Pupil dilation detection at an automated dispensing cabinet

Abstract

Certain aspects of the disclosure provide systems and method for controlling access to a medical dispensing system. Methods include obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user. Methods further include determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye and determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold. In response to determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, performing one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system, such as restricting access to the medical dispensing system.

Description

Pupil Dilation Detection at an Automated Dispensing CabinetBACKGROUNDField

[0001] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to controlling access to medical dispensing systems.Description of Related Art

[0002] Diversion of medications occurs when medication is used for purposes other than for proper dispensing to the intended patient. One potential diversion path is diversion of medications by a clinician in a patient care setting. For example, a clinician may acquire a medication through legitimate means and / or for legitimate purposes, but the clinician may redirect them for illegitimate purposes, such as for personal use.

[0003] Diversion of medications results in many problems. For example, diversion activities may compromise the integrity of medications, such as the sterility of injectable medications. As another example, diversion activities may result in under-treatment of patients, often with devastating consequences for patients. Further, as many clinicians divert medications for personal use, this may result in medication misuse while caring for patients. Thereby, medical care may be compromised due to poor technique, oversight, judgment, or inadequate documentation, leading to increases in medical errors. Use of a controlled substance or suffering from another medical condition can further compromise the clinician’s ability to deliver appropriate and competent care to a patient.

[0004] Many diversion prevention methods reduce access to medications; however, clinicians need convenient access to necessary medications to administer to patients for treatments. Thus, diversion prevention methods must balance the accessibility needs of clinicians with potential diversion by clinicians.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for improved systems and methods for prevention and reduction of diversion of medications.SUMMARY

[0006] Certain aspects provide a computer-implemented method for controlling access to a medical dispensing system, comprising: obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user; determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye; determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold; and in response to determiningthe size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, performing one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system.

[0007] Other aspects provide processing systems configured to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described herein; non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by a processors of a processing system, cause the processing system to perform the aforementioned methods as well as those described herein; a computer program product embodied on a computer readable storage medium comprising code for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those further described herein; and a processing system comprising means for performing the aforementioned methods as well as those further described herein.

[0008] The following description and the related drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of one or more aspects.DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The appended figures depict certain aspects and are therefore not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.

[0010] FIG. 1 depicts an example medical dispensing and diversion system.

[0011] FIG. 2 depicts an embodiment of an example medical dispensing system.

[0012] FIG. 3 depicts an example workflow for controlling access to a medical dispensing system.

[0013] FIG. 4 depicts an example method for controlling access to a medical dispensing system.

[0014] FIG. 5 depicts an example processing system with which aspects of the present disclosure can be performed.

[0015] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the drawings. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for controlling access to a medical dispensing system.

[0017] A medical dispensing system (also called an automated dispensing cabinet “ADC”) includes a cabinet or container with one or more lockable compartments configured to secure and control access to medications and / or medical devices in a medical environment. The medicaldispensing system may be conveniently located in or nearby a patient care area, whereby a clinician may dispense medication to a patient.

[0018] Medical dispensing systems may be lockable to restrict access to only those authorized and prevent misuse of the medications. Generally, a clinician accesses the medical dispensing system only to obtain a medication for dispensing a medication. However, in some cases, a medication may be diverted from the medical dispensing system when the medication is removed from the medical dispensing system for purposes other than for proper dispensing to the intended patient. For example, a clinician may divert a medication for personal use.

[0019] Currently, medical dispensing systems prevent diversions through locking mechanisms and monitoring mechanisms. Locking mechanisms prevent or reduce diversion by restricting access to the medical dispensing system. For example, users are required to have a key or code to access the medical dispensing system. In another example, a user is required to authenticate or otherwise log into the medical dispensing system to prove authorization to access the medical dispensing system. In some examples, a user may use biometric authentication to access the medical dispensing system.

[0020] Such locking mechanisms prevent unauthorized access to the medications contained in the medical dispensing system. However, authorized users may also divert medications by using their authorized and authenticated credentials to access the medical dispensing system.

[0021] Monitoring mechanisms seek to monitor for misuse, even by authorized users. For example, the medical dispensing system may monitor inventory and dispensing of medications, such as to ensure sufficient supply of medication, record each dispensing, record access, and / or the like. Such monitoring mechanisms may prevent or reduce diversions by recording and analyzing medical dispensing activity, even by those authorized to access the medical dispensing system, to detect diversions. However, many of these monitoring mechanisms do not provide real-time detection of diversion attempts. For example, these mechanisms may be reviewed following a diversion as further evidence, however such mechanisms fail to restrict access and prevent diversions in real-time at the medical dispensing cabinet.

[0022] Aspects described herein provide for improved systems and methods for preventing and reducing diversion attempts at the medical dispensing system. In particular, aspects described herein provide for detecting a characteristic (e.g., the size) of a pupil of a user attempting to access the medical dispensing system.

[0023] A common symptom of drug or substance use is dilation of the pupil, or the central dark portion of the human eye. For example, some medications and alcohol may cause the irisdilator muscle to contract, expanding or dilating the pupil. Drug or substance abuse may be associated with diversion attempts. By detecting potential drug-misuse in a user attempting to access the medical dispensing system, the user’s access to the medical dispensing system may be restricted, beneficially preventing a diversion attempt or other improper usage of medication. Further, aspects described herein beneficially prevent such diversion attempts, even when the user is authenticated as an authorized user.

[0024] Additionally, aspects described herein provide for one or more additional actions to be taken by the medical dispensing system to balance preventing diversion attempts with the need for clinicians to have convenient and efficient access to medications important to patient care. Furthermore, aspects described herein may be implemented as part of a retina authentication mechanism, whereby pupil detection does not interfere with the authentication process. The pupil detection may also be correlated with other environmental factors, including lighting, time of day, types of medications dispensed, location, historic diversion activities, and / or the like, to improve accuracy of the pupil reading and implicate pupil dilation due to drug misuse, not other causes.

