Capturing sensing RF environmental features
The semantic-assisted solution in ISAC systems addresses the inefficiencies of current measurement methods by mapping RF environmental features to customized report format rules, ensuring precise and targeted data extraction for diverse sensing scenarios, enhancing system performance and resource efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/072868
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-17
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-24
AI Technical Summary
Current measurement report methods in ISAC systems are inadequate for guaranteeing sensing performance due to diverse sensing target features and varying requirements across different scenarios, failing to effectively capture RF environmental changes and consider both strong and weak paths, leading to inefficiencies and suboptimal resource usage.
A semantic-assisted solution that maps RF environmental features to customized report format rules based on specific sensing scenarios, using a shared semantic knowledge base to extract and report relevant sensing information, tailored to meet particular sensing requirements from various dimensions such as range, velocity, and antenna configurations.
Enhances ISAC system performance by efficiently capturing and reporting RF environmental features, ensuring precise and targeted data extraction for different sensing targets and scenarios, reducing unnecessary information and improving resource efficiency.
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Figure CN2024072868_24072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CAPTURING SENSING RF ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURESFIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments generally relate to the field of communication, and in particular, to a terminal device, a network device, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium related to capturing of sensing RF environmental features, for example, in an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for capturing sensing RF environmental features, such as, in an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system. For example, the solution relates to the wireless sensing capability of ISAC in networks, such as 5G network, 5G-Anetwork, 6G network, and the like. For instance, the solution provided by example embodiments of the present disclosure may capture sensing radio frequency environmental features during measurement of radio signal, and use these features to perform sensing service.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to: determine mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmit, to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to: receive, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; receive, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and transmit the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a method. The method may comprise: determining, at a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmitting, at the first device and to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method. The method may comprise: receiving, at a second device and from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; receiving, at the second device and from the first device, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and transmitting, at the second device, the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise: means for determining, at a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and means for, based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmitting, at the first device and to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise: means for receiving, at a second device and from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; means for receiving, at the second device and from the first device, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and means for transmitting, at the second device, the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0010] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to the third or fourth aspect.
[0011] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: determine mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmit, to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0012] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; receive, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and transmit the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0013] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device may comprise determining circuitry configured to determine mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and transmitting circuitry configured to, based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmit, to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0014] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device may comprise first receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; second receiving circuitry configured to receive, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0015] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0018] FIG. 2 illustrates an example application scenario in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0019] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 4 illustrates an example signaling process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIGS. 5A to 5F illustrate examples of input codes and relative output report format rules of a trained sensing semantic knowledge base in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of real channel state information (CSI) amplitude in a sensing frame in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of measured channel impulse response (CIR) in a sensing frame in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 8 illustrates an example process of semantic-based package preparation process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 9 illustrates an example flowchart of a process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure
[0026] FIG. 10 illustrates another example flowchart of a process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 11 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0028] FIG. 12 illustrates an example block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0031] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which the present disclosure belongs.
[0032] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0033] It may be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0034] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0035] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0036] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0037] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0038] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0039] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0040] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0041] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0042] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , narrow band Internet of things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0043] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0044] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a subscriber station (SS) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial, a relay node, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0045] As used herein, the term “resource” , “transmission resource” , “resource block” , “physical resource block” (PRB) , “uplink (UL) resource” or “downlink (DL) resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a terminal device and a network device, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, a resource in a combination of more than one domain or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.
[0046] With the development of communication technology, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is proposed for 5th generation (5G) and 6G to improve network performance, and it is a key technology of 5G-Advanced (5G-A) and 6G. The international telecommunication union (ITU) has approved 6G vision framework at its meeting held in Geneva from June 12 to June 22, 2023. ISAC is one of six usage scenarios for IMT 2030.
[0047] ISAC involves integration of communication and sensing functions in a single system to enable efficient sharing of resources. The ISAC design allows communication and sensing functions to share the same resources, such as frequency band and hardware, to improve spectrum efficiency and reduce costs.
[0048] With the widely deployed communication infrastructure, such as 5G base stations, integrating sensing functions into communication systems has become a hot topic in recent years. This technology can be widely used in typical application scenarios such as smart transportation, low-altitude airspace, smart living, and smart networks. To achieve wireless sensing capability in 5G networks, network transformation and upgrades are necessary.
[0049] Communication and sensing fusion achieves a unified design of communication and sensing functions through signal joint design and / or hardware sharing. The sensing part in communication and sensing fusion may be understood as a wireless sensing technology based on the communication system. It emits wireless signals toward a target area or target object and analyzes the received echo signals to obtain corresponding sensing measurement information.
[0050] Therefore, wireless communication networks have natural wireless sensing capabilities. Base stations and terminals will have both communication and sensing capabilities, providing sensing services for various applications. The integration of communication and sensing functions in a single system offers several benefits, including increased spectrum efficiency, reduced costs, and improved performance.
[0051] The current study objectives of ISAC comprise, for example, study use cases and potential requirements for enhancement of the 5G system to provide integrated communication and sensing services addressing different target verticals and applications, e.g., autonomous / assisted driving, vehicle to everything (V2X) , aviation / unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) , 3D map reconstruction, smart city / factories, public sectors, healthcare, smart home, maritime sector, or the like.
[0052] However, currently, communication and sensing fusion is still in its early stages of development. In the 5G-Aphase, the main focus is on exploring the integration of communication and sensing functions based on 5G network architecture and air interface enhancement design. This involves utilizing wireless channel characteristics to obtain richer environmental information and enables basic sensing applications such as intelligent transportation, drone supervision, national railway perimeter security detection, smart homes, public safety, health monitoring, environmental monitoring, and other fields.
[0053] In the SA1#101 meeting in February 2023, 32 use cases for ISAC have been agreed in total, which are captured by TR 22.837 for further study. The agreed use cases are shown in Table 1 below:
[0054] Table 1
[0055] As can be observed from the Table 1, sensing measurements may vary depending on specific application or service. The sensing target may be a stationary object, a moving object, or even the overall environmental information.
[0056] The sensing targets of ISAC may be classified as, for example, stationary object, moving object, static area, moving area, and environments.
[0057] For example, in a scenario of health monitoring at home, obstacle detection at factory, or the like, the sensing target may be a stationary object, and characteristics of a specific stationary target may be obtained. The target may or may not support UE functionality. In a scenario of UAV flight trajectory, collision avoidance, or the like, the sensing target may be a moving object, and characteristics of a specific moving target may be obtained. As another example, in a scenario of intruder detection, traffic sensing, or the like, the sensing target may be static area, and any objects and their characteristics in the fixed geographical area may be detected.
[0058] Furthermore, in a scenario of e.g., automotive use case, any objects and their characteristics in the moving area may be detected, while in a scenario of weather monitoring (such as rainfall, wind speed, water lever change, or the like) , environmental characteristics may be detected. However, above scenarios for ISAC are only examples, ISAC may be applicable to more other scenarios.
