Block code design for ambient internet of things (IOT) devices
By employing low-complexity block coding schemes, the wireless communication systems effectively address the challenges of supporting ambient IoT devices, improving communication reliability and efficiency with reduced decoding complexity and power consumption.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/141040
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in supporting reliable and efficient communication for low-complexity ambient Internet of Things (IoT) devices due to insufficient link budget and overly complex channel coding.
The implementation of block code design in wireless communication systems, specifically using low-complexity block coding schemes such as Hamming codes, Golay codes, or Reed-Muller codes, to encode information bits into multiple block codes with fixed codeword length and information bits per block, reducing decoding complexity for energy harvesting-capable devices.
This approach enhances communication reliability and efficiency for ambient IoT devices by reducing decoding complexity and power consumption, while maintaining robustness even at short communication ranges.
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Figure CN2023141040_26062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
BLOCK CODE DESIGN FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) DEVICES
[0001] INTRODUCTION
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including block code design for ambient internet of things (IoT) devices. Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0003] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support block code design for ambient internet of things (IoT) devices. For example, some wireless communications systems may support radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies to reduce device cost and signaling complexity for a wireless communications network. Specifically, RFID networks may include a large quantity of relatively small (e.g., low complexity) transponders, or “tags, ” (also known as ambient internet of things (IoT) devices or energy harvesting capable devices) which may be capable of emitting information signals or harvesting energy based on receiving an energy signal from another device in the network.
[0004] To support the simplistic design and low complexity of the energy harvesting capable devices, the wireless communications system may support block coding techniques, where a network entity may generate a quantity of data bits (or a quantity of data bits and a quantity of control bits) and segment the bits into block codes using a single block code type. The network entity may then encode the block codes and output the encoded block codes to one or more energy harvesting capable devices in the system.
[0005] A method for wireless communication performed by a network entity is described. The method may include obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits associated with the quantity of information bits, segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device, encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting, and outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT communications.
[0006] A network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include a processing system to obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generate a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits, segment the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device, encode the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting, and output the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT communications.
[0007] Another network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, means for generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits, means for segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device, means for encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting, and means for outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT communications.
[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communications stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generate a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits, segment the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device, encode the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting, and output the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT communications.
[0009] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, padding, based on the quantity of information bits being less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the quantity of information bits with one or more padding bits.
[0010] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a quantity of the one or more padding bits may be equal to the quantity of information bits and the corresponding quantity of CRC bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.
[0011] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the block code type includes a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or other type of error-correcting code.
[0012] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the codeword length may be less than or equal to a threshold codeword length and the per-block quantity of information bits may be less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.
[0013] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a block code size of each block code of the set of multiple block codes may be equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits.
[0014] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each block code of the set of multiple block codes includes a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits.
[0015] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or processing systems for selecting, based on the block code type, the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits.
[0016] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes may include operations, features, means, or instructions for backscattering the set of multiple encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0017] A method for wireless communication performed by a network entity is described. The method may include obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device, encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type, encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information, and outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0018] A network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include a processing system to obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generate control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device, encode the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type, encode the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information, and output the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0019] Another network entity for wireless communication is described. The network entity may include means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, means for generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device, means for encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type, means for encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information, and means for outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0020] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communications stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device, generate control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device, encode the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type, encode the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information, and output the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0021] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more data channel parameters include a payload size for the quantity of information bits, a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits, a second block code type associated with the set of multiple second encoded block codes, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, data information type of the set of multiple second block codes, or any combination thereof.
[0022] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type may include operations, features, means, or instructions for encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, where the quantity of information bits may be encoded into the set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the first block code type.
[0023] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the first block code type may be associated with a codeword length and a per-block quantity of information bits for the one or more first block codes and for the set of multiple second block codes.
[0024] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type may include operations, features, means, or instructions for encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with a second block code type that may be different from the first block code type used to encode the set of multiple second block codes.
[0025] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the second block code type may have a lower coding rate than the first block code type.
[0026] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes may include operations, features, means, or instructions for padding, based on a quantity of control bits included in the control information, the one or more first block codes with a set of CRC bits.
[0027] A method for wireless communication performed by an energy harvesting-capable device is described. The method may include receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT communications and decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0028] An energy harvesting-capable device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting-capable device may include a processing system to cause the energy harvesting-capable device to receive, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT communications and decode the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0029] Another energy harvesting-capable device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting-capable device may include means for receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT communications and means for decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0030] A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communications stored thereon that, when executed by an energy harvesting-capable device, cause the energy harvesting-capable device to receive, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT communications and decode the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0031] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting-capable devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes may include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing one or more blind detections for a set of multiple information bits included in a data payload of the set of multiple encoded block codes.
[0032] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting-capable devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing a cyclic redundancy check for the set of multiple information bits for each blind detection of the one or more blind detections.
[0033] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting-capable devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for decoding control information as part of the set of multiple encoded block codes, where the control information may be indicative of the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits.
[0034] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting-capable devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits may be fixed based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] FIG. 1 and 2 show examples of wireless communication systems that supports block code design for ambient internet of things (IoT) devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 3 and 4 show examples of encoding processes that support block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 5 shows an example of a process flow that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIGs. 6 and 7 show block diagrams of devices that support block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIGs. 10 and 11 show block diagrams of devices that support block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 13 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0044] FIGs. 14 through 16 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0045] Some wireless communications systems may adopt radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to reduce device cost and signaling complexity for integrated sensor networks. Specifically, RFID networks may include a large quantity of relatively small (e.g., low complexity) transponders, or “tags, ” (also known as ambient internet of things (IoT) devices or energy harvesting capable devices) which may be capable of emitting information signals or harvesting energy based on receiving an energy signal from another device in the network. For example, a RFID “reader” device (such as a network entity, a user equipment (UE) , or other device) may emit an energy signal, which the tag device may utilize to modulate information and transmit via backscattering or a reflected signal, which requires little to no battery power consumption at the actual device. Due to the simplistic design and low complexity of the ambient IoT devices, however, most communications occur between devices at short range (e.g., less than 10 meters) and may face reliability issues due to insufficient link budget and overly complex channel coding that may not yet be optimized for ambient IoT devices deployments.
[0046] To support low-complexity ambient IoT devices communications while maintaining robust communication reliability, a wireless communications system may support forward error correction (FEC) channel coding techniques for downlink transmissions. For example, a system may adopt relatively low-complexity block coding schemes which may be implemented for devices with relatively low memory and minimal device capability. In some aspects, the system may utilize a single fixed block code type (e.g., Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Muller code) that may encode information using a fixed codeword length (N) , and a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) . In such examples, the block code used may be associated with a relatively small payload and low complexity to reduce decoding complexity for the receiving device. In addition, the system may encode control information using the same or different block code to indicate parameters of the data channel, including the block coding type (N, K) , data information type, payload size, among other parameters.
[0047] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of encoding processes. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to block code design for ambient IoT devices.
[0048] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports block code design for ambient internet of things (IoT) devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0049] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some aspects, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0050] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 or network entities 105, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0051] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0052] In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via one or more backhaul communication links 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a backhaul communication link 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via a core network 130) . In some aspects, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication links 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) , one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0053] One or more of the network entities 105 described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or a giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single network entity 105 (e.g., a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0054] In some aspects, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 105, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) 160, a distributed unit (DU) 165, a radio unit (RU) 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) 180 system, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some aspects, one or more network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0055] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some aspects, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170, and the one or more DUs 165 or RUs 170 may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165, or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to one or more DUs 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to one or more RUs 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some aspects, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 105 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0056] In wireless communications systems (e.g., wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) may be partially controlled by each other. One or more IAB nodes 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. One or more DUs 165 or one or more RUs 170 may be partially controlled by one or more CUs 160 associated with a donor network entity 105 (e.g., a donor base station 140) . The one or more donor network entities 105 (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional network entities 105 (e.g., IAB nodes 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication links 120) . IAB nodes 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by DUs 165 of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may include an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115, or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of an IAB node 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some aspects, the IAB nodes 104 may include DUs 165 that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB nodes 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., one or more IAB nodes 104 or components of IAB nodes 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0057] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor) , IAB nodes 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130) . That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to core network 130. The IAB donor may include a CU 160 and at least one DU 165 (e.g., and RU 170) , in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link) . IAB donor and IAB nodes 104 may communicate via an F1 interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an F1 AP protocol) . Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs 160 (e.g., a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link.