[0025] In some embodiments, a medical dispensing system utilizes biometric authentication, including retina authentication to control access to the medical dispensing system. In retina authentication, pattern-recognition techniques are used to match one or both of a user’s eyes to the retina of a known user. If there is a match, the user may be identified and authenticated as a known user. If the known user is authorized to access the medical dispensing system, the locking mechanism grants access, for example, by unlocking a door, opening a drawer, etc.

[0026] In conjunction with the retina authentication, other observations of a user’s eye may be made, for example, detecting a dilated pupil indicating drug or substance use which may be associated with a diversion attempt. When a user’s pupil is determined to be dilated, the medical dispensing system may take one or more actions to prevent the diversion attempt. For example, the medical dispensing system may alert or alarm relevant personnel to a potential diversion, allowing for real-time (or near real-time) investigation of the diversion attempt. As another example, one or more other sensors may be activated, such as to monitor the activities at the medical dispensing system for potential diversion. Other examples of actions include restricting access, and in some cases, varying stages of access, such as only to certain compartments of the system, or requiring a secondary user to authenticate, may prevent diversion.

[0027] Furthermore, a health condition that may manifest in a variation of the presentation of the eye may be detected and used to adjust the automated dispensing cabinet. For example, if a user has conjunctivitis, or other highly contagious condition that can perceptibly present via animage, it may be desirable to prevent access to the automated dispensing cabinet to avoid spreading the condition. As another example, a clinician may not be diverting controlled substances, but rather reporting to work while under the influence of controlled substances. In such instances, the features described can detect clinicians who may be under the influence and adjust the automated dispensing cabinet. While reference may be made to “automated dispensing cabinets” or “medical dispensing cabinets” it will be understood that the features described may be applicable to other types of medical item dispensers with controlled access and a camera.Example Medical Dispensing and Diversion System

[0028] As shown in FIG. 1, medical dispensing and diversion system 100 comprises medical dispensing cabinet 102. Medical dispensing cabinet 102 is configured to secure and control access to medications and / or medical devices in a medical environment. Components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100 are configured to communicate (e.g., send and / or receive), directly or indirectly via one or more other devices, using network 110 (e.g., a local area network (LAN), internet, etc.), to control access to medications and / or medical devices stored in medical dispensing cabinet 102. Though certain components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100 are shown as separate components in communication with one another, such as using network 110, any components may be further split into separate components or integrated into a single component as appropriate. Further, medical dispensing and diversion system 100 may have fewer or additional components than shown in FIG. 1.

[0029] Medical dispensing and diversion system 100 (e.g., medical dispensing cabinet 102 and / or one or more other components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100) is further configured to implement systems and methods, for example, workflow 300 in FIG. 3 and / or method 400 in FIG. 4, to reduce and prevent medication diversions through pupil size detection algorithm 104.

[0030] Medical dispensing cabinet 102 may be coupled to a camera 101 (e.g., iris scanner, infrared camera, image sensor, etc.) configured to capture one or more properties (e.g., image, measurements, etc.) of an eye of a user (e.g., clinician) of the medical dispensing cabinet 102. The camera 101 may be integrated into medical dispensing cabinet 102, or directly or indirectly coupled to medical dispensing cabinet 102.

[0031] Pupil size detection algorithm 104 is configured to determine the size of a pupil of a user (e.g., clinician) using medical dispensing cabinet 102, such as based on the captured one or more properties of the eye of the user. Pupil size detection algorithm 104 may in whole or in part run on medical dispensing cabinet 102 itself, such as on one or more processors configured toperform one or more operations of pupil size detection algorithm 104 that are part of medical dispensing cabinet 102. Further, pupil size detection algorithm 104 may in whole or in part run on one or more other components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100, such as server 112, such as on one or more processors configured to perform one or more operations of pupil size detection algorithm 104. In certain aspects, medical dispensing cabinet 102 may capture the one or more properties of the eye and send them to another component, such as server 112, to determine the size of the pupil. In certain aspects, medical dispensing cabinet 102 may capture the one or more properties of the eye and itself determine the size of the pupil.

[0032] Pupil size detection algorithm 104 may further be configured to determine whether the size of the pupil of the user satisfies a threshold. In certain aspects, medical dispensing cabinet 102 may determine whether the size of the pupil of the user satisfies the threshold. In certain aspects, another component, such as server 112, may determine whether the size of the pupil of the user satisfies the threshold based on receiving the determined size of the pupil. In certain aspects, pupil size detection algorithm 104 may be configured to determine the threshold size of the pupil based on one or more additional inputs, such as from one or more additional sensors (e.g., part of medical dispensing cabinet 102, or more generally, medical dispensing and diversion system 100), historical data (e.g., from user database 114), user data (e.g., from user database 114), and / or the like.

[0033] The threshold may be based on previous measurements of the clinician’s pupil. The threshold may be based on another measurement of the clinician’s eye. For example, the ratio of pupil to iris may be generated and compared to a threshold ratio. The threshold may be specified as a specific value, a customized value generated based on characteristics of the clinician (e.g., age, height, eye color, etc.), or the like. A threshold may be provided as a single value or as a range. Satisfying a threshold may mean: less than, greater than, within x units of, falling with the range, falling outside the range, or the like. In some implementations, the pupil size detection algorithm 104 may include a detection error. The detection error indicates a confidence in the detected size. The confidence may be impacted by the quality of the image, lighting conditions, or other factor available to, or detectable by, the medical dispensing and diversion system 100.