[0059] To support sensing functionality, 5G system architecture should be extended, such extension may include: e.g., identify extensions or gaps of location services (LCS) -based architecture according to sensing functional requirements, location management function (LMF) role investigation and / or new network function (NF) with dedicated sensing functionality, and impact on network functions. In these extensions, the LMF may manage the overall co-ordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of a UE that is registered with or accessing 5G core network (5GCN) . The LMF may also calculate or verify a final location and any velocity estimation and may estimate the achieved accuracy. Furthermore, the LMF functionalities are focusing only on connected UEs. In many use cases, a sensing service is requested for a defined area (e.g. parking place, industrial zone, etc. ) . However, the above extensions are beyond current LMF logic. A (new) dedicated sensing management function (SeMF) may be preferable to avoid extending LMF that could lead to a complex design, and the SeMF may interact with Access &Mobility Management Function (AMF) to coordinate the sensing functionality (reusing the spirit of LMF interaction with the AMF for the location services) .
[0060] To enable the sensing function, the measurement report of radio frequency (RF) environmental changes plays a critical role in the sensing function of the ISAC system. It enables the measurement node, whether it is a UE or a gNB, to collect sensing data like channel state information (CSI) related to the environmental changes and send the collected sensing data to sensing function (SF) . The SF may then analyze the sensing data, estimate some sensing information, such as range, angle of arrival (AoA) , and Doppler shift of the reflected path, from the sensing data, and use these information to provide sensing services. Periodic measurements are required for one or more receiving antennas based on the downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) reference signals in each sensing frame.
[0061] The channel measurements may be used for different sensing purposes under different use cases. For example, CSI phase shifts in the spatial and frequency domains, i.e., transmitting / receiving antennas and carrier frequencies, are related to signal transmission delay and direction, which may be used for human localization and tracking. Standardization of the measurement and report format rules is essential to meet the required sensing function.
[0062] However, RF environmental changes (e.g., CSI feedback) are mainly tailored to suit communication systems. To date, there is no research that has tackled the typical sensing issues, such as the need to treat both strong and weak paths equally, the significant time and frequency overheads, the requirement for scenario-specific sensing functionality, and the shared semantic knowledge base between transmission (Tx) and reception (Rx) to ensure customized sensing scenarios, sensing key performance indicators (KPIs) and improved resource efficiency.
[0063] In particular, in an ISAC system, it is necessary to provide much more detailed feedback about RF environment changes compared to traditional communication systems. This is because the ISAC system should sense the environment in order to detect, locate and track sensing objects, which requires information about the multipath propagation of the signal due to reflection, diffraction, or scattering. However, current measurement report methods are designed for communication systems and are not suitable to guarantee the sensing performance. In an example of channel impulse response (CIR) , for example, as illustrated in FIG. 2, there are many weaker reflected paths from different targets. As these weaker paths suffer a great loss, they are not significant for communication and thus may be discarded by time-domain CIR compression to reduce report overhead. However, the weaker paths may be equally significant for sensing compared with the stronger paths. The features of both the stronger paths and the weaker paths should be considered to guarantee the sensing performance of all targets in the region of interesting (ROI) .
[0064] Additionally, different scenarios and use cases may have varying sensing requirements. When tracking a moving target such as a UAV, it is crucial to focus on changes in the flight path over time, which provides valuable information on the speed and movement of the moving target. In contrast, reflected paths from stationary objects where Doppler variation is not noticeable may be not considered in such scenario, as these objects cannot be UAVs and are not the intended sensing target. However, for fixed target localization, the opposite may be true. Furthermore, for a sensing target in a limited area, it only needs the RF environmental information in this interesting area. In some other cases, all path information may be required to reconstruct the environment for sensing requirements. Therefore, applying the same measurement report information of all paths, regardless of the deployed use case, is inefficient.
[0065] Therefore, there is a need to consider the specific sensing requirements for each use case and deploy channel information feedback accordingly. However, the main issue is that traditional channel measurement report methods are inadequate for guaranteeing sensing performance in ISAC systems. This is primarily due to the diverse nature of sensing target features. In order to effectively capture changes in the RF environment, it is crucial to consider different sensing requirements for various sensing targets in different scenarios. This involves precise capture of required information while avoiding unnecessary information.
[0066] Embodiments of the present disclosure propose a solution, e.g., a semantic-assisted solution, to enable capturing of sensing RF environmental features, for example, in an ISAC system. The solution is customized according to specific sensing scenarios to meet particular sensing requirements from a variety of dimensions (e.g., range, velocity, scope, and antenna) , such as sensing target near or far, static or moving, hardware antenna number, and local or global scope sensing. Furthermore, in some example embodiments of the present disclosure, a semantic knowledge base shared between network node and the measurement node may be trained. The semantic knowledge base is the extraction of features of the different sensing services / objects, and then the exacted features will be mapped to the different format rules for the measurement report package. Thereby, ISAC may be better supported in previous, current, and / or future commutation systems.
[0067] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The network environment may involve a sensing function (SF) entity 12, which may also be referred to SF 12 below, a measurement node 14 and a transmitting (Tx) node 16. The SF 12 may request the measurement node 14 to perform wireless / radio signal measurement for a sensing target of a given service. The Tx node 16 may configure the measurement and transmit reference signal (RS) to the measurement node 14, such that the measurement node 14 may perform measurement, such as CSI measurement, and report the measurement result to the SF 12 e.g., via a measurement report. Furthermore, although the measurement node 14 illustrated as a user terminal device, the measurement node 14 may adopt other forms, which will be described in detail below.
[0068] FIG. 2 illustrates an example application scenario 200 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. In the scenario 200, for example, a semantic-assisted solution for capturing RF environmental changes that demonstrates the sensing mode, CSI measurement period and number in a sensing frame, and general semantic-assisted extraction process of required sensing information from CIR is provided. The semantic-assisted solution may support semantic-assisted and scenario-specific sensing RF environmental feature extraction for enabling ISAC.
[0069] The scenario shown in FIG. 2 may involve a SF 12, a measurement node 14, a transmitting (Tx) node 16, a sensing target 18. As shown in FIG. 2, the SF 12 may be located in core network, e.g., 5GC, and served as a function entity of the core network for sensing function management, a sensing management component at the network edge, a function entity of gNB, or a function entity of legacy LMF. The SF 12 may be expected to possess knowledge of sensing requirements and be capable of managing the coordination and scheduling of resources necessary for sensing operations. Although the SF 12, the measurement node 14, the Tx node 16, and the sensing target 18 are shown as separated devices in FIGS. 1 and 2, some of them may be located in the same device, for example, the the SF 12 may be inside the Tx node 16.
