Imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for detecting mispairing byproduct in asymmetric bispecific antibodies
The imaged capillary isoelectric focusing method addresses the challenge of mispairing byproduct detection in AsBsAbs by leveraging pI engineering and knob-into-hole structures to achieve precise separation and quantification, improving AsBsAb development and purification efficiency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/073899
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-23
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Current analytical methods lack a standardized approach for accurately identifying and quantifying mispairing byproducts in asymmetric bispecific antibodies (AsBsAbs), particularly due to the subtle differences in physicochemical properties between homodimers and heterodimers, which complicates their isolation and monitoring.
An imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF) method is developed to separate and quantify mispairing byproducts in AsBsAbs based on their pI differences, utilizing pI engineering and knob-into-hole structures to enhance heterodimer formation and introduce significant pI disparities between half-antibodies.
The iCIEF method effectively separates and quantifies mispairing byproducts, providing a reliable platform for AsBsAb development, enhancing purification efficiency and ensuring product homogeneity by accurately distinguishing between heterodimers and homodimers.
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Figure CN2025073899_31072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
IMAGED CAPILLARY ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING FOR DETECTING MISPAIRING BYPRODUCT IN ASYMMETRIC BISPECIFIC ANTIBODIESCROSS-REFERENCINGThis application claims the benefit of International application PCT / CN2024 / 073668, filed on January 23, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTINGThe instant application contains a sequence listing which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELDThis application generally relates to methods for characterizing antibodies and byproduct proteins based on their pI differences and the use of the methods.BACKGROUNDBispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have gained tremendous interest in recent years due to their abilities to simultaneously target two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. Different formats of BsAbs have been developed to meet various biological needs [1] . Among them, asymmetric bispecific antibodies (AsBsAb) represent a major class with the advantages of improved stability, longer serum half-life, and reduced immunogenicity [2] .Production of AsBsAbs by co-expression of the two heavy and two light chains in a single host cell can be highly challenging due to the difficulty in removing closely related mispairing byproducts. Several technologies have been developed to reduce the chain-mispairing issues [3] . In particular, the knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology has been widely used to promote formation of heterodimers in the two heavy chains, and the Crossmab technology has been widely used to promote cognate heavy chain (HC) -light chain (LC) pairing. Although these approaches improve heterodimer formation significantly, they still normally result in low-level homodimerization during upstream production. The resulting homodimers often exhibit similar physical properties (e.g. size, charge, and hydrophobicity) to heterodimers, making their isolation very challenging [8] .Currently, developing analytical methods for homodimer monitoring and measurement is highly challenging due to subtle differences between homodimers and heterodimers. Several studies [5, 9, 10] have proposed specific methods for detecting and quantifying BsAb mispairing byproducts, but there is still no standardized analytical method for a given BsAb platform, mainly due to the lack of physichemical property differences between homodimers and heterodimers.Therefore, there exists a need for new analytical methods that can accurately identify and quantify mispairing byproducts in drug product development for BsAbs, especially asymmetric BsAbs.SUMMARYThe present application provides an analytical method tailored to specific Bispecific Antibody (BsAb) formats, specifically, the invention develops an imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (iCIEF) method for monitoring mispairing byproducts for AsBsAb, and this method could be a potential platform method for detecting the content of misparing byproducts in a class of AsBsAbs, especially AsBsAbs comprising two half-antibodies paired with significant pI differences.In one aspect, provided herein is a method for detecting byproducts in a sample of a target asymmetric bispecific antibody (AsBsAb) , comprising subjecting the sample to capillary isoelectric focusing (e.g. iCIEF) to separate the byproducts from the target AsBsAb based on their pI differences, wherein the AsBsAb comprises two half-antibodies with significant pI difference, such as a pI difference of at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, at least 4.0 or more.In some embodiments, the target AsBsAb comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, wherein the first half-antibody comprises or consists of a first heavy chain and an associated light chain, and the second half-antibody comprises or consists of a second heavy chain and an associated light chain. In some embodiments, the target AsBsAb comprises two heavy chains and one light chain, wherein the first half-antibody comprises or consists of a first heavy chain and an associated light chain, and the second half-antibody comprises or consists of a second heavy chain.In some embodiments, the first half-antibody comprises a first antigen-binding moiety and the second half-antibody comprises a second antigen-binding moiety, wherein the significant pI difference of the two half-antibodies is essentially attributed to a significant pI difference between the first antigen-binding moiety and the second antigen-binding moiety. In some specific embodiments, the first antigen-binding moiety is a chimeric Fab whose constant domains CH1 and CL are replaced by a pair of TCR constant domains. Since immunoglobulin CH1 and CL domains generally have a pI of ~8.8, and the TCR constant domains, whether native or engineered in a few amino acid residues, have a pI of ~4.8, the resulting chimeric Fab has a pI much lower than that of a non-chimeric Fab.Further, the second antigen-binding moiety may be selected from an antigen binding fragment such as a Fab, a single chain Fv (scFv) and a VHH, among others. In some embodiments, the second antigen-binding moiety is a non-chimeric Fab, i.e. whose constant domains CH1 and CL are not replaced by TCR constant domains. Accordingly, the first half-antibody is consisted of a pair of a first heavy chain and a first light chain comprising the chimeric Fab, and the second half-antibody is consisted of a pair of a second heavy chain and a second light chain comprising the non-chimeric Fab. In some other embodiments, the second antigen-binding moiety is a scFv. Accordingly, the first half-antibody is consisted of a pair of a first heavy chain and a first light chain comprising the chimeric Fab, and the second half-antibody is consisted of a second heavy chain comprising the scFv. In some other embodiments, the second antigen-binding moiety is a VHH. Accordingly, the first half-antibody is consisted of a pair of a first heavy chain and a first light chain comprising the chimeric Fab, and the second half-antibody is consisted of a second heavy chain comprising the VHH. The pI of the chimeric Fab is much lower than that of the non-chimeric Fab, scFv or VHH due to the introduction of TCR constant domains in place of CH1 and CL domains.In some embodiments, the TCR constant domains of the chimeric Fab are engineered to introduce one or more non-native disulfide bond (s) while still maintaining a low pI.In some embodiments, the TCR constant domains are TCRα and TCRβ constant domains which are native or engineered to introduce disulfide bond (s) . The TCRβ constant domain may comprise an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5, 6 or 10. The TCRα constant domain may comprise an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, 9 or 11. Specifically, the TCRβ and TCRα constant domains comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 9, or SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 9, or SEQ ID NOs: 10 and 11, SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 8, respectively.In some embodiments, the chimeric Fab comprises a TCRβ constant domain in place of a CH1 domain in the heavy chain, and a TCRα constant domain in place of a CL domain in the light chain. In some other embodiments, the chimeric Fab comprises a TCRα constant domain in place of a CH1 domain in the heavy chain, and a TCRβ constant domain in place of a CL domain in the light chain.In some embodiments, the AsBsAb comprises a pair of dimerization domains that associate with each other to hold the two heavy chains together, wherein the dimerization domains are each fused to the C terminal of the first and second antigen-binding moiety, respectively. Where the antigen-binding moiety is a Fab, it may be operably linked to the first or second dimerization domain via its heavy chain. The operable linkage may be direct or indirect via a peptide linker.The pair of dimerization domains may be immunoglobulin constant domains, such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 constant domains. In some embodiments, the pair of dimerization domains is an Fc region comprising a pair of Fc domains. The Fc domains may be linked to the first and second antigen-binding moiety via a hinge region.In some embodiments, the AsBsAb comprises a “knob-into-hole” structure in the Fc region to promote heterodimerization of the two heavy chains. The knob structure may be obtained by replacement of