[0058] An IAB node 104 may refer to a RAN node that provides IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities) . A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with the IAB node 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through one or more other IAB nodes 104) . Additionally, or alternatively, an IAB node 104 may also be referred to as a parent node or a child node to other IAB nodes 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. Therefore, the IAB-MT entity of IAB nodes 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node 104 to receive signaling from a parent IAB node 104, and the DU interface (e.g., DUs 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node 104 to signal to a child IAB node 104 or UE 115.
[0059] For example, IAB node 104 may be referred to as a parent node that supports communications for a child IAB node, or referred to as a child IAB node associated with an IAB donor, or both. The IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., a backhaul communication link 120) to the core network 130 and may act as parent node to IAB nodes 104. For example, the DU 165 of IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB nodes 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an F1 interface to IAB nodes 104, and the IAB nodes 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through the DUs 165. That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB nodes 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of the IAB node 104. Communications with IAB node 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of IAB donor and communications with IAB node 104 may be scheduled by DU 165 of IAB node 104.
[0060] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., IAB nodes 104, DUs 165, CUs 160, RUs 170, RIC 175, SMO 180) .
[0061] As described herein, a network entity (which may alternatively be referred to as an entity, a node, a network node, or a wireless entity) may be, be similar to, include, or be included in (e.g., be a component of) a base station (e.g., any base station described herein, including a disaggregated base station) , a UE (e.g., any UE 115 described herein) , a reduced capability (RedCap) device, an enhanced reduced capability (eRedCap) device, an ambient internet-of-things (IoT) device, an energy harvesting (EH) -capable device, a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, an IAB node, a DU, a CU, an RU (which may also be referred to as an RRU) , and / or another processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a network entity may be a UE. As another example, a network entity may be a base station. As used herein, “network entity” may refer to an entity that is configured to operate in a network, such as the network 105. For example, a “network entity” is not limited to an entity that is currently located in and / or currently operating in the network. Rather, a network entity may be any entity that is capable of communicating and / or operating in the network.
[0062] The adjectives “first, ” “second, ” “third, ” and so on are used for contextual distinction between two or more of the modified noun in connection with a discussion and are not meant to be absolute modifiers that apply only to a certain respective entity throughout the entire document. For example, a network entity may be referred to as a “first network entity” in connection with one discussion and may be referred to as a “second network entity” in connection with another discussion, or vice versa. As an example, a first network entity may be configured to communicate with a second network entity or a third network entity. In one aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE 115, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first network entity may be a UE 115, the second network entity may be a base station, and the third network entity may be a base station. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third network entities may be different relative to these examples.
[0063] Similarly, reference to a UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE, base station, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a network entity. For example, disclosure that a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity. Consistent with this disclosure, once a specific example is broadened in accordance with this disclosure (e.g., a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity) , the broader example of the narrower example may be interpreted in the reverse, but in a broad open-ended way. In the example above where a UE is configured to receive information from a base station also discloses that a first network entity is configured to receive information from a second network entity, the first network entity may refer to a first UE, a first base station, a first apparatus, a first device, a first computing system, a first set of one or more one or more components, a first processing entity, or the like configured to receive the information; and the second network entity may refer to a second UE, a second base station, a second apparatus, a second device, a second computing system, a second set of one or more components, a second processing entity, or the like.
[0064] As described herein, communication of information (e.g., any information, signal, or the like) may be described in various aspects using different terminology. Disclosure of one communication term includes disclosure of other communication terms. For example, a first network entity may be described as being configured to transmit information to a second network entity. In this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the first network entity is configured to provide, send, output, communicate, or transmit information to the second network entity. Similarly, in this example and consistent with this disclosure, disclosure that the first network entity is configured to transmit information to the second network entity includes disclosure that the second network entity is configured to receive, obtain, or decode the information that is provided, sent, output, communicated, or transmitted by the first network entity.
[0065] As shown, the network entity (e.g., network entity 105) may include a processing system 106. Similarly, the network entity (e.g., UE 115) may include a processing system 112. A processing system may include one or more components (or subcomponents) , such as one or more components described herein. For example, a respective component of the one or more components may be, be similar to, include, or be included in at least one memory, at least one communication interface, or at least one processor. For example, a processing system may include one or more components. In such an example, the one or more components may include a first component, a second component, and a third component. In this example, the first component may be coupled to a second component and a third component. In this example, the first component may be at least one processor, the second component may be a communication interface, and the third component may be at least one memory. A processing system may generally be a system one or more components that may perform one or more functions, such as any function or combination of functions described herein. For example, one or more components may receive input information (e.g., any information that is an input, such as a signal, any digital information, or any other information) , one or more components may process the input information to generate output information (e.g., any information that is an output, such as a signal or any other information) , one or more components may perform any function as described herein, or any combination thereof. As described herein, an “input” and “input information” may be used interchangeably. Similarly, as described herein, an “output” and “output information” may be used interchangeably. Any information generated by any component may be provided to one or more other systems or components of, for example, a network entity described herein) . For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate output information, and / or a third component configured to provide the output information to other systems or components.
[0066] In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a processing system may include at least one memory, at least one communication interface, and / or at least one processor, where the at least one processor may, for example, be coupled to the at least one memory and the at least one communication interface.
[0067] A processing system of a network entity described herein may interface with one or more other components of the network entity, may process information received from one or more other components (such as input information) , or may output information to one or more other components. For example, a processing system may include a first component configured to interface with one or more other components of the network entity to receive or obtain information, a second component configured to process the information to generate one or more outputs, and / or a third component configured to output the one or more outputs to one or more other components. In this example, the first component may be a communication interface (e.g., a first communication interface) , the second component may be at least one processor (e.g., that is coupled to the communication interface and / or at least one memory) , and the third component may be a communication interface (e.g., the first communication interface or a second communication interface) . For example, a chip or modem of the network entity may include a processing system. The processing system may include a first communication interface to receive or obtain information, and a second communication interface to output, transmit, or provide information. In some aspects, the first communication interface may be an interface configured to receive input information, and the information may be provided to the processing system. In some aspects, the second system interface may be configured to transmit information output from the chip or modem. The second communication interface may also obtain or receive input information, and the first communication interface may also output, transmit, or provide information
[0068] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some aspects, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, or vehicles, meters, among other examples.
[0069] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as relays as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0070] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via one or more communication links 125 (e.g., an access link) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting the communication links 125. For example, a carrier used for a communication link 125 may include a portion of a RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities 105) .
[0071] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0072] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0073] Each frame may include multiple consecutively numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some aspects, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0074] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some aspects, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0075] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to multiple UEs 115 and UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a specific UE 115.
[0076] In some aspects, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area 110. In some aspects, different coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may overlap, but the different coverage areas 110 may be supported by the same network entity 105. In some other examples, the overlapping coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities 105. The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 provide coverage for various coverage areas 110 using the same or different radio access technologies.
[0077] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some aspects, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0078] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0079] In some aspects, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs 115 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some aspects, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some aspects, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to each of the other UEs 115 in the group. In some aspects, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0080] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0081] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0082] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some aspects, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0083] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some aspects, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0084] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0085] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP-based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network entity 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.