[0070] The measurement node 14 may be a CSI measurement node 14, which may be defined as, e.g., a customer premise equipment (CPE) / UE in a 5G NR system. It may also be a device that has a receiving module and a simple signal processing module. The Tx node 16 may be a base station, gNB, or other network device or entity in a communication system (e.g., 5G NR system) , which transmits communication / sensing signal to the measurement node 14. It may also be any other device having a transmitting module.
[0071] Referring to FIG. 2, at the Tx node 16, periodical k CSI measurements may be configured via a sensing frame, the measurement node 14 may perform CSI measurements with respect to the sensing target 18 based on CSI configuration from network side and obtain the measurement result, for example, the measured channel impulse response (CIR) 202, perform semantic-based feature information exaction 203 (which may be also referred to as semantic-assisted sensing features exaction) from the measurement result, perform semantic package 204 on exacted features based on a predetermined measurement format / rule to obtain a measurement report for sensing target 18, and send 205 the measurement report to the SF 12 in 5GC. The SF may perform some sensing processing 206 based on the received measurement report to determine some sensing related parameters such as angle of arrival (AoA) , angle of departure (AoD) , Doppler, and the like.
[0072] In FIG. 2, the measurement node 14 and the SF 12 in the 5GC may share a semantic knowledge base 201 for sensing function. The semantic knowledge base 201 may be sensing service related, it may include mapping information between a plurality of sets of RF environmental features corresponding to a plurality of sensing services and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state. The semantic-based feature information exaction 203 and semantic package 204 may be performed based on the mapping information. Herein, the RF environmental features may include features for different sensing services, sensing requirements, or sensing scenarios, for example, as shown in FIGS. 5A to 5C, features for specific sensing scenarios, features for static / moving object, features for static / moving area, features for ROI known, features for environment characteristics, features for different scopes, and the like.
[0073] For example, a pre-trained knowledge base obtained from previous sensing functions experiences or a pre-trained large model specifically designed for different sensing tasks may be built to obtain the semantic knowledge base 201. By utilizing this knowledge base 201, the ISAC system may efficiently extract specific features of the sensing object and the sensing scenarios. There is a mapping relationship between a sensing request and the extracted RF environmental features. In some example embodiments of present disclosure, a shared codebook which may be assumed as a semantic label may be given to each possible sensing case / service / scenario. Each label may represent one measurement report package format rule (which may be referred to as report format rule below for brevity) . Thus, a bridge may be built between the sensing request and the most suitable package format / rule for reporting sensing RF environment measured information. The coordinator is the scenario-specific exacted features that considers both hardware and sensing requirements.
[0074] In some example embodiments of present disclosure, in the solution (s) proposed in present disclosure, the hardware aspect may involve the utilization of multi-antennas, ensuring that RF environmental measurements on each antenna exhibit almost equal delays for each path, regardless of the varying amplitudes of CIR in different antennas. Meanwhile, the sensing requirements, including range, mobility, and scope considerations, are also taken into consideration. For example, in the case of a moving target, the focus is on extracting paths with changing phase shifts, whereas for a static target, the emphasis is on extracting the relatively stable paths with minor diversity. For instance, consider a breath detection scenario in a bedroom, the shared semantic knowledge base may discern the relevant features, such as changes in amplitude and phase of a person's breath vibrations and alterations in the return path channel within the approximate distance of the bedroom. Other irrelevant information may be disregarded, allowing for a focused and effective extraction of the necessary features from the sensing request. In the following, the measurement in ISAC will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 3 to 8.
[0075] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling process 300 of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0076] As shown in FIG. 3, the process 300 may involve a first device 12 and a second device 14. The first device 12 may be one of a function entity for sensing function (SF) management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , e.g., the SF 12 as described in FIG. 1. The second device 14 may be one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station, e.g., the measurement node 14 as described in FIG. 1.
[0077] In the signaling process 300, the first device 12 may, at 305, determine mapping information between a plurality of sets of RF environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state. The plurality of sets of RF environmental features may correspond to a plurality of sensing services, and each set of RF environmental features may correspond to a sensing service, one sensing service may correspond to one or more set of RF environmental features, which will be described in detail later.
[0078] In the case that the first device 12 receives a sensing request related to a sensing service, the first device 12 may transmit, at 310, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, to the second device 14. In some example embodiments, the measurement report may be based on a report format rule selected from among the plurality of report format rules. The mapping information may indicate that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service, and thus the selected report format rule may be determined based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0079] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be shared between the first device 12 to the second device 14. For example, the mapping information may be transmitted by the first device 12 to the second device 14 at 305’ , before or simultaneously with the operation 310. Alternatively, the mapping information may be predefined, for example, based on a predetermined rule, at one or more of the first device 12 or the second device 14.
[0080] As an example, the mapping information may be obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model. The AI / ML model may be pre-trained based on previous sensing service data. Then the plurality of sets of RF environmental features may be the input of the trained AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules are output of the trained AI / ML model. For example, the AI / ML model may be a classification model, which may be used to determine which one of a plurality of predetermined report format rules is suitable for a given sensing service, and in this case , the given sensing service may be the input of the model, and a predetermined report format rule, which is determined to be a report format rule for the given sensing service, may be the output of the model.
[0081] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may be received by the first device 12 from a third device (not shown in FIG. 3) , and the first device 12 may determine whether the mapping information includes a mapping related to the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service associated with the sensing request. In order to determine whether the mapping information includes the mapping, the first device 12 may determine a set of RF environmental features related to the sensing service, and then determine that the mapping information includes the mapping based on determining that the determined set of the RF environmental feature are included in the mapping information. However, the first device 12 may determine that the mapping information does not include the mapping based on determining that at least one feature in the determined set of the RF environmental features is not included in the mapping information.
[0082] Furthermore, in some example embodiments, based on determining that the mapping information does not include the mapping, the first device 12 may update the mapping information by adding the mapping between the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service and a further report format rule, and may transmit the updated mapping information to the second device 14 such that the mapping information shared between the first device 12 and the second device 14 may keep consistent. For example, in the case that the mapping information is obtained using the AI / ML model, the first device 12 may re-train the AI / ML model such that the at least one feature is identifiable by the re-trained AI / ML model, and obtaining the further report format rule by inputting the set of the RF environmental features to the re-trained AI / ML model, thereby determining the further report format rule for the set of the RF environmental features extracted from the sensing request (i.e., the output of the re-trained AI / ML model may considered to be the further report format rule) .
[0083] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may include information on the related sensing service, for example, the sensing request may include information on at least one of, but not limited to, a sensing service type; a sensing requirement; a sensing area; a sensing interesting range; a reference signal pattern; a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements; a duration of a sensing frame; a sensing refreshed frequency; or an identifier of an active antenna port of the second device 14. The set of RF environmental features may be extracted from the information on the sensing service by the first device 12 or the second device 14.