a small amino acid with a larger one (such as a bulky W) in the CH3 domain of a heavy chain, and the hole structure may be created by replacement of a large residue with a smaller one (such as A or T) in the CH3 domain of the other heavy chain.In some embodiments, the first half-antibody comprises the “knob” structure in its Fc domain, and the second half-antibody comprises the “hole” structure in its Fc domain. Alternatively, the first half-antibody comprises the “hole” structure in its Fc domain, and the second half-antibody comprises the “knob” structure in its Fc domain.In some embodiments, the knob structure comprises S354C and / or T366W mutation and the hole structure comprises the Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V mutations, according to EU numbering. In some embodiments, the knob structure comprises T366W mutation and the hole structure comprises the T366S, L368A and Y407V mutations, according to EU numbering. The AsBsAb for use in the method herein may comprise other substitutions that can form knob into hole structures.In some embodiments, the first half-antibody comprising the chimeric Fab comprises the knob structure and the second half-antibody comprises the hole structure. The resultant byproducts may include an AsBsAb K halfmer consisting of the first pair of heavy chain and light chain, a homodimer of the K halfmer, an AsBsAb H halfmer consisting of the second heavy chain and the second light chain (if present) , and a homodimer of the H halfmer. In such cases, the K halfmer and its homodimer have a significantly lower pI than the H halfmer and its homodimer due to the introduction of the TCR constant domains. In some further embodiments, the pI of the K halfmer is lower than that of the H halfmer by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, at least 4.0 or more. In some further embodiments, the pI of the K halfmer is lower than that of the target AsBsAb by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, at least 2.0 or more, and the pI of the target AsBsAb is lower than that of the H halfmer by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, at least 2.0 or more.In some embodiments, the first half-antibody comprising the chimeric Fab comprises the hole structure and the second half-antibody comprises the knob structure. The resultant byproducts may include an AsBsAb H halfmer consisting of the first pair of heavy chain and light chain, a homodimer of the H halfmer, an AsBsAb K halfmer consisting of the second heavy chain and the second light chain (if present) , and a homodimer of the K halfmer. In such cases, the H halfmer and its homodimer have a significantly lower pI than the K halfmer and its homodimer due to the introduction of the TCR constant domains. In some further embodiments, the pI of the H halfmer is lower than that of the K halfmer by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, at least 4.0 or more. In some further embodiments, the pI of the H halfmer is lower than that of the target AsBsAb by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, at least 2.0 or more, and the pI of the target AsBsAb is lower than that of the K halfmer by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, at least 2.0 or more.In some embodiments, the method further comprises quantifying the byproducts, such as determining the content levels of K halfmer and its homodimer, and / or the content levels of H halfmer and its homodimer in the sample.In some embodiments, the concentration of K halfmer and its homodimer in the sample is in the range of about 4%-20%. In some embodiments, the concentration of H halfmer and its homodimer in the sample is in the range of about 1%-20%.In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from a bioprocess for producing the target AsBsAb, including clarification, chromatographic production, viral inactivation and filtration, optionally the sample has been diluted before subjecting to capillary isoelectric focusing.In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from cell culture fluid, harvested cell culture fluid, an eluate of affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, drug substance (DS) , or a drug product (DP) comprising the final formulated product.In some embodiments, the capillary isoelectric focusing is imaged capillary isoelectric focusing, optionally coupled with chromatography or mass spectrometry.In one aspect, provided herein is a method for evaluating the heterogeneity of a sample obtained from AsBsAb production, comprising: subjecting the sample to capillary isoelectric focusing to separate the byproducts from the target AsBsAb based on their pI differences, wherein the AsBsAb comprises two half-antibodies with significant pI difference, such as a pI difference of at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, or at least 4.0 or more.The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations, and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURESFigure 1 presents examples of asymmetric bispecific antibody (BsAb) structures, characterized by having a higher isoelectric point in the left half-antibody (blue) and a lower isoelectric point in the right half-antibody (orange) . The left half-antibody comprises a chimeric Fab and the right half-antibody comprises a conventional Fab (Fig. 1-a) or a scFv (Fig. 1-b) or a VHH (Fig. 1-c) . The BsAb may comprise a pair of engineered Fc domains to promote heavy-heavy chain pairing.Figure 2 shows schematic drawings of an AsWXbsAb and mispairing byproducts. K halfmer refers to the half-antibody comprising a knob structure in the Fc domain, and H halfmer refers to the half-antibody comprising a hole structure in the Fc domain.Figure 3 shows the specificity profile of the iCIEF method. K-related species refers to K halfmer and its homodimer, and H-related species refers to H halfmer and its homodimer.Figure 4 shows the Linearity Fit Plot for K-related species (left) and H-related species (right) .Figure 5 shows an exemplary purification flow chart, the method herein enables detection and characterization of byproducts in BsAb samples collected from any of the steps.DETAILED DESCRIPTIONProtein therapeutics require careful formulation to ensure product homogeneity and stability. There are concerns about drug efficacy, drug potency and patient safety due to the presence of byproducts of therapeutic proteins, since in some cases the impurity of the therapeutic proteins may affect binding capacities, biological activities and shelf life. Numerous analytical methods have been designed specifically to assess mispairing byproducts across diverse AsBsAb formats. However, the absence of a standardized testing method tailored to a specific Bispecific Antibody (BsAb) platform remains a critical gap in the current literature. To further enable straightforward purification of the heterodimeric bispecific, pI engineering technology has been used in BsAb molecular design. Accordingly, engineering a pI differential between the two different half-antibodies of BsAb by substituting charged residues would result in a heterodimer species having a significantly different pI value compared to those of potential homodimeric side products. As demonstrated herein, the pI differences between heterodimers and homodimers for AsBsAb not only promotes the heterodimer’s purification efficiency, but also can be rationally used to develop iCIEF as an analytical method to monitor homodimer and halfmer byproducts.While the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms, disclosed herein are specific illustrative embodiments thereof that exemplify the principles of the disclosure. It should be emphasized that the present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated. Moreover, any section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific, and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. More specifically, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a protein” includes a plurality of proteins; reference to “a cell” includes mixtures of cells, and the like. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “comprising, ” as well as other forms, such as “comprises" and “comprised” , is not limiting. In addition, ranges provided in the specification and appended claims include both end points and all points between the end points.Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are well known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th ed., W.B. Saunders Company (2010) ; Sambrook J. &Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000) ; Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. (2002) ; Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998) ; and Coligan et al., Short Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley, John & Sons, Inc. (2003) . The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are well known and commonly used in the art.DefinitionsTo better understand the disclosure, the definitions and explanations of the relevant terms are provided as follows.As used herein, the term “isoelectric focusing” or “IEF” , refers to a technique for separating charged molecules, usually proteins or peptides, on the basis of their isoelectric point (pI) , i.e. the pH value at which the molecule has no charge. IEF works because in an electric field molecule in a pH gradient will migrate towards their pI. Proteins and peptides contain multiple ionizable carboxylic acid and amino groups and are by nature amphoteric molecules. Each amphoteric molecule becomes neutral at the pH where positive and negative charges in the molecule are balanced. The proteins start moving according to their charge and become neutralized at the location where the local pH matches their pI. A variety of techniques for conducting IEF exist.As used herein, the term “capillary isoelectric focusing” or “CIEF” refers to one type of IEF in which samples travel through a capillary based on an applied electric field. A UV detector may be used at a point along the capillary to detect the time at