[0086] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support RFID technologies. Such RFID technologies may support low cost devices and devices with low complexity, and which may be utilized for inventory and asset management, IoT, sustainable sensor networks in factories, agriculture, and smart home scenarios, among other example use cases. RFID deployments may include a system of relatively small transponders, or tags (e.g., microchips) , that may emit an information-bearing signal upon receiving a signal (such as an energy signal transmitted by a network entity 105) . RFID may be operated with or without a battery at the RFID device and with relatively low operating cost (OPEX) , relatively low maintenance cost, and a relatively long life cycle.
[0087] In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more ambient devices or passive devices. Ambient devices may include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, passive IoT devices or ambient IoT devices, hybrid devices including passive and active components, passive components of otherwise active / querying devices (e.g., passive components of a UE 115) , or any combination thereof. For example, in some implementations, a UE 115 of the wireless communications system 100 may serve as a passive device or an ambient device. A passive RFID tag may harvest energy over the air and may power transmission and reception circuitry at the device using the harvested energy. The transmitted signal by the passive RFID may be backscatter modulated. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more semi-passive or active RFID devices, which may include a battery, but may be more costly than ambient devices.
[0088] The wireless communications system 100 may support ambient IoT devices communications for different types of wireless communications (e.g., different industrial verticals, including URLLC, MTC, reduced capability devices such as devices with reduced processing capabilities, lower power capabilities, among other capabilities, and other use cases) . However, some systems may not efficiently support RFID-type sensors, including ambient IoT devices for use cases including asset management, logistics, warehousing, and manufacturing, among other examples. Techniques for managing and communicating with ambient IoT devices may be beneficial. For example, a network entity 105 may read or write information stored on an ambient IoT device, may provide energy to the ambient IoT devices, may receive a reflected information bearing signal, and may decode information transmitted by ambient IoT devices by reading the reflected signal.
[0089] The wireless communications system 100 may use wireless power transfer for various scenarios. For example, the wireless communications system may support, or include aspects of, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network, in which devices may not need manual battery replacement due to devices being powered by one or more different energy sources (e.g., solar power, ambient radio frequency power, etc. ) . Additionally, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network may have a longer lifetime than a solely battery-based sensor network. The wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-based active RFID, which may provide increased range for RFID signaling, and where energy can be gathered over a relatively longer duration than information transfer. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-enabled devices, which may harvest energy from hybrid energy sources, or harvesting energy from two or more energy sources.
[0090] Different types of IoT devices or ambient-IoT devices may have different energy harvesting capabilities. For example, a first energy harvesting device may support energy harvesting using a solar-based energy source, a thermal-based energy source, a wireless power transfer source, or other energy collection source. It may be beneficial for a network entity 105 to be aware of the capabilities of different energy harvesting devices for the network entity 105 to perform efficient scheduling and communication. In some aspects, the network entity 105 may need to know whether to provide energy to the device or not. For example, if an energy harvesting source of an energy harvesting device is solar based, the network entity 105 may avoid scheduling communication with the energy harvesting device at night.
[0091] In some aspects, ambient IoT devices may support relatively short range communications (e.g., less than 10 meters) based on link budget considerations and reduced device capabilities. In addition, the wireless communications system 100 may support different types of IoT devices or RFID tags, which may be configured as passive or ambient devices, semi-passive or semi-ambient devices, or active devices. For example, one type of tag may be a passive or ambient tag (e.g., RFID proximity cards, among other devices) , which may receive power through RF energy harvesting, may support response-only communications with a maximum communications distance range of 10 meters, may be relatively low cost (e.g., the lowest cost out of passive, semi-passive and active devices) . In some aspects, passive tags may remain dormant until they receive a radio signal from an RFID reader. The tag then may use the energy from the reader signal to power on the tag and to reflect an information-carrying signal back to the reader.
[0092] One other example tag type may be a semi-passive tag (e.g., electronic toll devices, pallet tracking device, among other devices) , which may contain a battery, but may not transmit a periodic signal like active RFID tags. Instead, the battery of the semi-passive tag may be turned on when a signal is received, which allows the energy from the reader signal to be reflected back. A semi-passive device may support response-only communications at distance of up to 100 meters or more. Semi-passive devices may be relatively more costly than passive devices.
[0093] One other example tag type may be an active tag (e.g., large-asset tracking devices, livestock tracking devices, among other devices) , which may receive power using an in-device battery. An active tag may respond to or initiate communications for up to 100 meters or greater distances. Because active tags may be the costliest type of RFID tag, they may be used to track high-value assets, such as equipment in the construction, automobile or healthcare industries.
[0094] To support low-complexity ambient IoT devices communications while maintaining robust communications reliability, the wireless communications system 100 may support FEC channel coding techniques for downlink transmissions. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may adopt relatively low-complexity block coding schemes which may be supported by devices having relatively low memory and minimal device capability. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may use a fixed block code type (e.g., Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Muller code) that has encoded information using a fixed codeword length (N) and a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) . The block code used may be selected to have a relatively small payload and low complexity to reduce decoding complexity for the receiving device. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless communications system 100 may encode control information using the same or different block code to indicate parameters of the data channel, including the block coding type (N, K) , data information type, payload size, among other parameters.
[0095] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 200 may implement aspects of the wireless communications system 100.
[0096] The wireless communications system 200 may include a network entity 210 and an energy harvesting-capable device 205. The network entity 210 may be an example of a network entity 105 as described with reference to FIG. 1. In some aspects, the network entity 210 may be an example of an energy transfer device or an RFID reader. In some other examples, a UE 115 may be an example of the wireless power transfer device or the RFID reader. The energy harvesting-capable device 205 may be an example of a UE 115 as described with reference to FIG. 1. In some aspects, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may be an example of a passive IoT device, an ambient IoT devices device, a semi-passive IoT device, an active IoT device, or an RFID tag, or any combination thereof.
[0097] In some aspects, the network entity 210 may transmit a signal 215 to the energy harvesting-capable device 205. For example, the network entity 210 may encode information (e.g., data or control information) , modulate the encoded information, and transmit the information via the signal 215. In some aspects, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform an energy-harvesting procedure in response to receiving the signal 215. The energy harvesting-capable device 205 may utilize the harvested energy to power transmission and reception circuitry of the energy harvesting-capable device 205 and, in some cases, transmit a backscattered signal 220 (e.g., to the network entity 210) . For example, at energy-harvesting process 225, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may receive energy via electromagnetic waves propagated from the network entity 210 via the signal 215, or from other devices in the network. The energy from the signal 215 may travel through an internal antenna of the energy harvesting-capable device 205 and may activate the chip, or integrated circuit (IC) of the energy harvesting-capable device 205. The remaining energy may be modulated with data and flows back via the antenna of the energy harvesting-capable device 205 and is backscattered as a backscattered signal 220 to the network entity 210. In some aspects, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may, in response to receiving the signal 215, may perform one or more detection and decoding operations 230 and may encode and emit associated information signals in response to the decoding. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may receive the signal 215 and perform a detection procedure to receive data via the signal 215. The energy harvesting-capable device 205 may then decode the data signal using one or more decoding techniques.
[0098] While the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may be capable of perform the energy-harvesting procedures, data encoding and decoding, or a combination of both, using a small quantity of power (e.g., or no power) , the simplistic design of the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may encounter challenges in cases where communication deployments are relatively more complex. For example, most of the communications between the network entity 210 and the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may occur at short range (e.g., less than 10 meters) due to reliability issues that may result from low link budgets and high-complexity channel coding that may not optimized for ambient IoT devices deployments (e.g., energy harvesting-capable device 205 deployments) . Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 210 and the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may encounter challenges in cases that the transmit power of the network entity 210 may be regulated, in cases where the backscattered signal 220 may be weak, or in cases where there may be interference from one or more network entities or energy harvesting-capable devices. Additionally, or alternatively, since the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may support low-powered decoding (e.g., the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may be relatively low cost with low power) , complex FEC schemes with high decoding complexity may introduce excess processing burden for the energy harvesting-capable device. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may be equipped to support decoding and encoding using FEC schemes that are relatively less complex and utilize relatively less memory.