[0084] In some example embodiments, the information on the sensing service may include at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service. Herein, as an example, the range requirement may indicate a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service. The scope requirement may indicate whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction. The antenna requirement may indicate a number of active antennas for the sensing service, and it may be determined by a resolution requirement, an interference level, and the target number of the sensing service. The velocity requirement may indicate whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary. The details of these requirements will be described in more detail below.
[0085] In an example embodiment, the selected report format rule may be determined by the first device 12, for example, based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, and the request message transmitted to the second device 14 may include the selected report format rule. In this case, the second device 14 may generate the measurement report based on the report format rule received from the first device 12.
[0086] In another example embodiment, the selected report format rule may be determined by the second device 14. For example, the first device 12 may transmit the mapping information to the second device 14, and then the second device 14 may determine the report format rule based on the mapping information. As an example, the request message transmitted to the second device 14 may include the sensing request, then the second device 14 may extract the set of RF environmental features based on the sensing request, and determine a report format rule for the measurement report based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information. As another example, the set of RF environmental features may be extracted by the first device 12 and transmitted to the second device 14 together with the request message (e.g., included in the request message) . Then the second device 14 may determine the report format rule for the measurement report based on the received set of RF environmental features and the mapping information. Herein, the mapping information and the request message may be transmitted to the second device 14 together or separately.
[0087] Alternatively, in some example embodiments, the plurality of report format rules may be further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively. For example, the plurality of report format rules may be further mapped to a plurality of predetermined codes or labels, e.g., a first report format rule may be mapped to a code “A00” , a second report format rule may be mapped to a code “B00” , and so on. A mapping between an item of information indicating the set of RF environmental features, instead of the set of RF environmental features, and a report format rule corresponding to the set of RF environmental features, may be indicated in the mapping information. In this case, instead of including a set of RF environmental features extracted from the sensing request, the request message may include an item of information indicating the set of RF environmental features, for example, a code corresponding to the set of RF environmental features. The second device 14 may determine the report format rule based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information. In this way, most of operations related to determining of a report format rule may be performed at the first device 12, the hardware and software complexity of the second device 14 may be reduced. Furthermore, since the information indicating the set of RF environmental features, instead of the set of RF environmental features, are exchanged between the first device 12 and the second device 14, the amount of resources required for information transmission between the first device 12 and the second device 14 may be reduced.
[0088] In some example embodiments, a set of RF environmental features corresponding to a sensing service may include multiple sets of RF environmental features corresponding to multiple other sensing service. Accordingly, an item of information indicating the set of RF environmental features may include multiple items of information indicating the multiple sets of RF environmental features, and a report format rule associated with the set of RF environmental features may include a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information.
[0089] For example, a first set of RF environmental features corresponding to a sensing service A may consist of a second set of RF environmental features corresponding to a sensing service B, a third set of RF environmental features corresponding to a sensing service C, and a fourth set of RF environmental features corresponding to a sensing service D. Accordingly, in the event that the item of information indicating the second set of RF environmental features is code “A00” , the item of information indicating the third set of RF environmental features is code “B00” , and the item of information indicating the fourth set of RF environmental features is code “C00” , then the item of information indicating the first set of RF environmental features may be “A00B00C00” , and a report format rule mapped to the first set of RF environmental features may include any one or combination of a report format rule corresponding to code “A00” , a report format rule corresponding to code “B00” , and a report format rule corresponding to code “C00” , which will be explained in more detail with reference FIG. 4 below.
[0090] In some example embodiments, a report format rule may include at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement. For example, the RF environmental measurement may include at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, and the result of the RF environmental measurement may be determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement. In some example embodiments of present disclosure, just as an example, the result of the RF environmental measurement may include at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.
[0091] In some example embodiments, after the operation 310, the first device 310 may further receive, at 315, the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement from the second device 14 for further processing. For example, the first device 310 may obtain information measured for the sensing service from the measurement report based on the mapping information, e.g., including at least one of: range information, angle information, or a velocity information. By this way, such information may be used by the first device 12 or be forwarded by the first device 12 to other entity and used for the sensing service.
[0092] FIG. 4 illustrates an example signaling process 400 of ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling process 400 involves SF 12 (corresponding to the first device 12 in FIG. 3) , a measurement node 14 (corresponding to the second device 14 in FIG. 3) , and a TX node 16. Furthermore, although only one measurement node and one Tx node are shown in FIG. 4, the similar process may be applicable to a scenario where more measurement nodes and one or more Tx nodes exist. That is, for a sensing service, the SF 12 may obtain data or information measured for the sensing service from one or more measurement nodes 14 in a similar way as described in FIG. 4.
[0093] As shown in FIG. 4, the operation 410 may be performed between the SF 12 and the measurement node 14 for sharing a sensing semantic knowledge base. In particular, as shown in FIG. 4, the SF 12 may build a pre-trained sensing semantic knowledge base at 411 (corresponding to the mapping information as mentioned in FIG. 3) and then share it to the measurement node 14 at 412. In order to build the sensing semantic knowledge base, the SF 12 may firstly extract features of different sensing services / objects, and then combine the exacted features. The combined features may be represented as a code or label in a codebook as input, and then will be mapped to different format rules for measurement report package as output of this codebook. The sensing semantic knowledge base may be pre-trained from previous sensing functions experiences, or may be a pre-trained large model specifically designed for different sensing tasks.
[0094] The sensing features extraction may be considered from different dimensions since the SF 12 has information on a sensing request which may comprise at least one of the following information: (1) sensing service type, e.g. intrusion detection, gesture recognition, positioning, UAV tracking, and the like; (2) sensing requirements / KPIs, e.g. velocity, ranging resolution &accuracy, latency, period, refreshed frequency, and the like; (3) sensing area, e.g. bedroom, yard, factory, and the like; (4) sensing interesting range; (5) reference signal patterns; (6) number of CSI measurements; (7) duration of sensing frame / sensing refreshed frequency; and (8) active antenna ports identifier (ID) .
[0095] The features of a sensing service / object may be considered from the ROI, moving or static, antenna, etc., and then may be classified into some aspects of the RF environmental information. For example, in one embodiment, they may be classified into three aspects: path, amplitude, and phase, and corresponding report format rule may be generated based on these aspects.
[0096] FIGS. 5A to 5F illustrate examples of input codes and relative output report format rules of a trained sensing semantic knowledge base in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The sensing semantic knowledge base in FIGS. 5A to 5F may give the most efficient report format in meet the sensing requirement.