which an analyte, such as a protein, traverses that point of the capillary. In a typical CIEF, sample proteins, standards (i.e. pI markers) , carrier ampholytes, a polymer and optional additives are premixed and filled together in a capillary. After connecting one end of the filled capillary with the low pH electrolyte (anolyte) and the other end with the high pH electrolyte (catholyte) , the electric field is applied. Hydronium ions from the anolyte vial will move towards the cathode while hydroxide ions move simultaneously from the catholyte vial towards the anode. During this process the proteins and the ampholytes become sorted in the capillary from low to high pI. Variations of CIEF may also be used, for example, cIEF-whole column detection technology, which is also referred to as imaged CIEF (iCIEF) .As used herein, the term “antibody” encompasses any form of antibody that exhibits the desired biological or binding activity. It covers, but is not limited to, humanized antibodies, fully human antibodies, chimeric antibodies and single-domain antibodies, as well as fusion proteins and fragments of any of the foregoing as long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity. A conventional antibody comprises two heavy chains and two light chains. Heavy chains may be classified into μ, δ, γ, α and ε, which define isotypes of an antibody as IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA and IgE, respectively. A heavy chain can comprise a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a heavy chain constant region (CH) . A heavy chain can comprise one or more constant regions, for example, 3 constant regions (CH1, CH2 and CH3) . A light chain can comprise a light chain variable region (VL) and a light chain constant region (CL) . A VH and a VL region can further be divided into hypervariable regions (called complementary determining regions (CDRs) ) , which are interspaced by relatively conservative regions (called framework regions (FRW) ) . Antibodies can be of different antibody isotypes, for example, IgG (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 subtype) , IgA1, IgA2, IgD, IgE or IgM antibody.As used herein, the term “bispecific antibody (BsAb) ” refers to an IgG like antibody with two binding sites directed to two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. BsAbs can be further categorized into symmetric or asymmetric architectures. Asymmetric BsAbs as disclosed herein are artificial heterodimeric antibodies comprising two different heavy chains, and more specifically, comprising introduced TCR constant domains in one half-antibody. The heavy chain of the BsAb refers to the chain that comprises a heterodimerization domain, more specifically the Fc domain. Preferably, the Fc region in the heavy chains is engineered to comprise “knob into hole” substitutions to promote heterodimerization.As used herein, the term “knob into hole” , refers to engineering the CH3 domain of antibody Fc region to create either a “knob” or a “hole” in each heavy chain, which is designed to favor the formation of the target heterodimer BsAb over the mispaired products. For example, a “knob” is created by replacing T366 with a bulky residue W on one heavy chain, and the corresponding “hole” is made by triple mutations of T366S, L368A and Y407V on the other heavy chain. The knob-into-hole structure may comprise other substitutions, as familiar in the art. In some embodiments, the asymmetric bispecific antibodies as disclosed herein are bispecific antibodies comprising a chimeric Fab and the knob-into-hole structure.As used herein, “Fab” with regard to an antibody refers to that portion of the antibody consisting of a single light chain (both variable and constant regions) associating to the variable region and first constant region of a single heavy chain by a disulfide bond. In certain embodiments, the Fab is a chimeric Fab wherein the constant regions (i.e. CH1 and CL) of both chains of the Fab are replaced by engineered or modified TCR constant regions.As used herein, the term “Fc region” refers to C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain, including, for example, native sequence Fc regions, recombinant Fc regions, and variant Fc regions, and optionally including partial or whole hinge region. An Fc variant comprises an amino acid sequence which differs from that of a native sequence Fc region by virtue of at least one amino acid modification, (e.g., substituting, addition, or deletion) preferably one or more amino acid substitution (s) .The term “WuXiBody” as used herein refers to a bispecific antibody comprising a chimeric Fab comprising the variable domains derived from a first parental antibody and the constant domains of a TCR (such as alpha and beta domains of the TCR constant region, also designated as Calpha and Cbeta) . The WuXiBody further comprises a second antigen binding moiety (e.g. Fab, scFv or VHH) with a different antigen binding specificity, which usually comprises the variable domains derived from a second parental antibody. As used herein, Fab with TCR constant domains replacing CH1 and CL domains is termed as a chimeric Fab, and a Fab with conventional CH1 and CL domains is termed as a non-chimeric Fab or conventional Fab. The TCR constant alpha and beta domains preferentially associate with each other and are less prone to associate with CL or CH1, thereby formation of unwanted pairs such as Calpha-CH, Calpha-CL, Cbeta-CH, and Cbeta-CL are discouraged and significantly reduced. The TCR constant domains are not limited to wildtype TCR constant domains and the specific TCR constant domains as exemplified herein. The WuXiBody may adopt a numerous variety of modified TCR constant domain sequences (see WO2022156687, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) , as long as they can stably associate the heavy chain and light chain in the chimeric Fab. The TCR constant domains are associated with each other by one or more disulfide bonds and may be engineered to form more than one pair of disulfide bonds to improve stability and / or expression level. A detailed description of various formats of WuXiBody can be found in WO2019057122, WO2019057124 and WO2020057610 (all of which incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . In one asymmetric format of the WuXiBody herein, the BsAb comprises a chimeric Fab in one binding arm and a second Fab in the other binding arm, both operably linked to one chain of the immunoglobulin Fc region at the C terminus, and the Fc region comprises “knob into hole” substitutions to promote heterodimerization.A native “T cell receptor” or a native “TCR” is a heterodimeric T cell surface protein which is associated with invariant CD3 chains to form a complex capable of mediating signal transduction. TCR belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and is similar to a half antibody with a single heavy chain and a single light chain.As used herein, the term “half-antibody” or “halfmer” refers to half of the asymmetric BsAb. If the asymmetric BsAb comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, the half-antibody consists of one pair of heavy chain and associated light chain. If the asymmetric BsAb comprises two heavy chains and one light chain, the half-antibody consists of one pair of heavy chain and associated light chain, or the other heavy chain. Depending on whether the heavy chain of the half-antibody comprises the knob or the hole structure in the Fc domain, the half-antibody may be termed as a “K halfmer” or a “H halfmer” . The term K halfmer refers to the half-antibody comprising a knob structure, and the term H halfmer refers to the half-antibody comprising a hole structure. In some embodiments, the BsAb for use in the method as disclosed herein comprises a K halfmer and a H halfmer with significant pI differences.As used herein, the term “K species” refers to K halfmer and a homodimer of the K halfmer (i.e. KK homodimer) . Similarly, the term “H species” refers to H halfmer and a homodimer of the H halfmer (i.e. HH homodimer) . The K species and the H species are generally byproducts produced in accompany with the desired asymmetric BsAbs. During recombinant production of asymmetric BsAbs, various by-products are often observed due to unbalanced chain expression and incorrect chain pairing, among them, half antibody and homodimer are found with high frequency.The term “isolated antibody” , as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody that is substantially free of other antibodies having different antigenic specificities. An isolated antibody can be substantially free of other cellular material and / or chemicals.The term “host cell” , as used herein, refers to a cell into which a vector can be introduced, including, but not limited to, a prokaryotic cell such as E. coli or Bacillus subtilis, a fungal cell such as yeast cell or Aspergillus, an insect cell such as S2 Drosophila cell or Sf9, and an animal cell such as fibroblast, CHO cell, COS cell, NSO cell, HeLa cell, BHK cell, HEK 293 cell or human cell.Method in principleThe method disclosed herein provides a reliable and standardized approach for assessing mispairing byproducts in producing asymmetric BsAbs comprising two half-antibodies with different pIs. The method is especially suitable for WuXiBody platform where TCR constant domains are introduced into one of the half-antibodies of the BsAb, enlarging the pI differences between the two half-antibodies. The method is also suitable for BsAbs engineered to have a pI differential in their two half-antibodies. Thus, the method as disclosed herein provides a novel platform mispairing detection method which can enhance the efficiency and reliability of AsBsAb development, contributing to the advancement of therapeutic modalities in the biopharmaceutical industry.The methods of the present application are based on Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (CIEF) , more specifically iCIEF, to characterize the byproducts of the asymmetric BsAbs, which may