Backward link coding configuration for ambient internet of things devices
The proposed backward link coding configuration for AIoT devices dynamically selects between line and channel coding based on device type and resource availability, addressing the complexity challenge in existing systems and ensuring efficient communication.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/140481
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-21
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently encoding signals for backward link transmissions by AIoT devices, particularly due to variations in device types and resource availability, which increases complexity for reader devices.
A backward link coding configuration that dynamically selects between line coding and channel coding based on the channel or resource associated with the signal and the device type of the AIoT device, ensuring compatibility and reducing complexity for reader devices.
This approach enables a unified design for AIoT devices with different capabilities, reduces complexity at the reader device by avoiding blind detection, and ensures efficient communication across various channels and resources.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023140481_26062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BACKWARD LINK CODING CONFIGURATION FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods for backward link coding configurations for ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services that may include carrying voice, text, messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. The services may include unicast, multicast, and / or broadcast services, among other examples. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] The above multiple-access RATs have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, or global level. An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other mobile broadband evolutions beyond NR) may be designed to better support Internet of things (IoT) and reduced capability device deployments, industrial connectivity, millimeter wave (mmWave) expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployment, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansions, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other radio access technologies such as 6G may be introduced, to further advance mobile broadband evolution.SUMMARY
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a first wireless device. The method may include obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link. The method may include encoding the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device. The method may include transmitting the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a first wireless device for wireless communication. The first wireless device may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be configured to obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link. The one or more processors may be configured to encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device. The one or more processors may be configured to transmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a first wireless device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the first wireless device, may cause the first wireless device to obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the first wireless device, may cause the first wireless device to encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the first wireless device, may cause the first wireless device to transmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a wireless device over a backward link. The apparatus may include means for encoding the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device. The apparatus may include means for transmitting the encoded signal to the wireless device over the backward link.
[0009] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, the specification and accompanying drawings.
[0010] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure, but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0012] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0013] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node in communication with a user equipment (UE) in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0014] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0015] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices that may use backscatter communications and / or energy harvesting, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0016] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of line coding techniques and different AIoT device types, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0017] Figs. 6A-6B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0018] Fig. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example process performed, for example, by a first wireless device, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0019] Fig. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0021] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0022] As described herein, an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) device is a smart device that operates in the background, seamlessly integrating with an environment to collect data, provide information, or perform specific tasks in order to enable continuous, context-aware services without requiring direct human interaction. AIoT devices are often equipped with sensors to gather data from the environment, such as temperature, humidity, light, motion, or sound, and can communicate with other devices or systems to process the collected data and take appropriate actions. For example, AIoT devices may include smart thermostats that can automatically adjust a temperature, ambient lighting systems that can adjust the lighting in a room, and / or environmental monitoring devices, among other examples. AIoT devices are typically much smaller and less expensive to manufacture compared to Internet of Things (IoT) devices from previous generations of IoT technology, such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) devices, Long Term Evolution (LTE) for machines (LTE-M) , and reduced capability (RedCap) devices.
[0023] Accordingly, AIoT devices often operate using similar technologies as passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, such as energy harvesting and backscatter communications. For example, energy harvesting includes techniques to collect and convert ambient energy from a surrounding environment into electrical power that can be used to operate an AIoT device (e.g., without a battery or other energy storage capability) . In this way, energy harvesting eliminates a need to replace a battery of an AIoT device or repeatedly charge the AIoT device, making the AIoT device more sustainable and reducing maintenance efforts. Furthermore, backscattering is a communication technique that an AIoT device can use to transmit data without consuming significant power and / or without having independent carrier signal generation capabilities. For example, rather than generating a carrier signal to be transmitted to another device (e.g., a reader device) , an AIoT device that performs backscattering reflects or modifies an existing signal from a nearby source (e.g., a signal transmitted by a nearby wireless local area network (WLAN) device, RFID reader, or cellular tower) to encode and transmit information, which significantly reduces energy consumption compared to traditional active transmission. In this way, by combining energy harvesting with backscattering, an AIoT device can operate with minimal power requirements, which may allow the AIoT device to function in remote or hard-to-reach locations without regular maintenance.
[0024] However, one challenge that arises with backscattered communication by AIoT devices is that AIoT devices without independent carrier signal generation capabilities may have a low clock accuracy and / or a low complexity. Accordingly, when an AIoT device transmits a signal to a reader device over a backward link using backscattering, the AIoT device may encode the signal using line coding to assist the reader device with detecting a clock error and / or locating a symbol boundary. For example, a line code (e.g., associated with an FM0 line coding scheme, a Miller line coding scheme, or another suitable scheme) generally has high-level and low-level transitions in each information bit to help the reader device detect the clock error and locate the symbol boundary. In some aspects, line coding is considered not to be a coding scheme but in the scope of modulation, coded modulation, or waveforms. However, some AIoT device types may have more advanced capabilities, such as energy storage capabilities and / or active radio frequency (RF) components to support transmission. In such cases, using line coding may be less necessary, because the AIoT device with active RF components may have a more accurate clock. However, because there are various common channels and / or resources used for backward link transmissions, a reader device may receive signals that are encoded using line codes from AIoT devices that perform backscatter communications and may receive uncoded signals from AIoT devices with active carrier signal generation capabilities. In such cases, the reader device may have to perform blind detection to decode the respective signals, which increases complexity.
[0025] Various aspects relate generally to backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to a backward link coding configuration that an AIoT device may use to encode a signal to be transmitted to a reader device (e.g., a network node, a user equipment (UE) , an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a smart repeater, or the like) over a backward link depending on a channel and / or resource associated with the signal and a device type associated with the AIoT device. For example, as described herein, an AIoT device may be associated with a first device type (e.g., device type A) or a second device type (e.g., device type B) that use backscattering techniques to transmit signals over a backward link, or an AIoT device may be associated with a third device type (e.g., device type C) that has active RF components to enable transmission over the backward link. Accordingly, AIoT devices associated with the first or second device type (that rely upon backscattering) may generally need to encode a signal to be transmitted over the backward link using line coding to assist the reader with detecting clock errors and locating symbol boundaries, while AIoT devices associated with the third device type may encode a signal using channel coding to improve communication range and / or reliability.
[0026] However, there may be circumstances where an AIoT device associated with the third device type should encode the signal using line coding to reduce complexity of the reader device and avoid a need for the reader device to perform blind detection to distinguish line coded signals transmitted by AIoT devices with the first or second device type from uncoded signals transmitted by AIoT devices with the third device type. Accordingly, in some aspects, when an AIoT device is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource common to all AIoT device types, the signal may be encoded using line coding regardless of device type, and a channel encoder may be optionally configured. Further, when an AIoT device with the first or second device type is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource dedicated to AIoT devices associated with the first or second device type (e.g., using backscattering techniques) , the signal may be encoded using line coding, and a channel encoder may be optionally configured. Alternatively, when an AIoT device with the third device type is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource dedicated to AIoT devices associated with the third device type (e.g., using active RF components) , the signal may be encoded using channel coding, and a line encoder may be optionally configured. Some aspects described herein further relate to techniques to configure backward link line coding and channel coding options and configurations for an AIoT device based on a message type (e.g., whether the signal is a response to a query from the reader device or transmitted using a resource pool configured by the reader device) , and techniques to enable or disable backward link coding for an AIoT device with the third device type based on whether the signal is an in-access signal transmitted during an access procedure or after-access signal transmitted after completing access procedure.
[0027] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by configuring a backward link coding applied by an AIoT transmitting a signal over a backward (e.g., actively or using backscattering) in accordance with a channel and / or resource and a device type related to transmission capabilities associated with the AIoT device, the backward link coding configurations may enable a unified design and compatibility for AIoT devices with different capabilities. Furthermore, by adopting similar coding schemes or coding configurations when an AIoT device is transmitting a signal using a channel and / or resource common to all AIoT device types, complexity may be reduced at the reader device by avoiding a need for blind detection to distinguish line coded signals transmitted by backscattering AIoT devices from uncoded signals transmitted by AIoT devices with active transmission capabilities.
[0028] Multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR supports various technologies and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) , massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , millimeter wave (mmWave) technology, beamforming, network slicing, edge computing, IoT connectivity and management, and network function virtualization (NFV) .
[0029] As the demand for broadband access increases and as technologies supported by wireless communication networks evolve, further technological improvements may be adopted in or implemented for 5G NR or future RATs, such as 6G, to further advance the evolution of wireless communication for a wide variety of existing and new use cases and applications. Such technological improvements may be associated with new frequency band expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansion, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication, IoT (including passive or AIoT) networks, RedCap UE functionality, industrial connectivity, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples. These technological improvements may support use cases such as wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases.
[0030] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100 in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110, shown as a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, a network node 110c, and a network node 110d. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120, shown as a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e.