[0097] As shown in FIG. 5A, in the trained sensing semantic knowledge base, the input code “A00” corresponds to an report format rule with 100%scope, which means all measurements e.g., CSI measurements, are needed for a fine-grained overall environment sensing (e.g., environment reconstruction) The data packet may contain the number of paths (L) , the CIR tap indices of the L paths (T1, T2, …, TL) , the amplitude information (Am, , k, Tl) , and the phase information (pm, k, Tl) . Herein, Am, , k, Tl and pm, k, Tl indicate the amplitude information and phase information obtained in the kth measurement for antenna m (where 1<= m <=M) and path l (where 1<=l<=L) , respectively. M indicates the total number of antennas.
[0098] The input code “B00” in FIG. 5B corresponds to a general report format rule. In most of cases, the size of an antenna array is smaller than the range resolution required. As a result, it is important to ensure that CSI measurement performed on each antenna receives almost equal delay for each path. However, due to the combination of multiple paths arriving at these antennas with different phase shifts, the amplitude of the CIR may vary greatly between different antennas in a given tap, an instance is illustrated in FIG. 6.
[0099] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of real channel state information (CSI) amplitude in a sensing frame associated with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It can be seen from FIG. 6 that (1) the amplitudes of the reflected path on different antennas are uncorrelated, (2) amplitudes of the reflected path on the same antenna in consecutive measurement slots are highly correlated, and (3) the reflected paths are sparse.
[0100] As shown in FIG. 6, a particular path may be detectable at Ant1 and Ant3 but remain undetectable at Ant2 and Ant4. This highlights the fact that using multiple antennas may provide diversity gain in path detection. AoA of a signal is determined by the phase difference of the signal between different antennas in an antenna array. For the multi-antenna cases, the amplitude response may be extracted in all detected paths for each antenna. As the high correlation among the amplitude response in different CSI measurements, only one amplitude response is reserved for each path. For each antenna and each CSI measurement, the phase response may be extracted in all detected paths if the ROI and the target status (moving or stationary) are unknown. The data packet may contain the number of paths (L) , the CIR tap indices of the L paths (T1, T2, …, TL) , the reduced amplitude information (Am, Tl) , and the phase information (pm, k, Tl) .
[0101] Back to FIG. 5C, the input code “C00” corresponds to a ROI known report format rule, in which all paths (Tr1, Tr2, …, Trn) are detected within interesting range [dmin, dmax] . The data packet may contain the number of paths (Rn) , the CIR tap indices of the Rn paths (Tr1, Tr2, …, Trn) , the reduced amplitude information (Am, Trn) , and the phase information (pm, k, Trn ) . The dmin and dmax may represent the min and max diameter centered on the measurement node, respectively.
[0102] The input code “D00” in FIG. 5D corresponds to a stationary target report format rule, in which all paths (Ts1, Ts2, …, Tsn) reflected from a stationary target are detected. The phase shift between measurements may be minimal and inconsequential for a stationary object. Therefore, for each antenna and path, only one phase measurement is necessary. The data packet may contain the number of paths (Sn) , the CIR tap indices of the Rn paths (Ts1, Ts2, …, Tsn) , the reduced amplitude information (Am, Tsn) , and the reduced phase information (pm, Tsn) .
[0103] The input code “E00” in FIG. 5E corresponds to a moving target report format rule, in which all paths (Td1, Td2, …, Tdn) reflected from a moving target are detected. The data packet may contain the number of paths (Dn) , the CIR tap indices of the Rn paths (Td1, Td2, …, Tdn) , the reduced amplitude information (Am, Tdn ) , and the phase information (pm, k, Tdn) .
[0104] The input code “F00” in FIG. 5F corresponds to a single-antenna / no AoA required report format rule. If is the single antenna case, there is no need to extract amplitude response because AoA information may be extracted from a single amplitude. Moreover, if the AoA information isn’t needed for sensing requirements (e.g., breath detection for a single-person without environment interference) , only a single-antenna phase measurement is needed. The data packet may contain the number of paths (L) , the CIR tap indices of the Rn paths (T1, T2, …, TL) , the reduced phase information (pm, Tl) .
[0105] In addition, the report format rules and code may be used in combination. For example, C00E00F00 in a single-antenna scenario where the ROI is known for a moving target, only the phase information from the single antenna within the ROI and reflected from the target need to be reported.
[0106] Returning to FIG. 4, the operation 420 may be performed between the SF 12 and the measurement node 14 for requesting a measurement at measurement node 14 for sensing service. In particular, the SF 12 may receive a sensing request with sensing assistance information (e.g., information on sensing service as mention in FIG. 3) . This sensing request may be received, at 421, from a third application device or a sensing server 10. The sensing request may comprise at least the following information: (1) sensing service type, for example, intrusion detection, gesture recognition, positioning, UAV tracking, and the like; (2) sensing requirements / KPIs, for example, velocity, ranging resolution &accuracy, latency, period, refreshed frequency, and the like; (3) sensing area, for example, bedroom, yard, factory, and the like; (4) sensing interesting range; (5) reference signal patterns; (6) number of CSI measurements; (7) duration of sensing frame / sensing refreshed frequency; and (8) active antenna Ports ID.
[0107] In some example embodiments, the SF 12 may determine, at 422, whether the received sensing request type is already in the sensing semantic knowledge base. If yes (Yes at 422) the SF 12 may send, at 423, the corresponding code in the shared codebook according to the analysis of RF environmental features for its associated sensing service, object and scenarios, to the measurement node 14. Otherwise, if the received sensing request type is out of the knowledge base (No at 422) , at 424, specific features of this sensing request may be extracted and the training model / codebook may be updated by adding a code for this sensing service. Then the SF 12 may request, at 425, measurement with the updated sensing semantic knowledge base which also includes the sensing measurement rule (i.e., the report format rule) for this sensing request.
[0108] The operation 430 may be performed between the measurement node 14 and the Tx node 16 for preforming the measurement. In particular, the measurement node 14 may trigger, at 431, a corresponding Tx node 16 to perform RF environmental measurement. In an embodiment, a sensing RS configuration determined by the network based on the sensing requirements may be also transmitted to the Tx node 16. In another embodiment, the SF 12 may negotiate the sensing RS configurations with a corresponding gNB (not shown) . For example, the SF 12 may determine the sensing RS type and the sensing RS configuration requirement (e.g., the bandwidth, period, density, etc. ) , and then send them to the gNB for determination of the sensing RS time / frequency resource configuration. The SF 12 may request the Tx node 16 to configure the RS transmitted to the measurement node 14 with the sensing assistance information. Although CSI measurement is used in the process 400, other measurements, even measurements of transmission data, may also be applied.
[0109] The measuring node 14 may conduct RF environmental measurement at 433-k upon receiving the trigger message, for example, RS, at 432-k, where 1<=k<=K, K represents the number of CSI measurements The signal used for measurement may either be the configured RS or data. During this process, the channel impulse responses (CIRs) are estimated.