include mispaired homodimers, half-antibodies, light chain mispairings, antibody fragments and high levels of high molecular weight (HMW) species, all pose unique challenges to their downstream processing. Using BsAbs comprising TCR constant domains instead of the CH1 and CL domains in one half-antibody and further comprising knob-into-hole (KiH) structure in the Fc region as model molecules, the inventors demonstrate the excellent characterization of BsAb byproducts by iCIEF, including hole-hole homodimer mispaired products which are physicochemically very similar to the target bsAbs and still present even with the use of the KiH format, though at reduced levels. Byproducts may also include knob-knob homodimers, although the occurrence of which are rarer due to the inherent steric hindrance of the knobs, and fragments such as half-antibodies (e.g. BsAbs lacking a heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) ) , as well as HC and LC mispaired products.The methods presented here utilize the differential pIs between the target BsAb and the halfmer or homodimer byproducts and are suitable for use in the purification process development to produce bispecific antibodies, especially for BsAbs comprising TCR constant domains in one half-antibody. TCR constant domains (native or engineered) have a relatively low pI of about 4.8 due to its specific amino acid sequence abundant with acidic residues, conferring a significant pI difference on the two half-antibodies. As shown herein, TCR constant domains may be engineered to introduce one or more pairs of disulfide bonds by substituting a few amino acids to Cys residues, which maintains the pI of the chimeric Fab lower than the conventional Fab. The potential pI differences in the variable domains of the two half-antibodies cannot counteract this effect or further contributes to the pI imbalance.As shown in the Examples, the method herein adopts Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (iCIEF) for detecting and quantifying mispairing byproducts of targeted asymmetric BsAb framework, particularly in the format of a pair of half-antibodies with significant differences in isoelectric points (pI) . In some embodiments, the asymmetric BsAb comprises or consists of two half-antibodies, wherein the pI difference between the two half-antibodies is at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0 or more.In some embodiments, the target BsAb is an asymmetric BsAb comprising two pairs of heavy chains and light chains, wherein the first pair of heavy chain and light chain comprises a chimeric Fab having TCR constant domains replacing the CH1 and CL constant domains, and the second pair of heavy chain and light chain comprises a non-chimeric Fab having conventional CH1 and CL constant domains. In some embodiments, the target BsAb is an asymmetric BsAb comprising two heavy chains and one light chain associated with a first heavy chain, wherein the first heavy chain and associated light chain comprise a chimeric Fab having TCR constant domains replacing the CH1 and CL constant domains, and the second heavy chain comprises a scFv. In some embodiments, the target BsAb is an asymmetric BsAb comprising two heavy chains and one light chain associated with a first heavy chain, wherein the first heavy chain and associated light chain comprise a chimeric Fab having TCR constant domains replacing the CH1 and CL constant domains, and the second heavy chain comprises a VHH. The positions of the TCR Calpha domain and TCR Cbeta domain may be exchanged. In some embodiments, the CH1 domain in the chimeric Fab is replaced by TCR Cbeta domain and the CL domain is replaced by TCR Calpha domain. In some other embodiments, the CH1 domain in the chimeric Fab is replaced by TCR Calpha domain and the CL domain is replaced by TCR Cbeta domain.In some further embodiments, the target BsAb comprises a “knob into hole” structure in the Fc region to promote heterodimerization. Any engineering can be used to promote heterodimerization of the asymmetric BsAb and is not limited to knob into hole structure.In some embodiments, the heavy chain of the first half-antibody comprises the “knob” structure and the heavy chain of the second half-antibody comprises the “hole” structure, i.e. the first half-antibody is the knob-comprising half-body or K half-antibody, the second half-antibody is the hole-comprising half-body or H half-antibody. When the TCR constant domains with a low pI are in the K half-antibody, the resulting K half-antibody would have a lower pI than the H half-antibody. The target BsAb has a middle pI between those of the K half-antibody and the H half-antibody. In some embodiments, the target BsAb has a pI higher than the pI of the K half-antibody by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3 or at least 0.4 or more. In some embodiments, the target BsAb has a pI lower than the pI of the H half-antibody by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7 or more. In some embodiments, the H half-antibody has a pI higher than the pI of the K half-antibody by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 2 or more. The pI may be a theoretical pI or a measured pI.In some alternative embodiments, the heavy chain of the first half-antibody comprises the “hole” structure and the heavy chain of the second half-antibody comprises the “knob” structure, i.e. the first half-antibody is the hole-comprising half-body or H half-antibody, the second half-antibody is the knob-comprising half-body or K half-antibody. When the TCR constant domains with a low pI are in the H half-antibody, the resulting H half-antibody would have a lower pI than the K half-antibody. The target BsAb has a middle pI between those of the K half-antibody and the H half-antibody. In some embodiments, the target BsAb has a pI higher than the pI of the H half-antibody by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3 or at least 0.4 or more. In some embodiments, the target BsAb has a pI lower than the pI of the K half-antibody by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7 or more. In some embodiments, the K half-antibody has a pI higher than the pI of the H half-antibody by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 2 or more. The pI may be a theoretical pI or a measured pI.In some embodiments, the methods herein are used to detect and quantify the knob comprising half-antibody and its homodimer. Alternatively or additionally, the methods herein are used to detect and quantify the hole comprising half-antibody and its homodimer.The methods of the present application can provide valuable information regarding heterogeneity of BsAbs which have impacts in clinical pharmacology relevant to pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety for drug administrations, such as the administration of biologies.Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (CIEF)The advantages of the present application include providing a highly sensitive method for detecting and quantifying mispaired byproducts of an asymmetric bispecific antibody. The method is based on separating the target BsAbs and byproducts thereof based on their pI differences by capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, such as imaged capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, chromatography coupled capillary electrophoresis, chromatography coupled imaged capillary electrophoresis method, or mass spectrometry (MS) coupled capillary isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, to gain further information on a protein sample. CIEF is an advantageous approach because of its capacity for high-resolution separation of sample components based on pI, and its ability to take into account both surface-exposed and internal amino acids with no loss of resolution due to hydrophobic interactions. Further, imaged cIEF is a form of CIEF that has been used extensively in the field of protein-based drug development as a tool for product identification, stability monitoring, and characterization. Applications of icIEF technique using Convergent Bioscience icIEF instrumentation with whole-field imaging technology include e.g. rapid method development to establish identity test for product release, a concentration assay for upstream and down-stream in-process product development, and protein stability with respect to its charge heterogeneity under accelerated temperature stress. icIEF method serves as a multifunctional assay because it can screen for better product candidates during early-stage clonal selection as well as support in-process and final product characterization.icIEF uses whole capillary imaging technology to detect the focused protein at 280 nm. Two important advantages of using icIEF are rapid method development times and high reproducibility compared to performing cIEF in traditional CE instruments. In conventional CE systems, once the isoelectric focusing separation occurs, the proteins still need to be mobilized to pass the single point UV detector which can cause extra line broadening and increases analysis time (20 min in icIEF vs. 60 min in traditional cIEF) . Another advantage of icIEF is the ability to monitor the proteins focusing progress after sample injection so that separation dynamics such as adsorption and precipitation can be visualized.The isoelectric point of a protein is one of its intrinsic properties, defined as the pH at which the protein carries zero charge. The pKa values of each amino acid in the primary sequence serve as the basis for calculating the theoretical pI of a protein. Thus, the pI of a half-antibody is essentially same as its homodimer, and the AsBsAb assembled by the two half-antibodies has an average pI between the pIs of the first half-antibody and the second half-antibody. The measured pI may be slightly different from the theoretical pI.In CIEF applications, sample and carrier ampholytes (CA) are injected into the capillary. The CA forms a pI gradient across the capillary and species migrate according to its respective