[0031] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency ranges. Examples of RATs include a 4G RAT, a 5G / NR RAT, and / or a 6G RAT, among other examples. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with one another.
[0032] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are included in mid-band frequencies, that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, or FR5, and / or that are within the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, each of FR4a, FR4-1, FR4, and FR5 falls within the EHF band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs (for example, 4G / LTE and 5G / NR) are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (for example, FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and techniques described herein may be applicable to those modified frequency ranges.
[0033] A network node 110 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication between a UE 120 and one or more devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, an eNB, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a mobility element, a core, a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) .
[0034] A network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node (having an aggregated architecture) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single node (for example, a single physical structure) in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that uses a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0035] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. For example, a disaggregated network node may have a disaggregated architecture. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an IAB network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating base station functionality into multiple units that can be individually deployed.
[0036] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and / or one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layer control functions, such as radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, and / or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host one or more lower PHY layer functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (iFFT) , beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, and / or scheduling of resources for one or more UEs 120, among other examples. An RU may host RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an iFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120.
[0037] In some aspects, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. Additionally or alternatively, a network node 110 may include one or more Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and / or one or more Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RICs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples. A virtual unit may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as associated with a cloud deployment.
[0038] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or multiple (for example, three) cells. In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. A network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or an in-home network node. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite base station, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0039] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110a may be a macro network node for a macro cell 130a, the network node 110b may be a pico network node for a pico cell 130b, and the network node 110c may be a femto network node for a femto cell 130c. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas, and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110. For example, macro network nodes may have a high transmit power level (for example, 5 to 40 watts) , whereas pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmit power levels (for example, 0.1 to 2 watts) .
[0040] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. A downlink control channel may be used to transmit downlink control information (DCI) (for example, scheduling information, reference signals, and / or configuration information) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include one or more physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Uplink channels may similarly include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. An uplink control channel may be used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) (for example, reference signals and / or feedback corresponding to one or more downlink transmissions) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include one or more physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include one or more physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . The downlink and the uplink may each include a set of resources on which the network node 110 and the UE 120 may communicate.
[0041] Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (frames, subframes, slots, and / or symbols) , frequency domain resources (frequency bands, component carriers, subcarriers, resource blocks, and / or resource elements) , and / or spatial domain resources (particular transmit directions and / or beam parameters) . Frequency domain resources of some bands may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a continuous block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous block of resource blocks) that are allocated for one or more UEs 120. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (where the uplink BWP and the downlink BWP may be the same BWP or different BWPs) . A BWP may be dynamically configured (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a DCI configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured, which means that a BWP can be adjusted in real-time (or near-real-time) based on changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or based on the specific requirements of the one or more UEs 120. This enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120.
[0042] As described above, in some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be, may include, or may be included in, an IAB network. In an IAB network, at least one network node 110 is an anchor network node that communicates with a core network. An anchor network node 110 may also be referred to as an IAB donor (or “IAB-donor” ) . The anchor network node 110 may connect to the core network via a wired backhaul link. For example, an Ng interface of the anchor network node 110 may terminate at the core network. Additionally or alternatively, an anchor network node 110 may connect to one or more devices of the core network that provide a core access and mobility management function (AMF) . An IAB network also generally includes multiple non-anchor network nodes 110, which may also be referred to as relay network nodes or simply as IAB nodes (or “IAB-nodes” ) . Each non-anchor network node 110 may communicate directly with the anchor network node 110 via a wireless backhaul link to access the core network, or may communicate indirectly with the anchor network node 110 via one or more other non-anchor network nodes 110 and associated wireless backhaul links that form a backhaul path to the core network. Some anchor network node 110 or other non-anchor network node 110 may also communicate directly with one or more UEs 120 via wireless access links that carry access traffic. In some examples, network resources for wireless communication (such as time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources) may be shared between access links and backhaul links.
[0043] In some examples, any network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay network node, a relay station, or simply as a relay. A relay may receive a transmission of a communication from an upstream station (for example, another network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit the communication to a downstream station (for example, a UE 120 or another network node 110) . In this case, the wireless communication network 100 may include or be referred to as a “multi-hop network. ” In the example shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110d (for example, a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110a (for example, a macro network node) and the UE 120d in order to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. Additionally or alternatively, a UE 120 may be or may operate as a relay station that can relay transmissions to or from other UEs 120. A UE 120 that relays communications may be referred to as a UE relay or a relay UE, among other examples.
[0044] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may be included in an access terminal, another terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, and / or smart jewelry, such as a smart ring or a smart bracelet) , an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0045] A UE 120 and / or a network node 110 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system. The processing system includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “processors” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set, or may include the group of processors all being configured or configurable to perform the set of functions.
[0046] The processing system may further include memory circuitry in the form of one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. The processing system may further include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a Wi-Fi (for example, IEEE compliant) modem or a cellular (for example, 3GPP 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G compliant) modem) . In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system may further include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains or transceivers. The UE 120 may include or may be included in a housing that houses components associated with the UE 120 including the processing system.
[0047] Some UEs 120 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) UEs, evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) , UEs, further enhanced eMTC (feMTC) UEs, or enhanced feMTC (efeMTC) UEs, or further evolutions thereof, all of which may be simply referred to as “MTC UEs” ) . An MTC UE may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with a robot, an uncrewed aerial vehicle, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag. Some UEs 120 may be considered IoT devices and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT devices. An IoT UE or NB-IoT device may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with an industrial machine, an appliance, a refrigerator, a doorbell camera device, a home automation device, and / or a light fixture, among other examples. Some UEs 120 may be considered Customer Premises Equipment, which may include telecommunications devices that are installed at a customer location (such as a home or office) to enable access to a service provider's network (such as included in or in communication with the wireless communication network 100) .
[0048] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between UEs 120 of the first category and UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capacity UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, and / or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, and / or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0049] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly with one another using sidelink communications (for example, without communicating by way of a network node 110 as an intermediary) . As an example, the UE 120a may directly transmit data, control information, or other signaling as a sidelink communication to the UE 120e. This is in contrast to, for example, the UE 120a first transmitting data in an UL communication to a network node 110, which then transmits the data to the UE 120e in a DL communication. In various examples, the UEs 120 may transmit and receive sidelink communications using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication protocols, device-to-device (D2D) communication protocols, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication protocols (which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, and / or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols) , and / or mesh network communication protocols. In some deployments and configurations, a network node 110 may schedule and / or allocate resources for sidelink communications between UEs 120 in the wireless communication network 100. In some other deployments and configurations, a UE 120 (instead of a network node 110) may perform, or collaborate or negotiate with one or more other UEs to perform, scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations for sidelink communications.
[0050] In various examples, some of the network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may be configured for full-duplex operation in addition to half-duplex operation. A network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a half-duplex mode may perform only one of transmission or reception during particular time resources, such as during particular slots, symbols, or other time periods. Half-duplex operation may involve time-division duplexing (TDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 and UL transmissions of the UE 120 do not occur in the same time resources (that is, the transmissions do not overlap in time) . In contrast, a network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a full-duplex mode can transmit and receive communications concurrently (for example, in the same time resources) . By operating in a full-duplex mode, network nodes 110 and / or UEs 120 may generally increase the capacity of the network and the radio access link. In some examples, full-duplex operation may involve frequency-division duplexing (FDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 are performed in a first frequency band or on a first component carrier and transmissions of the UE 120 are performed in a second frequency band or on a second component carrier different than the first frequency band or the first component carrier, respectively. In some examples, full-duplex operation may be enabled for a UE 120 but not for a network node 110. For example, a UE 120 may simultaneously transmit an UL transmission to a first network node 110 and receive a DL transmission from a second network node 110 in the same time resources. In some other examples, full- duplex operation may be enabled for a network node 110 but not for a UE 120. For example, a network node 110 may simultaneously transmit a DL transmission to a first UE 120 and receive an UL transmission from a second UE 120 in the same time resources. In some other examples, full-duplex operation may be enabled for both a network node 110 and a UE 120.
[0051] In some examples, the UEs 120 and the network nodes 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ advanced MIMO techniques, such as mTRP operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0052] In some aspects, a UE 120 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may obtain a signal to be transmitted to a wireless device over a backward link; encode the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device; and transmit the encoded signal to the wireless device over the backward link. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0053] As indicated above, Fig. 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 1.
[0054] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node 110 in communication with an example UE 120 in a wireless network in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0055] As shown in Fig. 2, the network node 110 may include a data source 212, a transmit processor 214, a transmit (TX) MIMO processor 216, a set of modems 232 (shown as 232a through 232t, where t ≥ 1) , a set of antennas 234 (shown as 234a through 234v, where v ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 236, a receive processor 238, a data sink 239, a controller / processor 240, a memory 242, a communication unit 244, a scheduler 246, and / or a communication manager 150, among other examples. In some configurations, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 234, the modem (s) 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 214, and / or the TX MIMO processor 216 may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 240, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 242, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, and / or operations described herein. In some aspects, the network node 110 may include one or more interfaces, communication components, and / or other components that facilitate communication with the UE 120 or another network node.