[0099] To support low-complexity ambient IoT devices communications while maintaining robust communication reliability, the wireless communications system 200 may support FEC channel coding techniques for downlink transmissions (such as channel coding technique 235 which utilize relatively small coding block size to reduce decoding complexity for the energy harvesting-capable device 205. Specifically, the wireless communications system 200 may support relatively low-complexity block codes which may be associated with low memory utilization and minimal device complexity. For example, the network entity 210 may utilize a fixed block code type (e.g., Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Muller code) that may encode the data information using a fixed codeword length (N) and a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) . The network entity 210 may select a block code with a small payload and low complexity to reduce decoding complexity for the energy harvesting-capable device 205. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 210 may encode control information using the same or different block code to indicate parameters of a data channel. For example, the network entity 210 may encode control information to include an indication of one or more characteristics of the data channel including the block coding type (N, K) , data information type, a payload size, a total quantity of information bits, a quantity of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits, and a block size, among other parameters. Based on encoding the information, the network entity 210 may transmit the encoded block codes (e.g., encoded data, encoded control information, a combination thereof) to the energy harvesting-capable device 205.
[0100] The energy harvesting-capable device 205 may receive the one or more encoded block codes from the network entity 210 via the signal 215, and may perform various signal detection and decoding operations. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform one or more detection operations (e.g., blind detections) to detect one or more information bits associated with the one or more block codes received from the network entity 210. In some aspects, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform a quantity of blind detection operations equal to a quantity of the encoded block codes (e.g., a quantity of entries in the payload) , where the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform a blind detection on each encoded block code once. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform one or more CRC operations for each blind decode or one or more other control information detection operations to detect one or more CRC bits or other control information associated with each of the one or more block codes received from the network entity 210.
[0101] Upon performing the one or more detection operations, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may perform one or more decoding operations. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may decode the encoded block codes based on the detected control information associated with the encoded block codes. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 205 may decode the encoded block codes utilizing the control information including the block coding type (N, K) , data information type, a payload size, a total quantity of information bits, a quantity of CRC bits, and a block size, among other parameters.
[0102] FIG. 3 shows an example of an encoding process 300 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding process 300 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications systems 100, the wireless communications systems 200, or both. For example, the encoding process 300 may be implemented by a network entity that may be an example of a network entity 105 or a network entity 210 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2, respectively. In some aspects, the network entity may be an example of an energy transfer device or an RFID reader. In some other examples, a UE may be an example of the wireless power transfer device or the RFID reader.
[0103] A network entity (e.g., an RFID reader, an energy transfer device) may obtain and prepare information for encoding. For example, the network entity may obtain data 305, which may be an example of one or more data information bits intended for an energy harvesting-capable device or an ambient IoT device. In some aspects, at 310, the network entity may add padding to the data 305. For example, the network entity may compare a predefined payload size (B) (e.g., a threshold payload size or payload bit quantity, where a larger B corresponds to a larger quantity of encoded blocks) and a quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 305 to a quantity of information bits (A) associated with the data 305, where the quantity of information bits A may be hard-coded at the network entity or may be configured in upper layers or the control plane (e.g., at the radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, or radio resource control (RRC) layer) . In the case that the difference between the predefined payload size (B) and the quantity of CRC bits (L) is greater than the quantity of information bits (A) (e.g., (B-L) >A) , the network entity may add padding to the data 305. That is, in the case that the quantity of information bits (A) and the quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 305 may not satisfy the predefined payload size (B) , the network entity may generate the padded data 315 by adding padding (e.g., padding bits or zero bits, calculated by B-L-A) to the data 305 until the quantity of information bits equals the predefined payload size. In some aspects, the network entity may determine that the quantity of information bits associated with the data 305 may satisfy the threshold quantity of information bits, and may refrain from adding padding bits to the data 305.
[0104] The network entity may also attach CRC bits to the data as part of the encoding. For example, in cases that the network entity adds padding to the data 305 at 310, the network entity may also attach a quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 305 to the padded data 315 at 320. In cases where the data 305 does not include padding bits, the network entity may attach one or more CRC bits associated with the data 305 to the data 305 at 320. By attaching the one or more CRC bits to the data 305 or the padded data 315, the network entity may generate data with CRC 325.
[0105] Upon attaching the CRC bits, the network entity may segment the data with CRC 325 into a quantity of block codes (M) 330. For example, based on generating the data with CRC 325, the network entity may determine a single type of block code, for example, a low-complexity block code scheme (e.g., Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Muller code) with which to encode the data with CRC 325. The block code may be associated with one or more fixed parameters, such as a fixed codeword length (N) and a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) , to enable a small payload and low complexity which may support reduced decoding complexity at a receiving device. Upon determining the block code scheme associated with the selected block code type, the network entity may segment the data with CRC 325 into the quantity of block codes (M) 330 by dividing the associated predefined payload size (B) by a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) (e.g., ) . In some aspects, the fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) may be associated with the coding scheme and the selected block code type.
[0106] Upon selecting the block code and segmenting the data, the network entity may encode the segmented data using the encoding scheme. For example, upon generating the quantity of block codes 330, the network entity may encode each block code of the quantity of block codes 330 according to the determined block code scheme to generate a quantity of encoded block codes (D) 335. In some cases, the network entity may encode the quantity of block codes 330 (e.g., the network entity may generate the encoded quantity of block codes 335) by multiplying the quantity of block codes (M) 330 by a fixed codeword length (N) (e.g., D= MN) . In some examples, the fixed codeword length (N) may be associated with the selected block code type.
[0107] After encoding, the network entity may transmit the encoded quantity of block codes 335. For example, in response to generating the encoded quantity of block codes 335, the network entity may transmit the encoded quantity of block codes to an energy harvesting-capable device (e.g., an RFID tag, a UE) . In some aspects, the network entity may not signal an indication of the fixed parameters to the energy harvesting-capable device. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device may be pre-configured with the fixed parameters (e.g., the fixed codeword length (N) and the fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) ) , such that the network entity may not need to signal the fixed parameters to the energy harvesting-capable device, which may reduce signaling overhead and device energy expenditure, among other benefits.
[0108] FIG. 4 shows an example of an encoding process 400 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The encoding process 400 may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications systems 100, the wireless communications systems 200, or both. For example, the encoding process 400 may be implemented by a network entity that may be an example of a network entity 105 or a network entity 105 a as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2, respectively. In some aspects, the network entity may be an example of an energy transfer device or an RFID reader. In some other examples, a UE may be an example of the wireless power transfer device or the RFID reader.
[0109] A network entity (e.g., an RFID reader, an energy transfer device) may obtain and prepare information for encoding. For example, the network entity may obtain data 405, which may be an example of one or more data information bits intended for an energy harvesting-capable device or an ambient IoT device. In some aspects, at 410, the network entity may add padding to the data 405. For example, the network entity may compare a predefined payload size (B) (e.g., a threshold payload size or payload bit quantity, where a larger B corresponds to a larger quantity of encoded blocks) and a quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 405 to a quantity of information bits (A) associated with the data 405, where the quantity of information bits A may be hard-coded at the network entity, or may be configured in upper layers or the control plane (e.g., the RLC layer, the MAC layer, the PDCP layer, or the RRC layer) . In the case that the difference between the predefined payload size (B) and the quantity of CRC bits (L) is greater than the quantity of information bits (A) (e.g., (B-L) >A) , the network entity may add padding to the data 305. That is, in the case that the quantity of information bits (A) and the quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 405 may not satisfy the predefined payload size (B) , the network entity may generate the padded data 415 by adding padding (e.g., padding bits) to the data 405 until the quantity of information bits equals the predefined payload size. In some aspects, the network entity may determine that the quantity of information bits associated with the data 405 may satisfy the threshold quantity of information bits, and may refrain from adding padding bits to the data 405.