pI. Eventually, species focus at the pH where its charge is neutral. In some embodiments, the components of the sample are subjected to CIEF under the composition preferably containing a carrier ampholyte, pI markers, Urea, and the sample. The carrier ampholyte, such as Pharmalyte 3-10, can form a stable linear pH gradient with even conductivity in the capillary, so as to separate charged molecules (proteins or peptides) by their pIs. If precipitation and aggregation are evident, different additives may be included in the protein sample to improve reproducibility. Urea is a commonly used additive that can increase protein solubility to avoid protein aggregation and precipitation during the focusing process.In some embodiments, the iCIEF methods provided herein are performed with H3PO4 as the anolyte. In some embodiments, the CIEF methods provided herein are performed with NaOH as the catholyte.In some embodiments, the iCIEF methods provided herein are performed with the iCE280 System or the iCE3 System (ProteinSimple, Santa Clara, CA) which operates in a capillary column and detects focused protein zones using a whole column UV absorption detector that avoids disturbing these focused zones. Both whole column detection and a combination of whole column detection / single pI detection are amenable for the methods described herein. Most applications of CIEF have been done using commercial capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments. These instruments have a 20-60 cm long capillary and an on-column UV absorption detector. When using these instruments for CIEF, all protein zones separated by the focusing process are moved through the detection point of the on-column detector located at one end of the capillary.Because travel time through the capillary is directly related to the charge (pI) of the analyte, UV signal from a point in the capillary over time can be represented as a UV trace, which represents the varying charges (pI) of sample components. In an exemplary embodiment, a UV trace generated by CIEF represents charge variants of a protein of interest, with each UV peak representing a significant charge variant.In some embodiments, the absorbance of the sample is measured at ultraviolet wavelengths. In some embodiments, absorbance is measured over a range of pH values, e.g., from about 2 to about 12, or about 2 to about 11, or about 3 to about 10. In this regard, multiple absorbance values can be taken over a range of pI values, instead of single readings at single pI values.Carrier ampholytes are used to generate a pH gradient. An ampholyte is a molecule with both at least once basic and at least one acidic group. Carrier ampholytes are generally a mixture of amphoteric compounds numbering in the thousands, and are used to generate a stable pH gradient in isoelectric focusing methods. The present invention is not limited by the type of carrier ampholyte. For example, ServalytsTM (Serva) , Biolytes (Bio-Rad) , (Invitrogen) , AmpholinesTM (GE) andare amenable for use with the methods disclosed herein. Carrier ampholytes are available based on the pH range of the composition. Therefore, depending on the pH gradient required, one carrier ampholyte may be desired over another, e.g., a carrier ampholyte having the pH range of 3.5-9.5 vs. a carrier ampholyte having a pH range of 2-11.In some embodiments, the loading composition comprises about 3%to about 10%pH 3-10 ampholytes. In one embodiment, the sample comprises about 4%pH 3-10 ampholytes. In yet another embodiment, the sample comprises about 2%pH 8-10.5 ampholytes. In another embodiment, the sample comprises about 5%to about 10%pH 2-9 ampholytes. In even another embodiment, the sample comprises about 8%pH 2-9 ampholytes. One of ordinary skill in the art, depending on the particular sample, will readily know which carrier ampholyte to employ. For example, it may be desirable to focus a sample over a wider range of pH values because the two half-bodies of the BsAb have significantly different pIs.The sample mixture (e.g., comprising protein sample, carrier ampholytes, additives, pi markers) is injected to fill the entire capillary column. A separation voltage is applied to the anolyte and catholyte tanks. In some embodiments, the separation is carried out at about 100 V / cm to about 1000 V / cm, or about 100 V / cm to about 900 V / cm, or about 100 V / cm to about 800 V / cm, or about 100 V / cm to about 700 V / cm, or about 100 V / cm to about 600 V / cm, or about 100 V / cm to about 500 V / cm. In one embodiment, separation is carried out at about 400 V / cm, or about 500 V / cm, or about 600 V / cm, or about 700 V / cm. In a further embodiment, separation is carried out about 600 V / cm.Under the voltage, a pH gradient is created within the column. Proteins are separated and focused along the capillary column. A whole-column detector may be used to monitor the IEF process in an on-line fashion within the separation column, and the focusing time, in one embodiment, is optimized in a single sample run. At the end of the focusing process, all the focused protein zones within the column are recorded by the detector without disturbing the separation resolution. Finally, the column is washed and ready for the next sample injection.Samples of the target BsAbs can be obtained from any step of the bioprocess, such as cell culture fluid (CCF) , harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) , any step in the downstream processing, drug substance (DS) , or a drug product (DP) comprising the final formulated product. In some specific exemplary embodiments, the sample can be selected from any step of the downstream process of clarification, chromatographic production, viral inactivation, or filtration. In some specific exemplary embodiments, the drug product can be selected from manufactured drug product in the clinic, shipping, storage, or handling.Target Bispecific AntibodiesIn one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods for detecting byproducts of a specific type of BsAbs. The methods are performed for asymmetric bispecific antibodies comprising two half-antibodies with different pIs. In some embodiments, the difference in pIs are introduced by replacing the constant domains of one Fab with TCR constant domains which are known to have a lower pI than commonly used CH1 and CL domains. The introduction of the TCR constant domains also has the benefit of ensuring cognate heavy-light chain pairing. Antibodies constructed viaPlatform that have chimeric TCR constant domains are especially suitable for use in the methods. Examples of WuXiBody form antibodies may be found in WO2019057122, WO2019057124, WO2020057610 and WO2022 / 156687, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.In some embodiments, the target BsAbs comprise a chimeric Fab whose CH1 and CL domains are replaced by a pair of T cell receptor (TCR) constant domains, and the pair of TCR constant domains is capable of forming one or more non-native interchain disulfide bonds. Such disulfide bond is capable of stabilizing the dimer formed between the pair of TCR constant domains.In some embodiments, the target BsAbs comprise a first and second antigen-binding moiety, the first antigen-binding moiety is a chimeric Fab comprising a first heavy chain variable domain (VH1) operably linked to a first T cell receptor (TCR) constant region (C1) , and a first light chain variable domain (VL1) operably linked to a second TCR constant region (C2) , while the second antigen-binding moiety may be in Fab, scFv, VHH format, among others. In certain embodiments, the second antigen-binding moiety is also in Fab format and comprises a second VH (VH2) operably linked to an antibody heavy chain CH1 domain, and a second VL (VL2) operably linked to an antibody light chain constant (CL) domain. In other words, in the first antigen-binding moiety, the commonly present CH1 domain and CL domain are replaced by a pair of TCR constant regions, thus the native disulfide bond between CH1 domain and CL domain is also replaced by one or more engineered non-native disulfide bond (s) between the TCR C1 and C2 regions. The positions of C1 and C2 regions can also be exchanged. In some embodiments, C1 region is the Cbeta domain and C2 region is the Calpha domain. Alternatively, C1 region is the Calpha domain and C2 region is the Cbeta domain.The target BsAb for use in the method herein may adopt a variety of formats. In some exemplary embodiments, the target BsAb comprises:(a) a first heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VH1-C1-Fc, a second heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VH2-CH1-Fc, a first light chain comprising domains operably linked as in VL1-C2, and a second light chain comprising domains operably linked as in VL2-CL;(b) a first heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VH1-C1-Fc, a second heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in scFv-Fc (VH2-VL2-Fc or VL2-VH2-Fc) , and a light chain associated with the first heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VL1-C2; or(c) a first heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VH1-C1-Fc, a second heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VHH-Fc, and a light chain associated with the first heavy chain comprising domains operably linked as in VL1-C2.The TCR Calpha and Cbeta constant domains in the chimeric Fab may be associated with each other via one or more non-native interchain disulfide bond. Human TCR beta chain constant region has two different variants, known as TRBC1 and TRBC2 (IMGT nomenclature) . In some embodiments, the sequence of TCR Cbeta domain in the target BsAb is based on the following wild type TCR sequence:LEDLKNVFPPKVAVFEPSEAEISHTQKATLVCLATGFYPDHVELSWWVNGKEVHSGVSTDPQPLKEQPALNDSRYCLSSRLRVSATFWQNPRNHFRCQVQFYGLSENDEWTQDRAKPVTQIVSAEAWGR (SEQ ID NO: 5) , with the NCBI accession number of A0A5B9 (https: / / www. uniprot. org / uniprot / A0A5B9) .Human TCR alpha chain constant region is known as TRAC, with the NCBI accession number