Method, apparatus and computer program

Abstract

There is provided an apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources, and determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration. The means being further for: determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources, and when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources. The means being further for: determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam, and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

Description

[0001] METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPUTER PROGRAM

[0002] Technical Field

[0003] Various examples of this disclosure relate to methods, apparatuses, and computer programs for a communication network.

[0004] Background

[0005] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.

[0006] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Examples of standards are the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standards provided by 3GPP.

[0007] Summary

[0008] Some examples of this disclosure will be described with respect to certain aspects. These aspects are not intended to indicate key or essential features of the embodiments of this disclosure, nor are they intended to be used to limit the scope of thereof. Other features, aspects, and elements will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art in view of this disclosure. For example, it should be appreciated that further aspects may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the various aspects described below.

[0009] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0010] In some examples, the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0011] In some examples, the means are for: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0012] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

[0013] In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0014] In some examples, the means are for: using an ascending order of an identity of an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0015] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0016] In some examples, the means are for: performing synchronisation signal block, SSB, measurements for the measured set of RS resources according to the configuration, wherein the beam prediction is based on the measurements.

[0017] In some examples, the means are for: using the measurements as an input for an AI / ML model to output the at least one predicted beam from the AI / ML model.

[0018] In some examples, the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource by mapping the at least one predicted beam to at least one RS resource of the second set of RS resources.

[0019] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0020] In some examples, the means are for: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0021] In some examples, the determining of the first set of RS resources comprises: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig; determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS- ResourceToAddModList, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0022] In some examples, one of: the apparatus is for a communication device, the apparatus is comprised in a communication device, or the apparatus is a communication device.

[0023] According to as aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

[0024] In some examples, the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0025] In some examples, the means are for: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0026] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

[0027] In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0028] In some examples, the means are for: using an ascending order of an identity for an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0029] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0030] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource In some examples, the means are for: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0031] In some examples, the means are for: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0032] In some examples, the means are for: determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList, comprised in a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig.

[0033] In some examples, one of: the apparatus is for a network entity, the apparatus is comprised in a network entity, or the apparatus is a network entity.

[0034] In some examples, the network entity is a base station. For example, a gNB.

[0035] According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0036] In some examples, the method comprises: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0037] In some examples, the method comprises: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0038] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS. In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0039] In some examples, the method comprises: using an ascending order of an identity of an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0040] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0041] In some examples, the method comprises: performing synchronisation signal block, SSB, measurements for the measured set of RS resources according to the configuration, wherein the beam prediction is based on the measurements.

[0042] In some examples, the method comprises: using the measurements as an input for an AI / ML model to output the at least one predicted beam from the AI / ML model.

[0043] In some examples, the method comprises: determining at least one predicted RS resource by mapping the at least one predicted beam to at least one RS resource of the second set of RS resources.

[0044] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0045] In some examples, the method comprises: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0046] In some examples, the determining of the first set of RS resources comprises: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig; determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS- ResourceToAddModList, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0047] In some examples, the method is performed by a communication device.

[0048] According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

[0049] In some examples, the method comprises: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0050] In some examples, the method comprises: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0051] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

[0052] In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0053] In some examples, the method comprises: using an ascending order of an identity for an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0054] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0055] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource

[0056] In some examples, the method comprises: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0057] In some examples, the method comprises: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0058] In some examples, the method comprises: determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList, comprised in a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig.

[0059] In some examples, the method is performed by a network entity.

[0060] In some examples, the network entity is a base station. For example, a gNB. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0061] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0062] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0063] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

[0064] In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0065] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: using an ascending order of an identity of an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0066] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0067] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: performing synchronisation signal block, SSB, measurements for the measured set of RS resources according to the configuration, wherein the beam prediction is based on the measurements. In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: using the measurements as an input for an AI / ML model to output the at least one predicted beam from the AI / ML model.

[0068] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining at least one predicted RS resource by mapping the at least one predicted beam to at least one RS resource of the second set of RS resources.

[0069] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0070] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0071] In some examples, the determining of the first set of RS resources comprises: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig; determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS- ResourceToAddModList, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0072] In some examples, one of: the apparatus is for a communication device, the apparatus is comprised in a communication device, or the apparatus is a communication device.

[0073] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources. In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0074] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

[0075] In some examples, the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

[0076] In some examples, the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

[0077] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: using an ascending order of an identity for an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

[0078] In some examples, the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

[0079] In some examples, the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource

[0080] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

[0081] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0082] In some examples, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList, comprised in a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI- RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

[0083] In some examples, one of: the apparatus is for a network entity, the apparatus is comprised in a network entity, or the apparatus is a network entity.

[0084] In some examples, the network entity is a base station. For example, a gNB.

[0085] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0086] According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

[0087] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; circuitry configured to perform: determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and circuitry configured to perform: providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0088] According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; circuitry configured to perform: determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; circuitry configured to perform: receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and circuitry configured to perform: determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

[0089] A computer product stored on a medium may cause an apparatus to perform the methods as described herein.

[0090] A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions, that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the methods as described herein.

[0091] An electronic device may comprise apparatus as described herein.

[0092] Various other aspects and further embodiments are also described in the following detailed description and in the attached claims.

[0093] According to some aspects, there is provided the subject matter of the independent claims. Some further aspects are defined in the dependent claims. The embodiments that do not fall under the scope of the claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding the disclosure.