[0110] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of measured CIR in a sensing frame in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In FIG. 7, M denotes the number of activated antennas, K represents the number of CSI measurements, and N represents the length of the estimated CIR.
[0111] Back to FIG. 4, the operation 440 may be performed between the measurement node 14 and the SF12 for package preparation and report. In particular, at 441, the measurement node 14 may perform package preparation process, e.g., generate measurement report, based on the semantic knowledge base, the detailed operations of the package preparation process is illustrated in FIG. 8.
[0112] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of semantic-based package preparation process 800 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0113] As shown in FIG. 8, at 802, the measured CIR may be used as the input of the process 800. The CIR information obtained by several measurements, e.g., CSI measurements, may be the input data. Then, at 804, the measurement node 14 may perform CIR truncation and path delay estimation. The operation 804 may be considered based on the shared sensing semantic knowledge base (i.e. code-format codebook) , normally from two dimensions: range and scope.
[0114] In particular, from range dimension: all paths within interesting range [dmin, dmax] (ROI) may be detected. First, the estimated CIR may be truncated according to the interesting time delay, i.e., [Tmin, Tmax] , where Tmin=dmin / c and Tmax=dmax / c, and c represents the velocity of light. Then the amplitudes responses of all antennas, e.g., or may be combined, where Tmin≤t≤Tmax. Finally, the peaks of the combined amplitude response is searched. Thus, the time delays of Rn paths, e.g., Tr1, Tr2, …, Trn, are obtained. The time delays may be represented in tap indices.
[0115] Additionally, from scope dimension, if the sensing use case involves a fine-grained environmental reconstruction, such as high precision 3D mapping, where all paths, whether strong or weak, are needed, this can be considered a global scope sensing. Within ROI, all CSI measurements without any further size reduction in amplitude or phase information are required. It is assumed that the scope is 100%. In such cases, it may be necessary to detects all paths that include all the CSI information in the package. If the sensing requirement doesn’ t involve AoA information, the amplitude information is not needed, which means that the operation 806 may be omitted, and only one single-antenna phase information for each path is needed.
[0116] The measurement node 14 may extract amplitude response at 806 and extract phase response at 808. The operation 806 may be considered from antenna dimension. In particular, if is the single antenna case, there is no need to extract amplitude response because AoA information cannot be extracted from a single amplitude, that is, the operation 806 may be not performed. While for the multi-antenna cases, the amplitude response in all detected paths for each antenna may be extracted. As the high correlation among the amplitude response in different CSI measurements, only one amplitude response is reserved for each path. It may be the amplitude response of the 1st measurement, i.e., Am, Tl=|hm, 1, Tl| , or the average amplitude of all measurements, i.e., where 1≤m≤M and Tl∈ {T1, T2, …, TL} . The amplitude information may be quantized with μ-law algorithm or be represented in dB unit. Usually, the amplitude of different paths may vary in dynamic scope of 60 dB. Thus, 6-bits quantization is enough for the phase information.
[0117] Moreover, the operation 806 may be considered from velocity dimension. Thai is, for each antenna and each CSI measurement, the phase response in all detected paths, i.e., pm, k, Tl=angle (hm, k, Tl) may be extracted. If the sensing target is a moving object, such as a UAV, any paths where the phase difference between measurements is stable or changes only slightly may be excluded since these paths indicate an object which cannot be a UAV. On the other hand, if the sensing target is a stationary object, such as the location of an object, any paths where the difference between measurements is too dynamic or changes too much may be excluded since it means that the estimated Doppler speed is beyond what is expected for the stationary object. These paths are not of interest and do not need to be reported. The number of quantization-bits may be selected according to the required Doppler accuracy or the number of CSI measurements in a sensing frame. For example, a potential solution is max (log2K, 6) . 6-bits quantization may ensure that the quantized phase error is smaller than 0.1 rad.
[0118] Finally, at 810, the measurement node 14 may prepare the measurement report package based on the report format rule determined at 410 in FIG. 4. In other words, after completing the operations mentioned above, the package can be prepared as per the instructions of the trained sensing semantic knowledge base in the operation 802.
[0119] Continue with FIG. 4, at 442, the measurement node 14 may report the RF environmental information packed by the semantic solution, i.e., measurement report generated based on the report format rule, to the SF 14. The package size may be closely correlated with the sensing use case, scenario, antenna equipment, and target status. Then, at 443, the SF 12 may process the packed RF environmental information for further enabling sensing function (e.g. recover AoA, Doppler information, or the like) . However, although it is shown in FIG. 4 that the operation 443 is performed by the SF 12, it also may be performed by other entity, for example, the network, a sensing node, a terminal, or the like.
[0120] By using above solution, distinct sensing requirements of various dimensions, such as range, velocity, scope, and antenna panel may be satisfied for various sensing services. This solution also incorporates semantic-assisted diverse report methods that are tailored to sense targets in different scenarios, including those that are near or far, stationary or in motion, and require local or global scope sensing. Furthermore, the solution may accommodate variations in hardware antenna numbers. Thereby, a bridge between the sensing requirements and the corresponding most suitable data format for measurement reporting is built.
[0121] FIG. 9 illustrates an example flowchart of a process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 9 will be described with reference to FIG. 3.
[0122] At 902, the first device 12 determines mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state. The plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services. At 904, the first device 12, based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmit, to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request. The measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0123] In some example embodiments, the sensing request includes information on the sensing service, and the set of RF environmental features is extracted from the information on the sensing service.
[0124] In some example embodiments, the report format rule is determined by the first device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, and the request message includes the report format rule.
[0125] In some example embodiments, the first device further transmits, to the second device, the mapping information.
[0126] In some example embodiments, the request message includes the sensing request, and the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0127] In some example embodiments, the plurality of report format rules are further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively, and the request message includes the information indicating the set of RF environmental features. The report format rule is determined by the second device based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0128] In some example embodiments, the information indicating the set of RF environmental features includes multiple items of information indicating multiple sets of RF environmental features, and the report format rule includes a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information. The set of RF environmental features includes the multiple sets of RF environmental features.
[0129] In some example embodiments, the mapping information is predefined at one or more of the first device or the second device.
[0130] In some example embodiments, the mapping information is obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model, the AI / ML model is pre-trained based on previous sensing service data, the plurality of sets of RF environmental features are the input of the AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules are output of the AI / ML model.
[0131] In some example embodiments, the information on the sensing service includes at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service.
[0132] In some example embodiments, the range requirement indicates a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service, the scope requirement indicates whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction, the antenna requirement indicates a number of active antennas for the sensing service, and the velocity requirement indicates whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary.
[0133] In some example embodiments, the report format rule includes at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement.
