to the indoor plan / map. Therefore it will together allow FTTR to identify the physical location of STA, such as which part of which room.
[0110] · Radiation pattern of the SFU antenna should be redesigned to minimize the lateral EM interferences coupling between two SFUs. This is essential for using multiple SFUs with reduced coupling and interferences.
[0111] · Diversity omni or semi-Omni directional antennas of SFU (existing by default in multiple-APs) bring the drawback of high interferences between APs. Their use in localization should be used only for the purpose of a cross-check or to identify the proximity of STA to SFUs and not for angular sub-space allocations.
[0112] · Simple machine learning algorithms can be exploited to identify the sub-space from which STA makes the roaming to another indoor sector. Such prediction can be matured by learning the routine movements of each specific STA and its timing which therefore allows prediction of roaming requirement in the future when STA moves to that specific sub-space.
[0113] In this disclosure, multi-AP Wi-Fi system such as FTTR has been considered to use a multi-beam antenna at each of the nodes (SFUs) , in order to divide the indoor space into several sub-spaces so as to find the strongest path to each STA and so to use it with any RSS above the noise floor (i.e., above the noise floor threshold and reception sensitivity of the SFU entrance) for localization of the STA at home. Due to the exponential increase of sub-spaces by the number of SFUs and beams, it is expected this solution to provide high precision (to ensure the localization method finds the STA) , and high accuracy (to improve the current approximatively Wi-Fi sensing or localization based on RSS and RTT) . The presented switching method and examples can be applied to FTTR Wi-Fi 5 GHz band but extensions to other standards and frequencies are valid too.
[0114] The main feature proposed in this disclosure to develop smart FTTR in residential is real-time Wi-Fi localizations using a network of several SFUs. It can identify rapidly the location of the registered Wi-Fi clients such as mobile, laptop, Wi-Fi-based Internet-of-Thing (IoT) / sensors, Set Top Boxes (STBs) , connected Audio / Video units, etc. Such localizations will be provided with respect to the position of SFUs in the first step and registering the “location of each SFU” and “home plan” , will together allow FTTR to identify the location of the client with respect to home.
[0115] FIG. 5 shows an example of one SFU in a room according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Notably, the MFU may be the first network device 300 shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4. The SFU may be one of the at least two second network devices 401, 402 shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4. The SFU has for example four sub-spaces: RF1-S1, RF1-S2, RF2-S1, and RF2-S2. Two RF streams (RF1 and RF2) with each capable of transmitting to STA (e.g., the STA 200 shown in the figure) and receiving RF signal from STA with negligible correlation between RF streams. Each RF stream has a radiation pattern switchable to two sub-space (S1 and S2) which spatially divide the front hemisphere into four sub-spaces. The location of STA in this figure is shown to be RF1-S2. It is assumed here that the multi-path inside room is limited, LoS path is clear and dominant (or if not, it is to be considered in the processing algorithm that LoS can be identified from Non-Line of Sight (NLoS) with LoS identification methods) . It is further assumed that the SFU has antennas with low side lobes and high F2B ratio levels, so no interferences and no side links need to be considered for simplicity.
[0116] In parallel, Wi-Fi RSS and RTT can be employed to estimate the distance between STA and SFU, using the standard positioning algorithm, and enhanced filtering and identification techniques. Also, the conventional Wi-Fi LoS identification methods can be put in place based on statistical features of signal measurement. From IEEE 802.11mc an accuracy in the range of meter / sub-meter can be assumed based on how clear the indoor LoS path is. In the case of a single AP, the distance of STA from SFU by standard Wi-Fi indoor positioning method can be merged with the use of spatial beam allocation of this patent so as to localize STA within a confined zone. Even though the localization method proposed here is most performant for P2MP, the P2P multi-AP systems and single-AP systems can also exploit the same concept to use the STA’s data received from each individual AP to estimate the location of STA based on the sub-spaces.