[0094] List of Abbreviations:

[0095] AF: Application Function

[0096] Al: Artificial intelligence

[0097] AMF: Access and Mobility Management Function

[0098] AN: Access Network

[0099] BM: Beam management

[0100] BS: Base Station

[0101] CN: Core Network

[0102] CSI: Channel State Information

[0103] CSLRS: CSI reference signal

[0104] CRI: CSLRS resource indicator

[0105] DL: Downlink eNB : eNodeB gNB : gNodeB

[0106] IIoT : Industrial Internet of Things

[0107] LTE: Long Term Evolution

[0108] ML: Machine learning

[0109] MS: Mobile Station

[0110] NEF: Network Exposure Function

[0111] NG-RAN: Next Generation Radio Access Network

[0112] NF: Network Function

[0113] NR: New Radio

[0114] NRF: Network Repository Function

[0115] NW: Network

[0116] NZP: Non-zero power

[0117] PCF Policy Control Function

[0118] PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network

[0119] QCL: Quasi co-location

[0120] RAN: Radio Access Network

[0121] RL: Reinforcement learning

[0122] RF: Radio Frequency RS: Reference signal

[0123] SMF: Session Management Function

[0124] SSB: Synchronisation signal block

[0125] TCI: Transmission configuration indicator

[0126] UE: User Equipment

[0127] UDR: Unified Data Repository

[0128] UDM: Unified Data Management

[0129] UL: Uplink

[0130] UPF: User Plane Function

[0131] 3GPP: 3rdGeneration Partnership Project

[0132] 5G: 5thGeneration

[0133] 5GC: 5G Core network

[0134] 5G-AN: 5G Radio Access Network

[0135] 5GS: 5G System

[0136] Brief Description of Drawings

[0137] Some examples will now be described, by way of illustrative and non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0138] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G communication system;

[0139] FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of an apparatus for the 5G communication system of FIG. 1 ;

[0140] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a communication device;

[0141] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of a base station transmitting signals to a communication device for wide-to-narrow beam prediction;

[0142] FIG.5 shows an example signalling and operations diagram for a communication device and a base station for wide-to-narrow beam prediction;

[0143] FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a determination being performed by a communication device to derive a set of predicted reference signal resources;

[0144] FIG. 7 shows an example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus;

[0145] FIG. 8 shows another example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus; and

[0146] FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of a non-volatile memory medium storing instructions which when executed by a processor allow a processor to perform one or more of the steps of the method of FIGS. 7 to 8. Detailed Description

[0147] Channel state information (CSI) parameters are quantities related to the state of a channel. Communication devices, such as user equipments (UEs), report CSI parameters to a network (e.g., to a base station) as feedback. The CSI parameters may be provided as feedback in a CSI report. Examples of CSI parameters include: Channel Quality Information (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI reference signal resource indicator (CRI), synchronisation signal / physical broadcast channel resource block indicator (SSBRI), Layer Indicator (LI), Rank Indicator (RI), layer 1 reference signal received power (Ll-RSRP).

[0148] The CRI parameter is a parameter used in 5G wireless communication systems for CSI feedback. A communication device may use the CRI parameter to indicate which CSI-RS resource is used for CSI feedback to the base station. The CRI parameter may be a 4-bit field transmitted in the PUCCH format 2 or format 2a. A 4-bit field allows for up to 16 different CSLRS resources to be indicated. A base station receiving the CRI uses the CSI feedback to optimize the radio resources, such as beamforming, multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO), power, and modulation, in order to improve the quality of communication and reduces interference.

[0149] A communication device (e.g., a UE) may receive CSI reference signals from a network (e.g., a base station) to be used in order to measure CSI feedback. Upon receiving a CSI report comprising CSI parameters from the communication device, the network schedules downlink data transmissions to the communication devices accordingly.

[0150] The CSI reporting framework is comprised of two parts, including a part for configuration and a part for triggering. ‘CSI-ResourceConfig’ specifies what type of reference signal is to be transmitted. ‘CSI-ResourceConfig’ also configures the types of the transmission (e.g., periodic, aperiodic, semipersistent). In this manner, ‘CSI-ResourceConfig’ triggers the transmission of resources. ‘CSI-ReportConfig’ specifies which of ‘CSI-ResourceConfig’ is to be used for the measurements.

[0151] ‘CSI-ReportConfig’ comprises a number of parameters including: ‘reportConfigType’, ‘reportQuantity’ , ‘reportFreqConfiguration’ , ‘timeRestrictionForChannelMeasurements’ , ‘timeRestrictionForlnterferenceMeasurements’, and ‘codebookConfig’. For example, the ‘reportConfigType’ parameter indicates the scheduling method of the report. Examples of scheduling methods include: periodic, aperiodic and semi. Furthermore, the ‘reportQuantity’ parameter indicates what to measure. A type of quantities to measure may be grouped into CSI- related quantities, or Ll-RSRP-related quantities.

[0152] Typically, CSI reports have comprised parameters that are associated with measurements performed by the UE (e.g., beam measurements). However, with the ever growing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) features being used in communication networks, some CSI reports may comprise predicted measurements.

[0153] CSI reference signals (CSI-RSs) are used for beamforming support. CSLRS may be configured by layer 3 to be either beam-specific or device / UE-specific. CSLRS are mapped onto certain resources in the frequency and time domain. These reference signals are used for performing tasks such as beam acquisition and evaluation, adaptation of the beam (e.g., beam refinement), decision making for beam switching, and UE tracking with steerable beams.

[0154] A network may schedule CSLRS as a specific ‘reference signals per-beam’ to allow them to be distinguished from one another. On the other hand, resource elements (REs) carrying the CSLRS may be configured to be either zero power CSLRS (ZP-CSLRS) or nonzero power CSLRS (NZP-CSI-RS). This may be to provide a configuration that contains transmission gaps so that a communication device / UE can perform interference measurements and provide feedback. In addition, it may be used for optional beamforming implementations where the zero and non-zero power concept is used to distinguish between beams.

[0155] NZP-CSLRS is used for many procedures such as channel measurement, beam management, beam measurement, connected mode mobility, etc. There may be dedicated signalling from the network to device / UE to configure the reception of such signals.