[0034] In certain aspects, if the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, medical dispensing and diversion system 100 (e.g., medical dispensing cabinet 102 and / or one or more other components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100, such as server 112) may implement one or more actions to prevent and / or reduce a diversion of medications contained within medical dispensing cabinet 102. In certain aspects, the one or more actions may be basedon one or more additional inputs, such as from one or more additional sensors (e.g., part of medical dispensing cabinet 102, or more generally, medical dispensing and diversion system 100), historical data (e.g., from user database 114), user data (e.g., from user database 114), diversion analytics data (e.g., from diversion analytics software 108), and / or the like. In certain aspects, medical dispensing cabinet 102 may determine the one or more actions based on determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold. When available, the detection error may additionally or alternatively be used to determine whether to “trust” the result. For example, some dispensers may be in light sensitive locations, and rather than have these dispensers constantly flagging clinicians as potentially impaired, the error (or confidence) minimum may be set higher than for a cabinet with more reliable lighting conditions. In certain aspects, another component, such as server 112, may determine the one or more actions based on determining the size of the pupil of the user does not satisfy the threshold. In certain embodiments, the one or more actions may include alerting or alarming relevant personnel to a potential diversion (e.g., transmitting an indication through hospital system 120), activating one or more other sensors (e.g., camera or microphone), restricting access to one or more containers of the medical dispensing cabinet, requiring a second user to authenticate, and / or the like.

[0035] Medical dispensing and diversion system 100 comprises server 112, which includes user database 114 and reporting system 116. Server 112 may include one or more processors and one or more memories configured to perform operations discussed herein. Server 112 is configured to communicate with analytics database 118, hospital system 120, and medical knowledge portal 106. Though server 112 is shown as separate from medical dispensing cabinet 102, in certain aspects, the functionality of server 112 may be part of medical dispensing cabinet 102.

[0036] User database 114 may be configured to store user templates, for example, a reference for a user’s biometric data, and other characteristics associated with the users of medical dispensing and diversion system 100. A user template may be generated during a user registration, for example, where a user authenticates and provides user data, such as biometric data and / or other characteristics which may be used to subsequently authenticate the user, for example, by comparing biometric input to a user template.

[0037] User database 114 may be further configured to store historic data associated with users accessing medical dispensing cabinet 102, for example, previous user access attempts.

[0038] Reporting system 116 may be configured to output one or more indications, for example, an indication that the clinician’s pupil size does not satisfy the threshold as determinedby pupil size detection algorithm 104. The results outputted may include information associated with the clinician, such as an identifier of the clinician; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system. The results outputted may further include information associated with the additional clinician authenticated to access the medical dispensing cabinet, for example, an identifier of the additional clinician.

[0039] Reporting system 116 may output the indication(s) to hospital system 120, which may include, for example, one or more relevant personnel. For example, an indication may be outputted to a computing device or computing devices associated with pharmacist, a director of pharmacy, a head of nursing, and / or the like. Any computing device referred to herein may include one or more processors and one or more memories configured to perform operations discussed herein.

[0040] Additionally or alternatively, reporting system 116 may be configured to output indication(s) to medical knowledge portal 106, which may be a computing device. Medical knowledge portal 106 may be configured to interface with diversion analytics software 108, which may run on a computing device. Diversion analytics software 108 may be an application configured to monitor and determine potential areas of investigation for diversions, for example, using machine learning. In certain aspects, diversion analytics software 108 may be configured to process the outputted indication(s), with one or more machine learning models trained to identify potential diversions.

[0041] Analytics database 118 (e.g., network attached storage, one or more computing devices, etc.) may be configured to store machine learning models, for example, a machine learning model configured to determine a threshold for a clinician’s pupil size. Analytics database 118 may be configured to store data related to the comparison between the clinician’s pupil size and the threshold.Example Medical Dispensing System

[0042] FIG. 2 depicts an example medical dispensing cabinet 200, such as corresponding to medical dispensing cabinet 102 of FIG. 1. In the depicted example, medical dispensing cabinet 200 is an automated dispensing machine for securely storing and dispensing medications. Medical dispensing systems may be used in a variety of patient care areas, for example, clinics, surgical centers, hospital care areas, assisted living centers, procedure centers, and / or the like. Medical dispensing systems may also be used in pharmacy areas, for example, retail, specialty, or researchpharmacies. Medical dispensing systems may also be used in manufacturing, distribution, and research laboratories.

[0043] Medical dispensing cabinet 200 includes smaller drawers 202 and one larger drawer 204. Other embodiments of medical dispensing cabinets may include additional or fewer drawers, differently sized or shaped drawers, and / or the like. Other embodiments may include one or more cabinets, shelves, and / or the like.

[0044] Drawers 202 and 204 are configured to lock and unlock through a locking mechanism. The locking mechanism may restrict access to one or more of drawers 202 and 204. The locking mechanism may be activated to unlock and grant access to one or more of drawers 202 and 204.

[0045] Drawers 202 and 204 may be configured to allow only one drawer to be open at a time, or allow one or more drawers to be open at the same time. In some embodiments, drawers 202 and 204 may contain one or more compartments (not depicted).

[0046] Drawers 202 and 204 are configured to contain medications and / or medical devices. Such medications and / or medical devices may be contained within one or more compartments within the medical dispensing system.

[0047] Drawers 202 and 204 may be locked, whereby access is restricted to the contents, including the medications and / or medical devices contained therein.

[0048] Access to medical dispensing cabinet 200 may be secured through access control measures described herein, such as workflow 300 of FIG. 3 and / or method 400 of FIG. 4. In certain embodiments, medical dispensing cabinet 200 is configured to grant access and / or perform one or more additional actions, based on authorizing a user and, based on determining the user’s pupil size satisfies a threshold, such as to prevent or reduce medication diversions through the medical dispensing cabinet.