[0056] The terms “processor, ” “controller, ” or “controller / processor” may refer to one or more controllers and / or one or more processors. For example, reference to “a / the processor, ” “a / the controller / processor, ” or the like (in the singular) should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2, such as a single processor or a combination of multiple different processors. Reference to “one or more processors” should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2. For example, one or more processors of the network node 110 may include transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, and / or controller / processor 240. Similarly, one or more processors of the UE 120 may include MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280.
[0057] In some aspects, a single processor may perform all of the operations described as being performed by the one or more processors. In some aspects, a first set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a first operation described as being performed by the one or more processors, and a second set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a second operation described as being performed by the one or more processors. The first set of processors and the second set of processors may be the same set of processors or may be different sets of processors. Reference to “one or more memories” should be understood to refer to any one or more memories of a corresponding device, such as the memory described in connection with Fig. 2. For example, operation described as being performed by one or more memories can be performed by the same subset of the one or more memories or different subsets of the one or more memories.
[0058] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the transmit processor 214 may receive data ( “downlink data” ) intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs that includes the UE 120) from the data source 212 (such as a data pipeline or a data queue) . In some examples, the transmit processor 214 may select one or more MCSs for the UE 120 in accordance with one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process the data (for example, including encoding the data) for transmission to the UE 120 on a downlink in accordance with the MCS (s) selected for the UE 120 to generate data symbols. The transmit processor 214 may process system information (for example, semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) ) and / or control information (for example, CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and / or control symbols. The transmit processor 214 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (for example, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) ) and / or synchronization signals (for example, a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signals (SSS) ) .
[0059] The TX MIMO processor 216 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, T output symbol streams) to the set of modems 232. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 232. Each modem 232 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) ) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a time domain downlink signal. The modems 232a through 232t may together transmit a set of downlink signals (for example, T downlink signals) via the corresponding set of antennas 234.
[0060] A downlink signal may include a DCI communication, a MAC control element (MAC-CE) communication, an RRC communication, a downlink reference signal, or another type of downlink communication. Downlink signals may be transmitted on a PDCCH, a PDSCH, and / or on another downlink channel. A downlink signal may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data. A TB may be a unit of data that is transmitted over an air interface in the wireless communication network 100. A data stream (for example, from the data source 212) may be encoded into multiple TBs for transmission over the air interface. The quantity of TBs used to carry the data associated with a particular data stream may be associated with a TB size common to the multiple TBs. The TB size may be based on or otherwise associated with radio channel conditions of the air interface, the MCS used for encoding the data, the downlink resources allocated for transmitting the data, and / or another parameter. In general, the larger the TB size, the greater the amount of data that can be transmitted in a single transmission, which reduces signaling overhead. However, larger TB sizes may be more prone to transmission and / or reception errors than smaller TB sizes, but such errors may be mitigated by more robust error correction techniques.
[0061] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 may be received by an antenna 234, may be processed by a modem 232 (for example, a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of a modem 232) , may be detected by the MIMO detector 236 (for example, a receive (Rx) MIMO processor) if applicable, and / or may be further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and / or control information. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 (which may be a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or another type of data sink) and provide the decoded control information to a processor, such as the controller / processor 240.
[0062] The network node 110 may use the scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink or uplink communications. In some aspects, the scheduler 246 may use DCI to dynamically schedule DL transmissions to the UE 120 and / or UL transmissions from the UE 120. In some examples, the scheduler 246 may allocate recurring time domain resources and / or frequency domain resources that the UE 120 may use to transmit and / or receive communications using an RRC configuration (for example, a semi-static configuration) , for example, to perform semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) or to configure a configured grant (CG) for the UE 120.
[0063] One or more of the transmit processor 214, the TX MIMO processor 216, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, and / or the controller / processor 240 may be included in an RF chain of the network node 110. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by one or more processors of the network node 110) . In some aspects, the RF chain may be or may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110.
[0064] In some examples, the network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to communicate with a core network and / or with other network nodes. The communication unit 244 may support wired and / or wireless communication protocols and / or connections, such as Ethernet, optical fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI) , and / or a wired or wireless backhaul, among other examples. The network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to transmit and / or receive data associated with the UE 120 or to perform network control signaling, among other examples. The communication unit 244 may include a transceiver and / or an interface, such as a network interface.
[0065] The UE 120 may include a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a through 252r, where r ≥ 1) , a set of modems 254 (shown as modems 254a through 254u, where u ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a data sink 260, a data source 262, a transmit processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, a controller / processor 280, a memory 282, and / or a communication manager 140, among other examples. One or more of the components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing 284. In some aspects, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 252, the modem (s) 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be included in a transceiver that is included in the UE 120. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 280, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 282, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, or operations described herein. In some aspects, the UE 120 may include another interface, another communication component, and / or another component that facilitates communication with the network node 110 and / or another UE 120.
[0066] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the set of antennas 252 may receive the downlink communications or signals from the network node 110 and may provide a set of received downlink signals (for example, R received signals) to the set of modems 254. For example, each received signal may be provided to a respective demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to condition (for example, filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to further demodulate or process the input samples (for example, for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the set of modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (for example, decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260 (which may include a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) , and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280.
[0067] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data ( “uplink data” ) from a data source 262 (such as a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) and control information from the controller / processor 280. The control information may include one or more parameters, feedback, one or more signal measurements, and / or other types of control information. In some aspects, the receive processor 258 and / or the controller / processor 280 may determine, for a received signal (such as received from the network node 110 or another UE) , one or more parameters relating to transmission of the uplink communication. The one or more parameters may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, a CQI parameter, or a transmit power control (TPC) parameter, among other examples. The control information may include an indication of the RSRP parameter, the RSSI parameter, the RSRQ parameter, the CQI parameter, the TPC parameter, and / or another parameter. The control information may facilitate parameter selection and / or scheduling for the UE 120 by the network node 110.
[0068] The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals, such as an uplink DMRS, an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) , and / or another type of reference signal. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, and further processed by the set of modems 254 (for example, for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM) . The TX MIMO processor 266 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, U output symbol streams) to the set of modems 254. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 254 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain an uplink signal.
[0069] The modems 254a through 254u may transmit a set of uplink signals (for example, R uplink signals or U uplink symbols) via the corresponding set of antennas 252. An uplink signal may include a UCI communication, a MAC-CE communication, an RRC communication, or another type of uplink communication. Uplink signals may be transmitted on a PUSCH, a PUCCH, and / or another type of uplink channel. An uplink signal may carry one or more TBs of data. Sidelink data and control transmissions (that is, transmissions directly between two or more UEs 120) may generally use similar techniques as were described for uplink data and control transmission, and may use sidelink-specific channels such as a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0070] One or more antennas of the set of antennas 252 or the set of antennas 234 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Fig. 2. As used herein, “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. “Antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters of the group of antennas. “Antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas, which may also include one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device.
[0071] In some examples, each of the antenna elements of an antenna 234 or an antenna 252 may include one or more sub-elements for radiating or receiving radio frequency signals. For example, a single antenna element may include a first sub-element cross-polarized with a second sub-element that can be used to independently transmit cross-polarized signals. The antenna elements may include patch antennas, dipole antennas, and / or other types of antennas arranged in a linear pattern, a two-dimensional pattern, or another pattern. A spacing between antenna elements may be such that signals with a desired wavelength transmitted separately by the antenna elements may interact or interfere constructively and destructively along various directions (such as to form a desired beam) . For example, given an expected range of wavelengths or frequencies, the spacing may provide a quarter wavelength, a half wavelength, or another fraction of a wavelength of spacing between neighboring antenna elements to allow for the desired constructive and destructive interference patterns of signals transmitted by the separate antenna elements within that expected range.
[0072] The amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating phase shift, phase offset, and / or amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction. “Beam” may also generally refer to a direction associated with such a directional signal transmission, a set of directional resources associated with the signal transmission (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , and / or a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal. In some implementations, antenna elements may be individually selected or deselected for directional transmission of a signal (or signals) by controlling amplitudes of one or more corresponding amplifiers and / or phases of the signal (s) to form one or more beams. The shape of a beam (such as the amplitude, width, and / or presence of side lobes) and / or the direction of a beam (such as an angle of the beam relative to a surface of an antenna array) can be dynamically controlled by modifying the phase shifts, phase offsets, and / or amplitudes of the multiple signals relative to each other.