[0156] ZP-CSLRS are ‘special’ empty resource elements. ZP-CSLRS are used mostly for interference measurements. ZP-CSLRS defines a set of REs which do not contain any transmission for the UE. These REs may however contain transmissions for other UEs. REs for ZP-CSLRS puncture the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) so that the UE does not expect to receive any downlink (DL) data within them. Stated differently, ZP-CSLRS are used to configure an RE puncturing pattern for the PDSCH when some REs are allocated for other purposes.

[0157] In addition to being configured with CSLRS, a device / UE may be configured with one or several CSLRS resource sets. These may be referred to as NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSets. Each CSLRS resource set includes reference(s) to one or more configured CSLRS. The resource set may then be used as part of report configurations describing measurements and corresponding reporting to be done by a device / UE.

[0158] A communication device / UE may be configured with a set of NZP-CSI-RS resources, whereby the communication device / UE is asked out of which to report a subset. The identification of such NZP-CSI-RS is done by a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI). When a device / UE is configured with more than one NZP CSI-RSs, the device / UE may report a set of ‘N’ UE-selected CSI-RS resource-related indices. CRI may be used during beam management (BM) procedures when identifying the ‘best’ downlink beam(s). The CRI allows a base station to switch between CSI-RS beams which are typically more directional than synchronization signal block / physical broadcast channel beams. This may be a useful indicator as this may quickly indicate the ‘N’ best CSI-RS resources the network should use further.

[0159] 3GPP Release- 18 started a study on artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) for the New Radio (NR) Air Interface, wherein the objectives are described in RP-213599. In this study item, there are objective to explore the benefits of augmenting the air interface with features enabling improved support of AI / ML-based algorithms for enhanced performance and / or reduced complexity / overhead. Several use cases are considered to enable the identification of a common AI / ML framework, including functional requirements of AI / ML architecture, which could be used in subsequent projects. The study also identifies areas where AI / ML could improve the performance of air-interface functions.

[0160] In this context, ‘AI / ML model’ may be interpreted as a model associated with Al, or a model associated with ML. Alternatively, an ‘AI / ML model’ may be a model associated with both Al and ML processing.

[0161] In order to distinguish AI / ML models and functionalities supported by the AI / ML models, RANI #111 introduced two different ML-related identification types (‘functionality identification’, and ‘model identification’), where the model identification was assumed to use a “model-ID” in the identification process and functionality identification was assumed to use a “functionality” in the identification process.

[0162] For AI / ML enhancements related to beam management, two sub-use cases have been identified in RANI including: beam prediction in the spatial domain (‘BM-Casel’) and beam prediction in the time (including spatial and time) domain (‘BM-Case2’). A motivation of such AI / ML enhancements is to support a reduced overhead and lower beam measurements and reporting latency.

[0163] Details of model inference (e.g., related to beam reporting) have been previously discussed in RANI meetings. Based on the agreements, at least predicted beams are to be reported by UEs, and the reporting of predicted Ll-RSRP may also take place. For both ‘BM- Casel’ and ‘BM-Case2’, it is expected that the CSI reporting framework is applicable as the functionality framework.

[0164] In cases of beam prediction in BM-Casel and BM-Case2, which may be ML-enabled, a 3GPP Rel-18 AI / ML study item (SI) considered a mode of wide-to-narrow beam prediction. In this mode, ML-enabled beam prediction utilizes wide beam (e.g., synchronisation signal block (SSB)) measurements as an input to a model (e.g., an ML model). The ML model's output predicts a one or more narrow beam(s) considered to be the ‘best’ beams, wherein a narrow beam is often represented as predicted CSI-RS resources. In this manner, SSB may be considered a ‘wide’ beam and a CSI-RS may be considered a ‘narrow’ beam. In the Rel-18 SI, RANI referred to these as ‘Set B’ and ‘Set A’ beams. A set of beams may be considered to be a group, or list, of beams. The beam considered at the input of the ML model may be referred to as Set B (e.g., wide beam / SSB), and the output of the ML model may be considered to be Set A (e.g., narrow beam / CSI-RS), when predicting the ‘best’ beams. A ’best’ beam may be considered to be the beam with the most favourable conditions, e.g., strongest signal, least interference, etc. In the Rel-18 SI it is therefore assumed that Set B and Set A are different.

[0165] Extending the NR beam measurement and reporting framework (e.g., CSI measurement and reporting frameworks) shall be considered when introducing these AI / ML modes of beam prediction. In the NR CSI reporting framework, the measured beams (e.g., measurement RS resources) may be provided with a configuration for CSI reporting (‘CSI reporting configuration’). However, ML-enabled beam prediction may use an additional set of RS resources that the communication device / UE considers as ‘Set A’, wherein the communication device / UE uses ‘Set A’ when reporting a predicted outcome. Generally, it may be possible to configure a secondary RS resource set in the CSI reporting configuration, such that a UE is provided with two RS resource sets — one for Set B and another for Set A. However, it may be that predicting the best beam directions from a more flexible (or larger) set of beams may be considered for Set A. This would mean that the network would not need to provide a secondary RS resource set to the UE. This reduces the processing overhead at the network, reduces latency associated with configuring or indicating the secondary RS resource set, and uses fewer transmission resources. Therefore, avoiding a secondary RS resource set configuration for the UE may be advantageous, and allow the UE to perform processing and / or use ML models with more freedom to predict a beam based on a flexible RS resource set derived at the UE. One or more of the following examples aims to address one or more of the points or problems identified above.

[0166] In examples, there is an apparatus (e.g., a communication device) that is configured for receiving, from a network entity (e.g., a network entity, or base station), a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources. The apparatus is also configured for determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration. The apparatus is also configured for determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources. The apparatus is also configured for, when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources. The apparatus is also configured for determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam. The apparatus is also configured for providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0167] The apparatus may comprise one or more means for performing the features as described above. For example, the apparatus may comprise at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform the features as described above.

[0168] As described in some of the examples above, a communication device / UE is able to determine an RS resource set for predicted beams while also ensuring both the network and communication device / UE are in sync regarding the prediction set that the UE uses when reporting the ‘best’ predicted beams.