[0117] Multiple wall-mount FTTR-To Home (2H) SFUs with switch beam smart antenna make it possible to localize STA with much higher accuracy as it confines STA within smaller sub-spaces to localize.
[0118] FIG. 6 shows an example of two SFUs (SFU1 and SFU2) in a room according to an embodiment of the disclosure. Notably, the MFU may be the first network device 300 shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4. The SFU1 and SFU2 may be the two second network devices 401, 402 shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4. Each SFU is configured with four sub-spaces spatial division made by switch antenna. Two RF streams (RF1 and RF2) with each capable of transmitting and receiving RF signal to and from STA with negligible correlation between RF streams. Each RF stream has a radiation pattern switchable to two sub-space (S1 and S2) which spatially divide the front hemisphere to a maximum theoretical 16 sub-space, as any combination of [SFU1-RF1-S1, SFU1-RF1-S2, SFU1-RF2-S1, SFU1-RF2-S2] with [SFU2-RF1-S1, SFU2-RF1-S2, SFU2-RF2-S1, SFU2-RF2-S2] . The location of STA (i.e., the STA 200 shown in FIG. 4) in this figure is shown to be SFU1-RF1-S2-SFU2-RF2-S2. Again it is assumed that the multi-path inside room is limited, the LoS path is clear and dominant (or if not, LoS can be identified from NLoS with LoS identification methods) , and also the SFU has antennas with low side lobes and high F2B ratio levels, so there is no interferences and no side links for simplicity. Additionally, it is assumed that EMI between two SFUs is negligible and so there is a high isolation between SFUs and no correlation between any signal on ports of two SFUs.
[0119] In a general case with several SFUs with switch antennas and with RSS that is above the threshold from STA, it can be considered that the FTTR network divides 3D space non-uniformly to max theoretical N*M sub-spaces, where N is the number of SFUs, and M is the number of the lobes. Beam switching time and fiber delay are limited (practically less than 20 μs) which is low enough to allow the realization of FTTR latency objectives (10 ms) .
[0120] Other features proposed in this disclosure to develop for smart FTTR are privacy / security and smart roaming. In particular, in the case of intruders at indoor locations such as homes or offices, the conventional Wi-Fi sensing systems are capable of analyzing Wi-Fi waves and deciding to alert abnormal motion or movement. With the idea of this patent, spatial allocation from SFU’s beam can be integrated to localize the intruder’s zone as well as to allow a better focus of the security camera. When STA is moving into the home and its location has been identified with the beam allocation proposed in this disclosure, it will be faster for FTTR to perform roaming decisions and assign a new SFU to STA. The reason is that the localization in this case for roaming scenario prediction can be handled with several SFUs and weaker RSS in comparison with conventional FTTR performing roaming decisions based on the needed strong RSS at the new SFU.
[0121] FIG. 7 shows another example of one SFU in a room according to an embodiment of the disclosure. The SFU is configured with one boresight and four lateral switchable beams, The location of STA (i.e., the STA 200 shown in FIG. 4) in this figure is shown to be sub-space SFU1-RF1 / 2-S3.
[0122] With the cost of a more complicated feeder but maybe the same antenna numbers, one can increase the number of beams per RF stream from two to three (with one extra beam boresight direction and two more-tilted ones to the side) . It divides indoor volume to M*5 instead of M*4 sub-spaces and also can be used to distinguish STA in the center of the salon (i.e., in the center or middle of the room) with RF1 and / or RF2 streams (boresight beam) or close to walls (any of tilted beams) . The latter implies STA's possibility of changing the room therefore useful info for roaming.
[0123] Any other combination of beams and RF streams can be imagined which will spatially divide the front hemisphere of the SFU with more sub-spaces and so in case of a clear LoS path (or its identification) FTTR can provide precise angular localizations.