of P01848 (https: / / www. uniprot. org / uniprot / P01848) . In some embodiments, the sequence of TCR Calpha domain in the target BsAb is based on the following wild type TCR sequence:In some specific embodiments, the pair of TCR constant regions comprises an engineered TCR Cbeta domain comprising one or more mutated sites, as shown below:In some specific embodiments, the pair of TCR constant regions comprises an engineered TCR Calpha domain comprising one or more mutated sites, as shown below:PDIQNPDPAVYQLRDSKSSDKSVCLFTDFDSQTQVSQSKDSDVYITDKCVLDMRSM DFKSNSAVAWSQKSDFACANAFQNSIIPEDTFFPS [PESS] (SEQ ID NO: 8, PESS may be removed) ; or PDIQNPDCAVYQLRDSKSSDKSVCLFTDFDSQTQVSQSKDSDVYITDKCVLDMRSMDFK SNSAVAWSQKSDFACANAFQNSIIPECTFFPS (SEQ ID NO: 9) ; PDIQNPDPAVYQLRDSKSSDKSVCLFTDFDSQTQVSQSKDSDVYITDKCVLDMRSMDFK SNSAVAWSQKSDFACANAFQNSIIPEDTFFCS (SEQ ID NO: 11) .A person in the art would easily appreciate that, the BsAbs for use in the methods as disclosed herein may comprise a variety of engineered TCR constant alpha and beta domains, as long as they can stabilize the BsAb and provide pI differences. Specifically, the antibodies may comprise a TCR constant beta domain with the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No: 5, 6 or 10 or a variant thereof with at least 90% (e.g. at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%) identity, and a TCR constant alpha domain with the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No: 7, 8, 9 or 11 or a variant thereof with at least 90% (e.g. at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%) identity. The modification in a limited number of amino acids (e.g. 90%identity) in the TCR constant domains would not change the pI difference with conventional Fab. A detailed description of TCR constant domain variants that can be utilized for constructing WuXiBody antibody format can be found in WO2019057122, WO2019057124 WO2020057610 and WO2022 / 156687, which are entirely incorporated herein by reference. The highly homologous TCR constant domains would retain a relatively low pI. For example, WO2019057122 describes that the engineered CBeta comprises a mutated cysteine residue that substitutes for an amino acid residue at a position selected from: S56C, S16C, F13C, V12C, E14C, L62C, D58C, S76C, and R78C, and / or the engineered CAlpha comprises a mutated cysteine residue that substitutes for an amino acid residue at a position selected from: T49C, Y11C, L13C, S16C, V23C, Y44C, T46C, L51C, and S62C; specifically, the engineered CBeta and the engineered CAlpha comprise a pair of mutated cysteine residues that substitute for a pair of amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of: S16C in CBeta and Y11C in CAlpha, F13C in CBeta and L13C in CAlpha, S16C in CBeta and L13C in CAlpha, V12C in CBeta and S16C in CAlpha, E14C in CBeta and S16C in CAlpha, F13C in CBeta and V23C in CAlpha, L62C in CBeta and Y44C in CAlpha, D58C in CBeta and T46C in CAlpha, S76C in CBeta and T46C in CAlpha, S56C in CBeta and T49C in CAlpha, S56C in CBeta and L51C in CAlpha, S56C in CBeta and S62C in CAlpha, and R78C in CBeta and S62C in CAlpha (see paragraphs
[0032] and
[0033] ) , and also provides specific sequences of the engineered CBeta and CAlpha (see Table 20, SEQs: 32-48 of WO2019057122) . WO2022156687 provide more examples of the engineered CBeta and CAlpha domains, e.g. CAlpha and / or CBeta may comprise one or more mutated residues to form one or more non-native disulfide bonds, selected from: P8C on CAlpha, A9C on CAlpha, V10C on CAlpha, F26C on CAlpha, F29C on CAlpha, T33C on CAlpha, Q34C on CAlpha, V35C on CAlpha, S36C on CAlpha, S38C on CAlpha, K39C on CAlpha, F78C on CAlpha, N80C on CAlpha, S81C on CAlpha, I82C on CAlpha, P84C on CAlpha, D86C on CAlpha, T87C on CAlpha, F88C on CAlpha, F89C on CAlpha, P90C on CAlpha, and A18C on CBeta, and also provides specific sequences of the engineered CBeta and CAlpha domains (see Tables 1, 10, 14 and 18 of WO2022156687, especially the sequences of T8311-57, T8311-61, W329001-U4T4-78 and W329001-U4T4-79) . All of these engineered CBeta and CAlpha domains can be adopted by the BsAb herein.Further, for heterodimerization of the asymmetric BsAb, a knob can be introduced into one heavy chain by replacement of a small amino acid residue with a larger one in the first Fc domain, and a hole in another heavy chain by replacement of a large residue with a smaller one. Details of the mutation sites for knobs into holes may be found in Ridgway et al., 1996, Spiess et al., 2015 and Brinkmann et al., 2017. The distribution of knob and hole in two heavy chains are not fixed, for example, the knob may be introduced into the heavy chain Fc of the half-antibody comprising the TCR constant domains, and the hole in the heavy chain Fc of the half-antibody without the TCR constant domains, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the knob is introduced into the heavy chain that comprises a TCR beta constant domain. In some embodiments, the positions of the TCR beta constant domain and alpha constant domain are exchanged, and the knob is introduced into the heavy chain that comprises a TCR alpha constant domain. Alternatively, the hole may be introduced into the heavy chain that comprises a TCR beta constant domain or alpha constant domain.The method provided herein may be performed with BsAbs that have binding specificity for any suitable antigen or epitope, for example, one that is exogenous antigen, endogenous antigen, autoantigen, neoantigen, viral antigen or tumor antigen, such as tumor associated antigens (TAA) or infectious disease-associated antigen, immune checkpoint molecules, tumor microenvironment targets, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases associated target. The term “tumor associated antigen” refers to an antigen that is or can be presented on a tumor cell surface and that is located on or within tumor cells. Illustrative examples of a tumor associated surface antigen are described in PCT / CN2018 / 106766 (WO 2019 / 057122) and are incorporated herein by reference. In certain embodiments, the first antigen binding moiety has a first specificity for a first TAA antigen, and the second antigen binding moiety has a second specificity for a second TAA antigen. In certain embodiments, the first antigen binding moiety has a first specificity for a TAA antigen, and the second antigen binding moiety has a second specificity for T cell-associated antigen.For example, the BsAb as disclosed herein may be directed to any of the following antigens or epitope thereof, including but not limited to, CD3, 4.1BB (CD137) , OX40 (CD134) , CD16, CD47, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD38, CD123, CD133, CEA, cdH3, EpCAM, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) , EGFRvIII (a mutant form of EGFR) , HER2, HER3, dLL3, BCMA, Sialyl-Lea, 5T4, ROR1, melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, mesothelin, folate receptor 1, VEGF receptor, EpCAM, HER2 / neu, HER3 / neu, G250, CEA, MAGE, proteoglycans, VEGF, FGFR, alphaVbeta3-integrin, HLA, HLA-DR, ASC, CD1, CD2, CD4, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD8, CD11, CD13, CD14, CD21, CD23, CD24, CD28, CD30, CD37, CD40, CD41, CD44, CD52, CD64, c-erb-2, CALLA, MHCII, CD44v3, CD44v6, p97, ganglioside GM1, GM2, GM3, GD1a, GD1b, GD2, GD3, GT1b, GT3, GQ1, NY-ESO-1, NFX2, SSX2, SSX4 Trp2, gp100, tyrosinase, Muc-1, telomerase, survivin, G250, p53, CA125 MUC, Wue antigen, Lewis Y antigen, HSP-27, HSP-70, HSP-72, HSP-90, Pgp, MCSP, EpHA2, cell surface targets GC182, GT468 or GT512, IL-17, IL-20, IL-13, and IL-4.The first and second antigen binding moiety of the target BsAbs for use in the method herein may be derived from a first and second parental antibody with different antigen-binding specificities. In some embodiments, the first antigen binding moiety is a chimeric Fab comprising VH and VL domains derived from a first parental antibody combined with a pair of TCR constant domains, and the second antigen binding moiety is a non-chimeric Fab or scFv comprising VH and VL domains derived from a second parental antibody. The first and second parental antibodies may be those already developed or developed de novo. By “derived from” it means the CDRs, VH and VL are highly homologous or the same as those of the parental antibodies.Mutations in the Fc region for promoting heterodimerizationIn addition to the two antigen binding moieties, the AsBsAbs herein may comprise a pair of dimerization domains that associate with each other to hold the two heavy chains together. The most commonly used dimerization domains are the Fc domains of a Fc region, such as a human IgG Fc region. The IgG Fc region may be of any isotype, including, but not limited to, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. Due to the introduction of the TCR constant domains, the AsBsAb comprises two different heavy chains. Different rational design approaches may be adopted in the Fc region to promote the assembly of two distinct heavy chains, and to reduce the production of byproducts.As known by those in the art, mutations in the Fc region for promoting heterodimerization can include steric variants (e.g. the "knobs and holes" or "skew" variants and the "charge pairs" variants) as well as "pI variants" , which allows purification of homodimers away from heterodimers. As is generally described in WO2014 / 145806, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, useful mechanisms for heterodimerization include "knobs and holes" ( "KIH" ) , sometimes herein as "skew" variants, "electrostatic steering" or "charge pairs" as described in WO2014 / 145806, pI variants and general additional Fc variants as outlined in WO2014 / 145806.In some aspects, the asymmetric BsAbs for use in the methods herein further comprise mutations in the Fc region (optionally including the hinge region) to promote heterodimerization. A typical example of the mutations is the knob into hole structure in the Fc region, more specifically in the CH3 interface. The “knob” can be