[0169] These examples will be described in more detail below, alongside FIGS. 4 to 6.

[0170] Before explaining the examples above in greater detail, an example communication device (as shown in FIG. 3) that is capable of determining and transmitting CSI reports will be described. The communication device is part of a communication system (as shown in FIG. 1). The communication device is able to communicate with one or more of the entities of the communication system (as shown in FIG. 1) via an apparatus (as shown in FIG. 2), which may be part of / comprised in a base station. As described above, a base station and communication device may communicate with each other, such that the communication device is able to provide CSI reports to the network.

[0171] Certain general aspects of the communication system and the communication device are briefly explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3 to assist in understanding the technology underlying the described examples.

[0172] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 comprises one more communication devices 102 such as user equipments (UEs), or terminals. The wireless communication system 100 comprises a 5G system (5GS). The 5GS comprises a 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) 106, a 5G core network (5GC) 104 comprising one or more network functions (NF), one or more application functions (AFs) 108, and one or more data networks (DNs) 110.

[0173] The 5G-RAN 106 may comprise one or more gNodeB (gNB) distributed unit (DU) functions connected to one or more gNodeB (gNB) centralized unit (CU) functions.

[0174] The 5GC 104 comprises an access and mobility management function (AMF) 112, a session management function (SMF) 114, an authentication server function (AUSF) 116, a user data management (UDM) 118, a user plane function (UPF) 120, a network exposure function (NEF) 122 and / or other NFs. Some of the examples as shown below may be applicable to 3GPP 5G standards. However, some examples may also be applicable to 5G-advanced, 4G, 3G and other 3GPP standards.

[0175] In a wireless communication system 100, such as that shown in FIG. 1, communication devices 102, such as for example, terminals, user apparatuses, user equipments (UE), and / or machine-type communication devices are provided with wireless access via at least one base station or similar wireless transmitting and / or receiving node or point. The communication device 102 is provided with an appropriate signal receiving and transmitting apparatus for enabling communications, for example enabling access to a communication network or communications directly with other devices. The communication device 102 may access a carrier provided by a base station or access point, and transmit and / or receive communications on the carrier.

[0176] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an apparatus 200. The apparatus 200 may be for the 5G communication system of FIG. 1. The apparatus 200 may be for controlling a function of one or more network entities and / or network functions, such as the entities of the 5G-RAN or the 5GC as illustrated on FIG. 1. The apparatus 200 comprises at least one random access memory (RAM) 21 la, at least one read only memory (ROM) 211b, at least one processor 212, 213 and an input / output interface 214. The at least one processor 212, 213 is coupled to the RAM 211a and the ROM 211b. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 215. The software code 215 may for example allow to perform one or more steps to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples. The software code 215 may be stored in the ROM 211b. The apparatus 200 may be interconnected with another apparatus 200 controlling another entity / function of the 5G-AN or the 5GC. . In some examples, apparatus 200 may be configured to provide one or more functions of the 5G-AN or the 5GC. For example, apparatus 200 may be configured to perform at least some functionality of a particular function of the 5G-AN or the 5GC. For example, apparatus 200 may be configured to operate as a particular function of the 5G-AN or the 5GC. In alternative examples, apparatus 200 may be configured to perform at least some functionality of two or more functions of the 5G-AN and / or the 5GC. For example, apparatus 200 may be configured to operate as two or more functions of the 5G-AN and / or the 5GC. The apparatus 200 may comprise one or more circuits, or circuitry (not shown) which may be configured to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples.

[0177] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a communication device 300. The communication device 300 may be similar to the communication device 102 illustrated in FIG. 1. The communication device 300 may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting examples of a communication device 300 are a user equipment, a terminal, a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is known as a ’smart phone’, a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle), a personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, a Cellular Internet of things (CIoT) device, or a terrestrial / maritime / aerial vehicle such as a car, a truck, a boat, an air plane, or a drone, or any combinations of these or the like. The communication device 300 may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications. The communications may be one or more of voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia, data, machine data and so on.

[0178] The communication device 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In FIG. 3, a transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may be provided for example by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device. The communication device 300 may be provided with at least one processor 301, at least one memory ROM 302a, at least one RAM 302b and other possible components 303 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices. The at least one processor 301 is coupled to the RAM 302b and the ROM 302a. The at least one processor 301 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 308. The software code 308 may for example allow to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 308 may be stored in the ROM 302a. The communication device 300 may comprise one or more circuits, or circuitry (not shown) which may be configured to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples.

[0179] The processor, storage and other relevant control apparatus may be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The communication device may optionally have a user interface such as keypad 305, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of the device.

[0180] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of a base station transmitting signals to a communication device for wide-to-narrow beam prediction.

[0181] There is provided a base station 401 (e.g., a gNodeB) and a communication device 403 (e.g., a UE). The base station 401 is able to transmit signals to the UE 403 for the purpose of channel state measurements. The base station 401 transmits of first SSB 405. The first SSB 405 is labelled ‘TCI 0: SSB O’. The base station 401 transmits of second SSB 407. The second SSB 407 is labelled ‘TCI 1: SSB 1’. The base station 401 transmits of third SSB 409. The third SSB 409 is labelled ‘TCI 2: SSB 2’. The first SSB 405, second SSB 407, and third SSB 409 are each considered to be wide beams.

[0182] Each of the SSB 405, 407, 409 comprises four CSI-RS 411, in this example. Each RS 411 has an associated number. Each RS 411 also has an associated transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state. The TCI state is configured to be associated to each different RS 411.