[0124] The other feature we propose to use is to record statically the distribution of each Wi-Fi device inside the home (or any other indoor place with Wi-Fi coverage) . With M beams for each SFU and N SFUs in the FTTR network, the proposed localization idea divides the space into N*M 3D sub-spaces. Each of those sub-spaces is allocated to a given SFU-Beam number which can be traced. As such, MFU (or any central management of the multi-AP system) can record the presence and location of Wi-Fi devices in time and provide the statistical distribution as well as a prediction on each device location in time. Such data can be exploited for later use as data or to improve the Wi-Fi quality of service.
[0125] All above features will be of a higher quality and with distinguishable zones when NLoS capacity and diffractions and fading due to the presence of scatterers (such as walls and furniture) and interfering signals all decrease and so with a dominant LoS capacity (almost Single-Input and Single-Output (SISO) ) assumptions
[0126] FIG. 8 shows an example of an STA moving indoors according to an embodiment of the disclosure. This figure shows in the case of LoS and perfect beam steering of the MFU and SFUs, how the location of STA can be identified. SFUs that are located closer to STA have a more important role in the accuracy of localization as with a fixed HPBW the coverage will be more focused on STA’s area. Indeed, for SFUs far from STA, the added value to improve the accuracy of localization will be lower, yet the impact on keeping a very high precision will be necessary. It means in any scenario FTTR system can tell with very high precision which part of the house the STA is located, while the accuracy of such position can vary depending on the location of STA with respect to SFUs, interfaces, indoor diffractions, and stronger NLoS in a multipath scenario.
[0127] FIG. 9 shows a method 900 according to the fourth aspect of this disclosure, particularly operating a first network device 300 for an indoor network 100 for indoor localization of a STA. In particular, the indoor network 100 comprises at least two second network devices 401 and 402. In a particular embodiment, the method 900 is performed by a first network device 300 shown in FIG. 3, or FIG. 4. The method 900 comprises a step 901 of obtaining, from the at least two second network devices 401 and 402, one or more parameters 301 of a received RF signal from the STA, and information 302 of a subspace where the STA is located. The method further comprises a step 902 of estimating a location 303 of the STA based on the one or more parameters 301 and the information 302 of the subspace where the STA is located. Possibly, each of the at least two second network devices 401 and 402 is the second network device 401 / 402 shown in FIG. 3, or FIG. 4.
[0128] FIG. 10 shows a method 1000 according to the fifth aspect of this disclosure, particularly operating a second network device 401 / 402 for an indoor network 100 for indoor localization of a STA 200. In particular, the indoor network 100 comprises a first network devices 300. In a particular embodiment, the method 1000 is performed by the second network device 401 / 402 shown in FIG. 3, or FIG. 4. The second network device 401 / 402 comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of front-hemisphere of the second network device 401 / 402. The method 1000 comprises a step 1001 of receiving a received RF signal 201 from the STA 200; a step 1002 of identifying a subspace 202 where the STA 200 is located based on the received RF signal 201, and a step 1003 of providing one or more parameters 301 of the received RF signal 201, and information 302 of the subspace 202 where the STA 200 is located, to the first network device 300. Possibly, the first network device 300 is the first network device 300 shown in FIG. 3, or FIG. 4.
[0129] To summarize, embodiments of this disclosure propose Wi-Fi indoor localization based on beam-switch multi-AP networks such as FTTR. Notably, the proposed method to find the location of Wi-Fi user is practical and simple, with advantages such as the user finding his Wi-Fi devices (mobile, laptop, IoT, etc. ) , improving Wi-Fi roaming, and detecting zone of intruders, and statistical knowledge on the distribution of each Wi-Fi device. The proposed method improves Wi-Fi quality and also provides a range of smart Wi-Fi features in the context of Multi-AP architecture (such as for IEEE 802.11. be / bn) , and beyond single-AP localizations and sensing as described in IEEE 802.11. ac / ax / bf) .
[0130] Embodiments of this disclosure further propose a smart selection of tilted beams of each antenna in SFUs and use any RSS above the noise floor. This increases the chance to localize Wi-Fi users.