[0073] Different UEs 120 or network nodes 110 may include different numbers of antenna elements. For example, a UE 120 may include a single antenna element, two antenna elements, four antenna elements, eight antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. As another example, a network node 110 may include eight antenna elements, 24 antenna elements, 64 antenna elements, 128 antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. Generally, a larger number of antenna elements may provide increased control over parameters for beam generation relative to a smaller number of antenna elements, whereas a smaller number of antenna elements may be less complex to implement and may use less power than a larger number of antenna elements. Multiple antenna elements may support multiple-layer transmission, in which a first layer of a communication (which may include a first data stream) and a second layer of a communication (which may include a second data stream) are transmitted using the same time and frequency resources with spatial multiplexing.
[0074] While blocks in Fig. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.
[0075] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated base station architecture 300 in accordance with the present disclosure. One or more components of the example disaggregated base station architecture 300 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network nodes (such one or more network nodes 110) . The disaggregated base station architecture 300 may include a CU 310 that can communicate directly with a core network 320 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 320 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as a Non-RT RIC 350 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 360 and / or a Near-RT RIC 370 (for example, via an E2 link) . The CU 310 may communicate with one or more DUs 330 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 330 may communicate with one or more RUs 340 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 340 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 340.
[0076] Each of the components of the disaggregated base station architecture 300, including the CUs 310, the DUs 330, the RUs 340, the Near-RT RICs 370, the Non-RT RICs 350, and the SMO Framework 360, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.
[0077] In some aspects, the CU 310 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 310 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 330, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 330 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 340. For example, a DU 330 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 330, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 310. Each RU 340 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 340 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 330.
[0078] The SMO Framework 360 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an O1 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 360 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 390) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an O2 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 310, a DU 330, an RU 340, a non-RT RIC 350, and / or a Near-RT RIC 370. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 380, via an O1 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 360 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 340 via a respective O1 interface. In some deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 330 and the CU 310 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0079] The Non-RT RIC 350 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, AI / ML workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 370. The Non-RT RIC 350 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 370. The Near-RT RIC 370 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 310, one or more DUs 330, and / or an O-eNB with the Near-RT RIC 370.
[0080] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 370, the Non-RT RIC 350 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 370 and may be received at the SMO Framework 360 or the Non-RT RIC 350 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 350 or the Near-RT RIC 370 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 350 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 360 (such as reconfiguration via an O1 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 interface policies) .
[0081] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 3.
[0082] The network node 110, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, the CU 310, the DU 330, the RU 340, or any other component (s) of Figs. 1, 2, or 3 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, any other component (s) of Fig. 2, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340 may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 700 of Fig. 7 or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . The memory 242 may store data and program codes for the network node 110, the network node 110, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340. The memory 282 may store data and program codes for the UE 120. In some examples, the memory 242 or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions (for example, code or program code) for wireless communication. The memory 242 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . The memory 282 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . For example, the set of instructions, when executed (for example, directly, or after compiling, converting, or interpreting) by one or more processors of the network node 110, the UE 120, the CU 310, the DU 330, or the RU 340, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 700 of Fig. 7 or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.
[0083] In some aspects, the UE 120 includes means for obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a wireless device over a backward link; means for encoding the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device; and / or means for transmitting the encoded signal to the wireless device over the backward link. In some aspects, the means for the UE 120 to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0084] As indicated above, Fig. 3 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 3.
[0085] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with AIoT devices that may use backscatter communications and / or energy harvesting, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0086] Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as AIoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. IoT technology may include passive IoT, semi-passive IoT, ultra-light IoT, zero-power IoT, low-power IoT, or AIoT, among other examples. In passive IoT, a terminal (e.g., a passive RFID device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery or other energy storage capabilities, and the terminal may primarily accumulate energy from radio signaling. Additionally, in some cases, the terminal may accumulate solar energy, vibration energy, and / or thermal energy to supplement accumulated energy from radio signaling. In passive IoT, a communication distance may be up to 30 meters (or more) to facilitate feasible network coverage over a large area (e.g., 5000 square meters) , such as in a warehouse. Moreover, the power consumption of a passive IoT terminal (e.g., a UE) may be less than 0.1 milliwatts (mW) to support operation without a battery or other energy storage capabilities, and the terminal may be relatively small and inexpensive (e.g., relative to other IoT devices, such as NB-IoT, LTE-M, and / or RedCap devices) to facilitate cost-sensitive use cases. A positioning accuracy of a passive IoT terminal may be approximately 3-5 meters in the horizontal and the vertical directions.
[0087] Passive (or ambient) IoT may be useful in connection with industrial sensors, for which battery replacement may be prohibitively difficult or undesirable (e.g., for safety monitoring or fault detection in smart factories, infrastructures, or environments) . Additionally, features of passive IoT devices, such as low cost, small size, low maintenance, durability, long lifespan, or the like, may facilitate smart logistics and / or warehousing (e.g., in connection with automated asset management by replacing RFID tags) . Furthermore, passive IoT may be useful in connection with smart home networks for household item management, wearable devices (e.g., wearable devices for medical monitoring for which patients do not need to replace batteries) , and / or environment monitoring. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, a wireless network may utilize a type of passive IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device” that uses backscattering transmission techniques, similar to a passive RFID system. For example, a passive RFID system typically includes a reader device and a passive RFID tag, which is a battery-less backscatter device that initially uses an RF signal transmitted by the reader device to power up before decoding the RF signal and backscattering stored information (e.g., by reflecting the incident RF signal with modulation via a reflection coefficient switch) . More particularly, in a typical working procedure, the passive RFID tag receives electromagnetic waves via an antenna, rectifies a potential difference of the electromagnetic waves to generate direct current that is used to charge a capacitor and power up an integrated circuit (IC) , demodulates and decodes the received signals, and then transmits coded and modulated signals using backscattering techniques.
[0088] For example, as shown in Fig. 4, a backscatter device 405 (e.g., a tag, a sensor, or the like) , which may be one example of a passive IoT device, may employ a simplified hardware design (e.g., including an antenna 450, a power splitter 455, an energy harvester 460, an IC 465, and a microcontroller 470) that does not include a radio wave generation circuit or other carrier signal generation capabilities, such that the backscatter device 405 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting (e.g., backscattering) a radio wave. In addition, the backscatter device 405 shown in Fig. 4 does not include a battery or other energy storage capability, whereby the backscatter device 405 relies on energy harvesting for power. Alternatively, in some case, the backscatter device 405 may include energy storage capabilities, in which case the stored energy may be used to amplify reflected or backscattered signals. In either case, the backscatter device 405 communicates with a reader 408 (e.g., a UE 120, a network node 110, an IAB node, a smart repeater, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source 410 (e.g., a network node 110, a UE 120, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 410 and the reader 408 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some cases, the reader 408 and the RF source 410 may be associated with the same network node 110.
[0089] To facilitate communication of the backscatter device 405, the RF source 410 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the backscatter device 405. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader 408 and the backscatter device 405. Additionally, or alternatively, in some cases, a range between the RF source 410 and the backscatter device 405 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the backscatter device 405, such as -20 decibel milliwatts (dBm) .
[0090] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the backscatter device 405, the backscatter device 405 may begin to reflect (e.g., backscatter) the radio wave that is radiated onto the backscatter device 405 via a backscatter link 415. For example, the RF source 410 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a continuous wave (CW) . The backscatter device 405 may respond by backscattering of the CW. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 410 and the backscatter device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the backscatter device 405 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the backscatter device 405. The reader 408 may detect the reflection pattern of the backscatter device 405 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 415. A channel between the reader 408 and the backscatter device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDU. In addition, the RF source 410 and the reader 408 may communicate (e.g., reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 420. A channel between the RF source 410 and the reader 408 of the direct link 420 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBU.
[0091] The backscatter device 405 may use an information modulation scheme, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation or on-off keying (OOK) modulation. For ASK or OOK modulation, the backscatter device 405 may switch reflection on when transmitting an information bit “1” and switch reflection off when transmitting an information bit “0. ” Alternatively, the backscatter device 405 may switch reflection on when transmitting an information bit “0” and switch reflection off when transmitting an information bit “1. ” In backscatter communication, the RF source 410 may transmit a particular radio wave (e.g., a reference signal or a data signal, such as a PDSCH) , which may be denoted as x (n) . The reader 408 may receive the radio wave, x (n) , directly from the RF source 410 via the direct link 420, as well as from the backscatter device 405 modulating and reflecting the radio wave to the reader 408 via the backscatter link 415. The signal received at the reader 408 via the direct link 420, indicated by reference number 425, is the product of the radio wave transmitted by the RF source 410, x (n) , multiplied by the direct link channel response value, hBU, plus any signal noise. The information bits signal of the backscatter device 405 may be denoted as s (n) , where s (n) ∈ {0, 1} . Accordingly, the signal received at the reader 408 via the backscatter link 415, indicated by reference number 430, is the product of the signal transmitted by the RF source 410, x (n) , multiplied by the first backscatter link channel response value, hBD, the second backscatter link channel response value, hDU, the information bits signal from the backscatter device 405, s (n) , and a reflection coefficient associated with the backscatter device 405 plus any noise.