[0183] In this example, the CSI-RS are labelled from 64 to 75. The communication device 403 may perform wide-to-narrow beam prediction configuration for a Set A comprising narrow beams corresponding to CSI-RS from 64 to 75 and wide beams corresponding to SSB from 0 to 2. For example, the communication device 403 may measure the first SSB 405, second SSB 407 and third SSB 409, and determine that the signals are stronger for the first 405 and second SSBs 407 (compared to the third SSB 409). This may be due to the location of the communication device with respect to the base station 401. Based on the measured SSBs, the communication device 403 may then determine or predict that the ‘best’ narrow beams are ‘TCI 6: CSI-RS 67’ 413 and ‘TCI 7: CSI-RS 68’ 415. The communication device 403 may then provide a CSI report to the base station 401 comprising information related to the predicted beams. It should be appreciated that this is an example only, to aid in the understanding of the disclosure.

[0184] In should be understood that the depiction in FIG. 4 is an example only. For example, a base station may transmit more or fewer than four SSB to a communication device. Furthermore, there may be more or fewer than four CSI-RS per SSB.

[0185] In some examples, a communication device (e.g., a UE) determines at least one predicted beam (e.g., predicted CSI-RS) to be reported to a network. The UE may use measured SSB (e.g., measured wide beams) for a wide-to-narrow beam prediction at the UE. The UE may use measurements of wide beams (e.g., SSB beams) as an input for a determination, a process, or an AI / ML model, whereby an output of the determination provides a ‘best’ narrow beam, or beams (e.g., a CSI-RS beam). In this context, the ‘best’ narrow beam may be a beam to be predicted to have the highest RSRP / SINR. Stated differently, the beam having the highest probability to be the ‘Top-1’ beam in the Set A beams, where the ‘Top-1’ beam is the best beam with the highest RSRP.

[0186] In examples whereby an AI / ML model is used by the communication device, it should be understood that any suitable AI / ML model may be used.

[0187] In this manner, the UE is able to determine a RS resource set that may be used by the UE when reporting the predicted beams. For example, the UE may report predicted CSI-RS resource indicators (predicted CRIs)). This will be described in more detail below.

[0188] The prediction of the beam(s) by the UE may be applicable for both BM-Casel and BM-Case2.

[0189] The UE may report to a network (e.g., base station) that the UE supports beam prediction. The indication of support may also comprise associated feature groups (e.g., UE capabilities) that are associated with the beam prediction at the UE side. The UE may indicate to the network that the UE supports wide-to-narrow beam prediction. The UE may indicate the capabilities related to a set of measured RS resources. The capabilities may be related to at least one of: input dimensions of a process / model, RS type at an input of the process / model, etc. The capabilities may be related to an output of the process / model, such as at least one of the following: output dimension of the process / model, RS type at the output. In this context, the term ‘dimension’ may refer to a number (e.g., maximum number) of measurements to be used as an input for a process or model, or provided as an output. For example, the input dimensions of a process or model may be a number of Set B (e.g., SSB) measurements that may be used as an input for an AI / ML model and / or a number of non-zero measurements corresponding to the Set B beam measurements that may be used as an input for an AI / ML model. In this context, the term ‘type’ may refer to the type of RS measurements. For example, the RS type may be SSB, or may be CSI-RS.

[0190] The UE may be configured with functionality that may be used for beam prediction. For example, the UE may have one AI / ML functionality (e.g., one ML-enabled CSI reporting configuration) or multiple AI / ML functionalities (e.g., multiple ML-enabled CSI reporting configurations). Each of the AI / ML functionalities may enable the beam prediction at the UE. In other examples, the UE uses a non-AI / ML functionality for the beam prediction (e.g., a non- AI / ML beam prediction).

[0191] Each functionality may be associated with a set of measured RS resources. The set of measured RS resources is a group or list of RS resources. The set of measured RS resources may be used as a Set B. Measurements (performed by the UE) on the set of measured RS resources / Set B may be used as an input for the processing at the UE to determine the predicted beams (e.g., used as an input to the AI / ML functionality).

[0192] The UE may be configured with a configuration for CSI reporting (e.g., reporting configuration) for the UE to report beam prediction results. For example, the UE may be configured to report up to a ‘top-K’ number of beams (or ‘Top-K’ predicted RS resources). For example, the UE receives a configuration for CSI reporting that indicates that the UE may report up to 6 predicted beams or 6 predicted RS resources. It should be understood that this is an example only. In other examples, more or less than 6 may be reported.

[0193] The UE may be configured to determine (or derive) a set of predicted RS resources, wherein the UE maps (or links) the predicted beams to RS resources in a set of predicted RS resources to determine beam reporting. For example, the UE may report predicted CRI or predicted reference signal received power (RSRP).