obtained by replacement of a small amino acid with a larger one (such as a bulky W) in the CH3 domain of a heavy chain, and the “hole” can be created by replacement of a large residue with a smaller one (such as A or T) in the CH3 domain of the other heavy chain.In some embodiments, the knob structure comprises T366W mutation and the hole structure comprises the T366S, L368A and Y407V mutations. In some embodiments, the knob structure comprises T366Y mutation and the hole structure comprises the Y407T mutations. In some embodiments, the knob structure comprises S354C and / or T366W mutation and the hole structure comprises the Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V mutations.The Fc region mutations are not limited to knob and hole structure, other distinct CH3 positions promoting Fc heterodimerization have been identified, such as S364H, Y349T and T394F. Another heavy chain heterodimerization technology comprises the use of opposite electrostatic charges, e.g. two positively charged lysines onto one chain and two negatively charged aspartates onto the other. In some embodiments, one chain of the Fc region comprises D399K and E356K mutations, and the other chain (preferably of the half-body comprising TCR constant domains) comprises K409D and K392D mutations. Further, the amino acid changes may be not only confined to the CH3 domain, but also in the hinge region.In another heavy chain heterodimerization approach, referred to as strand-exchange engineered domain (SEED) technology, more substantial changes may be introduced into the Fc region by the engineering of alternating IgG and IgA segments in the CH3 domains. This can result in two non-identical, anti-parallel chains, designated GA and AG, which built up an asymmetric heterodimerization interface.The “EU numbering system” or “EU index” is generally used when referring to a residue in an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region (e.g., the EU index reported in Kabat et al., supra) . The “EU numbering as in Kabat” or “EU index as in Kabat” refers to the residue numbering of the human IgG1 EU antibody. Unless stated otherwise herein, references to residue numbers in the constant domain of antibodies means residue numbering by the EU numbering system.Accuracy, Linearity and Repeatability of the MethodAccuracy refers to the degree to which the results measured by a method are close to the true values or reference values. The accuracy can be represented by the recovery rate (%) . In order to test whether the method herein can obtain accurate results on content levels of the byproducts, the recovery rates of samples spiked with K or H species byproducts at a high concentration, a middle concentration, and a low concentration were tested. The results (Table 2) show that a recovery rate of at least 80%can be maintained for all tested concentrations on the K species of byproducts. For the H species, the results (Table 3) show that a recovery rate of at least 90%can be maintained at concentrations no less than 4%, and a recovery rate of at least 60%can be maintained at the lower concentration.It was also verified whether and to what extent the detection method of the present invention would be affected by the concentration of the byproducts. The linearity as evaluated herein refers to the degree to which the spiked concentration of the byproduct is directly proportional to the concentration of the measured concentration within the design range. The larger the correlation coefficient R2, the stronger the correlation is between two variables. The range refers to the relationship between the high and low limitations of concentration or quantity applicable to the method, and the range of validation can be determined before the start of experimental research.Repeatability can be evaluated by multiple sampling measurements in different environments in the laboratory (such as different instruments, operation experimenters, analysis batches, time) , and the results can be represented by relative standard deviation (RSD) . As verified by the examples, the detection results of the method are highly consistent in replicates.Beneficial effects of the Method1. This invention provides a method that monitors and detects the content of misparing byproducts in BsAb protein solution by iCIEF.2. The invention provides a quantitative method for measuring misparing byproducts with high sensitivity.3. This invention provides a potential platform method for detecting the content of misparing byproducts in a class of AsBsAb samples for half-antibody paired with significant pI differences.EXAMPLESThe present disclosure, thus generally described, will be understood more readily by reference to the following Examples, which are provided by way of illustration and are not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. The Examples are not intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed.Example 1: Separating target BsAb from H-related and K-related species by iCIEF1.1 MaterialsThe anolyte solutions, catholyte solutions, methyl cellulose solutions (0.5%and 1%) , pI markers (4.65 and 9.22) , iCE3 were purchased from ProteinSimple (Silicon Valley, CA, USA) . Pharmalyte 3–10 was obtained from Cytiva (Washington, USA) , and urea powder from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA) . CaptureSelect CH1-XL resin was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) . Praesto Q65 was purchased from Purolite (Wales, UK) . BsAb and corresponding H and K-related species were expressed in CHO-K1 cells grown in HyClone ActiPro culture medium supplemented with Cell Boost 7a and 7b. The schematic drawings for an AsBsAb and its mispairing byproducts are presented in Figure 2. The AsBsAb used in the Examples is the bispecific antibody disclosed by WO2023179443, whose heavy chain and light chain sequences are listed in SEQ ID NOs: 1-4.Table A: Amino acid sequence of the exemplary AsBsAb used in the Examples1.2 Parameters of iCIEFA sample from a production step of the BsAb is subjected to capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) . CIEF separates components of the protein sample based on charge (pi) , including separating charge variants of the protein of interest. A UV trace of sample components traversing the CIEF capillary is generated, with local maxima of protein concentration considered “peaks, ” and corresponding to BsAb and byproducts.Table 1 Final Experimental Parameters for iCIEF.1.3 iCIEF can monitor the mispairing byproducts of AsBsAb with significant pI differences half-anbody pairsKiH technology was introduced in the Fc region to promote HC-HC heterodimerization. TCR was introduced in the knob-arm to promote cognate HC-LC pairing. Representative byproducts during cell culture production include knob-knob (KK) homodimer, hole-hole (HH) homodimer, knob (K) halfmer, and hole (H) halfmer. It's worth highlighting that the theoretical pI is same between the KK homodimer and K halfmer, as well as between the HH homodimer and H halfmer. The theoretical pI of the target BsAb is 6.46. As stated earlier, the TCR constant domain has a relatively low pI. Consequently, the resulting KK homodimer (with two TCRs) and K halfmer have a lower theoretical pI of 6.06; the resulting HH homodimer (with no TCRs) and H halfmer have a higher theoretical pI of 7.25.The proprietary pI differences introduced by the TCR region for this target heterodimer and mispairing byproducts serve as a strong catalyst for the advancement of charge-based analytical methods. To validate iCIEF method, highly purified in-process samples of K-related (KK homodimer and / or K halfmer) and H-related species (HH homodimer and / or H halfmer) are needed. CaptureSelect CH1-XL resin that binds CH1 domain of IgG was used to enrich K-related byproducts. As the CH1 domain and CL domain of K-related species were replaced with TCR αand β domains, K-related species can not bind to CaptureSelect CH1-XL resin. As a result, K-related species can be enriched in the flow-through fraction during CaptureSelect CH1-XL affinity chromatography step.Moreover, the theoretical pIs of H-related species is 7.25, which is 0.79 units higher than that of the target BsAb (6.46) . Anion exchange chromatography was performed at a loading pH of 7.0 to enrich the H-related species in the flow-through fraction.Target AsBsAb, enriched K-related species, enriched H-related species and target BsAb stressed sample (BsAb DS placed at 50 ℃ for 14 days) were then subjected to iCIEF anaysis. As shown in Figure 3, the experimental pI distribution of these samples is consistent with the theoretical pI. Furthermore, the electropherograms show that iCIEF can clearly separate target BsAb from H-related and K-related species. These data warrants further development of iCIEF as a potential platform analytical method for monitoring the mispairing byproducts for AsBsAbs.1.4 Evaluation of CIEF as a method for quantifying misparing byproductsSubsequently, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) experiment was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the method. Different percentages (w / w%) of Knob / Hole-related species were spiked into the purified drug substance (DS) , and the spike recovery was calculated to assess accuracy and linearity of this method. The acceptable criterion for spike recovery was set at 60%to 140%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for different spike levels should be within 20%. The lowest spiked percentage that met these acceptance criteria was designated as the LOQ. The method qualification results are summarized in Table 2 and Table 3, and the linearity fit plot is shown in Figure 4. All the recovery was within the pre-set criterion for K and H-related species. Excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9919) was obtained for the K-related species in the range of 4–20%; Good linearity (R2 = 0.9805) was obtained for the H-related species in the range of 1–20%. Based on these results, the LOQ for K-related impurities was determined