[0092] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader 408, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 420 and the signal received via the backscatter link 415, may be denoted as y (n) , as shown by reference number 435. As shown, when s (n) =0 (indicated by reference number 440 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the backscatter device 405 may switch off reflection, and thus the reader 408 receives only the direct link 420 signal. When s (n) =1 (indicated by reference number 445 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the backscatter device 405 may switch on reflection, and thus the reader 408 receives a superposition of both the direct link 420 signal and the backscatter link 415 signal. To receive the information bits transmitted by the backscatter device 405, the reader 408 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of h_BU (n) by treating the backscatter link 415 signal as interference. The reader 408 may then detect the existence of the signal component. In some cases, the backscatter device 405 may not maintain a state from communication session to communication session except of what is stored in the backscatter device 405 memory, such as an electronic product code (EPC) associated with backscatter device 405 or similar information.
[0093] Some IoT devices may be referred to as semi-passive IoT devices, because communication between a reader and the IoT device does not need to be preceded by an energy harvesting waveform. For example, semi-passive IoT devices may include a battery or similar energy source that can power the receiver and / or logic circuit. For such devices, energy harvesting may still be triggered in some cases, such as for long-range communications. In such examples, a rectifier circuit of the semi-passive IoT device may have a warm start from the battery or other energy source, and thus may be associated with a lower minimum received power requirement than passive IoT devices (e.g., -30 dBm rather than -20 dBm) . Nonetheless, long-range communications may require battery power spend to energize each decoding. More particularly, for long-range communications in which an energy harvesting rate is lower than a decoding circuit requirement, such as when the energy harvesting rate is below -30 dBm, the semi-passive IoT device may expend battery power to energize each decoding. Thus, continuous IoT device monitoring, such as for purposes of receiving a long-distance query communication, may result in excessive battery drain at the semi-passive IoT device.
[0094] In that regard, passive IoT devices and semi-passive IoT devices may be inherently limited for certain applications. For example, passive IoT devices, such as the backscatter device 405, may be associated with a low cost and form factor because there is no need for an RF chain at the IoT device. However, passive IoT devices require an energy harvesting waveform, limiting the application of passive IoT devices to short-distance communications. Although semi-passive IoT devices may eliminate the need for an energy harvesting waveform and / or may enable long-distance communications, semi-passive devices increase cost and complexity because the semi-passive devices require a battery or similar energy source. Moreover, because passive and semi-passive IoT devices may be associated with a communication session that is initiated by the RF source 410, passive and semi-passive IoT devices may be inherently limited for use in sensing scenarios or similar latency-critical applications that require aperiodic traffic, and the devices may not scale well for use in high IoT density applications. Accordingly, in some cases, an AIoT device may be equipped with energy storage capabilities and active RF components to support independent carrier signal generation, which may increase a communication range and extend AIoT to other use cases that involve communication in a wireless network. However, because AIoT devices may have varying capabilities, AIoT devices associated with different device types may use different coding techniques, which results in a variable design for different AIoT devices and increased complexity at the reader 408.
[0095] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 4.
[0096] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 of line coding techniques and different AIoT device types, in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, in a wireless network (e.g., an LTE network, an NR network, or the like) , channel coding, also known as forward error correction (FEC) or forward error control coding (FECC) , is generally used to detect and correct bit errors associated with a transmitted signal. Channel coding is typically performed at a transmitter and a receiver, where the transmitter uses a channel encoder to add extra parity bits to raw data prior to modulation. Accordingly, when a modulated signal that carries the raw (information) bits and the extra (parity) bits arrives at the receiver, the receiver uses a channel decoder to detect and correct any errors that may have occurred during transmission due to noise, interference, fading, or the like. On the other hand, line coding is a technique used to convert digital bits into a specific waveform that can be transmitted over a communication channel in order to improve reliability when a low-end or low-complexity transmitter is equipped with a clock that has a low accuracy. For example, as shown in Fig. 5, line coding techniques are often used in passive communication systems, where a passive device 510 (e.g., an RFID tag, a passive AIoT device, a semi-passive AIoT device, or other backscattering device) is equipped with a clock that has a low accuracy.
[0097] More particularly, in an RFID system, an AIoT system, or the like, a reader device 520 may transmit RF signals to the passive device 510 on a forward link and the passive device 510 may transmit RF signals to the reader device 520 on a backward link, and line coding techniques may be used to encode digital data onto RF signals that are transmitted between the passive device 510 and the reader device 520 to overcome errors that are caused by the low accuracy clock of the passive device 510. For example, as described herein, a line code typically has high-level and low-level transitions in each bit to assist with the reader device 520 with detecting a clock error of the passive device 510 and locating a symbol boundary. For example, as shown by reference number 530, the passive device 510 may encode a signal to be transmitted to the reader device 520 using an FM0 line coding scheme, where binary data is represented by inverting or not inverting a state of a waveform in each bit period. For example, as shown by reference number 530, the FM0 line coding scheme is associated with an inversion from low to high or from high to low at the symbol boundary of each bit, an inversion from high to low or from low to high during a bit period indicates a bit value of “0” , and the absence an inversion during a bit period indicates a bit value of “1” .
[0098] Additionally, or alternatively, as shown by reference number 540, the passive device 510 may encode a signal to be transmitted to the reader device 520 using a Miller line coding scheme, which has more transitions than FM0, which improves clock recovery. For example, as shown, the Miller line coding scheme similarly has transitions or inversions within a waveform, where there are multiple inversions within a bit period and a bit value of “1” does not have an inversion in the middle of a bit period or has fewer inversions than a bit value of “0” . In general, the FM0 and Miller line coding schemes may be used to detect a clock error of the passive device 510 (e.g., with a frequency tolerance of ± ~5-22%and a variation of ± ~2.5%) , can enable collision detection and reduced self-interference by the reader device 520 by a frequency shift. Furthermore, the Miller line coding scheme can achieve lower code rates than the FM0 line coding scheme (e.g., to combat interference and noise) , and may provide a larger frequency gap with a carrier relative to the FM0 line coding scheme. Furthermore, as described herein, other suitable line coding schemes may be used to overcome hardware limitations due to the passive device 510 having a clock with a low accuracy, such as bi-phase line coding (e.g., ensuring a transition at the midpoint of each bit period to improve synchronization and error detection) and / or non-return-to-zero (NRZ) level line coding (e.g., forcing a high level for a bit value of “1 or forcing a low level for a bit value of “0” ) , among other examples.
[0099] Accordingly, one or more line coding schemes may be used to correct for clock errors in passive devices or other devices with inaccurate clocks, to assist with detecting clock errors and resolving a symbol boundary. For example, line coding schemes are often used in RFID systems, and may be useful in AIoT systems where a reader device communicates with a passive IoT device or a semi-passive IoT device that has a clock with a low accuracy. However, AIoT systems are not limited to passive and semi-passive IoT devices that have clocks with a low accuracy, as some higher-end AIoT devices may have more accurate clocks that mitigate a need to use line codes. For example, in an AIoT system, as shown by reference number 550, an AIoT device may be a passive AIoT device associated with a first AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type A) , where a passive AIoT device lacks energy storage capabilities and lacks independent carrier signal generation capabilities (e.g., can perform backscattering transmission only) . Passive AIoT devices may generally have a power consumption in a range between 1 microwatt (μW) and 10 μM, and may have a complexity similar to ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID tags. Alternatively, reference number 550 may correspond to a semi-passive AIoT device associated with a second AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type B) , where a semi-passive AIoT device has energy storage capabilities but lacks independent carrier signal generation capabilities (e.g., can perform backscattering transmission only, with stored energy used to amplify reflected signals) . Semi-passive AIoT devices may have a power consumption that is higher or comparable to passive AIoT devices, and may generally have a higher complexity than passive AIoT devices. Alternatively, as shown by reference number 560, an AIoT device may be an active (high-end) AIoT device associated with a third AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type C) , where an active AIoT device has energy storage capabilities and has active RF components to enable transmission (e.g., has independent carrier signal generation capabilities, and does not need to perform backscattering transmission) . Active AIoT devices may have a power consumption that is higher than passive and semi-passive AIoT devices (e.g., from 1 milliwatt (mW) to 10 mW) , and a complexity that is greater than passive and semi-passive AIoT devices but orders of magnitude lower than NB-IoT devices.