[0194] In some examples, the determining of the set of predicted RS resources (by the UE) comprises selecting RS resources as follows: i) Determining a first set of RS resources based on non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS (NZP-CSLRS) resources that are configured for the UE. For example, NZP-CSI-RS resources for the UE may be indicated in a configuration associated with CSI received from the network. The network may configure the UE with a CSI report configuration that includes configuration parameters used to set up at least one of: periodic, aperiodic or semi-persistent CSI reports. The configuration may include fields such as at least one of the following: report quantity (e.g., RSRP, SINR), frequency domain configuration, time domain behaviour, or channel measurement resource allocation that affects how the UE generates CSI reports. In some examples, the first set of RS resources includes all configured resources in an NZP CSI-RS Resource list in an CSI-RS based resource set for measurements. For example, the first set may comprise all resources from CSI-MeasConfig. In some examples, the first set of RS resources is configured separately to the UE. In some examples, the first set of RS resources (to be used by the UE) is sent to the UE, by the network (e.g., as an RRC command). The configuration for the first set may be common for multiple functionalities (e.g., multiple CSI reporting configurations). In some examples, the first set of RS resources is determined by the UE based on a previously reported beam report or reports. The CSI reporting configurations of previously reported beam report(s) may be associated with corresponding measurement RS resources and those measured RS resources may be used for the first set of RS resources. ii) Determining whether a quasi-co-location (QCL) reference of each RS resource in the first set is included in a measured set of RS resources (e.g., a set of RS resources for measured RS resources) or not. In some examples, the determining is performed in an ascending order of identity of RS resource (e.g., RS resource ID) in the first set of RS resources, for each RS resource in the first list of RS resources, so that the UE determines whether the quasi co-location (QCL) reference (source RS) of a RS resource is included within the measured RS set or not. When a QCL reference of a respective RS resource (of the first set) is included in the measured RS set, the UE selects the RS resource and includes the RS resource in a second set of RS resources. The second set of RS resource may be considered to be a set for predicted resources. When a QCL reference of a respective RS resource (of the first set) is not included in the measured RS set, the determination moves to the next RS resource in the first set. Stated differently, the UE performs an iterative process through each RS resource in the first set until a determination has been performed for each RS resource. iii) When all of the RS resources of the first set have been compared to the measured RS set, the UE has determined (or derived) the second set of RS resources, wherein the RS resources of the second set have a QCL reference in the measured RS set. It may be that the UE considers the second set of RS resource to be a set of predicted RS resources. iv) Performing measurements on signals (e.g., SSBs) associated with the measured set of RS resources in order to determine first measurements. The first measurements may comprise, for example, measured Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) or Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP). The first measurements are used to determine at least one predicted beam. In this manner, a beam prediction is performed (by the UE) based on the first measurements to determine at least one predicted beam. In some examples, a process or ML model is used to determine the at least one predicted beam (or predicted direction). Following the beam prediction, there is a reporting of ‘k’ predicted RS resources to the network, wherein the predicted RS resources are selected from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam.

[0195] FIG. 5 shows an example signalling and operations diagram for a communication device and a base station for wide-to-narrow beam prediction. The signalling takes places between a communication device 551 (e.g., a UE) and a network entity. The network entity may be a base station 553 (e.g., a gNB).

[0196] At S501, the gNB provides, to the UE, a configuration associated with CSI. The configuration may be received via radio resource control (RRC) signalling. The configuration may comprise at least one of the following: a configuration for CSI measurements, an indication of CSI-RS resource, or an indication SSB resources.

[0197] The configuration for CSI measurements may comprise the information element (IE) CSI-MeasConfig. The CSI-MeasConfig IE is used to configure the UE for measuring CSI-RS and for reporting those measurements on LI (PUCCH, PUSCH) as channel state information. CSI-MeasConfig may include the parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS (e.g., nzp-CSI- RS-ResourceToAddModList). The CSI-RS configuration of type NZP-CSI-RS enables resources dedicated for channel measurements (e.g., channel measurement resources (CMR)), whereas the CSI-RS configuration of the type zero-power (ZP)-CSI-RS enables resources dedicated for interference measurements (e.g., information measurement (IM)). Stated differently, for beam measurements, NZP-CSI-RS may be used (ZP-CSI-RS are not used).

[0198] At S502, the gNB provides, to the UE, a configuration associated with beam prediction for CSI. The configuration may comprise a configuration to support beam prediction in a CSI- ReportConfig x (‘CSI-ReportConfig_x’).

[0199] The CSI-ReportConfig may comprise ResourcesForChannelMeasurement configuring a CSI-SSB-ResourceSet.

[0200] In this manner, in S501 and S502, the UE receives RRC configurations that comprise CSI-MeasConfig, CSI-ReportConfig, and other CSI measurement / reporting parameters. At least one CSI-ReportConfig (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig_x) may enabling ML beam prediction at the UE-side with wide-to-narrow beam prediction in which SSB beams measurements are used as the ML model input.

[0201] The UE is receiving, from the gNB, the configuration for CSI that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources. For example, for the CSI-ReportConfig_x, the measured set of RS resources may be configured by listing SSB indexes in the CSI-SSB -ResourceSet. For CSI-RS prediction, measurement resources may be configured as an SSB. In this example, similar to NZP CSI-RS, a UE may be configured to measure on an SSB resource set and use these measurements as an input for a determination or AI / ML model.

[0202] In some examples, the configuration received in S501 and the configuration received in S502 are associated with each other. In some examples, the configuration received in S501 and the configuration received in S502 are received together (e.g., a single message, same signalling). There may be an association (or link) between one CSI report configuration to: one or more CSI-RS resource set(s), or a list of CSI-RS resource sets. The association may be indicated in the CSI-MeasConfig.

[0203] At S503, the gNB provides SSB transmissions to the UE. The SSB transmissions may be associated with the CSI-ReportConfig_x. The SSB transmissions may occur from the gNB periodically, such that the UE is able to measure the SSB whenever the beam reporting for CSI- ReportConfig_x is applicable.

[0204] At S504, the gNB provides, to the UE, a trigger (or command) to enable a CSI report configuration. S504 may be used for aperiodic (AP) reporting. For AP-CSI reporting, the gNB may send triggering commands to activate a CSI report. For example, the gNB may enable CSI-ReportConfig_x. In some examples, the enabling of the CSI reporting configuration is implicit or does not occur (e.g., for periodic reporting).

[0205] At S505, the UE determines RS resources for a second set of RS resources based on a first set of RS resources. S505 is depicted in FIG. 6.

[0206] The determining of the RS resources for the second set of RS resources may include: determining RS resources for the first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources configured for the UE. For example the first set of RS resource may be determined from the parameter nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList in CSI- MeasConfig (e.g., received in S501). The dimension of the first set of RS resources may be, up to, the parameter, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources. The parameter maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS- Resources may be received from the network (e.g., in S501). The determining of the RS resources for the second set of RS resources may also include: determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources. When it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in the second set of RS resources. The second set of RS resources may be considered to be for predicted RS resources.