to be 4%; the LOQ for H-related impurities was determined to be 1%.Table 2 Summary of iCIEF method qualification results for K-related SpeciesTable 3 Summary of iCIEF method qualification results for H-related SpeciesExample 2: iCEIF as a release and in-process testing method to monitor mispairing byproductsThe qualified method was then employed as an in-process test and lot release assay. Figure 5 illustrates the downstream process for the target BsAb. In-process samples and drug substance were collected and tested for iCIEF analysis. The test results are summarized in Table 4. No H-related species were detected after affinity chromatography. K-related species were gradually removed and were not detected after the mix-mode chromatography step. Overall, downstream process is capable to remove all the mispairing byproducts, and iCEIF is successfully implemented as mispairing byproduct measuring methods for AsBsAbs.Table 4 iCIEF Results for Purification Process Samplesa BLOQ: below limit of quantificationb ND: Not detectedFollowing the completion of this case study, iCIEF was successfully developed as analytical mispairing testing methods for several other AsBsAbs with different pI difference among mispairing byproducts and target BsAb. iCIEF has the potential to be a platform mispairing testing method for such AsBsAbs. This platform strategy significantly reduces time and effort in the development of such AsBsAbs.References[1] . Spiess C, Zhai Q, Carter PJ. Alternative molecular formats and therapeutic applications for bispecific antibodies. Mol Immunol. 2015; 67: 95-106.[2] . Ma J, Mo Y, Tang M, Shen J, Qi Y, Zhao W, et al. Bispecific Antibodies: From Research to Clinical Application. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 626616.[3] . Ridgway JB, Presta LG, Carter P. 'Knobs-into-holes' engineering of antibody CH3 domains for heavy chain heterodimerization. Protein Eng. 1996; 9: 617-21.[4] . Merchant AM, Zhu Z, Yuan JQ, Goddard A, Adams CW, Presta LG, Carter P. An efficient route to human bispecific IgG. Nat Biotechnol. 1998; 16: 677-81.[5] . Gramer MJ, van den Bremer ET, van Kampen MD, Kundu A, Kopfmann P, Etter E, et al. Production of stable bispecific IgG1 by controlled Fab-arm exchange: scalability from bench to large-scale manufacturing by application of standard approaches. MAbs. 2013; 5: 962-73.[6]. Carter P. Bispecific human IgG by design. J Immunol Methods. 2001; 248: 7-15.[7] . Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs. 2017; 9: 182-212.[8] . Chen SW, Zhang W. Current trends and challenges in the downstream purification of bispecific antibodies. Antib Ther. 2021; 4: 73-88.[9] . Wang C, Vemulapalli B, Cao M, Gadre D, Wang J, Hunter A, et al. A systematic approach for analysis and characterization of mispairing in bispecific antibodies with asymmetric architecture. MAbs. 2018; 10: 1226-35.
[0010] . Yan Y, Xing T, Wang S, Daly TJ, Li N. Coupling Mixed-Mode Size Exclusion Chromatography with Native Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Detection and Quantitation of Homodimer Impurities in Bispecific IgG. Analytical Chemistry. 2019; 91: 11417-24.
Claims
1.A method for detecting byproducts in a sample of a target asymmetric bispecific antibody (AsBsAb) , comprising subjecting the sample to capillary isoelectric focusing to separate the byproducts from the target AsBsAb based on their pI differences, wherein the AsBsAb comprises two half-antibodies, the first half-antibody consists of a first heavy chain and an associated light chain, and the pI of the first half-antibody is different from that of the second half-antibody.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first half-antibody comprises a first antigen-binding moiety, the first antigen-binding moiety is a chimeric Fab whose CH1 and CL constant domains are replaced by a pair of TCR constant domains.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second half-antibody comprises a second antigen-binding moiety selected from a Fab, a scFv and a VHH.4.The method of claim 2, wherein the TCR constant domains are TCRα and TCRβ constant domains which are native or engineered to introduce one or more pairs of disulfide bond (s) capable of stabilizing the first half-antibody.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the TCRβ constant domain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5, 6 or 10.6.The method of claim 4 or 5, wherein the TCRα constant domain comprises an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7, 8, 9 or 11.7.The method of any of claims 2-6, wherein the chimeric Fab comprises a TCRβ constant domain in place of a CH1 domain in the heavy chain, and a TCRα constant domain in place of a CL domain in the light chain, alternatively the chimeric Fab comprises a TCRα constant domain in place of a CH1 domain in the heavy chain, and a TCRβ constant domain in place of a CL domain in the light chain.8.The method of any of claims 3-7, wherein the AsBsAb further comprises a pair of dimerization domains fused to the C terminal of the first antigen-binding moiety and the second antigen-binding moiety.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the pair of dimerization domains are Fc domains of an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 Fc region.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the AsBsAb comprises two different heavy chains that have a knob and a hole structure in one of the Fc domains, respectively.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the heavy chain of the first half-antibody comprises the knob structure and the heavy chain of the second half-antibody comprises the hole structure, alternatively, the heavy chain of the first half-antibody comprises the hole structure and the heavy chain of the second half-antibody comprises the knob structure.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the knob structure comprises S354C and / or T366W mutation and the hole structure comprises the Y349C, T366S, L368A, and / or Y407V mutations, according to EU numbering.13.The method of any of claims 1-12, wherein the pI of the first half-antibody is different from that of the second half-antibody by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, or at least 4.0 or more.14.The method of any of claims 11-13, wherein the first half-antibody comprises the knob structure and the second half-antibody comprises the hole structure, and the byproducts include an AsBsAb K halfmer consisting of the first half-antibody and homodimer thereof, and an AsBsAb H halfmer consisting of the second half-antibody and homodimer thereof.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the pI of the K halfmer is lower than that of the H halfmer by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, or at least 4.0 or more.16.The method of any of claims 14-15, wherein the pI of the K halfmer is lower than that of the target AsBsAb by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, or at least 2.0 or more, and the pI of the target AsBsAb is lower than that of the H halfmer by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, or at least 2.0 or more.17.The method of any of claims 11-13, wherein the first half-antibody comprises the hole structure and the second half-antibody comprises the knob structure, and the byproducts include an AsBsAb H halfmer consisting of the first half-antibody and homodimer thereof, and an AsBsAb K halfmer consisting of the second half-antibody and homodimer thereof.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the pI of the H halfmer is lower than that of the K halfmer by at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 0.6, at least 0.7, at least 0.8, at least 0.9, at least 1.0, at least 1.1, at least 1.2, at least 1.5, at least 1.8, at least 2.0, at least 3.0, or at least 4.0 or more.19.The method of any of claims 17-18, wherein the pI of the H halfmer is lower than that of the target AsBsAb by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, or at least 2.0 or more, and the pI of the target AsBsAb is lower than that of the K halfmer by at least 0.1, at least 0.2, at least 0.3, at least 0.4, at least 0.5, at least 1.0, or at least 2.0 or more.20.The method of any of claims 1-19, further comprising quantifying the byproducts, such as determining the content levels of K halfmer and its homodimer, and / or the content levels of H halfmer and its homodimer in the sample.21.The method of any of claims 1-20, wherein the content level of K halfmer and its homodimer in the sample is in the range of 4%-20%.22.The method of any of claims 1-21, wherein the content level of H halfmer and its homodimer in the sample is in the range of 1%-20%.23.The method of any of claims 1-22, wherein the sample is obtained from a bioprocess for producing the target AsBsAb, including clarification, chromatographic production, viral inactivation and filtration, optionally the sample has been diluted before subjecting to capillary isoelectric focusing.24.The method of any of claims 1-23, wherein the sample is obtained from cell culture fluid, harvested cell culture fluid, an eluate of affinity chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography, filtration, ultrafiltration, diafiltration, drug substance (DS) , or a drug product (DP) comprising the final formulated product.25.The method of any of claims 1-24, wherein the capillary isoelectric focusing is imaged capillary isoelectric focusing, optionally coupled with chromatography or mass spectrometry.26.A method for evaluating the heterogeneity of a sample obtained from a target AsBsAb production process, comprising subjecting the sample to imaged capillary isoelectric focusing to separate the byproducts from the target AsBsAb based on their pI differences, wherein the AsBsAb comprises two half-antibodies, the first half-antibody consists of a first heavy chain and an associated light chain, and the pI of the first half-antibody is different from that of the second half-antibody by at least 0.2.
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