[0100] Accordingly, as described herein, whether an AIoT device needs to use line codes when transmitting to a reader device on a backward link may generally depend on a complexity of the AIoT device, and specifically an accuracy of a clock associated with the AIoT device. For example, a passive or semi-passive AIoT device (e.g., associated with AIoT device type A or B) may need to use line codes (e.g., FM0, Miller, and / or other line codes, similar to an RFID tag) due to having a low clock accuracy. However, an active AIoT device (e.g., associated with AIoT device type C) is typically higher-end (e.g., with energy storage and independent carrier signal generation capabilities) , whereby active AIoT devices may have a reduced need to use line codes because active AIoT devices have a more accurate clock to support active RF transmission components. Nonetheless, there are various common channels and / or resources that AIoT devices use to communicate on a backward link, including channels and / or resources associated with acquiring access to a wireless network (e.g., during a random access procedure) . For example, if an active AIoT device were to not use line coding during a random access procedure, the reader device may receive line coded signals from passive and / or semi-passive AIoT devices and may also receive uncoded signals from active AIoT devices. In such cases, the reader device would have to perform blind detection to decode the respective signals from the passive / semi-passive / active AIoT devices, which increases complexity of the reader device. In addition, such a coding scheme would result in non-uniformity among different AIoT device types. In other cases, active AIoT devices may use line coding to enable a reader device to detect transmission collisions among AIoT devices.
[0101] Various aspects relate generally to backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices. Some aspects more specifically relate to a backward link coding configuration that an AIoT device may use to encode a signal to be transmitted to a reader device (e.g., a network node, a UE, an IAB node, a smart repeater, or the like) over a backward link depending on a channel and / or resource associated with the signal and a device type associated with the AIoT device. For example, as described herein, an AIoT device may be associated with a first AIoT device type (e.g., a passive AIoT device type, or AIoT device type A) or a second AIoT device type (e.g., a semi-passive AIoT device type, or AIoT device type B) that use backscattering techniques to transmit signals over a backward link, or an AIoT device may be associated with a third AIoT device type (e.g., an active AIoT device type, or AIoT device type C) that has active RF components to enable transmission over the backward link. Accordingly, AIoT devices associated with the first or second AIoT device type (that rely upon backscattering) may generally need to encode a signal to be transmitted over the backward link using line coding to assist the reader with detecting clock errors and locating symbol boundaries, while AIoT devices associated with the third AIoT device type may encode a signal using channel coding to improve communication range and / or reliability.
[0102] However, there may be circumstances where an AIoT device associated with the active AIoT device type should encode the signal using line coding to reduce complexity of the reader device and avoid a need for the reader device to perform blind detection to distinguish line coded signals transmitted by AIoT devices with the first or second AIoT device type from uncoded signals transmitted by AIoT devices with the third AIoT device type. Accordingly, in some aspects, when an AIoT device is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource common to all AIoT device types, the signal may be encoded using line coding regardless of device type, and a channel encoder may be optionally configured. Further, when an AIoT device with the first or second AIoT device type is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource dedicated to AIoT devices associated with the first or second device type (e.g., using backscattering techniques) , the signal may be encoded using line coding, and a channel encoder may be optionally configured. Alternatively, when an AIoT device with the third AIoT device type is transmitting a signal over a backward link channel or resource dedicated to AIoT devices associated with the third device type (e.g., using active RF components) , the signal may be encoded using channel coding, and a line encoder may be optionally configured. Some aspects described herein further relate to techniques to configure backward link line coding and channel coding options and configurations for an AIoT device based on a message type (e.g., whether the signal is a response to a query from the reader device or transmitted using a resource pool configured by the reader device) , and techniques to enable or disable backward link coding for an AIoT device with the third device type based on whether the signal is an in-access signal transmitted during an access procedure or after-access signal transmitted after completing access procedure.
[0103] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 5.
[0104] Figs. 6A-6B are diagrams illustrating examples 600 associated with backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Figs. 6A-6B, examples 600 includes communication between an AIoT device 610 and a reader device 620. In some aspects, the reader device 620 and the AIoT device 610 may be included in a wireless network, such as wireless network 100. The AIoT device 610 and the reader device 620 may communicate via a wireless link, which may include a forward link for the reader device 620 to transmit RF signals to the AIoT device 610 and a backward link for the AIoT device 610 to transmit RF signals to the reader device 620. In some aspects, the reader device 620 may correspond to a network node, such as an RU or a DU associated with a disaggregated base station, a UE, an IAB node, a smart repeater, or another suitable wireless device. Furthermore, as described herein, the AIoT device 610 may correspond to a passive or a semi-passive AIoT device that can only transmit using backscattering based on an incident RF signal transmitted by the reader device 620, or an active AIoT device that can independently transmit a carrier signal without relying upon an incident RF signal transmitted by the reader device 620.
[0105] As shown in Fig. 6A, and by reference number 630, the AIoT device 610 may obtain a signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 over the backward link. For example, in some aspects, the signal to be transmitted may correspond to a signal associated with an access procedure (e.g., a random access preamble) or another suitable signal (e.g., carrying control data, similar to a PUCCH transmission, or carrying a payload and / or data, similar to a PUSCH transmission) . As further shown in Fig. 6A, and by reference number 640, the AIoT device 610 may encode the signal to be transmitted over the backward link using line coding and / or using channel coding based on a channel and / or resource associated with the signal and based on an AIoT device type associated with the AIoT device 610. For example, in some aspects, the AIoT device 610 may be associated with an AIoT device type that supports backscattering transmission only, such as a passive AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type A, which lacks energy storage capabilities and lacks independent carrier signal generation capabilities) or a semi-passive AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type B, which has energy storage capabilities but lacks independent carrier signal generation capabilities) . Alternatively, the AIoT device 610 may be associated with an AIoT device type that supports active transmission, such as an active AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type C, which has energy storage capabilities and independent carrier signal generation capabilities) .
[0106] For example, as shown by reference number 650, the AIoT device 610 may adopt line coding (e.g., FM0, Miller, or another suitable line coding scheme) to encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 based at least in part on the signal being associated with one or more channels or resources that are common to all AIoT device types (e.g., passive, semi-passive, and active AIoT device types) . In such cases, as shown by reference number 650, the AIoT device 610 may adopt line coding to encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620, and channel coding may be optionally configured (e.g., channel coding, such as a convolutional code, may be configured or adopted to encode the signal when the signal carries data, and channel coding may be disabled when the common backward link channels and / or resources are associated with accessing a wireless network) . Alternatively, as shown by reference number 652, the AIoT device 610 may adopt channel coding (e.g., an FEC channel coding scheme) to encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 based at least in part on the AIoT device 610 being associated with an active AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type C) and the signal being associated with one or more channels or resources that are dedicated to the active AIoT device type. Furthermore, in such cases, the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type may be optionally configured to use or to not use line coding when transmitting a signal associated with one or more channels or resources that are dedicated to the active AIoT device type. Alternatively, as shown by reference number 654, the AIoT device 610 may always adopt line coding to encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 when the AIoT device 610 is associated with the passive or semi-passive AIoT device type (e.g., AIoT device type A or B) , and the AIoT device 610 associated with the passive or semi-passive AIoT device type may be optionally configured to use or to not use channel coding when transmitting a signal associated with one or more channels or resources that are dedicated to the passive or semi-passive AIoT device types or one or more channels or resources that are common to all AIoT device types.
[0107] In some aspects, as described herein, line coding and channel coding options and configurations for the backward link transmissions by the AIoT device 610 may be mapped to a message type associated with the signal to be transmitted over the backward link. For example, as shown in Fig. 6B, and by reference number 660, the reader device 620 may transmit a query to the AIoT device 610 (e.g., to message that is sent to the AIoT device 610 to trigger a response by the AIoT device 610, such as to request sensor data or other suitable information) . In such cases, as shown by reference number 662, the signal that the AIoT device 610 transmits to the reader device 620 may be a response to the query. Alternatively, in some aspects, the signal that the AIoT device 610 transmits to the reader device 620 may be transmitted using one or more resource pools configured by the reader device 620 (e.g., a common resource pool for all AIoT device types or a dedicated resource pool for a specific AIoT device type) , which may be responsive to or independent of any message transmitted by the reader device 620. In some aspects, the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 may encoded using the line coding based on the message being associated with a query or a resource pool that is common to all AIoT device types and / or based on the AIoT device 610 being a passive or semi-passive device and the message being associated with a query or a resource pool that is dedicated to passive or semi-passive AIoT device types. Furthermore, in cases where the AIoT device 610 is an active AIoT device or a passive or semi-passive AIoT device that supports channel coding, the signal may optionally be encoded using channel coding in addition to the line coding (e.g., line coding may be required, and channel coding optional, when the signal is a response to a common query for all AIoT device types, transmitted using a common resource pool for all AIoT device types, a response to a query dedicated to passive or semi-passive AIoT device types, and / or transmitted using a dedicated resource pool for passive or semi-passive AIoT device types) . Alternatively, in cases where the AIoT device 610 is an active AIoT device and the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 is a response to a query dedicated to the active AIoT device type and transmitted using a dedicated resource pool for the active AIoT device type, the signal may be encoded using channel coding. Furthermore, in some aspects, the signal may be further encoded using the line coding (e.g., when one or more conditions are satisfied, such as to detect user collisions) . Accordingly, when the AIoT device 610 is an active AIoT device and the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 is a response to a query dedicated to the active AIoT device type and transmitted using a dedicated resource pool for the active AIoT device type, the signal may be encoded using channel coding, and line coding may be optionally configured.