[0131] Further, a tracible and high-resolution division of the indoor space to N*M sub-spaces (in 3D) is proposed, N and M are the number of SFUs and their beams. This improves the precision of an existing indoor localization system regardless if the original system is of low or high accuracy.
[0132] In an implementation example, the present disclosure can be integrated with Huawei OptiXstar FTTR F30 or F50 products with panel formats. However, the disclosure can also be adjusted for any panel AP of a multiple-AP system such as those backhauled with network CAT cables, coaxial, or wireless. It can apply as well to P2P or single AP systems in condition to have the smart antenna with switchable or steerable beams.
[0133] The present disclosure can also be applied to larger products with desktop installations, such as Huawei F30, F50 desktop, as well as other multiple-AP Wi-Fi systems with desktop products. In the case of such desktop AP, the antenna beams may need to cover 360 degrees instead of 180 degrees to cover fully the indoor surface.
[0134] The present disclosure has been described in conjunction with various embodiments as examples as well as implementations. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed embodiments of the disclosure, from the studies of the drawings, this disclosure and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation. Furthermore, the word “coupled” implies that the elements may be directly connected together or may be coupled through one or more intervening elements. Moreover, the disclosure with regard to any of the aspects is also relevant with regard to the other aspects of the disclosure.
[0135] Although the disclosure has been illustrated and described with respect to one or more implementations, equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In addition, while a particular feature of this disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application.
[0136] Furthermore, any method according to embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented in a computer program, having code means, which when run by processing means causes the processing means to execute the steps of the method. The computer program is included in a computer readable medium of a computer program product. The computer readable medium may comprise essentially any memory, such as a ROM (Read-Only Memory) , a PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) , an EPROM (Erasable PROM) , a Flash memory, an EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) , or a hard disk drive.
[0137] Moreover, it is realized by the skilled person that embodiments of the first network device 300, or the second network device 401 / 402, comprises the necessary communication capabilities in the form of e.g., functions, means, units, elements, etc., for performing the solution. Examples of other such means, units, elements and functions are: processors, memory, buffers, control logic, encoders, decoders, rate matchers, de-rate matchers, mapping units, multipliers, decision units, selecting units, switches, interleavers, de-interleavers, modulators, demodulators, inputs, outputs, antennas, amplifiers, receiver units, transmitter units, DSPs, trellis-coded modulation (TCM) encoder, TCM decoder, power supply units, power feeders, communication interfaces, communication protocols, etc. which are suitably arranged together for performing the solution.
[0138] Especially, the processor (s) of the first network device 300, or the second network device 401 / 402, may comprise, e.g., one or more instances of a Central Processing Unit (CPU) , a processing unit, a processing circuit, a processor, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) , a microprocessor, or other processing logic that may interpret and execute instructions. The expression “processor” may thus represent a processing circuitry comprising a plurality of processing circuits, such as, e.g., any, some or all of the ones mentioned above. The processing circuitry may further perform data processing functions for inputting, outputting, and processing of data comprising data buffering and device control functions, such as call processing control, user interface control, or the like.