[0134] In some example embodiments, the RF environmental measurement includes at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, and the result of the RF environmental measurement is determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the result of the RF environmental measurement includes at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the sensing request is received from a third device, and the first device further determines whether the mapping information includes a mapping related to the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service. Based on determining that the mapping information does not include the mapping, the first device 12 updates the mapping information by adding the mapping between the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service and a further report format rule, and transmits the updated mapping information to the second device.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the first device determines whether the mapping information includes the mapping by determining the set of RF environmental features related to the sensing service, and determines that the mapping information includes the mapping based on determining that the set of the RF environmental feature are included in the mapping information.
[0138] In some example embodiments, the first device further determines that the mapping information does not include the mapping based on determining that at least one feature in the set of the RF environmental features is not included in the mapping information.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the mapping information is obtained using the AI / ML model, and the first device determines the further report format rule for the set of the RF environmental features by the following operations: re-training the AI / ML model such that the at least one feature is identifiable by the re-trained AI / ML model, and obtaining the further report format rule by inputting the set of the RF environmental features to the re-trained AI / ML model.
[0140] In some example embodiments, the sensing request includes information on at least one of the following: a sensing service type; a sensing requirement; a sensing area; a sensing interesting range; a reference signal pattern; a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements; a duration of a sensing frame; a sensing refreshed frequency; or an identifier of an active antenna port of the second device.
[0141] In some example embodiments, the first device is one of a function entity for sensing function management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , and the second device is one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station.
[0142] In some example embodiments, the first device further receive, from the second device, the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement.
[0143] In some example embodiments, the first device further obtains information measured for the sensing service from the measurement report based on the mapping information. The measured information includes at least one of: range information, angle information, or a velocity information.
[0144] FIG. 10 illustrates another example flowchart of a process of measurement in ISAC in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 3.
[0145] At 1002, the second device 306 receives, from a first device 12, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state. The plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services. At 1004, the second device 14 receives, from the first device 12, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service. At 1006, the second device 14 transmits the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement. The measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service
[0146] In some example embodiments, the sensing request includes information on the sensing service, and the set of RF environmental features is extracted from the information on the sensing service.
[0147] In some example embodiments, the report format rule is determined by the first device based the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, and the request message includes the report format rule.
[0148] In some example embodiments, the request message includes the sensing request, and the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0149] In some example embodiments, the plurality of report format rules are further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively. The request message includes the information indicating the set of RF environmental features, and the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0150] In some example embodiments, the information indicating the set of RF environmental features includes multiple items of information indicating multiple sets of RF environmental features, and the report format rule includes a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information. The set of RF environmental features includes the multiple sets of RF environmental features.
[0151] In some example embodiments, the mapping information is predefined at one or more of the first device or the second device.
[0152] In some example embodiments, the mapping information is obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model, the AI / ML model is pre-trained based on previous sensing service data, the plurality of sets of RF environmental features are the input of the AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules are output of the AI / ML model.
[0153] In some example embodiments, the information on the sensing service includes at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service.
[0154] In some example embodiments, the range requirement indicates a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service, the scope requirement indicates whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction, the antenna requirement indicates a number of active antennas for the sensing service, and the velocity requirement indicates whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary.
[0155] In some example embodiments, the report format rule includes at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement.
[0156] In some example embodiments, the RF environmental measurement includes at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, and the result of the RF environmental measurement is determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the result of the RF environmental measurement includes at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.
[0158] In some example embodiments, the sensing request includes information on at least one of the following: a sensing service type; a sensing requirement; a sensing area; a sensing interesting range; a reference signal pattern; a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements; a duration of a sensing frame; a sensing refreshed frequency; or an identifier of an active antenna ports of the second device.
[0159] In some example embodiments, the first device is one of a function entity for sensing function management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , and the second device is one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station.
[0160] By implementing the embodiments of the methods 900 and 1000, it allows the first device 12 to determine mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state. Base on the mapping information, the first device 12 or the second device 14 may select a report format rule, and perform measurements and report the measurement result based on the report format rule. Thereby, distinct sensing requirements of various dimensions, such as range, velocity, scope, and antenna panel may be satisfied for various sensing services.
[0161] In some example embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing the method 900 (for example, the first device 12) may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 900. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may comprise: means for determining mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; and means for, based on receiving a sensing request related to a sensing service, transmit, to a second device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for the sensing request, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may include information on the sensing service, and the set of RF environmental features is extracted from the information on the sensing service.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the report format rule may be determined by the first device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, and the request message includes the report format rule.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise: means for transmitting, to the second device, the mapping information.
[0166] In some example embodiments, the request message may include the sensing request, and the report format rule may be determined by the second device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the plurality of report format rules may be further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively, and the request message may include the information indicating the set of RF environmental features, and wherein the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0168] In some example embodiments, the information indicating the set of RF environmental features may include multiple items of information indicating multiple sets of RF environmental features, and the report format rule includes a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information, wherein the set of RF environmental features may include the multiple sets of RF environmental features.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be predefined at one or more of the first device or the second device.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model, the AI / ML model may be pre-trained based on previous sensing service data, the plurality of sets of RF environmental features may be the input of the AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules may be output of the AI / ML model.
[0171] In some example embodiments, the information on the sensing service may include at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the range requirement may indicate a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service, the scope requirement may indicate whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction, the antenna requirement may indicate a number of active antennas for the sensing service, and the velocity requirement may indicate whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the report format rule may include at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the RF environmental measurement may include at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, and the result of the RF environmental measurement may be determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the result of the RF environmental measurement may include at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.
[0176] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may be received from a third device, and the apparatus may further comprise: means for determining whether the mapping information includes a mapping related to the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service; means for, based on determining that the mapping information does not include the mapping, updating the mapping information by adding the mapping between the set of RF environmental features of the sensing service and a further report format rule; and means for transmitting the updated mapping information to the second device.
[0177] In some example embodiments, the means for determining whether the mapping information includes the mapping may comprise: means for determining the set of RF environmental features related to the sensing service; and means for determining that the mapping information includes the mapping based on determining that the set of the RF environmental feature are included in the mapping information.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise: means for determining that the mapping information does not include the mapping based on determining that at least one feature in the set of the RF environmental features is not included in the mapping information.
[0179] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be obtained using the AI / ML model, and the apparatus may further comprise: means for determining the further report format rule for the set of the RF environmental features by re-training the AI / ML model such that the at least one feature is identifiable by the re-trained AI / ML model, and obtaining the further report format rule by inputting the set of the RF environmental features to the re-trained AI / ML model.
[0180] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may include information on at least one of the following: a sensing service type; a sensing requirement; a sensing area; a sensing interesting range; a reference signal pattern; a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements; a duration of a sensing frame; a sensing refreshed frequency; or an identifier of an active antenna port of the second device.