[0049] Medical dispensing cabinet 200 may include a biometric lock 208 configured to implement one or more access control measures. Medical dispensing cabinet 200 may further include key lock 206, depicted here on a front surface 210 of medical dispensing cabinet 200, provided as a backup to biometric lock 208, for example, where medical dispensing cabinet 200 does not have power.

[0050] Biometric lock 208 may include one or more biometric devices, for example, a finger print scanner, a retinal scanner, a voice recognition device, and / or the like. In the depicted example, biometric lock 208 is depicted on a top surface 212 of medical dispensing cabinet, but biometric lock 208 may be conveniently located in other positions associated with medical dispensing cabinet 200. In some embodiments, a user interface (not depicted) is associated withmedical dispensing cabinet 200 and biometric lock 208 may be integrated with the user interface. In some embodiments, biometric lock 208 is on a remote device associated with medical dispensing cabinet 200, for example, in network communication with medical dispensing cabinet 200.

[0051] Biometric lock 208 may be configured to receive biometric input of a user, such as a clinician, attempting to access medical dispensing cabinet 200. Biometric lock 208 may be configured to obtain an image of an eye of a user accessing medical dispensing cabinet 200. Biometric lock 208 may comprise or be associated with an infrared light emitting diode (LED) light, such as to illuminate an iris or pupil of a user. Biometric lock 208 may comprise or be associated with an infrared camera or other imaging device configured to capture one or more properties (e.g., image, such as of iris and / or pupil) of the eye of the user accessing medical dispensing cabinet 200.

[0052] Medical dispensing cabinet 200 may further include one or more additional sensors, including a camera, a microphone, an acoustic sensor, an accelerometer, a light sensor, and / or the like. As discussed further herein, information from the one or more additional sensors may further be used to determine one or more actions to perform, or to adjust a threshold pupil size. Such one or more sensors may alternatively or additionally be separate from medical dispensing cabinet 200, such as part of medical dispensing and diversion system 100.

[0053] Other examples of medical dispensing cabinets include the BD Pyxis™ MedStation™ ES System by Becton, Dickinson and Company in Franklin Lakes, NJ.Example Workflow for Controlling Access to a Medical Dispensing Cabinet

[0054] FIG. 3 depicts an example workflow 300 for controlling access to a medical dispensing cabinet, for example, a medical dispensing cabinet 200 in FIG. 2. The medical dispensing cabinet may be part of a medical dispensing system, such as medical dispensing and diversion system 100 in FIG. 1. As an example, workflow 300 may be performed by one or more components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100 (e.g., medical dispensing cabinet 102 and / or one or more other components of medical dispensing and diversion system 100, such as server 112).

[0055] Workflow 300 begins at 302. At step 304, a clinician interacts with the medical dispensing cabinet, for example, to obtain a medication contained within the medical dispensing cabinet. Though certain aspects are discussed with respect to a clinician, the techniques may be applicable to any suitable user. As an example, a clinician may interact with biometric lock 208.

[0056] At step 306, workflow 300 proceeds with authenticating the clinician, such as with biometric authentication or other authentication. In certain aspects, the authentication may beperformed on the medical dispensing cabinet itself, or in conjunction with another device, such as a server of a medical dispensing system of the medical dispensing cabinet that receives input (e.g., biometric input), such as from the medical dispending cabinet, a camera, a biometric lock, etc. The clinician may be authenticated as an authorized user of the medical dispensing cabinet, such as based on biometric input, for example, through retina identification. For example, a biometric input from the clinician may be compared with reference biometric input to match authenticated users. If the authenticated user is on a list of authorized users, then the user may be authorized to access the medical dispensing cabinet. Reference biometric input may be obtained for a given user during a user registration and stored as user data.

[0057] In some embodiments, the biometric input is an image of a retina whereby patternrecognition techniques are used to match one or more of a user’ s retinas to retinas of known users.

[0058] In some embodiments, such as part of biometric authentication, biometric input is obtained. The biometric input may include one or more properties of the clinician’s eye, as discussed, such as an image of the eye captured, for example, with camera 101 coupled with medical dispensing cabinet.

[0059] In some embodiments, the clinician’s eye is illuminated with an infrared LED light and one more properties of the eye are captured by an infrared camera. The infrared LED light and infrared camera may be housed on the medical dispensing cabinet, or be directly or indirectly coupled thereto.

[0060] At step 308, workflow 300 proceeds with determining the size of the clinician’s pupil based on the biometric input. In some embodiments, the size of the clinician’s pupil is determined based on the image of the clinician’s eye, for example, using image object detection. In certain aspects, the size of the clinician’s pupil is determined on the medical dispensing cabinet itself, or in conjunction with another device, such as a server of a medical dispensing system of the medical dispensing cabinet that receives input (e.g., biometric input), such as from the medical dispensing cabinet, a camera, a biometric lock, etc. While reference is made to “size” of the pupil, the workflow 300 may gauge “size” as diameter, radius, area, or other quantitative measurement of a characteristic of the pupil.

[0061] At step 310, workflow 300 proceeds with determining whether the size of the pupil satisfies a threshold. In certain aspects, whether the size of the pupil satisfies a threshold (and in some cases determination of the threshold) is determined on the medical dispensing cabinet itself, or in conjunction with another device, such as a server of a medical dispensing system of the medical dispensing cabinet that receives or determines input (e.g., pupil size information).

[0062] In some embodiments, the size of the pupil satisfies the threshold when the size of the pupil is less than the threshold. In some embodiments, the size of the pupil satisfies the threshold when the size of the pupil is within a threshold range. The threshold may be based on one or more standards, for example, 4 millimeters.