[0207] When all of the RS resources of the first set have been checked, the UE has determined the second set of RS resources wherein those RS resources of the second set have a QCL reference in the measured set of RS resources. In some examples, the UE checks a QCL ‘type D’ reference when determining the second set of RS resources. The QCL type D reference defines the source RS that to be used when determining QCL information with respect to spatial receive parameters. In some examples, a QCL reference for an RS resource in the measured set of RS resources is provided as a TCI state associated with the RS resource. A dimension of the second set of RS resources (e.g., predicted RS resources) may be N (e.g., comprising N NZP- CSLRS-Resources).

[0208] At S506, the UE performs measurements on the SSBs received by the UE. In this manner, the UE is performing measurements on signals (e.g., SSBs) that are associated with the measured set of RS resources. The received SSBs may be associated with CSI- ReportConfig_x. In this manner, SSB indices may be included in CSLSSB-ResourceSet of CSI-ReportConfig_x.

[0209] A beam prediction is performed, by the UE, using the measurements, in order to determine at least one predicted beam. The at least one predicted beam may be considered to be the (likely) best, or most suitable beam, for the UE (that is determined based on the SSB measurements).

[0210] In some examples, the measurements are used as an input for a process to determine the at least one predicted beam. The process may comprise an ML or Al model, in some examples. In examples whereby the process is an ML model, the measurements on the SSBs are used as an input to the ML model (for model inference).

[0211] An output of the beam prediction may be at least one predicted ‘best’ beam and / or at least one predicted ‘best’ direction.

[0212] The UE then determines at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam.

[0213] In some examples, the UE maps (or associates) the at least one predicted beam to RS resource(s) based on the RS resources of the second set of RS resources (e.g., the set of predicted RS resources). A mapping may be applied so to map to certain RS resources when not all beams / directions that have been predicted may be included within the second set of the RS resources (e.g., predicted RS resource set). This may be applicable when certain AI / ML models are used for the beam prediction. For example, the UE may be using a direction prediction (e.g., using one type of ML models), wherein the UE determines the ‘best’ beam directions at the output of the ML model. The UE may then perform processing to convert the (output) direction(s) to spatial receive parameters (e.g., QCL type D) comprised within the RS resources in the second set. This processing may be identified as / referred to as mapping. In such examples, the predicted direction may be mapped to an RS in the second set.

[0214] At S507, the UE reports, to the gNB, information related to at least one predicted RS resource. The information may comprise at least one predicted CRI which corresponds to at least one RS resource in the second set of RS resources.

[0215] The reporting may be associated with CSI-ReportConfig_x or in line with CSL ReportConfig_x.

[0216] The reporting of the information may be comprised in a CSI report. The CSI reporting may be periodic or aperiodic.

[0217] In some examples, the information is related to ’k’ predicted RS resources. The value for ‘k’ may have been provided to the UE in a configuration or be preconfigured for the UE.

[0218] When the information comprises at least one (predicted) CRI, the CRI or CRIs may be dimensioned according to the dimension of the second set RS resource set. In this instance, the UE may use a ceiling operation (ceil) to map the N value to a nearest power of 2 dimension (N_CRI = 2Aceil(log2(N))). For example, for N = 100, CRIs may be dimensioned to 128 such that 7 bits may represent each CSLRS resource uniquely in the report. For N = 56, CRIs may be dimensioned to 64 such that 6 bits can represent each CSI-RS resource uniquely in the report.

[0219] At S508, the gNB determines RS resources for the second set of RS resources based on the first set of RS resources. In this manner, the UE and gNB are separately deriving the (same) second set of RS resources.

[0220] The gNB determines the second set of RS resources in the same way as the UE in S505.

[0221] At S509, the gNB receives the reporting (e.g., CSI report) from the UE. Based on the reporting, the gNB determines the at least one predicted RS resource.

[0222] In some examples, the reporting comprises at least one predicted CRI. The gNB may use the CRI dimensioning process of S507 when interpreting the reported (predicted CRIs).

[0223] FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a determination being performed by a communication device to derive a set of predicted reference signal resources.

[0224] The representation of FIG. 6 shows an example determination performed by a communication, such as S505 of FIG. 5. In FIG. 6 there is a first set 601 of RS resources. The first set 601 comprises a plurality of RS / CSI-RS, wherein each RS has associated information. In this example, each RS has an identity (e.g., ResourcelD) and a QCL reference. In other examples, each RS may be associated with additional information, or one of: an identity, or a QCL reference.

[0225] There is also a measured set 603 of RS resources. For each RS in the first set 601, it is determined whether a QCL reference of the respective RS corresponds to the measured set 603.

[0226] The first set 601 comprises RSs with identities ranging from 0 to 71. The RSs in the first set 601 with IDs ranging from 0 to 63 do not have a QCL reference corresponding to an SSB in the measured set 603 (depicted in FIG.6 with a connecting line that is interrupted with an “X”). The RSs in the first set 601 with IDs 64 to 67 all have a QCL reference corresponding to SSB 0 of the measured set 603. The RSs of the first set 601 with IDs 68 to 71 all have a QCL reference corresponding to SSB 1 of the measured set 603.

[0227] When the QCL reference of the RS is found in the measured set 603, then the RS is also included in a second set of RS resources 605. The second set of RS resources 605 is indicative of predicted RS resources.

[0228] In the example of FIG. 6, RSs with IDs ranging from 64 to 71 (inclusive) correspond with (or are associated with) the measured set 603 and are therefore included in the second set 605. RSs with IDs of 0 to 63 are not included in the second set 605 as no QCL reference RS corresponding to any of the SSBs in the measured set 603 is found.

[0229] One or more of the examples discussed above have the advantages that ‘legacy’ CSI- ReportConfig may be reused for beam prediction with minimal changes. This is also applicable in examples when the beam prediction is ML-enabled. For instance, the channel measurement resource set configured in the CSLReportConfig may serve as the set of measured RS resources. This allows for a predicted RS resource set to be flexibly determined per-CSI- ReportConfig based on channel measurement resources. This allows for a flexible mechanism whereby a UE is able to define a dynamic set of prediction RS resources for the UE, rather than a fixed set.