[0181] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may be one of a function entity for sensing function management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , and the second device may be one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise: means for receiving, from the second device, the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise: means for obtaining information measured for the sensing service from the measurement report based on the mapping information, wherein the measured information may include at least one of: range information, angle information, or a velocity information.
[0184] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 900. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0185] In some example embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing the method 1000 (for example, the second device 306) may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0186] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may comprise: means for receiving, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services; means for receiving, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; and means for transmitting the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.
[0187] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may include information on the sensing service, and the set of RF environmental features is extracted from the information on the sensing service.
[0188] In some example embodiments, the report format rule may be determined by the first device based the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, and the request message may include the report format rule.
[0189] In some example embodiments, the request message may include the sensing request, and the report format rule may be determined by the second device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0190] In some example embodiments, the plurality of report format rules may be further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively, and wherein the request message may include the information indicating the set of RF environmental features, and the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.
[0191] In some example embodiments, the information indicating the set of RF environmental features may include multiple items of information indicating multiple sets of RF environmental features, and the report format rule includes a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information, wherein the set of RF environmental features may include the multiple sets of RF environmental features.
[0192] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be predefined at one or more of the first device or the second device.
[0193] In some example embodiments, the mapping information may be obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model, the AI / ML model may be pre-trained based on previous sensing service data, the plurality of sets of RF environmental features may be the input of the AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules may be output of the AI / ML model.
[0194] In some example embodiments, the information on the sensing service may include at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service.
[0195] In some example embodiments, the range requirement may indicate a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service, the scope requirement may indicate whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction, the antenna requirement may indicate a number of active antennas for the sensing service, and the velocity requirement may indicate whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary.
[0196] In some example embodiments, the report format rule may include at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement.
[0197] In some example embodiments, the RF environmental measurement may include at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, and the result of the RF environmental measurement may be determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement.
[0198] In some example embodiments, the result of the RF environmental measurement may include at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.
[0199] In some example embodiments, the sensing request may include information on at least one of the following: a sensing service type; a sensing requirement; a sensing area; a sensing interesting range; a reference signal pattern; a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements; a duration of a sensing frame; a sensing refreshed frequency; or an identifier of an active antenna ports of the second device.
[0200] In some example embodiments, the apparatus may be one of a function entity for sensing function management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , and the second device may be one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station.
[0201] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise: means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1000. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0202] FIG. 11 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of a device 1100 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1100 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the SF 12, the measurement node 14, or the Tx node 16 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 1100 includes one or more processors 1110, one or more memories 1120 may couple to the processor 1110, and one or more communication modules 1140 may couple to the processor 1110.
[0203] The communication module 1140 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 1140 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, for example the communication interface may be wireless or wireline to other network elements, or software based interface for communication.
[0204] The processor 1110 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 700 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0205] The memory 1120 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 1124, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 1122 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0206] A computer program 1130 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1110. The program 1130 may be stored in the ROM 1124. The processor 1110 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1130 into the RAM 1122.
[0207] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program so that the device 1100 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG. 10. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0208] In some example embodiments, the program 1130 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1100 (such as in the memory 1120) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1100. The device 1100 may load the program 1130 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1122 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0209] FIG. 12 shows an example of the computer readable medium 1200 in form of CD or DVD. The computer readable medium has the program 1130 stored thereon.
[0210] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0211] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the methods 900 or 1000 as described above with reference to FIG. 9 or FIG. 10. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0212] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0213] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0214] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs.ROM) .
[0215] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0216] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A second device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to:receive, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services;receive, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; andtransmit the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.2.The second device of claim 1, wherein the sensing request includes information on the sensing service, and the set of RF environmental features is extracted from the information on the sensing service.3.The second device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the report format rule is determined by the first device based the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information, andthe request message includes the report format rule.4.The second device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the request message includes the sensing request, andthe report format rule is determined by the second device based on the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.5.The second device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the plurality of report format rules are further mapped to a plurality of items of information indicating the plurality of sets of RF environmental features, respectively, andwherein the request message includes the information indicating the set of RF environmental features, and the report format rule is determined by the second device based on the information indicating the set of RF environmental features and the mapping information.6.The second device of claim 5, wherein the information indicating the set of RF environmental features includes multiple items of information indicating multiple sets of RF environmental features, and the report format rule includes a set of report format rules corresponding to the multiple items of information,wherein the set of RF environmental features includes the multiple sets of RF environmental features.7.The second device of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mapping information is predefined at one or more of the first device or the second device.8.The second device of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the mapping information is obtained using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model, the AI / ML model is pre-trained based on previous sensing service data,the plurality of sets of RF environmental features are the input of the AI / ML model, and the plurality of report format rules are output of the AI / ML model.9.The second device of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the information on the sensing service includes at least one of range requirement, a scope requirement, an antenna requirement, and a velocity requirement on the sensing service.10.The second device of claim 9, whereinthe range requirement indicates a region of interesting (ROI) range of the sensing service,the scope requirement indicates whether a result of the RF environmental measurement is used without a size reduction,the antenna requirement indicates a number of active antennas for the sensing service, andthe velocity requirement indicates whether a measurement target of the sensing service is moving or stationary.11.The second device of any of claims 1 to 30, wherein the report format rule includes at least one of path information, amplitude information, and phase information related to a result of the RF environmental measurement.12.The second device of claim 11, wherein the RF environmental measurement includes at least one channel state information (CSI) measurement, andthe result of the RF environmental measurement is determined based on channel impulse response (CIR) information obtained from the at least one CSI measurement.13.The second device of claim 12, wherein the result of the RF environmental measurement includes at least one of path delay estimation information, amplitude response information, and phase response information obtained from the CIR information.14.The second device of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the sensing request includes information on at least one of the following:a sensing service type;a sensing requirement;a sensing area;a sensing interesting range;a reference signal pattern;a number of channel state information (CSI) measurements;a duration of a sensing frame;a sensing refreshed frequency; oran identifier of an active antenna ports of the second device.15.The second device of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the first device is one of a function entity for sensing function management, a sensing management component, a function entity of a base station, or a location management function (LMF) , andthe second device is one of a user equipment (UE) , a customer premise equipment (CPE) , or a base station.16.A method comprising:receiving, from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services;receiving, from the first device, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; andtransmitting the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.17.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, at a second device and from a first device, mapping information between a plurality of sets of radio frequency (RF) environmental features and a plurality of report format rules related to RF environmental channel state, wherein the plurality of sets of RF environmental features correspond to a plurality of sensing services;means for receiving, from the first device, a request message for requesting a measurement report of an RF environmental measurement for a sensing request related to a sensing service; andmeans for transmitting the measurement report of the RF environmental measurement, wherein the measurement report is based on a report format rule among the plurality of report format rules, and wherein the mapping information indicates that the report format rule is associated with a set of RF environmental features of the sensing service.18.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method of 16.
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