[0063] In some embodiments, information regarding environmental conditions associated with the eye is obtained as part of workflow 300. The information regarding environmental conditions may comprise lighting conditions, for example, poor lighting, indoor lighting, indirect lighting, and / or the like. The information regarding environmental conditions may be derived based on sensor information, such as a camera used to capture the image of the clinician’s eye, and / or one or more other sensors, such as light sensors, cameras, infrared sensors, and / or the like may be configured to obtain information regarding environmental conditions. The information regarding environmental conditions may otherwise be obtained.

[0064] In some embodiments, the threshold is determined based on the environmental conditions. Pupils generally dilate, i.e., increase in size, when there is less light and contract, i.e., decrease in size, when there is more light. Thus, where the environmental conditions indicate less light, the threshold may be adjusted up, to accommodate an expected increase in the clinician’s pupil size due to less light. Similarly, where the environmental conditions indicate more light, the threshold may be adjusted down, to accommodate an expected decrease in the clinician’s pupil size due to more light.

[0065] In some embodiments, the threshold may be determined based on the clinician, wherein the threshold is specific to the clinician. For example, the threshold may be based on a previously determined size of the clinician’s pupil, such as obtained during user registration for biometric authentication. The threshold may be based on a percentage change, for example, 50% change in compared to the previous size. In some embodiments, the threshold is based on one or more characteristics of the user.

[0066] In some embodiments, the threshold is determined using a machine learning model. For example, the threshold may be an expected pupil size determined by a machine learning model based on one or more of: the clinician, one or more characteristics of the clinician, or one or more environmental conditions at the medical dispensing cabinet may b.

[0067] In some implementations, to avoid false positive detections, satisfying the threshold may also include satisfying a detection error threshold. The detection error threshold may be static or dynamically generated as described.

[0068] If the size of the pupil satisfies the threshold, then workflow 300 proceeds to step 312 with granting access to the medical dispensing cabinet, such as unlocking the medical dispensing cabinet. Where step 310 is performed on the medical dispensing cabinet, the medical dispensing cabinet may unlock. Where step 310 is performed on another device, the other device may control the medical dispensing cabinet to unlock. When the clinician is granted access, one or more locking mechanisms of the medical dispensing cabinet may unlock to allow access to the contents of the medical dispensing cabinet. For example, one or more cabinets or drawers of the medical dispensing cabinet may be unlocked. As another example, a drawer may open when access is granted.

[0069] If the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, then workflow 300 proceeds to step 314 with performing one or more actions, such as associated with the medical dispensing system, such as by the medical dispensing cabinet and / or one or more other components of a medical dispensing system, such as a server. In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions may include granting access at step 312 or denying access, however, additional or alternative actions may also be performed. Such additional or alternative actions may include granting different levels of restriction to the medical dispensing cabinet, for example, less access and / or monitored access to the medical dispensing cabinet.

[0070] In some embodiments, the one or more actions may be based on historic data, for example, historic data associated with the clinician. A clinician with repeated determinations of their pupil size not satisfying a threshold may result in a combination of one or more of the aforementioned actions, and / or an increase in restrictions (e.g., increasing limits on access). In some cases, the historic data may indicate a timeline associated with unsatisfactory pupil size, for example, increasing in frequency, clusters, more recent, and / or the like, which may also result in a change in the one or more actions performed. A clinician with many recent unsatisfactory pupil size determinations, such as over a month, over a week, over a day (e.g., a shift), may result in additional or increasingly restrictive actions.

[0071] In some embodiments, an indication may be generated, based on the clinician’s pupil size not satisfying the threshold, and outputted at step 318.

[0072] In some embodiments, one or more sensors associated with the medical dispensing system may be activated to capture additional information associated with the clinician accessing the medical dispensing cabinet. The one or more sensors may include a camera, microphone, and / or the like, configured to capture data associated with the medical dispensing cabinet. For example, a camera may be configured to capture a video or series of images while the medicaldispensing cabinet is accessed. As another example, a microphone may be configured to record sound while the medical dispensing cabinet is accessed. In some cases, the one or more sensors may be configured to monitor the medication(s) accessed by the clinician accessing the medical dispensing cabinet.

[0073] In some embodiments, access to the medical dispensing cabinet may be restricted, for example, the medical dispensing cabinet remains locked. In some embodiments, access is restricted to some medications contained in the medical dispensing cabinet but access is allowed to some other medications contained in the medical dispensing cabinet. For example, the clinician may be granted access to a certain cabinet or drawer of the medical dispensing cabinet, but other cabinets or drawers of the cabinet remain locked. The medication(s) contained in the locked cabinets or drawers may be subject to greater restrictions due to the type of medications, certain restricted classes of medications, propensity of the medications for misuse, higher cost of the medications, and / or the like. The medication(s) contained in the accessible cabinets or drawers may be subject to lesser restrictions, for example, over-the-counter (“OTC”) medications, noncontrolled medications, and / or other aspects of the medications.

[0074] In some embodiments, access is restricted to some medications in the medical dispensing system in order to limit the volume of accessible medication, for example, where one type of medication is stored in multiple cabinets, access may only be granted to one cabinet to reduce the volume of available medication.

[0075] In some embodiments, access is restricted to the medical dispensing cabinet; however, an additional clinician may authenticate and be granted access to the medical dispensing cabinet based on the authentication of the additional clinician. In some cases, information associated with the additional clinician may be outputted at step 316.

[0076] In some embodiments, access is restricted to all medications contained in the medical dispensing cabinet.

[0077] Workflow 300 then proceeds to step 316 with outputting the results. In some cases the results may be outputted to a server, for example, server 112 in FIG. 1 to store in a user database. In some cases, the results may be instead or additionally outputted to a medical knowledge portal, such as medical knowledge portal 106.