Claims
1.A first network device (300) for an indoor network (100) for indoor localization of a station, wherein the indoor network (100) comprises at least two second network devices (401, 402) ,wherein the first network device (300) is configured to:obtain, from the at least two second network devices (401, 402) , one or more parameters (301) of a received radio frequency, RF, signal from the station, and information (302) of a subspace where the station is located; andestimate a location (303) of the station based on the one or more parameters (301) and the information (302) of the subspace where the station is located.2.The first network device (300) according to claim 1, wherein the one or more parameters (301) of the received RF signal comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, a round trip time, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal.3.The first network device (300) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the information (302) of the subspace where the station is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device, an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.4.The first network device (300) according to one of the claims 1 to 3, configured to:estimate the location (303) of the station further based on statistical data of the station.5.The first network device (300) according to one of the claims 1 to 3, configured to:switch at least one of at least two switchable beams of at least one second network device based on the one or more parameters (301) .6.The first network device (300) according to one of the claims 1 to 5, configured to:record the location (303) of the station in time, and / orgenerate a statistical distribution of the location (303) of the station in time.7.The first network device (300) according to claim 6, configured to:predict a future location of the station based on the recorded location (303) of the station in time, and / or based on the statistical distribution of the location (303) of the station in time.8.The first network device (300) according to one of the claims 1 to 7, configured to:provide the location (303) of the station to a security device.9.The first network device (300) according to one of the claims 1 to 8, wherein the first network device (300) is interconnected with the at least two second network devices (401, 402) through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.10.A second network device (401 / 402) for an indoor network (100) for indoor localization of a station (200) , wherein the indoor network (100) comprises a first network device (300) ,wherein the second network device (401 / 402) comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of a front hemisphere of the second network device,the second network device (401 / 402) is configured to:receive a received radio frequency, RF, signal (201) from the station (200) ;identify a subspace (202) where the station (200) is located based on the received RF signal (201) ; andprovide one or more parameters (301) of the received RF signal (201) , and information (302) of the subspace (202) where the station (200) is located, to the first network device (300) .11.The second network device (401 / 402) according to claim 10, wherein the one or more parameters (301) of the radiated or received RF signal (201) comprise at least one of a received signal strength indicator, a round trip time, a reception angle of the received RF signal, and a reception phase of the received RF signal (201) .12.The second network device (401 / 402) according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the information (302) of the subspace (202) where the station (200) is located comprises at least one of: an identifier of a corresponding second network device (401 / 402) , an identifier of a corresponding transceiver, and an identifier of a corresponding beam.13.The second network device (401 / 402) according to one of the claims 10 to 12, wherein at least one of the at least two transceivers is further configured to radiate a beam in boresight direction.14.The second network device (401 / 402) according to one of the claims 10 to 13, wherein the second network device (401 / 402) is interconnected with the first network device (300) through fibers, wireless, coaxial cables, or Ethernet network cables.15.An indoor network (100) comprising:the first network device (300) according to any of claims 1 to 9, andat least two second network devices (401, 402) each according to any of claims 10 to 14.16.The indoor network (100) according to claim 15, wherein the first network device (300) is a master access device, and each of the at least two second network devices is a slave access device.17.The indoor network (100) according to claim 15 or 16, wherein:the at least two second network devices (401, 402) are optically coupled to the first network device (300) via an optical splitter.18.A method (900) for operating a first network device (300) for an indoor network for indoor localization of a station, wherein the indoor network comprises at least two second network devices (401, 402) , wherein the method comprises:obtaining (901) , from the at least two second network devices (401, 402) , one or more parameters (301) of a received radio frequency, RF, signal from the station, and information (302) of a subspace where the station is located; andestimating (902) a location (303) of the station based on the one or more parameters (301) and the information (302) of the subspace where the station is located.19.A method (1000) for operating a second network device (401 / 402) for an indoor network (100) for indoor localization of a station (200) , wherein the indoor network (100) comprises a first network device (300) , wherein the second network device (401 / 402) comprises at least two transceivers, wherein each of the at least two transceivers is configured to radiate at least two switchable beams each to cover a respective subspace of front-hemisphere of the second network device (401 / 402) , wherein the method comprises:receiving (1001) a received radio frequency, RF, signal (201) from the station (200) ;identifying (1002) a subspace (202) where the station (200) is located based on the received RF signal (201) ; andproviding (1003) one or more parameters (301) of the received RF signal (201) , and information (302) of the subspace (202) where the station (200) is located, to the first network device (300) .20.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of a first network device (300) , causes the processor to perform the method according to claim 18.21.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a processor of a second network device (401 / 402) , causes the processor to perform the method according to claim 19.
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