[0110] The network entity may also attach CRC bits to the data as part of the encoding. For example, in cases that the network entity adds padding to the data 405 at 410, the network entity may also attach a quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 405 to the padded data 415 at 420. In cases that the data 405 does not include padding bits, the network entity may attach one or more CRC bits associated with the data 405 to the data 405 at 420. By attaching the one or more CRC bits to the data 405 or the padded data 415, the network entity may generate data with CRC 425.
[0111] Upon attaching the CRC bits, the network entity may segment the data with CRC 425 into a quantity of block codes (M) 435. For example, upon generating the data with CRC 425, the network entity may determine a single type of block code, for example, a low-complexity block code scheme (e.g., Hamming code, Golay code, Reed-Muller code) with which to encode the data with CRC 425. The block code may be associated with one or more fixed parameters, such as a fixed codeword length (N) and a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) , to enable a small payload and low complexity which may support reduced decoding complexity at a receiving device. Upon determining the block code scheme associated with the selected block code type, the network entity may segment the data with CRC 425 into the quantity of block codes (M) 435 by dividing the associated predefined payload size (B) by a fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) (e.g., ) . In some aspects, the fixed quantity of information bits per block (K) may be determined by the network entity and associated with the coding scheme.
[0112] In some aspects, the network entity may also encode control information 430 associated with the encoded data, and attach the control information 430 to the quantity of block codes (M) 435. For example, the control information 430 may indicate characteristics of the data channel, which the receiving device (e.g., the RFID tag) may use for identifying and decoding the encoded data blocks. For example, the control information 430 may include the predefined payload size (B) , the quantity of CRC bits (L) associated with the data 405, a type of the code utilized (e.g., (N, K) ) , an information type of the data 405, among other parameters. The network entity may include the control information 430 in a control block 440 (e.g., a control information block) , and may attach the control block 440 to the quantity of block codes 435. In some aspects, the network entity may encode the control information 430 using the same block code type (e.g., (N, K) ) used for encoding the data blocks.
[0113] In some aspects, the network entity may encode the segmented data and the control information. For example, upon generating the quantity of block codes 435 and the control block 440, the network entity may encode each block code of the quantity of block codes 435 and the control block 440 according to the selected block code type to generate a quantity of block codes (D) 445 and an encoded control block 450, respectively. The network entity may encode the quantity of block codes 435 (e.g., the network entity generate the encoded quantity of block codes 445) by multiplying the quantity of block codes (M) 435 by a fixed codeword length (N) (e.g., D= MN) . In some aspects, the network entity may encode the control block 440 utilizing the same block coding scheme utilized to encode the quantity of block codes 445, which may result in high reliability and low complexity for the receiving device, (e.g., relative to introducing a different decoding scheme) . In such examples, the network entity may perform repetition for encoding the control block (e.g., the network entity may encode the control block with repetition such that the control information is encoded and transmitted more than once to increase reliability for the control information) . In some other examples, the network entity may encode the control block 440 utilizing a different block coding scheme than the coding scheme utilized to encode the encoded quantity of block codes 445. For example, the network entity may utilize a coding scheme with a high FEC capability or a low coding rate (e.g., or a combination thereof) to provide higher protection for the encoded control block 450 than the encoded quantity of block codes 445. In such examples, the network entity may encode the control information with repetition to increase reliability.
[0114] The network entity may transmit the encoded quantity of block codes 445 and the encoded control block 450. For example, in response to generating the encoded quantity of block codes, the network entity may transmit the encoded quantity of block codes 445 and the encoded control block 450 to an energy harvesting-capable device (e.g., an RFID tag, a UE, a receiving device) .
[0115] In some aspects, the receiving device may utilize one or more CRC bits associated with the encoded control block 450 for enhanced detection. For example, the receiving device may receive the encoded block codes 445 and the encoded control block 450, and may utilize one or more CRC bits associated with the encoded control block 450 to detect and decode the encoded quantity of block codes 445. The quantity of CRC bits associated with the encoded control block 450 may be associated with the quantity of control information bits (e.g., there may be 8, 11, 16, 19, CRC bits, or different quantities of CRC bits) . In some other examples, the receiving device may not receive any CRC bits, but may instead utilize one or more inherent detection capabilities of the encoded quantity of block codes 445 to perform one or more decoding operations.
[0116] FIG. 5 shows an example of a process flow 500 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 500 may implement or be implemented by one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the process flow 500 may include (e.g., be implemented by) a network entity 510 that may be an example of a network entity 105 or a network entity 210 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. The process flow 500 may also include (e.g., be implemented by) an energy harvesting-capable device 505 that may be an example of an energy harvesting-capable device 205 as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0117] In the following description of process flow 500, the operations may be performed in a different order than the order shown, or other operations may be added or removed from the process flow 500. For example, some operations may also be left out of process flow 500, may be performed in different orders or at different times, or other operations may be added to process flow 500. Although communications of the process flow 500 are shown occurring between an energy harvesting-capable device 505 and a network entity 510, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by one or more other wireless devices, network devices, or network functions.
[0118] At 515, the network entity 510 may obtain information bits. For example, the network entity 510 may obtain a quantity of (e.g., one or more) information bits for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device 505.
[0119] In some aspects, at 520, the network entity 510 may generate control information. For example, the network entity 510 may generate control information that may indicate to the energy harvesting-capable device 505 one or more data channel parameters associated with (e.g., for) ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits. The data channel parameters may include a payload size for the quantity of information bits, a quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits, one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, data information type of the plurality of second block codes, or any combination thereof.
[0120] At 525, the network entity 510 may generate one or more payload bits. For example, the network entity 510 may generate a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and CRC bits associated with the information bits. In some aspects, the network entity 510 may select the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits based on a block code type. In cases when the quantity of information bits may be less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the network entity 510 may attach one or more padding bits to the quantity of information bits. The network entity 510 may attach a quantity of padding bits equal to the quantity of information bits and corresponding CRC bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.
[0121] At 530, the network entity 510 may segment the quantity of payload bits into a plurality of block codes. For example, the network entity 510 may segment the quantity of payload bits into a plurality of block codes according to a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits. In some aspects, the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits may be fixed based on the quantity of information bits being associated with (e.g., for) communication to the energy harvesting-capable device 505. In some aspects, the block code type comprises a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or another type of error-correcting code (e.g., FEC code) . The quantity of payload bits included in each of the block codes may equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits. In some aspects, each of the block codes may include a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits, while the codeword length may be less than or equal to a threshold codeword length and the per-block quantity of information bits may be less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.
[0122] In some aspects, at 535, the network entity 510 may encode the control information into one or more block codes (e.g., one or more first block codes) . For example, the network entity 510 may encode the control information according to a first block code type by encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes. The network entity 510 may also attach associated CRC bits (e.g., a set of CRC bits) to the first block codes based on a quantity of control bits included in the control information.
[0123] At 540, the network entity 510 may encode the segmented payload bits. For example, the network entity 510 may encode the quantity of information bits into one or more second block codes according to the first block code type and the associated control information. In some aspects, the first block code type may be associated with a codeword length and a per-block quantity of information bits for both the encoded control information (e.g., the first block codes) and the encoded quantity of information bits (e.g., the second block codes) . In other examples, the control information may be encoded into one or more repeated first block codes according to a second block code type that may be different from the first block code type used to encode the quantity of information bits (e.g., the second block codes) . In some aspects, the second block code type may include a lower coding rate than the first block code type.
[0124] At 545, the network entity 510 may transmit, and the energy harvesting-capable device 505 may receive, the encoded block codes. The network entity 510 may output the encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device 505 via ambient IoT communications. For example, the network entity 510 may modulate the encoded block codes for transmission via a backscattered signal to the energy harvesting-capable device 505. The network entity 510 may output the first encoded block codes, the second encoded block codes, or both.