[0078] In some embodiments, where the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, an indication that the clinician’s pupil size does not satisfy the threshold may be outputted. The indication may be outputted on the medical dispensing system, transmitted to a monitoring system, or transmitted to a clinician’s supervisor.

[0079] In some embodiments, the results outputted may include information associated with the clinician, such as an identifier of the clinician; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system. The results outputted may further include information associated with the additional clinician authenticated to access the medical dispensing cabinet, for example, an identifier of the additional clinician.

[0080] In some embodiments, the results outputted may further include the one or more actions taken. For example, information associated with the one or more sensors, such as video, images, or audio recorded may be outputted. Information related to the access, for example, the cabinets or drawers accessed and / or a requirement for the additional clinician to authenticate.

[0081] In some embodiments, the outputted results may be utilized to investigate a diversion attempt. Other conditions may result in increased pupil size, for example, the emotional state of the user, including increased anxiety or sleep deprivation may result in pupil dilation. Some health conditions may result in increased pupil size, such as brain injury or arterial hypertension. The one or more actions may be used to inform whether the pupil dilation is the result of drug use or another condition. Furthermore, additional inquiry, such as correlation with other activities, which may indicate diversion, may be used to confirm an attempted diversion.

[0082] In some embodiments, where the clinician’s pupil size does satisfy the threshold, an indication of such satisfaction may be outputted. In some instances, the output may indicate which of several thresholds the size satisfies. For example, a first size threshold may be associated with a medical condition but not diversion (e.g., under the influence of a controlled substance) while a second size threshold may indicate potential diversion or diversion related impairment. Workflow 300 ends at 318.

[0083] Note that workflow 300 is just one example, and other flows including fewer, additional, or alternative steps, consistent with this disclosure, are possible.Example Method for Controlling Access to a Medical Dispensing System

[0084] FIG. 4 depicts an example method 400 for controlling access to a medical dispensing system, for example, medical dispensing cabinet 200 in FIG. 2.

[0085] Method 400 begins at step 402 with obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user, for example, from a clinician interacting with the medical dispensing system, such as described with respect to step 304 in FIG. 3.

[0086] Method 400 proceeds to step 404 with determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye, such as described with respect to step 308 in FIG. 3.

[0087] Method 400 then proceeds to step 406 with determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold, such as described with respect to step 310 in FIG. 3

[0088] Method 400 then proceeds to step 408 in response to determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, such as at step 406, with performing one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system, such as described with respect to step 314 in FIG. 3.

[0089] In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises receiving an image of the eve, the image visually indicating the one or more properties, and t determining the size of the pupil comprises determining the size of the pupil based on the image. For example, the image of the eye may be obtained as part of the biometric input used for authentication at step 306 in FIG. 3.

[0090] In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises obtaining information regarding one or more environmental conditions associated with the medical dispensing system, wherein the threshold is based on the one or more environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the one or more environmental conditions comprise a lighting condition.

[0091] In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises receiving an identifier of the user; and identifying the threshold based on the identifier of the user. In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises identifying the threshold based on one or more characteristics of the user. In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises providing one or more of a characteristic of the user, environmental condition at the medical dispensing system, or a characteristic of the medical dispensing system as input to a machine learning model; and receiving from the machine learning model the threshold as output based on the input.

[0092] In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions comprises outputting an indication that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold.

[0093] In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions comprises outputting information associated with the user, the information comprising one or more of: an identifier of the user; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system.

[0094] In some embodiments, obtaining the one or more properties of the eye comprises: illuminating the eye with an infrared LED light; and capturing, with an infrared camera, an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties of the eye.

[0095] In some embodiments, method 400 further comprises authenticating the user as an authorized user of the medical dispensing system based on the one or more properties of the eye, such as described with respect to step 306 in FIG. 3.

[0096] In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions comprises restricting access to the medical dispensing system. In some embodiments, restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to all medication contained in the medical dispensing system. In some embodiments, restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to some medication contained in the medical dispensing system and allowing access to some other medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

[0097] In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions comprises activating one or more sensors associated with the medical dispensing system to capture additional information associated with access of the medical dispensing system by the user.

[0098] In some embodiments, performing the one or more actions comprises: restricting access to the medical dispensing system; authenticating an additional user; and granting access to the medical dispensing system based on authentication of the additional user.

[0099] Note that method 400 is just one example, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps, consistent with this disclosure, are possible.Example Computing Device

[0100] FIG. 5 depicts an example computing device 500, such as a medical device, that implements various features and processes described herein, such as medical dispensing cabinet 102 in FIG. 1. For example, the computing device 500 may perform one or more steps of any of flow 300 or method 400. The computing device 500 may include one or more processors 504, one or more memories 506, one or more input components 510, one or more output components 512, and one or more communication interfaces 508. Each of these components may be coupled by a bus 502.

[0101] Computing device 500 may perform these processes based on one or more processors 504 executing software instructions stored by a computer-readable medium, such as one or more memories 506. In certain embodiments, one or more processors 504 may be programmed / designed / configured to perform these processes. A computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) is defined herein as a non-transitory memory device. A memory device includes memory space located inside of a single physical storage device or memory space spread across multiple physical storage devices. Software instructions may be read into one or more memories from another computer-readable medium or from another device viacommunication interface 508. When executed, software instructions stored in one or more memories may cause one or more processors 504 to perform one or more processes described herein.

[0102] A memory 506 may include data storage or one or more data structures (e.g., a database, etc.). Computing device 500 may be capable of receiving information from, storing information in, communicating information to, or searching information stored in the data storage or one or more data structures in one or more memories 506.