[0108] In some aspects, as described herein, various additional coding configurations and / or options may be configured in cases where the AIoT device 610 is an active AIoT device with energy storage and independent carrier signal generation capabilities. For example, in some aspects, various additional coding configurations and / or options may be configured in cases where the AIoT device 610 is an active AIoT device depending on whether the signal is an in-access signal (e.g., a signal transmitted during a random access procedure, such as a preamble or a payload / data transmitted during a two-step or four-step random access procedure) or an after-access signal (e.g., a signal transmitted after a random access procedure to acquire access to a wireless network has completed) .
[0109] For example, in cases where all access channels and / or resources are common for all AIoT device types, the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type may encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 using line coding configured in a query from the reader device 620 that triggers an access request. In such cases, the query may indicate a line coding type (e.g., the FM0 line coding scheme, the Miller line coding scheme, or another suitable line coding scheme) and one or more parameters associated with the configured line coding type (e.g., a value for an M parameter when the Miller line coding scheme is configured) . Additionally, or alternatively, the line coding used to encode the signal may be associated with a default option that the AIoT device 610 may use in cases where the query from the reader device 620 does not configure the line coding. In some aspects, information related to whether an access channel and / or resource is common to all AIoT device types or dedicated to a specific AIoT device type may be stored by AIoT device 610, configured by the reader device 620, and / or indicated in a query message that the AIoT device 610 receives from the reader device 620. Furthermore, similar techniques may be applied in cases where the line coding options and / or configurations are mapped to resource pools that are common to all AIoT device types or dedicated to specific AIoT device types.
[0110] Additionally, or alternatively, in cases where there are one or more access channels and / or resources that are common for all AIoT device types and one or more access channels and / or resources that are dedicated to the active AIoT device type, the reader device 620 may indicate one or more backward link line configurations for the access channels and / or resources that are common for all AIoT device types in a query that triggers an access request. In such cases, the AIoT device 610 may determine whether to adopt the line coding indicated in the query or whether to only adopt channel coding based on the access channels and / or resources that are selected for the access signal transmission (e.g., may use the line coding if the access signal is transmitted using the channels and / or resources that are common for all AIoT device types, or may use channel coding and not use the line coding if the access signal is transmitted using the channels and / or resources that are dedicated to the active AIoT device type) . Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device 620 may configure the backward link line coding and indicate an AIoT device type in each query message that is sent to the AIoT device 610. In such cases, the AIoT device 610 may adopt the backward link line coding or not adopt the backward link line coding depending on whether the configuration in the query indicates all AIoT device types or indicates the active AIoT device type. Furthermore, similar techniques may be applied in cases where the line coding options and / or configurations are mapped to resource pools that are common to all AIoT device types or dedicated to specific AIoT device types.
[0111] Additionally, or alternatively, as shown by reference number 670, when the signal being transmitted by the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type is a preamble (e.g., for access or another purpose) , the AIoT device 610 may encode the preamble using line coding, and may indicate in the preamble whether line coding is used in the subsequent payload / data following the preamble. For example, as shown by reference number 672, the AIoT device 610 may transmit an preamble and a subsequent payload / data transmission may be non-consecutive (or discontinuous, or separated in time) with respect to the preamble. For example, as shown, the preamble may be encoded with line coding prior to transmission, and the preamble transmission may indicate whether line coding will be used for one or more payload / data transmissions after the procedure is complete. Additionally, or alternatively, as shown by reference number 674, the AIoT device 610 may transmit an preamble that is always paired with a payload / data transmission (e.g., each transmission starts with a preamble) . In such cases, the preamble may be encoded with line coding prior to transmission, and the preamble transmission may indicate whether line coding will be used for the payload / data transmissions paired with the preamble.
[0112] In some aspects, after the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type has completed an access procedure, various options may be defined to control whether the AIoT device 610 enables line coding for subsequent backward link transmissions. For example, in some aspects, whether the AIoT device 610 enables backward link coding after an access procedure may be based on an access status (e.g., the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type does not use backward line coding until and / or unless a subsequent query message or other event triggers another access request) . Alternatively, in some aspects, whether the AIoT device 610 enables backward link coding after an access procedure may be based on a resource, where the AIoT device 610 does not use backward link codes when transmitting in one or more channels or resources dedicated to the active AIoT device type after acquiring access, and uses backward link codes when transmitting in one or more channels or resources common to all AIoT device types after acquiring access. Additionally, or alternatively, backward link line coding may be enabled or disabled based on an indication type, where the AIoT device 610 does not use backward link line coding (e.g., uses channel coding only) to encode signals that correspond to responses to any messages from the reader device 620 that are dedicated to the active AIoT device type or dedicated to the AIoT device 610. Alternatively, the AIoT device 610 may use backward link line coding to encode signals that correspond to responses to any messages from the reader device 620 that are common to all AIoT device types. Additionally, or alternatively, backward link line coding may be enabled or disabled based on an activation, where the AIoT device 610 may start to use a configured backward link line coding to encode signals transmitted to the reader device 620 after receiving a backward link line coding activation and configuration from the reader device 620 (e.g., via a groupcasting message to all active AIoT devices and / or a unicasting message to the active AIoT device 610) . In such cases, the AIoT device 610 may continue to use the configured backward link line coding to encode signals transmitted to the reader device 620 until the AIoT device 610 receives a backward link line coding deactivation message from the reader device 620. Additionally, or alternatively, backward link line coding may be enabled or disabled on a per-channel basis. For example, in some aspects, the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type may use a backward link line coding or may use channel coding only to encode a signal transmitted to the reader device 620 depending on a configuration that the reader device 620 provides for each transmission (e.g., via a semi-static configuration, similar to an RRC configuration or a MAC-CE configuration, or via a dynamic configuration, such as a DCI configuration) .
[0113] Furthermore, as described herein, various options may be defined to control whether the AIoT device 610 enables channel coding for subsequent backward link transmissions after the AIoT device 610 associated with the active AIoT device type has completed an access procedure. For example, in some aspects, channel coding may be mutually exclusive with respect to line coding, whereby the AIoT device 610 may encode the signal using only backward link line coding or using only channel coding (e.g., because concatenating channel coding and line coding may increase decoding complexity at the reader device 620, such that configuring line coding and channel coding to be mutually exclusive decreases decoding complexity at the reader device 620) . Alternatively, in some aspects, channel coding may always be enabled for the active AIoT device 610 after an access procedure is complete (e.g., when backward link line coding is adopted, channel coding and line coding is concatenated to improve error detection and correction performance, at the cost of increased decoding complexity at the reader device 620) . Alternatively, in some aspects, whether channel coding is enabled for the active AIoT device 610 after an access procedure is complete may be configuration-based, where the AIoT device 610 adopts backward link channel coding or does not use channel coding to encode the signal to be transmitted to the reader device 620 depending on a configuration provided by the reader device 620. For example, when backward link channel coding is enabled, the coding scheme can be configured by the reader device 620 or determined by a default option if not configured by the reader device 620.
[0114] As indicated above, Figs. 6A-6B is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Figs. 6A-6B.
[0115] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example process 700 performed, for example, at a first wireless device or an apparatus of a first wireless device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 700 is an example where the apparatus or the first wireless device (e.g., AIoT device 610) performs operations associated with backward link coding configurations for AIoT devices.
[0116] As shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link (block 710) . For example, the first wireless device (e.g., using reception component 802 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link, as described above.
[0117] As further shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include encoding the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device (block 720) . For example, the first wireless device (e.g., using communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device, as described above.
[0118] As further shown in Fig. 7, in some aspects, process 700 may include transmitting the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link (block 730) . For example, the first wireless device (e.g., using transmission component 804 and / or communication manager 806, depicted in Fig. 8) may transmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link, as described above.
[0119] Process 700 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0120] In a first aspect, the signal is transmitted via backscattering based on an incoming signal responsive to the first wireless device lacking carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0121] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices with energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0122] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a common backward link channel or resource for all wireless devices.
[0123] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0124] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the signal is further encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0125] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the signal is encoded using one or more of the line coding or the channel coding further based at least in part on a message type associated with the signal.
[0126] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a common message type for all wireless devices.
[0127] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0128] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0129] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, the signal is encoded using at least the line coding based at least in part on the signal corresponding to an access request message associated with one or more channels or resources common to all wireless device types.