[0230] FIG. 7 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a communication device. The apparatus may be comprised in a communication device. The apparatus may be a communication device. The communication device may be a UE, or terminal, for example.

[0231] In S701, the method comprises receiving, from a base station, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources. In S703, the method comprises determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration.

[0232] In S705, the method comprises determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co-location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources.

[0233] In S707, the method comprises when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources.

[0234] In S709, the method comprises determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam.

[0235] In S711, the method comprises providing, to a base station, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

[0236] FIG. 8 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a network entity. The apparatus may be comprised in a network entity. The apparatus may be a network entity. The network entity may be a base station, or gNB, for example.

[0237] In S 801, the method comprises providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources.

[0238] In S803, the method comprises determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration.

[0239] In S805, the method comprises determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources.

[0240] In S807, the method comprises when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources.

[0241] In S809, the method comprises receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam.

[0242] In S811, the method comprises determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources. FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of non-volatile memory media 900a (e.g. Blu- ray disc (BD), computer disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD)) and 1100b (e.g. flash memory, solid state memory, universal serial bus (USB) memory stick) storing instructions and / or parameters 1102 which when executed by a processor allow the processor to perform one or more of the steps of the methods of FIGS. 7 to 8.

[0243] It is noted that while the above describes example embodiments, there are several variations and modifications which may be made to the disclosed solution without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0244] The examples may thus vary within the scope of the attached claims. In general, some embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although embodiments are not limited thereto. While various embodiments may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as nonlimiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.

[0245] The examples may be implemented by computer software stored in a memory and executable by at least one data processor of the involved entities or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Further in this regard it should be noted that any procedures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD.

[0246] The term “non-transitory”, as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e. tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g. RAM vs ROM).

[0247] As used herein, “at least one of the following:” and “at least one of: ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and”, or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all of the elements. The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples.

[0248] As used herein, the terms “means for”, “means for performing operations including”, “means configured to perform operations including”, or “means configured to perform” (or similar) may be any means that are suitable for performing the feature(s). The “means” may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. For example, the “means” may include one or more of: at least one processor, at least one memory, transceiver circuitry, antenna circuitry, etc. It should be understood that these are provided as non-limiting examples.

[0249] Alternatively, or additionally some examples may be implemented using circuitry. The circuitry may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. That circuitry may be provided in the base station and / or in the communications device.

[0250] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analogue and / or digital circuitry); (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as:

[0251] (i) a combination of analogue and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and

[0252] (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as the communications device or base station to perform the various functions previously described; and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0253] This definition of circuitry applies to uses of the term “means” in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example integrated device. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0254] The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary and non-limiting examples a full and informative description of some embodiments. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the scope as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

Claims:

1. An apparatus comprising means for: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co- location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the means are for: receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

4. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

5. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the configuration and the further configuration are associated with each other.

6. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the means are for: using an ascending order of an identity of an RS resource in the first set of RS resource when determining the second set of RS resources.

7. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the report comprises information related to a number, k, predicted RS resources from the second set of RS resources.

8. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the means are for: performing synchronisation signal block, SSB, measurements for the measured set ofRS resources according to the configuration, wherein the beam prediction is based on the measurements.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein the means are for: using the measurements as an input for an AI / ML model to output the at least one predicted beam from the AI / ML model.

10. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource by mapping the at least one predicted beam to at least one RS resource of the second set of RS resources.

11. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource.

12. The apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the means are for: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

13. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the determining of the first set of RS resources comprises:receiving, from the network entity, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig', determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp- CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

14. An apparatus comprising means for: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co- location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the means are for: determining at least one predicted RS resource from the second set of RS resources based on the at least one predicted beam, wherein the information is related to the at least one predicted RS resource.

16. The apparatus according to claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the means are for: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration, wherein the further configuration is associated with CSI measurements.

17. The apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 16, wherein the further configuration includes a parameter related to non-zero power CSI-RS.

18. The apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 17, wherein the report comprises at least one predicted CSI-RS resource indicator, CRI, associated with the at least one predicted RS resource.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the means are for: performing a ceiling operation to dimension the at least one predicted CRI according to a dimension of the second set of RS resources.

20. The apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 19, wherein the means are for: providing, to the communication device, the further configuration associated with CSI measurements, wherein the further configuration comprises a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

21. The apparatus according to any of claims 14 to 20, wherein the means are for: determining the first set of RS resources based on a parameter for NZP-CSI-RS, nzp-CSI-RS-ResourceToAddModList, comprised in a measurement configuration for CSI, CSI- MeasConfig, wherein the dimension of the first set of RS resources is based on a parameter for a maximum number of NZP-CSI-RS, maxNrofNZP-CSI-RS-Resources, comprised in the measurement configuration for CSI, CSI-MeasConfig.

22. A method comprising: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co- location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources;when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

23. A method comprising: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

24. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a network entity, a configuration for channel state information, CSI, reporting that defines a measured set of reference signal, RS, resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a quasi-co- location, QCL, reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources;when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; determining a beam prediction based on measurements performed on the measured set of RS resources to determine at least one predicted beam; and providing, to a network entity, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to the at least one predicted beam.

25. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: providing, to a communication device, a configuration for CSI reporting that defines a measured set of RS resources, wherein the measured set of RS resources is for measured RS resources; determining RS resources for a first set of RS resources, wherein the determining is based on non-zero power CSI-RS resources that are indicated in a further configuration; determining, for each RS resource in the first set of RS resources, whether a QCL reference of the respective RS resource is included in the measured set of the RS resources; when it is determined that the respective RS resource is included in the measured set, including the respective RS resource in a second set of RS resources, wherein the second set of RS resources is for predicted RS resources; receiving, from the communication device, a report according to the configuration, the report comprising information related to at least one predicted beam; and determining at least one predicted RS resource based on: the report, and the second set of RS resources.

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