[0125] At 550, the energy harvesting-capable device 505 may decode the received encoded block codes. For example, the energy harvesting-capable device 505 may decode the encoded block codes according to the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits, which may be fixed parameters based on the energy harvesting-capable device 505 receiving the encoded block codes as ambient IoT communications. In some aspects, the energy harvesting-capable device 505 may perform one or more blind detections for the received information bits included in a data payload of the received encoded block codes. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting-capable device 505 may perform a CRC operation for each blind detection performed on the encoded quantity of information bits. The energy harvesting-capable device 505 may decode (e.g., from the encoded block codes) the received control information indicating the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits, and may utilize these control information indications to decode the encoded quantity of information bits.
[0126] FIG. 6 shows a block diagram 600 of a device 605 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a transmitter 615, and a communications manager 620. The device 605, or one or more components of the device 605 (e.g., the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, and the communications manager 620) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0127] The receiver 610 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 605. In some aspects, the receiver 610 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 610 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0128] The transmitter 615 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 605. For example, the transmitter 615 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 615 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 615 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 615 and the receiver 610 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0129] The communications manager 620, the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 620, the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0130] In some aspects, the communications manager 620, the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0131] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 620, the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor. If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 620, the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0132] In some aspects, the communications manager 620 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both. For example, the communications manager 620 may receive information from the receiver 610, send information to the transmitter 615, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0133] The communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT device communications.
[0134] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 620 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information. The communications manager 620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0135] By including or configuring the communications manager 620 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 605 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 610, the transmitter 615, the communications manager 620, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, and more efficient utilization of communication resources.
[0136] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of a device 605 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communications manager 720. The device 705, or one or more components of the device 705 (e.g., the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, and the communications manager 720) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0137] The receiver 710 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705. In some aspects, the receiver 710 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 710 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0138] The transmitter 715 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some aspects, the transmitter 715 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 715 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the transmitter 715 and the receiver 710 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0139] The device 705, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720 may include an information bit manager 725, a bit generation manager 730, a block code generation manager 735, a block code encoding manager 740, a transmission manager 745, a control information manager 750, a first block code manager 755, a second block code manager 760, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 720 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 620 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 720, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communications manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, send information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0140] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information bit manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The bit generation manager 730 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits. The block code generation manager 735 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device. The block code encoding manager 740 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting. The transmission manager 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications.
[0141] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information bit manager 725 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The control information manager 750 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device. The first block code manager 755 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type. The second block code manager 760 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information. The transmission manager 745 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0142] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a communications manager 820 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 820 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 620, a communications manager 720, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 820, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820 may include an information bit manager 825, a bit generation manager 830, a block code generation manager 835, a block code encoding manager 840, a transmission manager 845, a control information manager 850, a first block code manager 855, a second block code manager 860, a padding manager 865, a payload bit manager 870, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) which may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105) , or any combination thereof.
[0143] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The information bit manager 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The bit generation manager 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits. The block code generation manager 835 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device. The block code encoding manager 840 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting. The transmission manager 845 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications.
[0144] In some aspects, the padding manager 865 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for padding, based on the quantity of information bits being less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the quantity of information bits with one or more padding bits.
[0145] In some aspects, a quantity of the one or more padding bits is equal to the quantity of information bits and the corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.
[0146] In some aspects, the block code type includes a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or other type of error-correcting code.
[0147] In some aspects, the codeword length is less than or equal to a threshold codeword length. In some aspects, the per-block quantity of information bits is less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.
[0148] In some aspects, a block code size of each block code of the set of multiple block codes is equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits.
[0149] In some aspects, each block code of the set of multiple block codes includes a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits.
[0150] In some aspects, the payload bit manager 870 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting, based on the block code type, the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits.
[0151] In some aspects, to support outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes, the transmission manager 845 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for backscattering the set of multiple encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0152] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some aspects, the information bit manager 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The control information manager 850 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device. The first block code manager 855 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type. The second block code manager 860 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information. In some aspects, the transmission manager 845 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0153] In some aspects, the one or more data channel parameters include a payload size for the quantity of information bits, a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits, a second block code type associated with the set of multiple second encoded block codes, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, data information type of the set of multiple second block codes, or any combination thereof.
[0154] In some aspects, to support encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, the block code encoding manager 840 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, where the quantity of information bits is encoded into the set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the first block code type.
[0155] In some aspects, the first block code type is associated with a codeword length and a per-block quantity of information bits for the one or more first block codes and for the set of multiple second block codes.
[0156] In some aspects, to support encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, the block code encoding manager 840 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with a second block code type that is different from the first block code type used to encode the set of multiple second block codes.
[0157] In some aspects, the second block code type has a lower coding rate than the first block code type.
[0158] In some aspects, to support encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes, the padding manager 865 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for padding, based on a quantity of control bits included in the control information, the one or more first block codes with a set of cyclic redundancy check bits.
[0159] FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a system 900 including a device 905 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of or include the components of a device 605, a device 705, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 905 may communicate with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof, which may include communications over one or more wired interfaces, over one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 905 may include components that support outputting and obtaining communications, such as a communications manager 920, a transceiver 910, an antenna 915, at least one memory 925, code 930, and at least one processor 935. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 940) .
[0160] The transceiver 910 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some aspects, the transceiver 910 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some aspects, the transceiver 910 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. In some aspects, the device 905 may include one or more antennas 915, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently) . The transceiver 910 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 915, by a wired transmitter) , to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 915, from a wired receiver) , and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 910 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 915 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 915 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 910 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 910, or the transceiver 910 and the one or more antennas 915, or the transceiver 910 and the one or more antennas 915 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 935, the at least one memory 925, or both) , may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 905. In some aspects, the transceiver 910 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., a communication link 125, a backhaul communication link 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168) .
[0161] The at least one memory 925 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 925 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 930 including instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 935, cause the device 905 to perform various functions described herein. The code 930 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 930 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 935 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 925 may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some aspects, the at least one processor 935 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 925 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system) .
[0162] The at least one processor 935 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA, a microcontroller, a programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 935 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 935. The at least one processor 935 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 925) to cause the device 905 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting block code design for ambient IoT devices) . For example, the device 905 or a component of the device 905 may include at least one processor 935 and at least one memory 925 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 935, the at least one processor 935 and the at least one memory 925 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 935 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 930) to perform the functions of the device 905. The at least one processor 935 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 905 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 925) . In some aspects, the at least one processor 935 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 925 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 935 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 935) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 925) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. As such, the at least one processor 935 or a processing system including the at least one processor 935 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 905 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 925 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0163] In some aspects, a bus 940 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some aspects, a bus 940 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack) , which may include communications performed within a component of the device 905, or between different components of the device 905 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 905 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 920, the transceiver 910, the at least one memory 925, the code 930, and the at least one processor 935 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components) .
[0164] In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) . For example, the communications manager 920 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may manage communications with other network entities 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 in cooperation with other network entities 105. In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.
[0165] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications.
[0166] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0167] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life.
[0168] In some aspects, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 910, the one or more antennas 915 (e.g., where applicable) , or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 920 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 920 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 910, one or more of the at least one processor 935, one or more of the at least one memory 925, the code 930, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 935, the at least one memory 925, the code 930, or any combination thereof) . For example, the code 930 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 935 to cause the device 905 to perform various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein, or the at least one processor 935 and the at least one memory 925 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0169] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, and the communications manager 1020) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0170] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to block code design for ambient IoT devices) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0171] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to block code design for ambient IoT devices) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0172] The communications manager 1020, the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020, the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0173] In some aspects, the communications manager 1020, the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , a central processing unit (CPU) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some aspects, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0174] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1020, the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor. If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1020, the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0175] In some aspects, the communications manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0176] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0177] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1005 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced power consumption and more efficient utilization of communication resources.