[0130] In an eleventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through tenth aspects, process 700 includes receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration associated with one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, and the signal is encoded using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, or without using the line coding if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources dedicated to access requests associated with the type of the first wireless device.
[0131] In a twelfth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eleventh aspects, process 700 includes receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration and indicates a device type, wherein the signal is encoded using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the device type is indicated in the message is common to all wireless device types or a device type associated with first wireless device.
[0132] In a thirteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twelfth aspects, the signal is a preamble encoded using the line coding, and wherein the preamble indicates whether line coding is used for one or more payload or data transmissions subsequent to the preamble.
[0133] In a fourteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through thirteenth aspects, the first wireless device has energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, and the signal is transmitted after an access request.
[0134] In a fifteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourteenth aspects, the signal is encoded using only the channel code based at least in part on the signal being transmitted prior to a next message from the second wireless device triggering an access request.
[0135] In a sixteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifteenth aspects, the signal is encoded using only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, or the line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources common to all wireless devices.
[0136] In a seventeenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixteenth aspects, the signal is encoded using only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, or the line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is common to all wireless devices.
[0137] In an eighteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventeenth aspects, the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted after reception of a backward link line coding activation message and prior to a backward link line coding deactivation message.
[0138] In a nineteenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighteenth aspects, the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0139] In a twentieth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through nineteenth aspects, the signal is encoded using only the line coding or only the channel coding.
[0140] In a twenty-first aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twentieth aspects, the signal is encoded using the line coding and the channel coding.
[0141] In a twenty-second aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through twenty-first aspects, the signal is encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0142] Although Fig. 7 shows example blocks of process 700, in some aspects, process 700 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 7. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 700 may be performed in parallel.
[0143] Fig. 8 is a diagram of an example apparatus 800 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 800 may be a AIoT device, or a AIoT device may include the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 includes a reception component 802, a transmission component 804, and / or a communication manager 806, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 806 is the communication manager 140 described in connection with Fig. 1. As shown, the apparatus 800 may communicate with another apparatus 808, such as a UE or a network node (such as a CU, a DU, an RU, or a base station) , using the reception component 802 and the transmission component 804.
[0144] In some aspects, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 6A-6B. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 800 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 700 of Fig. 7. In some aspects, the apparatus 800 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may include one or more components of the AIoT device described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0145] The reception component 802 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 808. The reception component 802 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 800. In some aspects, the reception component 802 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the AIoT device described in connection with Fig. 2.
[0146] The transmission component 804 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 800 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 804 for transmission to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 808. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the AIoT device described in connection with Fig. 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 804 may be co-located with the reception component 802 in one or more transceivers.
[0147] The communication manager 806 may support operations of the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804. For example, the communication manager 806 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 802 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 804. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 806 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 802 and / or the transmission component 804 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0148] The communication manager 806 may obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link. The communication manager 806 may encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device. The transmission component 804 may transmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.
[0149] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 8 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 8. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 8 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 8 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 8.
[0150] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0151] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by a first wireless device, comprising: obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link; encoding the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device; and transmitting the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.
[0152] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the signal is transmitted via backscattering based on an incoming signal responsive to the first wireless device lacking carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0153] Aspect 3: The method of any of Aspects 1-2, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices with energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0154] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a common backward link channel or resource for all wireless devices.
[0155] Aspect 5: The method of any of Aspects 1-4, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0156] Aspect 6: The method of Aspect 5, wherein the signal is further encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0157] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, wherein the signal is encoded using one or more of the line coding or the channel coding further based at least in part on a message type associated with the signal.
[0158] Aspect 8: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a common message type for all wireless devices.
[0159] Aspect 9: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0160] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.
[0161] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 1-10, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding based at least in part on the signal corresponding to an access request message associated with one or more channels or resources common to all wireless device types.
[0162] Aspect 12: The method of any of Aspects 1-11, further comprising: receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration associated with one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, wherein the signal is encoded: using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, or without using the line coding if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources dedicated to access requests associated with the type of the first wireless device.
[0163] Aspect 13: The method of any of Aspects 1-12, further comprising: receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration and indicates a device type, wherein the signal is encoded using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the device type is indicated in the message is common to all wireless device types or a device type associated with first wireless device.
[0164] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 1-13, wherein the signal is a preamble encoded using the line coding, and wherein the preamble indicates whether line coding is used for one or more payload or data transmissions subsequent to the preamble.
[0165] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 1-14, wherein the first wireless device has energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, and wherein the signal is transmitted after an access request.
[0166] Aspect 16: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using only the channel code based at least in part on the signal being transmitted prior to a next message from the second wireless device triggering an access request.
[0167] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using: only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, or the line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources common to all wireless devices.
[0168] Aspect 18: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using: only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, or the line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is common to all wireless devices.
[0169] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted after reception of a backward link line coding activation message and prior to a backward link line coding deactivation message.
[0170] Aspect 20: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0171] Aspect 21: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using only the line coding or only the channel coding.
[0172] Aspect 22: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding and the channel coding.
[0173] Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.
[0174] Aspect 24: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0175] Aspect 25: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0176] Aspect 26: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0177] Aspect 27: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0178] Aspect 28: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0179] Aspect 29: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0180] Aspect 30: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-23.
[0181] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0182] As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0183] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0184] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0185] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . It should be understood that “one or more” is equivalent to “at least one. ”
[0186] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.A method of wireless communication performed by a first wireless device, comprising:obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link;encoding the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device; andtransmitting the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is transmitted via backscattering based on an incoming signal responsive to the first wireless device lacking carrier signal generation capabilities.3.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices with energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.4.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a common backward link channel or resource for all wireless devices.5.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the signal is further encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.7.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is encoded using one or more of the line coding or the channel coding further based at least in part on a message type associated with the signal.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a common message type for all wireless devices.9.The method of claim 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.10.The method of claim 7, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the message type corresponding to a dedicated message type for wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.11.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding based at least in part on the signal corresponding to an access request message associated with one or more channels or resources common to all wireless device types.12.The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration associated with one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, wherein the signal is encoded:using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources common to access requests associated with all wireless device types, orwithout using the line coding if the signal is transmitted using the one the one or more channels or resources dedicated to access requests associated with the type of the first wireless device.13.The method of claim 1, further comprising:receiving, from the second wireless device, a message that indicates a backward link line coding configuration and indicates a device type, wherein the signal is encoded using the backward link line coding configuration indicated in the message received from the second wireless device if the device type is indicated in the message is common to all wireless device types or a device type associated with first wireless device.14.The method of claim 1, wherein the signal is a preamble encoded using the line coding, and wherein the preamble indicates whether line coding is used for one or more payload or data transmissions subsequent to the preamble.15.The method of claim 1, wherein the first wireless device has energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, and wherein the signal is transmitted after an access request.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using only the channel code based at least in part on the signal being transmitted prior to a next message from the second wireless device triggering an access request.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using:only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, orthe line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted using one or more channels or resources common to all wireless devices.18.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using:only the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is dedicated to wireless devices having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities, orthe line coding and the channel coding based at least in part on the signal being responsive to a message from the second wireless device that is common to all wireless devices.19.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on the signal being transmitted after reception of a backward link line coding activation message and prior to a backward link line coding deactivation message.20.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.21.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using only the line coding or only the channel coding.22.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the line coding and the channel coding.23.The method of claim 15, wherein the signal is encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.24.A first wireless device for wireless communication, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the first wireless device to:obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link;encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device; andtransmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.25.The first wireless device of claim 24, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the channel coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices with energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device having energy storage and carrier signal generation capabilities.26.The first wireless device of claim 24, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a common backward link channel or resource for all wireless devices.27.The first wireless device of claim 24, wherein the signal is encoded using at least the line coding responsive to the channel or resource associated with the signal corresponding to a dedicated backward link channel or resource for wireless devices lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities and responsive to the first wireless device lacking one or more of energy storage or carrier signal generation capabilities.28.The first wireless device of claim 27, wherein the signal is further encoded using the channel coding based at least in part on one or more parameters received from the second wireless device.29.A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising:one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a first wireless device, cause the first wireless device to:obtain a signal to be transmitted to a second wireless device over a backward link;encode the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the second wireless device; andtransmit the encoded signal to the second wireless device over the backward link.30.An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:means for obtaining a signal to be transmitted to a wireless device over a backward link;means for encoding the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device using one or more of line coding or channel coding based at least in part on a channel or resource associated with the signal to be transmitted to the wireless device; andmeans for transmitting the encoded signal to the wireless device over the backward link.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method for determining inverse data modulation coding mode and access terminal thereof
CN101043500A
Reliable reflection communication system based on channel coding
CN113242110A
Signal synchronization method and related equipment
CN115208728A
Backscatter Communication Method, Excitation Device, Backscatter Device, and Receiving Device
US20220077886A1