[0103] A memory 506 may include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and / or other types of dynamic or static storage devices (e.g., flash memory, magnetic memory, optical memory, etc.), that stores information and / or instructions for use by one or more processors 504. For example, a memory 506 may include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magnetooptical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

[0104] One or more memories 506 may include a determination component 514 configured to make one or more determinations, for example, determining a size of a pupil of a user and determining the size of the pupil of the user does not satisfy a threshold, such as described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. The determination component 514 may include one or more machine learning models. The determination component 514 may use and record user data 518 and historic data 520.

[0105] One or more memories 506 may include an action component 516 configured to perform one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system, such as described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4

[0106] One or more memories 506 may include a sensor component 522 configured to obtain sensor data 524, for example, an image of an eye, an infrared image, an image of a medical dispensing system, an sound recording, and the like, such as described in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4.

[0107] One or more processors 504 may include a processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), an accelerated processing unit (APU), etc.), a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), and / or any processing component (e.g., a field- programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), etc.), that may be programmed to perform a function, such as described herein.

[0108] One or more input components 510 may include a component that permits computing device 500 to receive information, such as via user input (e.g., a touch screen display, a keyboard,a keypad, a mouse, a button, a switch, a microphone, etc.). Further, one or more input components 510 may include a sensor for sensing information (e.g., a global positioning system (GPS) component, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, an actuator, etc.).

[0109] One or more output components 512 may include a component that provides output information from computing device 500 (e.g., a display, a speaker, one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.).

[0110] Communication interface 508 may include a transceiver-like component (e.g., a transceiver, a separate receiver and transmitter, etc.) that enables computing device 500 to communicate with other devices, such as via a wired connection, a wireless connection, or a combination of wired and wireless connections. Communication interface 508 may permit computing device 500 to receive information from another device and / or provide information to another device. For example, communication interface 508 may include an Ethernet interface, an optical interface, a coaxial interface, an infrared interface, a radio frequency (RF) interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, a Wi-Fi interface, a cellular network interface, and / or the like.Example Clauses

[0111] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0112] Clause 1 : A computer-implemented method for controlling access to a medical dispensing system, comprising: obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user; determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold; and in response to determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, performing one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system.

[0113] Clause 2: The computer-implemented method of clause 1, further comprising: receiving an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties; and wherein determining the size of the pupil comprises determining the size of the pupil based on the image.

[0114] Clause 3: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-2, further comprising: obtaining information regarding one or more environmental conditions associated with the medical dispensing system, wherein the threshold is based on the one or more environmental conditions.

[0115] Clause 4: The computer-implemented method of clause 3, wherein the one or more environmental conditions comprise a lighting condition.

[0116] Clause 5: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-4, further comprising: receiving an identifier of the user; and identifying the threshold based on the identifier of the user.

[0117] Clause 6: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-5, further comprising: identifying the threshold based on one or more characteristics of the user.

[0118] Clause 7: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-6, further comprising: providing one or more of a characteristic of the user, environmental condition at the medical dispensing system, or a characteristic of the medical dispensing system as an input to a machine learning model; and receiving from the machine learning model the threshold as output based on the input.

[0119] Clause 8: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-7, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting an indication that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold.

[0120] Clause 9: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-8, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting information associated with the user, the information comprising one or more of: an identifier of the user; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system.

[0121] Clause 10: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-9, wherein obtaining the one or more properties of the eye comprises: illuminating the eye with an infrared light emitting diode (LED) light; and capturing, with an infrared camera, an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties of the eye.

[0122] Clause 11 : The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-10, further comprising authenticating the user as an authorized user of the medical dispensing system based on the one or more properties of the eye.

[0123] Clause 12: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-11, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises restricting access to the medical dispensing system.

[0124] Clause 13: The computer-implemented method of clause 12, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to all medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

[0125] Clause 14: The computer-implemented method of clause 12, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to some medication contained inthe medical dispensing system and allowing access to some other medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

[0126] Clause 15: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-14, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises activating one or more sensors associated with the medical dispensing system to capture additional information associated with access of the medical dispensing system by the user.

[0127] Clause 16: The computer-implemented method of any one of clauses 1-15, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises: restricting access to the medical dispensing system; authenticating an additional user; and granting access to the medical dispensing system based on authentication of the additional user.

[0128] Clause 17: A processing system, comprising: one or more memories comprising computer-executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the computer-executable instructions and cause the processing system to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.

[0129] Clause 18: A processing system, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.

[0130] Clause 19: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing program code for causing a processing system to perform the steps of any one of Clauses 1-16.

[0131] Clause 20: A computer program product embodied on a computer-readable storage medium comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-16.Additional Considerations

[0132] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various embodiments described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or embodiments set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that ispracticed using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

[0133] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of’ a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c).

[0134] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.

[0135] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the methods. The method steps and / or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component(s) and / or module(s), including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or processor. Generally, where there are operations illustrated in figures, those operations may have corresponding counterpart means-plus-function components with similar numbering.

[0136] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Within a claim, reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. §112(f) unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporatedherein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A medical dispensing system comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: obtain one or more properties of an eye associated with a user; determine a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye; determine the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold; and in response to a determination that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, perform one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system.

2. The medical dispensing system of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: receive an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties, and wherein to determine the size of the pupil, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to determine the size of the pupil based on the image.

3. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: obtain information regarding one or more environmental conditions associated with the medical dispensing system, wherein the threshold is based on the one or more environmental conditions.

4. The medical dispensing system of claim 3, wherein the one or more environmental conditions comprise a lighting condition.

5. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: receive an identifier of the user; and identify the threshold based on the identifier of the user.

6. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to identify the threshold based on one or more characteristics of the user.

7. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to:provide one or more of a characteristic of the user, environmental condition at the medical dispensing system, or a characteristic of the medical dispensing system as input to a machine learning model; and receive from the machine learning model the threshold as output based on the input.

8. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-7, wherein to perform the one or more actions, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to output an indication that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold.

9. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-8, wherein to perform the one or more actions, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to output information associated with the user, the information comprising one or more of: an identifier of the user; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system.

10. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-9, further comprising: an infrared light emitting diode (LED) light; and an infrared camera, wherein to obtain the one or more properties of the eye, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: illuminate the eye with the infrared LED light; and capture, with the infrared camera, an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties.

11. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to authenticate the user as an authorized user of the medical dispensing system based on the one or more properties of the eye.

12. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-11, wherein to perform the one or more actions, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to restrict access to the medical dispensing system.

13. The medical dispensing system of claim 12, wherein to restrict access to the medical dispensing system, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to restrict access to all medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

14. The medical dispensing system of claim 12, wherein to restrict access to the medical dispensing system, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to restrict access to some medication contained in the medical dispensing system and allow access to some other medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

15. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-14, further comprising one or more sensors, wherein to perform the one or more actions, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to activate the one or more sensors to capture additional information associated with access of the medical dispensing system by the user.

16. The medical dispensing system of any one of claims 1-15, wherein to perform the one or more actions, the one or more processors are further configured to cause the medical dispensing system to: restrict access to the medical dispensing system; authenticate an additional user; and grant access to the medical dispensing system based on authentication of the additional user.

17. A computer-implemented method for controlling access to a medical dispensing system, comprising: obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user; determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye; determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold; and in response to determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, performing one or more actions associated with the medical dispensing system.

18. The computer-implemented method of claim 17, further comprising: receiving an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties, and wherein determining the size of the pupil comprises determining the size of the pupil based on the image.

19. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-18, further comprising: obtaining information regarding one or more environmental conditions associated with the medical dispensing system, wherein the threshold is based on the one or more environmental conditions.

20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19, wherein the one or more environmental conditions comprise a lighting condition.

21. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-20, further comprising: receiving an identifier of the user; and identifying the threshold based on the identifier of the user.

22. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-21, further comprising: identifying the threshold based on one or more characteristics of the user.

23. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-22, further comprising: providing one or more of a characteristic of the user, environmental condition at the medical dispensing system, or a characteristic of the medical dispensing system as input to a machine learning model; and receiving from the machine learning model the threshold as output based on the input.

24. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-23, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting an indication that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold.

25. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-24, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting information associated with the user, the information comprising one or more of: an identifier of the user; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system.

26. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-25, wherein obtaining the one or more properties of the eye comprises: illuminating the eye with an infrared light emitting diode (LED) light; and capturing, with an infrared camera, an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties.

27. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-26, further comprising authenticating the user as an authorized user of the medical dispensing system based on the one or more properties of the eye.

28. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-27, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises restricting access to the medical dispensing system.

29. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to all medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

30. The computer-implemented method of claim 28, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to some medication contained in the medical dispensing system and allowing access to some other medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

31. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-30, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises activating one or more sensors associated with the medical dispensing system to capture additional information associated with access of the medical dispensing system by the user.

32. The computer-implemented method of any one of claims 17-31, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises: restricting access to the medical dispensing system; authenticating an additional user; and granting access to the medical dispensing system based on authentication of the additional user.

33. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing program code for causing a processing system to perform operations comprising: obtaining one or more properties of an eye associated with a user; determining a size of a pupil of the eye based on the one or more properties of the eye; determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy a threshold; andin response to determining the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold, performing one or more actions associated with a medical dispensing system.

34. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 33, the operations further comprising: receiving an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties, and wherein determining the size of the pupil comprises determining the size of the pupil based on the image.

35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-34, the operations further comprising: obtaining information regarding one or more environmental conditions associated with the medical dispensing system, wherein the threshold is based on the one or more environmental conditions.

36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 35, wherein the one or more environmental conditions comprise a lighting condition.

37. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-36, the operations further comprising: receiving an identifier of the user; and identifying the threshold based onto the identifier of the user.

38. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-37, the operations further comprising identifying the threshold based on one or more characteristics of the user.

39. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-38, the operations further comprising: providing one or more of a characteristic of the user, environmental condition at the medical dispensing system, or a characteristic of the medical dispensing system as input to a machine learning model; and receiving from the machine learning model the threshold as output based on the input.

40. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-39, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting an indication that the size of the pupil does not satisfy the threshold.

41. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-40, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises outputting information associated with the user, the information comprising one or more of: an identifier of the user; one or more indications of one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system; or one or more indications of one or more medications accessed during the one or more previous instances of the user accessing the medical dispensing system.

42. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-41, wherein obtaining the one or more properties of the eye comprises: illuminating the eye with an infrared light emitting diode (LED) light; and capturing, with an infrared camera, an image of the eye, the image visually indicating the one or more properties.

43. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-42, the operations further comprising authenticating the user as an authorized user of the medical dispensing system based on the one or more properties of the eye.

44. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-43, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises restricting access to the medical dispensing system.

45. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 44, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to all medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

46. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 44, wherein restricting access to the medical dispensing system, comprises restricting access to some medication contained in the medical dispensing system and allowing access to some other medication contained in the medical dispensing system.

47. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-46, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises activating one or more sensors associated with the medical dispensing system to capture additional information associated with access of the medical dispensing system by the user.

48. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any one of claims 33-47, wherein performing the one or more actions comprises: restricting access to the medical dispensing system;authenticating an additional user; and granting access to the medical dispensing system based on authentication of the additional user.

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