[0178] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a device 1105 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1105 may be an example of aspects of a device 1005 or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a transmitter 1115, and a communications manager 1120. The device 1105, or one or more components of the device 1105 (e.g., the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, and the communications manager 1120) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0179] The receiver 1110 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to block code design for ambient IoT devices) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1105. The receiver 1110 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0180] The transmitter 1115 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1105. For example, the transmitter 1115 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to block code design for ambient IoT devices) . In some aspects, the transmitter 1115 may be co-located with a receiver 1110 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1115 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0181] The device 1105, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a block code receiver 1125 a block code decoding manager 1130, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1020 as described herein. In some aspects, the communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or both. For example, the communications manager 1120 may receive information from the receiver 1110, send information to the transmitter 1115, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1110, the transmitter 1115, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0182] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The block code receiver 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications. The block code decoding manager 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0183] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of a communications manager 1220 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1220 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1020, a communications manager 1120, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1220, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 may include a block code receiver 1225, a block code decoding manager 1230, an information bit detection manager 1235, an information bit error manager 1240, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0184] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The block code receiver 1225 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications. The block code decoding manager 1230 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0185] In some aspects, to support decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes, the information bit detection manager 1235 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing one or more blind detections for a set of multiple information bits included in a data payload of the set of multiple encoded block codes.
[0186] In some aspects, the information bit error manager 1240 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing a cyclic redundancy check for the set of multiple information bits for each blind detection of the one or more blind detections.
[0187] In some aspects, the block code decoding manager 1230 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding control information as part of the set of multiple encoded block codes, where the control information is indicative of the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits.
[0188] In some aspects, the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are fixed based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0189] FIG. 13 shows a diagram of a system 1300 including a device 1305 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of or include the components of a device 1005, a device 1105, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1305 may communicate (e.g., wirelessly) with one or more network entities 105, one or more UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The device 1305 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1320, an input / output (I / O) controller 1310, a transceiver 1315, an antenna 1325, at least one memory 1330, code 1335, and at least one processor 1340. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1345) .
[0190] The I / O controller 1310 may manage input and output signals for the device 1305. The I / O controller 1310 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1305. In some cases, the I / O controller 1310 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1310 may utilize an operating system such as or another operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1310 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1310 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1340. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1305 via the I / O controller 1310 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1310.
[0191] In some cases, the device 1305 may include a single antenna 1325. However, in some other cases, the device 1305 may have more than one antenna 1325, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1315 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 1325, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1315 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1315 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1325 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1325. The transceiver 1315, or the transceiver 1315 and one or more antennas 1325, may be an example of a transmitter 1015, a transmitter 1115, a receiver 1010, a receiver 1110, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0192] The at least one memory 1330 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The at least one memory 1330 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 1335 including instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1340, cause the device 1305 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1335 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1335 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1340 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1330 may contain, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0193] The at least one processor 1340 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1340 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1340. The at least one processor 1340 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1330) to cause the device 1305 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting block code design for ambient IoT devices) . For example, the device 1305 or a component of the device 1305 may include at least one processor 1340 and at least one memory 1330 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1340, the at least one processor 1340 and at least one memory 1330 configured to perform various functions described herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1340 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1330 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some aspects, the at least one processor 1340 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1340) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1330) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. As such, the at least one processor 1340 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1340 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1305 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1330 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0194] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications. The communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0195] By including or configuring the communications manager 1320 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1305 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, and improved coordination between devices.
[0196] In some aspects, the communications manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1315, the one or more antennas 1325, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1320 is illustrated as a separate component, in some aspects, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1320 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1340, the at least one memory 1330, the code 1335, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1335 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1340 to cause the device 1305 to perform various aspects of block code design for ambient IoT devices as described herein, or the at least one processor 1340 and the at least one memory 1330 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0197] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1400 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 9. In some aspects, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0198] At 1405, the method may include obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The operations of block 1405 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by an information bit manager 825 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0199] At 1410, the method may include generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits. The operations of block 1410 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by a bit generation manager 830 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0200] At 1415, the method may include segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a set of multiple block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, where the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device. The operations of block 1415 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1415 may be performed by a block code generation manager 835 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0201] At 1420, the method may include encoding the set of multiple block codes based on the segmenting. The operations of block 1420 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1420 may be performed by a block code encoding manager 840 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0202] At 1425, the method may include outputting the set of multiple encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications. The operations of block 1425 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1425 may be performed by a transmission manager 845 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0203] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1500 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 9. In some aspects, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0204] At 1505, the method may include obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device. The operations of block 1505 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed by an information bit manager 825 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0205] At 1510, the method may include generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device. The operations of block 1510 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by a control information manager 850 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0206] At 1515, the method may include encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type. The operations of block 1515 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1515 may be performed by a first block code manager 855 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0207] At 1520, the method may include encoding the quantity of information bits into a set of multiple second block codes in accordance with the control information. The operations of block 1520 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1520 may be performed by a second block code manager 860 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0208] At 1525, the method may include outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the set of multiple second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device. The operations of block 1525 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1525 may be performed by a transmission manager 845 as described with reference to FIG. 8.
[0209] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supports block code design for ambient IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a UE or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1600 may be performed by a UE 115 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 5 and 10 through 13. In some aspects, a UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0210] At 1605, the method may include receiving, from a network entity, a set of multiple encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications. The operations of block 1605 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed by a block code receiver 1225 as described with reference to FIG. 12.
[0211] At 1610, the method may include decoding the set of multiple encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, where the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the set of multiple encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications. The operations of block 1610 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by a block code decoding manager 1230 as described with reference to FIG. 12.
[0212] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0213] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication performed by a network entity, comprising: obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device; generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits; segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a plurality of block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, wherein the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device; encoding the plurality of block codes based at least in part on the segmenting; and outputting the plurality of encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient Internet of things (IoT) communications.
[0214] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: padding, based on the quantity of information bits being less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the quantity of information bits with one or more padding bits.
[0215] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 2, wherein a quantity of the one or more padding bits is equal to the quantity of information bits and the corresponding quantity of CRC bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.
[0216] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein the block code type comprises a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or other type of error-correcting code.
[0217] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein the codeword length is less than or equal to a threshold codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits is less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.
[0218] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein a block code size of each block code of the plurality of block codes is equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits.
[0219] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein each block code of the plurality of block codes comprises a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits.
[0220] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, further comprising: selecting, based on the block code type, the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits.
[0221] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, wherein outputting the plurality of encoded block codes comprises: backscattering the plurality of encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0222] Aspect 10: A method for wireless communication performed by a network entity, comprising: obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device; generating control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device; encoding the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type; encoding the quantity of information bits into a plurality of second block codes in accordance with the control information; and outputting the one or more first encoded block codes and the plurality of second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.
[0223] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, wherein the one or more data channel parameters comprise a payload size for the quantity of information bits, a corresponding quantity of CRC bits associated with the quantity of information bits, a second block code type associated with the plurality of second encoded block codes, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, data information type of the plurality of second block codes, or any combination thereof.
[0224] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 10 through 11, wherein encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type comprises: encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, wherein the quantity of information bits is encoded into the plurality of second block codes in accordance with the first block code type.
[0225] Aspect 13: The method of aspect 12, wherein the first block code type is associated with a codeword length and a per-block quantity of information bits for the one or more first block codes and for the plurality of second block codes.
[0226] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 10 through 13, wherein encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type comprises: encoding one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with a second block code type that is different from the first block code type used to encode the plurality of second block codes.
[0227] Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, wherein the second block code type has a lower coding rate than the first block code type.
[0228] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 10 through 15, wherein encoding the control information into the one or more first block codes comprises: padding, based at least in part on a quantity of control bits included in the control information, the one or more first block codes with a set of CRC bits.
[0229] Aspect 17: A method for wireless communications at an energy harvesting-capable device, comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a plurality of encoded block codes via ambient IoT communications; and decoding the plurality of encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, wherein the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the plurality of encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0230] Aspect 18: The method of aspect 17, wherein decoding the plurality of encoded block codes comprises: performing one or more blind detections for a plurality of information bits included in a data payload of the plurality of encoded block codes.
[0231] Aspect 19: The method of aspect 18, further comprising: performing a cyclic redundancy check for the plurality of information bits for each blind detection of the one or more blind detections.
[0232] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 17 through 19, further comprising: decoding control information as part of the plurality of encoded block codes, wherein the control information is indicative of the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits.
[0233] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 17 through 20, wherein the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are fixed based on the plurality of encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.
[0234] Aspect 22: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0235] Aspect 23: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0236] Aspect 24: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0237] Aspect 25: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising a processing system to perform a method of any of aspects 10 through 16.
[0238] Aspect 26: A network entity for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 10 through 16.
[0239] Aspect 27: A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communications stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 10 through 16.
[0240] Aspect 28: An energy harvesting-capable device for wireless communications, comprising a processing system configured to perform a method of any of aspects 17 through 21.
[0241] Aspect 29: An energy harvesting-capable device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 17 through 21.
[0242] Aspect 30: A non-transitory computer-readable medium having code for wireless communications stored thereon that, when executed by a network entity, cause the network entity to perform a method of any of aspects 17 through 21.
[0243] The methods described herein describe possible implementations, and the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0244] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0245] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0246] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0247] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and the claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0248] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0249] As used herein, the term “or” is an inclusive “or” unless limiting language is used relative to the alternatives listed. For example, reference to “X being based on A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, and X being based on A and B. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A or B” refers to “at least one of A or B” or “one or more of A or B” due to “or” being inclusive. Similarly, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A, X being based on B, X being based on C, X being based on A and B, X being based on A and C, X being based on B and C, and X being based on A, B, and C. In this regard, reference to “X being based on A, B, or C” refers to “at least one of A, B, or C” or “one or more of A, B, or C” due to “or” being inclusive. As an example of limiting language, reference to “X being based on only one of A or B” shall be construed as including within its scope X being based on A as well as X being based on B, but not X being based on A and B. Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently. Also, as used herein, the phrase “a set” shall be construed as including the possibility of a set with one member. That is, the phrase “a set” shall be construed in the same manner as “one or more” or “at least one of. ”
[0250] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0251] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0252] In the figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label, or other subsequent reference label.
[0253] The description set forth herein, in connection with the drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “aspect” or “example” used herein means “serving as an aspect, example, instance, or illustration, ” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other aspects or examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0254] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A network entity configured for wireless communications, comprising:a processing system configured to:obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device;generate a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits;segment the quantity of payload bits into a plurality of block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, wherein the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device;encode the plurality of block codes based on the segmenting; andoutput the plurality of encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications.2.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to:pad, based on the quantity of information bits being less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the quantity of information bits with one or more padding bits.3.The network entity of claim 2, wherein a quantity of the one or more padding bits is equal to the quantity of information bits and the corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.4.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the block code type comprises a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or other type of error-correcting code.5.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the codeword length is less than or equal to a threshold codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits is less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.6.The network entity of claim 1, wherein a block code size of each block code of the plurality of block codes is equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits.7.The network entity of claim 1, wherein each block code of the plurality of block codes comprises a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits.8.The network entity of claim 1, wherein the processing system is configured to:select, based on the block code type, the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits.9.The network entity of claim 1, wherein, to output the plurality of encoded block codes, the processing system is configured to:backscatter the plurality of encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device.10.A network entity configured for wireless communications, comprising:a processing system configured to:obtain a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device;generate control information that is indicative of one or more data channel parameters for ambient IoT devices communication of the quantity of information bits to the energy harvesting-capable device;encode the control information into one or more first block codes in accordance with a first block code type;encode the quantity of information bits into a plurality of second block codes in accordance with the control information; andoutput the one or more first encoded block codes and the plurality of second encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device.11.The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more data channel parameters comprise a payload size for the quantity of information bits, a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits, a second block code type associated with the plurality of second encoded block codes, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, data information type of the plurality of second block codes, or any combination thereof.12.The network entity of claim 10, wherein, to encode the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, the processing system is configured to:encode one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, wherein the quantity of information bits is encoded into the plurality of second block codes in accordance with the first block code type.13.The network entity of claim 12, wherein the first block code type is associated with a codeword length and a per-block quantity of information bits for the one or more first block codes and for the plurality of second block codes.14.The network entity of claim 10, wherein, to encode the control information into the one or more first block codes in accordance with the first block code type, the processing system is configured to:encode one or more instances of the control information into one or more repeated first block codes in accordance with a second block code type that is different from the first block code type used to encode the plurality of second block codes.15.The network entity of claim 14, wherein the second block code type has a lower coding rate than the first block code type.16.The network entity of claim 10, wherein, to encode the control information into the one or more first block codes, the processing system is configured to:pad, based on a quantity of control bits included in the control information, the one or more first block codes with a set of cyclic redundancy check bits.17.An energy harvesting-capable device configured for wireless communications, comprising:a processing system configured to:receive, from a network entity, a plurality of encoded block codes via ambient IoT devices communications; anddecode the plurality of encoded block codes in accordance with one or more block code types, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of bits, wherein the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are based on the plurality of encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.18.The energy harvesting-capable device of claim 17, wherein, to decode the plurality of encoded block codes, the processing system is configured to:perform one or more blind detections for a plurality of information bits included in a data payload of the plurality of encoded block codes.19.The energy harvesting-capable device of claim 18, wherein the processing system is configured to:perform a cyclic redundancy check for the plurality of information bits for each blind detection of the one or more blind detections.20.The energy harvesting-capable device of claim 17, wherein the processing system is configured to:decode control information as part of the plurality of encoded block codes, wherein the control information is indicative of the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits.21.The energy harvesting-capable device of claim 17, wherein the one or more block code types, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of bits are fixed based on the plurality of encoded block codes being received as ambient IoT communications.22.A method for wireless communications performed by a network entity, comprising:obtaining a quantity of information bits for communication to an energy harvesting-capable device;generating a quantity of payload bits based on the quantity of information bits and a corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits associated with the quantity of information bits;segmenting the quantity of payload bits into a plurality of block codes in accordance with a block code type, a codeword length, and a per-block quantity of information bits, wherein the block code type, the codeword length, and the per-block quantity of information bits are fixed based on the quantity of information bits being for communication to the energy harvesting-capable device;encoding the plurality of block codes based on the segmenting; andoutputting the plurality of encoded block codes for transmission to the energy harvesting-capable device via ambient IoT devices communications.23.The method of claim 22, further comprising:padding, based on the quantity of information bits being less than a threshold payload size of information bits, the quantity of information bits with one or more padding bits.24.The method of claim 23, wherein a quantity of the one or more padding bits is equal to the quantity of information bits and the corresponding quantity of cyclic redundancy check bits subtracted from the threshold payload size of information bits.25.The method of claim 22, wherein the block code type comprises a Hamming code, a Golay code, a Reed-Solomon code, a Hadamard code, an Expander code, a Reed-Muller code, or other type of error-correcting code.26.The method of claim 22, wherein:the codeword length is less than or equal to a threshold codeword length, andthe per-block quantity of information bits is less than or equal to a threshold quantity of information bits based on the block code type.27.The method of claim 22, wherein a block code size of each block code of the plurality of block codes is equal to the quantity of payload bits divided by the per-block quantity of information bits.28.The method of claim 22, wherein each block code of the plurality of block codes comprises a same codeword length and a same per-block quantity of information bits.29.The method of claim 22, further comprising:selecting, based on the block code type, the quantity of payload bits from one or more different set quantities of payload bits.30.The method of claim 22, wherein outputting the plurality of encoded block codes comprises:backscattering the plurality of encoded block codes to the energy harvesting-capable device.
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